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Thesis to Obtain the Master of Science Degree in Aerospace Engineering

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Thesis to Obtain the Master of Science Degree in Aerospace Engineering Runway/Taxiway System Capacity Analysis at the Lisbon Airport (LPPT-Lisboa) Gonc¸alo Soares Roque Thesis to obtain the Master of Science Degree in Aerospace Engineering Supervisors: Prof. Pedro da Grac¸a Tavares Alvares Serrao˜ M.Sc. Max Georg Schultze Schwienhorst Examination Committee Chairperson: Prof. Jose´ Fernando Alves da Silva Supervisor: Prof. Pedro da Grac¸a Tavares Alvares Serrao˜ Member of the Committee: Sr. Manuel Antonio´ de Magalhaes˜ Alberto de Araujo´ June 2017 Acknowledgments First and foremost I would like to thank both my supervisors, Prof. Pedro Serrao˜ and M.Sc. Max Schwienhorst, for the incredible opportunity they gave me to perform this work in Aachen, Germany. Prof. Pedro introduced me to NAV Portugal, where the topic and focus of this work was discussed and determined, and always showed extreme interest in the work being developed, providing invaluable help and guidance throughout this work. Max introduced me to the world of airport simulation, and was extremely kind in providing access to a work station and the simulation tool Simmod PLUS!, as well as providing me with the opportunity to travel to Manchester, United Kingdom, for the Airside Simulation and Performance Assessment Group (ASPAG) and the European Simmod User Group (ESUG) meetings. I would also like to thank Max for the help provided with all the logistical requirements in order to be able to perform this work in Aachen. I would like to thank Jesus Conde, Manuel Araujo´ and Vanda Cruz, from NAV Portugal, for always being helpful and available, and providing crucial insight and information for the realization of this work, as well as for receiving me in NAV Portugal, and clarifying the many doubts relatively to the operational reality of the air traffic control in the Lisbon Airport. Finally, I would like to thank my family for giving me the opportunity to study in a university, and being there for me every time I needed. I would also like to thank the friends with whom I shared this journey through university in Lisbon, as well as the ones with whom I shared the ’Hiwi Raum’, place where I spent countless hours developing this work. Abstract This work makes an assessment of the capacity of the Lisbon Airport through computer simulation, with Simmod PLUS!. The current state of the airport, with special focus on the runway and taxiway systems, is fully modeled. Results are obtained from two traffic samples with the duration of one day. One is from the current year, 2017, representing the current demand of the airport and used to calibrate the model, and one with an increase in the number of flights relatively to the current traffic sample, representing a medium term future demand. Given the results obtained in simulation by the current state of the airport when tested with the medium term future demand, capacity enhancements to the airport, specially in the form of layout modifications, are proposed and further modeled. With the modifications made, the simulated airport is able to comfortably accommodate the medium term future demand and show considerable performance improvements when compared to the current state of the airport. Keywords: Airport; Runway; Taxiway; Capacity; Simulation; Simmod PLUS! iii Resumo Este trabalho faz uma avaliac¸ao˜ da capacidade do Aeroporto de Lisboa atraves´ de simulac¸ao˜ por com- putador, com Simmod PLUS!. O estado atual do aeroporto, com especial incidenciaˆ nos sistemas de pista e taxiway, e´ totalmente modelado. Os resultados sao˜ obtidos a partir de duas amostras de trafego´ com durac¸ao˜ de um dia. Uma provem´ do ano corrente, 2017, representando a procura atual do aero- porto e utilizada para calibrar o modelo, e outra com um aumento no numero´ de voosˆ relativamente a` amostra de trafego´ atual, representando uma procura futura a medio´ prazo. Dado os resultados obtidos em simulac¸ao˜ pelo estado atual do aeroporto, quando testado com a procura futura a medio´ prazo, mel- horias de capacidade do aeroporto, especialmente sob a forma de alterac¸oes˜ ao layout do aerodromo,´ sao˜ propostas e modeladas. Com as modificac¸oes˜ feitas, o aeroporto simulado e´ capaz de acomodar confortavelmente a procura a medio´ prazo e mostrar melhorias consideraveis´ de desempenho quando comparado com o estado atual do aeroporto. Palavras-chave: Aeroporto; Pista; Taxiway; Capacidade; Simulac¸ao;˜ Simmod PLUS! v Contents 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Motivation.............................................3 1.2 LPPT Overview..........................................4 1.2.1 Airspace..........................................4 1.2.2 Airfield...........................................5 1.3 Objectives.............................................5 1.4 Thesis Outline..........................................5 2 Background 7 2.1 Airport Capacity.........................................9 2.1.1 Airspace Capacity....................................9 2.1.2 Runway Capacity.....................................9 2.1.3 Taxiway Capacity..................................... 10 2.1.4 Gate Capacity...................................... 10 2.1.5 Terminal Capacity.................................... 10 2.2 Measuring Capacity....................................... 11 3 Methodology 13 3.1 Simmod PLUS!.......................................... 15 3.2 Runway in Use.......................................... 16 3.3 Meteorological Conditions.................................... 16 3.4 Random Variables........................................ 17 3.5 Traffic Samples.......................................... 18 4 Implementation 19 4.1 LPPT Model............................................ 21 4.1.1 Airspace.......................................... 23 4.1.2 Runway.......................................... 26 4.1.2.A Runway Distances............................... 27 4.1.2.B Departure Queues............................... 27 4.1.2.C Line-up and Takeoff.............................. 29 vii 4.1.2.D Landing..................................... 32 4.1.2.E Runway Crossing............................... 34 4.1.2.F Runway Procedures.............................. 36 4.1.3 Taxiways......................................... 38 4.1.4 Gates........................................... 41 4.2 Flights............................................... 44 5 Results 47 5.1 Number of Iterations....................................... 49 5.2 Current vs. Future Demand................................... 51 5.3 Runway 03............................................ 53 5.3.1 Current Demand..................................... 54 5.3.2 Future Demand...................................... 57 5.4 Runway 21............................................ 59 5.4.1 Current Demand..................................... 60 5.4.2 Future Demand...................................... 63 5.5 New Airport Model........................................ 65 5.5.1 Runway 03........................................ 66 5.5.2 Runway 21........................................ 70 6 Conclusion 75 A LPPT Charts 81 A.1 LPPT Aerodrome Chart..................................... 83 A.2 LPPT Ground Movement Chart RWY03............................ 84 A.3 LPPT Ground Movement Chart RWY21............................ 85 B Flights Timetable 87 B.1 Current Demand......................................... 89 B.2 Future Demand.......................................... 100 viii List of Figures 1.1 LPPT evolution throughout history [3]..............................3 1.2 LPPT visual approach ICAO chart [7]..............................4 3.1 Beta distribution probability density function examples..................... 17 4.1 Simmod PLUS! world map.................................... 21 4.2 Model airfield............................................ 22 4.3 Model airspace........................................... 23 4.4 Separation increment probability density function........................ 26 4.5 Model runway........................................... 26 4.6 Aircraft queuing for departure example............................. 28 4.7 FRTT probability density function................................. 30 4.8 Takeoff roll base probability density function.......................... 31 4.9 Runway crossing example.................................... 34 4.10 Runway crossing extra time probability density function.................... 35 4.11 Model taxiway speeds....................................... 39 4.12 Blocked links due to taxiing aircraft example.......................... 40 4.13 Blocked links due to dynamic path example........................... 41 4.14 Model gates, pushback and dwelling example......................... 43 4.15 Dwell time probability density function.............................. 43 4.16 Arrival lateness probability density function........................... 45 4.17 Departure lateness probability density function......................... 45 5.1 Maximum throughput convergence study............................ 50 5.2 LPPT current demand....................................... 51 5.3 LPPT medium term future demand................................ 51 5.4 Arrivals hourly percentage of aircraft by International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) wake vortex category....................................... 52 5.5 Departures hourly percentage of aircraft by performance after takeoff group......... 52 5.6 Runway 03 maximum throughput for different wind conditions................. 53 5.7 Runway 03 throughput vs current demand........................... 54 ix 5.8 Runway 03 average arrival and departure delay for the current demand........... 54 5.9 Runway
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