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Exploring the Lessons from an International Rural Environmental

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Exploring the Lessons from an International Rural Environmental Exploring the Lessons from an International Rural Environmental Project in a Developing Country through Observations of the Community: A Case Study of the ‘Conservation of Biodiversity in the Central Zagros Landscape’ Project M Elyas Karim BA (Hons), MA (Newcastle) A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Philosophy (Environmental Sciences) The School of Environmental and Life Sciences The University of Newcastle Australia November 2019 Statement of Originality I hereby certify that the work embodied in the thesis is my own work, conducted under normal supervision. The thesis contains no material which has been accepted, or is being examined, for the award of any other degree or diploma in any university or other tertiary institution and, to the best of my knowledge and belief, contains no material previously published or written by another person, except where due reference has been made. I give consent to the final version of my thesis being made available worldwide when deposited in the University’s Digital Repository, subject to the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968 and any approved embargo. M Elyas Karim Signature: ....... Date: ................ 12/11/2019....................... i Dedication My beloved mother & Environmentalists, suffering the present barriers. ii Acknowledgment First of all, the main characters which enabled my research progress. I candidly appreciate my principal supervisor, Associate Professor Salim Momtaz, I could not progress adequately without his effective supervision and priceless supports. Also, I am grateful to my co-supervisor Professor Michael Mahony, whose supervision is a prestigious asset, and he contributed supportively in all of the main steps. Besides, I appreciate my mother, who prayed for me every day and encouraged me. Secondly, supportive individuals. I appreciate Professor Frances Martin, the Assistant Dean – Research and Training of science faculty because of her close supports and backing me as a UON HDR student. I am genuinely grateful to the entire Graduate Research team members for their strong supports in my journey, and their student peer- advisors for the constant followings. I appreciate the University staff, especially Anna Honeysett, Nicole Day and Pam Steenkamp for all of their warm cooperation. I appreciate the University’s Human Ethics community, especially Ruth Gibbins, for their supports. I also appreciate the supportive academicians, especially Dr Henry P Huntington for the research advises and Dr Ami Eidels for the Human Ethics guidelines. Last but not least, I am grateful to my excellent team colleagues: Mohammad Nashir Uddin, Md Faruk Hossain and Hoang Dung Ha, for their encouragements and supports. Thirdly, the organisations and institutes. I am genuinely grateful to the University of Newcastle and its executives. I also appreciate the Australian government and the Department of Home Affairs specifically, for their valuable and effective supports. I am grateful for the supportive approaches by the International Section of Universities iii Australia, Council of International Students Australia (CISA), the current rural governance of Isfahan province, and the Semirom’s rural farmer cooperative. iv Abstract Climate change is a developing global phenomenon as a critical disaster to the life of the human being. Air, water and other natural resources are being affected by that destructively. There is a range of climate change impact samples on the planet amongst the various social, economic, and environmental sections. As a result, the global community has created a variety of the international climate change adaptation contracts from 1992 Rio Earth Summit to 2016 Paris Agreement (as the main one), and still addressing the formation of new agreements. Further, the international community has started launching global climate change adaptation projects. However, many of these projects failed to achieve their objectives, while the developed countries are planning to supply about 100 billion USD for climate change adaptation projects from 2020 to 2030 in developing countries based on the Paris Agreement. On the other hand, developing countries, the Middle East and rural areas are more vulnerable in terms of climate change effects, compared to developed countries, other world regions and urban areas, respectively. Consequently, this research aimed to investigate an International Rural Environmental Project (IREP) in the Middle East. Considering the fact that Zagros mountain range is the most significant environmental zone of the Middle East, as it balances the region's climate, and the Conservation of Biodiversity in Central Zagros Landscape (CBCZL) project is the main IREP implemented in the Zagros area so far, this study explored the lessons from the CBCZL project. It was aimed to know what the advantages of and barriers to the CBCZL project are, how the community observations of the project compare with the SDGs 13 and 15, and what the major lessons learnt about the effects of the CBCZL project on the community are. The study utilised a mixed-method and a case study approach, v through analysing the collected data from the secondary and primary resources (including the experts’ opinion and local rural community’s observations). Finally, it is discovered that: 1) the CBCZL project was more successful in the community aspects; 2) air pollution and drought are the main problems; 3) experts and public have dissimilar recognitions on the ecosystem conditions; 4) project discontinuation is a challenge; 5) the project failed to mainstream; 6) further public awareness is necessary; and 7) the implementation barriers are in the tactical levels rather than technical. It is recommended that further researches investigate the causes of dissimilarities between the perception of experts and the community. Besides, the environmental management characteristics, barriers, and resolutions must be studied before the implementation of the next projects. It is also significant that current/next project managers utilise strategic consultations. Public awareness must be further studied and improved for similar IREPs. vi Table of Contents Statement of Originality ............................................................................................ i Dedication ................................................................................................................ ii Acknowledgment .................................................................................................... iii Abstract .................................................................................................................... v Table of Contents ................................................................................................... vii List of Figures ........................................................................................................ xv List of Tables........................................................................................................ xvii List of Photos ...................................................................................................... xviii List of Appendices ................................................................................................ xix Acronyms and Abbreviations ................................................................................. xx Glossary of Terms ................................................................................................ xxii Chapter 1 Introduction .............................................................................................. 1 1.1. Background ....................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Significance of the Study .................................................................................. 4 1.2.1. Global Environmental Context .................................................................. 5 1.2.2. Climate-Based Migration and Food Security ............................................. 5 1.2.3. Regional and Local Economic Context...................................................... 6 1.3. The Research Aim and Objectives .................................................................... 7 1.4. Chapters Overview ............................................................................................ 9 vii 1.5. Chapter Summary............................................................................................ 11 Chapter 2 Literature Review .................................................................................. 12 2.1. Introduction ..................................................................................................... 12 2.2. Sustainable Development and Climate Change .............................................. 12 2.2.1. Historical Overview ................................................................................. 12 2.2.3. Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies ............................ 15 2.3. International Rural Environmental Projects .................................................... 18 2.3.1. Rural Communities and Climate Change Adaptation .............................. 18 2.3.2. IREPs in Developing Countries ............................................................... 20 2.3.3. Contributions by International Organisations .......................................... 22 2.3.4. Review of Lessons from Similar IREPs Case Studies ............................. 24
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