DOCSLIB.ORG

Consequences of Drying Lake Systems Around the World

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Consequences of Drying Lake Systems Around the World Consequences of Drying Lake Systems around the World Prepared for: State of Utah Great Salt Lake Advisory Council Prepared by: AECOM February 15, 2019 Consequences of Drying Lake Systems around the World Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..................................................................... 5 I. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................... 13 II. CONTEXT ................................................................................. 13 III. APPROACH ............................................................................. 16 IV. CASE STUDIES OF DRYING LAKE SYSTEMS ...................... 17 1. LAKE URMIA ..................................................................................................... 17 a) Overview of Lake Characteristics .................................................................... 18 b) Economic Consequences ............................................................................... 19 c) Social Consequences ..................................................................................... 20 d) Environmental Consequences ........................................................................ 21 e) Relevance to Great Salt Lake ......................................................................... 21 2. ARAL SEA ........................................................................................................ 22 a) Overview of Lake Characteristics .................................................................... 22 b) Economic Consequences ............................................................................... 24 c) Social Consequences ..................................................................................... 25 d) Environmental Consequences ........................................................................ 25 e) Relevance to Great Salt Lake ......................................................................... 25 3. LAKE POOPÓ .................................................................................................... 26 a) Overview of Lake Characteristics .................................................................... 26 b) Economic Consequences ............................................................................... 28 c) Social Consequences ..................................................................................... 28 d) Environmental Consequences ........................................................................ 28 e) Relevance to Great Salt Lake ......................................................................... 29 4. OWENS LAKE .................................................................................................... 29 a) Overview of Lake Characteristics .................................................................... 29 b) Economic Consequences ............................................................................... 31 c) Social Consequences ..................................................................................... 34 d) Environmental Consequences ........................................................................ 35 e) Relevance to Great Salt Lake ......................................................................... 35 5. SALTON SEA ..................................................................................................... 36 a) Overview of Lake Characteristics .................................................................... 36 b) Economic Consequences ............................................................................... 38 c) Social Consequences ..................................................................................... 39 d) Environmental Consequences ........................................................................ 40 e) Relevance to Great Salt Lake ......................................................................... 41 6. DEAD SEA ........................................................................................................ 42 a) Overview of Lake Characteristics .................................................................... 42 State of Utah and Great Salt Lake Advisory Counci AECOM Consequences of Drying Lake Systems around the World b) Economic Consequences ............................................................................... 44 c) Social Consequences ..................................................................................... 45 d) Environmental Consequences ........................................................................ 45 e) Relevance to Great Salt Lake ......................................................................... 45 7. BAKHTEGAN LAKE ............................................................................................ 46 a) Overview of Lake Characteristics .................................................................... 46 b) Economic Consequences ............................................................................... 47 c) Social Consequences ..................................................................................... 48 d) Environmental Consequences ........................................................................ 48 e) Relevance to Great Salt Lake ......................................................................... 48 8. MONO LAKE ..................................................................................................... 49 a) Overview of Lake Characteristics .................................................................... 49 b) Economic Consequences ............................................................................... 51 c) Social Consequences ..................................................................................... 51 d) Environmental Consequences ........................................................................ 51 e) Relevance to Great Salt Lake ......................................................................... 52 V. CONCLUSION .......................................................................... 52 VI. REFERENCES ......................................................................... 54 Figures Figure II-1: Great Salt Lake’s bays and water levels ..................................................... 15 Figure IV-1: Location of Lake Urmia in the basin ........................................................... 18 Figure IV-2: Aral Sea basin ............................................................................................ 23 Figure IV-3: Geographic overview of Lake Poopó ......................................................... 27 Figure IV-4: Owens Lake watershed ............................................................................. 30 Figure IV-5: PM10 dust control measures map ............................................................... 33 Figure IV-6: Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (LADWP) mitigation expenditures .................................................................................................................. 34 Figure IV-7: Salton Sea watershed ................................................................................ 37 Figure IV-8: Dead Sea watershed ................................................................................. 43 Figure IV-9: Bakhtegan Lake watershed ....................................................................... 47 Figure IV-10: Mono Lake ............................................................................................... 50 Tables Table 0-1: Summary of economic, social, and environmental consequences of lake desiccation ...................................................................................................................... 9 Table II-1: Great Salt Lake water diversion by sector .................................................... 16 Table IV-1: Summary of lake characteristics for Lake Urmia prior to desiccation .......... 19 Table IV-2: Summary of consequences from the drying of Lake Urmia ......................... 22 State of Utah and Great Salt Lake Advisory Counci AECOM Consequences of Drying Lake Systems around the World Table IV-3: Summary of lake characteristics for Aral Sea prior to desiccation ............... 24 Table IV-4: Summary of consequences from the drying of Aral Sea .............................. 26 Table IV-5: Summary of lake characteristics for Lake Poopó ........................................ 28 Table IV-6: Summary of consequences from the drying of Lake Poopó ........................ 29 Table IV-7: Summary of lake characteristics for Owens Lake ........................................ 31 Table IV-8: Summary of consequences from the drying of Owens Lake ....................... 36 Table IV-9: Summary of lake characteristics for Salton Sea .......................................... 38 Table IV-10: Summary of consequences from the drying of Salton Sea ........................ 41 Table IV-11: Summary of lake characteristics for Dead Sea .......................................... 44 Table IV-12: Cost estimates for reclamation efforts ....................................................... 44 Table IV-13: Summary of consequences from the drying of Dead Sea ......................... 46 Table IV-14: Summary of lake characteristics for Bakhtegan Lake ................................ 47 Table IV-15: Summary of consequences from the drying of Bakhtegan Lake ............... 49 Table IV-16: Summary of lake characteristics for Mono Lake prior to desiccation
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Geologic Map of the Long Valley Caldera, Mono-Inyo Craters
    DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR TO ACCOMPANY MAP 1-1933 US. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GEOLOGIC MAP OF LONG VALLEY CALDERA, MONO-INYO CRATERS VOLCANIC CHAIN, AND VICINITY, EASTERN CALIFORNIA By Roy A. Bailey GEOLOGIC SETTING VOLCANISM Long Valley caldera and the Mono-Inyo Craters Long Valley caldera volcanic chain compose a late Tertiary to Quaternary Volcanism in the Long Valley area (Bailey and others, volcanic complex on the west edge of the Basin and 1976; Bailey, 1982b) began about 3.6 Ma with Range Province at the base of the Sierra Nevada frontal widespread eruption of trachybasaltic-trachyandesitic fault escarpment. The caldera, an east-west-elongate, lavas on a moderately well dissected upland surface oval depression 17 by 32 km, is located just northwest (Huber, 1981).Erosional remnants of these mafic lavas of the northern end of the Owens Valley rift and forms are scattered over a 4,000-km2 area extending from the a reentrant or offset in the Sierran escarpment, Adobe Hills (5-10 km notheast of the map area), commonly referred to as the "Mammoth embayment.'? around the periphery of Long Valley caldera, and The Mono-Inyo Craters volcanic chain forms a north- southwestward into the High Sierra. Although these trending zone of volcanic vents extending 45 km from lavas never formed a continuous cover over this region, the west moat of the caldera to Mono Lake. The their wide distribution suggests an extensive mantle prevolcanic basement in the area is mainly Mesozoic source for these initial mafic eruptions. Between 3.0 granitic rock of the Sierra Nevada batholith and and 2.5 Ma quartz-latite domes and flows erupted near Paleozoic metasedimentary and Mesozoic metavolcanic the north and northwest rims of the present caldera, at rocks of the Mount Morrisen, Gull Lake, and Ritter and near Bald Mountain and on San Joaquin Ridge Range roof pendants (map A).
    [Show full text]
  • Methylmercury Fate in the Hypersaline Environment of the Great Salt Lake: a Critical Review of Current Knowledge
    Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU All Graduate Plan B and other Reports Graduate Studies 12-2013 Methylmercury Fate in the Hypersaline Environment of the Great Salt Lake: A Critical Review of Current Knowledge Danielle Barandiaran Utah State University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/gradreports Part of the Soil Science Commons Recommended Citation Barandiaran, Danielle, "Methylmercury Fate in the Hypersaline Environment of the Great Salt Lake: A Critical Review of Current Knowledge" (2013). All Graduate Plan B and other Reports. 332. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/gradreports/332 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Graduate Plan B and other Reports by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. METHYLMERCURY FATE IN THE HYPERSALINE ENVIRONMENT OF THE GREAT SALT LAKE: A CRITICAL REVIEW OF CURRENT KNOWLEDGE By Danielle Barandiaran A paper submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in Soil Science Approved: Astrid Jacobson Jeanette Norton Major Professor Committee Member - Paul Grossl Teryl Roper Committee Member Department Head UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY Logan, Utah 2013 Copyright © Danielle Barandiaran 2013 All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT Methylmercury Fate in the Hypersaline Environment of the Great Salt Lake: A Critical Review of Current Knowledge by Danielle Barandiaran, Master of Science Utah State University, 2013 Major Professor: Dr. Astrid R. Jacobson Department: Plants, Soils & Climate Methylmercury (MeHg) is a highly potent neurotoxic form of the environmental pollutant Mercury (Hg).
    [Show full text]
  • The Great Salt Lake Osmotic Power Potential
    The Great Salt Lake Osmotic Power Potential Maher Kelada MIK Technology 2100 West Loop South, Suite 900 Houston, Texas, USA 77027 [email protected] Abstract: This is a proposal to develop a new source of renewable energy relying on hypersaline osmotic power generation technology that has been developed by MIK Technology, potentially for generating up to 400 megawatts of sustainable power from the Great Salt Lake, Utah, operating isothermally without generating any emissions. The proposed technology would reduce Utah State’s demand for coal by 10% or natural gas by 50%, using a clean and safe renewable source of energy. I. Osmotic Power Generation Concept Osmosis is nature’s gift to life. It is the vehicle that transports fluids in all living cells and without it, all biological functions and all forms of life cease to exist! Osmosis is the spontaneous movement of water, through a semi-permeable membrane that is permeable to water but impermeable to solute. Water moves from a solution in which solute is less concentrated to a solution in which solute is more concentrated. The driving force of the flow movement is the difference in the chemical potential on the two sides of the semi-permeable membrane, with the solvent moving from a region of higher potential (generally of a lower solute concentration) to the region of lower potential (generally of a higher solute concentration). The term “Chemical Potential” at times can be ambiguous and elusive. In fact, it is one of the most important partial molal quantities. It is the energy source associated with the activity of the ions of an ionizable substance.
    [Show full text]
  • The Importance of the Salton Sea and Other Terminal Lakes in Supporting
    The Importance of the Salton Sea and Other Terminal Lakes in Supporting Birds of the Pacific Flyway Terminal lakes, so called because they have no outlet, are characteristic water features of the Great Basin of the Intermountain West. Through the process of continued evaporation, minerals and salts that flow into these water bodies are retained and concentrated over time. The salinity of the water varies considerably among terminal lakes, depending on the quality of the source water and the length of time the lake has been in existence. Several of these, including the Great Salt Lake, Mono Lake, and the Salton Sea, have become more saline than the ocean. While all of these lakes support unique physical characteristics and aquatic ecosystems, one characteristic common to all is the importance they play in sustaining birds using the Pacific Flyway and portions of the Central Flyway. Physical and Biological Characteristics of Terminal Lakes in the West Terminal lakes along the Pacific Flyway (Exhibit 1) vary widely in their physical and biological characteristics. Elevations range from 6,381 feet at Mono Lake to -227 feet at the Salton Sea. They also vary greatly in depth and salinity, as shown in Exhibits 2 and 3. Most of these lakes are shallow with seasonal water input and high evaporation in the summer. Water quality is typically characterized by hard water and saline conditions, an artifact of dissolved constituents accumulating and increasing in concentration over time. While water quality in terminal lakes limits the diversity of the aquatic community to salt-tolerant organisms, these lakes often are very productive, and provide an ample food supply for waterbirds.
    [Show full text]
  • Water Dilemma in Isfahan and International Tourists' Effect on It
    Water Dilemma in Isfahan and International Tourists’ effect on it By: Sheyma Karimi Supervisor: Saeid Abbasian Master’s dissertation 15 credits Södertörn University | School of Social Science Abstract Tourism is one of the leading industries, in terms of international trading between countries. In addition to receipts received at destinations, international tourism has also generated US$211 billion in exports through international passenger transport services. The study is conducted in Isfahan, a city in center of Iran. The city is unique in its cultural heritage and archeology. It is one of Iran's oldest cities at more than 1,500 years of age. An important cultural and commercial center, Isfahan is Iran's third largest metropolitan area. Isfahan experiences an arid climate, like the rest of the Iranian plateau with low rainfall. Isfahan has a high capacity to attract international tourists to provide a better understanding of Iran’s history, culture, and natural environment to the world. Zayandeh Rud which means “life-giving River” is the largest Iranian plateau and the most important surface water in Isfahan. It starts from Zagros Mountains and ends in the Gavkhouni Swamp, a seasonal salt lake in the southeast of Isfahan. The catchment area has been affected by two drought periods within the last 15 years. Decreasing surface and groundwater availability has been accompanied by an increase in water withdrawal for irrigation, domestic uses, industry, and water transfers to neighboring provinces. This has led to severe ecological and social consequences. This study identifies the potentials of Isfahan in attracting international tourists and also evaluate the water crisis that the city faces.
    [Show full text]
  • The Aral Sea
    The Aral Sea edited by David L. Alles Western Washington University e-mail: [email protected] Last Updated 2011-11-4 Note: In PDF format most of the images in this web paper can be enlarged for greater detail. 1 Introduction The Aral Sea was once the world's fourth largest lake, slightly bigger than Lake Huron, and one of the world's most fertile regions. Today it is little more than a string of lakes scattered across central Asia east of the Caspian Sea. The sea disappeared for several reasons. One is that the Aral Sea is surrounded by the Central Asian deserts, whose heat evaporates 60 square kilometers (23 sq. miles) of water from its surface every year. Second is four decades of agricultural development and mismanagement along the Syr Darya and Amu Darya rivers that have drastically reduced the amount of fresh water flowing into the sea. The two rivers were diverted starting in the 1960s in a Soviet scheme to grow cotton in the desert. Cotton still provides a major portion of foreign currency for many of the countries along the Syr Darya and Amu Darya rivers. By 2003, the Aral Sea had lost approximately 75% of its area and 90% of its pre- 1960 volume. Between 1960 and January 2005, the level of the northern Aral Sea fell by 13 meters (~ 43 ft) and the larger southern portion of the sea by 23 meters (75.5 ft) which means that water can now only flow from the north basin to the south (Roll, et al., 2006).
    [Show full text]
  • Yosemite, Lake Tahoe & the Eastern Sierra
    Emerald Bay, Lake Tahoe PCC EXTENSION YOSEMITE, LAKE TAHOE & THE EASTERN SIERRA FEATURING THE ALABAMA HILLS - MAMMOTH LAKES - MONO LAKE - TIOGA PASS - TUOLUMNE MEADOWS - YOSEMITE VALLEY AUGUST 8-12, 2021 ~ 5 DAY TOUR TOUR HIGHLIGHTS w Travel the length of geologic-rich Highway 395 in the shadow of the Sierra Nevada with sightseeing to include the Alabama Hills, the June Lake Loop, and the Museum of Lone Pine Film History w Visit the Mono Lake Visitors Center and Alabama Hills Mono Lake enjoy an included picnic and time to admire the tufa towers on the shores of Mono Lake w Stay two nights in South Lake Tahoe in an upscale, all- suites hotel within walking distance of the casino hotels, with sightseeing to include a driving tour around the north side of Lake Tahoe and a narrated lunch cruise on Lake Tahoe to the spectacular Emerald Bay w Travel over Tioga Pass and into Yosemite Yosemite Valley Tuolumne Meadows National Park with sightseeing to include Tuolumne Meadows, Tenaya Lake, Olmstead ITINERARY Point and sights in the Yosemite Valley including El Capitan, Half Dome and Embark on a unique adventure to discover the majesty of the Sierra Nevada. Born of fire and ice, the Yosemite Village granite peaks, valleys and lakes of the High Sierra have been sculpted by glaciers, wind and weather into some of nature’s most glorious works. From the eroded rocks of the Alabama Hills, to the glacier-formed w Enjoy an overnight stay at a Yosemite-area June Lake Loop, to the incredible beauty of Lake Tahoe and Yosemite National Park, this tour features lodge with a private balcony overlooking the Mother Nature at her best.
    [Show full text]
  • Benchmark 3: Evaluation of Alternatives with Respect to Existing Conditions August 2015
    Salton Sea Funding and Feasibility Action Plan Benchmark 3: Evaluation of Alternatives With Respect to Existing Conditions August 2015 Prepared by: Prepared for: This document is prepared as a living document for public review and comment. Comments may be provided to: Salton Sea Authority 82995 Hwy 111, Suite 200 Indio, CA 92201 Email: [email protected] Comments will be reviewed and incorporated as appropriate. If substantive comments are received, a revised document may be produced and distributed. Preferred citation: Salton Sea Authority (2015). Salton Sea Funding and Feasibility Action Plan Benchmark 3 Report: Evaluation of Alternatives With Respect to Existing Conditions, August Report. Revision Record Revisions to this document will be reviewed and approved through the same level of authority as the original document. All changes to the Benchmark 3 Report must be authorized by the Principal in Charge. Date Version Changes January Working Posted on Salton Sea Authority website. 2015 Draft Included changes from draft review by Salton Sea TCT. June 2015 First Updated hydrology section and inflow Complete projections including Figures 48-52, along with Document editorial revisions. August Revision 1 Added this Revision Record. Corrected title of 2015 California Department of Fish and Wildlife and other minor editorial revisions. Updated discussion of historical flows from 2003-present. Tetra Tech, Inc. i August 2015 Executive Summary This report presents a review of Salton Sea restoration alternatives and their components and determine how well they would perform under current and future inflows. Alternatives are considered with respect to existing hydrologic conditions at the Sea, as of 2014, and projected future hydrology.
    [Show full text]
  • Hydrographic Development of the Aral Sea During the Last 2000 Years Based on a Quantitative Analysis of Dinoflagellate Cysts
    Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 234 (2006) 304–327 www.elsevier.com/locate/palaeo Hydrographic development of the Aral Sea during the last 2000 years based on a quantitative analysis of dinoflagellate cysts P. Sorrel a,b,*, S.-M. Popescu b, M.J. Head c,1, J.P. Suc b, S. Klotz b,d, H. Oberha¨nsli a a GeoForschungsZentrum, Telegraphenberg, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany b Laboratoire Pale´oEnvironnements et Pale´obioSphe`re (UMR CNRS 5125), Universite´ Claude Bernard—Lyon 1, 27-43, boulevard du 11 Novembre, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France c Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Downing Place, Cambridge CB2 3EN, UK d Institut fu¨r Geowissenschaften, Universita¨t Tu¨bingen, Sigwartstrasse 10, 72070 Tu¨bingen, Germany Received 30 June 2005; received in revised form 4 October 2005; accepted 13 October 2005 Abstract The Aral Sea Basin is a critical area for studying the influence of climate and anthropogenic impact on the development of hydrographic conditions in an endorheic basin. We present organic-walled dinoflagellate cyst analyses with a sampling resolution of 15 to 20 years from a core retrieved at Chernyshov Bay in the NW Large Aral Sea (Kazakhstan). Cysts are present throughout, but species richness is low (seven taxa). The dominant morphotypes are Lingulodinium machaerophorum with varied process length and Impagidinium caspienense, a species recently described from the Caspian Sea. Subordinate species are Caspidinium rugosum, Romanodinium areolatum, Spiniferites cruciformis, cysts of Pentapharsodinium dalei, and round brownish protoper- idiniacean cysts. The chlorococcalean algae Botryococcus and Pediastrum are taken to represent freshwater inflow into the Aral Sea. The data are used to reconstruct salinity as expressed in lake level changes during the past 2000 years.
    [Show full text]
  • Lled Basins of the Red
    Deep-Sea Research I 46 (1999) 1779}1792 Hydrographic changes during 20 years in the brine-"lled basins of the Red Sea Pierre Anschutz! *,GeH rard Blanc!, Fabienne Chatin", Magali Geiller", Marie-Claire Pierret" !De& partement de Ge& ologie et Oce&anographie (D.G.O.), Universite& Bordeaux 1, CNRS UMR 5805, 33405 Talence Cedex, France "Centre de Ge& ochimie de la Surface, Institut de Ge&ologie, Universite& Louis Pasteur, CNRS UMR 7517, 67084, Strasbourg, France Received 16 June 1998; accepted 8 February 1999 Abstract Many of the deep basins "lled by hot brines in the Red Sea have not been investigated since their discovery in the early 1970s. Twenty years later, in September 1992, six of these deeps were revisited. The temperature and salinity of the Suakin, Port Sudan, Chain B, and Nereus deeps ranged from 23.25 to 44.603C and from 144 to 270&. These values were approximately the same in 1972, indicating that the budget of heat and salt was quite balanced. We measured strong gradients of properties in the transition zone between brines and overlying seawater. The contribution of salinity to the density gradient was more than one order of magnitude higher than the opposite contribution of temperature across the seawater}brine interface. Therefore the interface was extemely stable, and the transfer of properties across it was considered to be controlled mostly by molecular di!usion. We calculate that the di!usional transport of salt from the brines to seawater cannot a!ect signi"cantly the salinity of the brines over a 20 year period, which agrees with the observations.
    [Show full text]
  • Water Resources Lifeblood of the Region
    Water Resources Lifeblood of the Region 68 Central Asia Atlas of Natural Resources ater has long been the fundamental helped the region flourish; on the other, water, concern of Central Asia’s air, land, and biodiversity have been degraded. peoples. Few parts of the region are naturally water endowed, In this chapter, major river basins, inland seas, Wand it is unevenly distributed geographically. lakes, and reservoirs of Central Asia are presented. This scarcity has caused people to adapt in both The substantial economic and ecological benefits positive and negative ways. Vast power projects they provide are described, along with the threats and irrigation schemes have diverted most of facing them—and consequently the threats the water flow, transforming terrain, ecology, facing the economies and ecology of the country and even climate. On the one hand, powerful themselves—as a result of human activities. electrical grids and rich agricultural areas have The Amu Darya River in Karakalpakstan, Uzbekistan, with a canal (left) taking water to irrigate cotton fields.Upper right: Irrigation lifeline, Dostyk main canal in Makktaaral Rayon in South Kasakhstan Oblast, Kazakhstan. Lower right: The Charyn River in the Balkhash Lake basin, Kazakhstan. Water Resources 69 55°0'E 75°0'E 70 1:10 000 000 Central AsiaAtlas ofNaturalResources Major River Basins in Central Asia 200100 0 200 N Kilometers RUSSIAN FEDERATION 50°0'N Irty sh im 50°0'N Ish ASTANA N ura a b m Lake Zaisan E U r a KAZAKHSTAN l u s y r a S Lake Balkhash PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC Ili OF CHINA Chui Aral Sea National capital 1 International boundary S y r D a r Rivers and canals y a River basins Lake Caspian Sea BISHKEK Issyk-Kul Amu Darya UZBEKISTAN Balkhash-Alakol 40°0'N ryn KYRGYZ Na Ob-Irtysh TASHKENT REPUBLIC Syr Darya 40°0'N Ural 1 Chui-Talas AZERBAIJAN 2 Zarafshan TURKMENISTAN 2 Boundaries are not necessarily authoritative.
    [Show full text]
  • Ocean Storage
    277 6 Ocean storage Coordinating Lead Authors Ken Caldeira (United States), Makoto Akai (Japan) Lead Authors Peter Brewer (United States), Baixin Chen (China), Peter Haugan (Norway), Toru Iwama (Japan), Paul Johnston (United Kingdom), Haroon Kheshgi (United States), Qingquan Li (China), Takashi Ohsumi (Japan), Hans Pörtner (Germany), Chris Sabine (United States), Yoshihisa Shirayama (Japan), Jolyon Thomson (United Kingdom) Contributing Authors Jim Barry (United States), Lara Hansen (United States) Review Editors Brad De Young (Canada), Fortunat Joos (Switzerland) 278 IPCC Special Report on Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 279 6.7 Environmental impacts, risks, and risk management 298 6.1 Introduction and background 279 6.7.1 Introduction to biological impacts and risk 298 6.1.1 Intentional storage of CO2 in the ocean 279 6.7.2 Physiological effects of CO2 301 6.1.2 Relevant background in physical and chemical 6.7.3 From physiological mechanisms to ecosystems 305 oceanography 281 6.7.4 Biological consequences for water column release scenarios 306 6.2 Approaches to release CO2 into the ocean 282 6.7.5 Biological consequences associated with CO2 6.2.1 Approaches to releasing CO2 that has been captured, lakes 307 compressed, and transported into the ocean 282 6.7.6 Contaminants in CO2 streams 307 6.2.2 CO2 storage by dissolution of carbonate minerals 290 6.7.7 Risk management 307 6.2.3 Other ocean storage approaches 291 6.7.8 Social aspects; public and stakeholder perception 307 6.3 Capacity and fractions retained
    [Show full text]