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Great Salt Lake Brine Chemistry Database, 1966–2011

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Great Salt Lake Brine Chemistry Database, 1966–2011 GREAT SALT LAKE BRINE CHEMISTRY DATABASE, 1966–2011 by Andrew Rupke and Ammon McDonald OPEN-FILE REPORT 596 UTAH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY a division of UTAH DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES 2012 GREAT SALT LAKE BRINE CHEMISTRY DATABASE, 1966–2011 by Andrew Rupke and Ammon McDonald Cover photo: The Southern Pacific Railroad rock causeway. The view is to the east, and the north arm of Great Salt Lake is on the left. OPEN-FILE REPORT 596 UTAH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY a division of UTAH DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES 2012 STATE OF UTAH Gary R. Herbert, Governor DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES Michael Styler, Executive Director UTAH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Richard G. Allis, Director PUBLICATIONS contact Natural Resources Map & Bookstore 1594 W. North Temple Salt Lake City, UT 84116 telephone: 801-537-3320 toll-free: 1-888-UTAH MAP website: mapstore.utah.gov email: [email protected] UTAH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY contact 1594 W. North Temple, Suite 3110 Salt Lake City, UT 84116 telephone: 801-537-3300 website: geology.utah.gov This open-file release makes information available to the public that may not conform to UGS technical, edito- rial, or policy standards; this should be considered by an individual or group planning to take action based on the contents of this report. Although this product represents the work of professional scientists, the Utah Department of Natural Resources, Utah Geological Survey, makes no warranty, expressed or implied, regarding its suitability for a particular use. The Utah Department of Natural Resources, Utah Geological Survey, shall not be liable under any circumstances for any direct, indirect, special, incidental, or consequential damages with respect to claims by users of this product. CONTENTS ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 GREAT SALT LAKE SAMPLING ......................................................................................................................................................... 1 Sampling Sites .................................................................................................................................................................................. 1 Sampling Method .............................................................................................................................................................................. 3 Analysis Information ........................................................................................................................................................................ 3 Sample Database ............................................................................................................................................................................... 3 IMPORTANT DATES FOR INTERPRETING LAKE CHEMISTRY.................................................................................................... 6 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ....................................................................................................................................................................... 7 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 7 APPENDIX A. Great Salt Lake brine chemistry database ..............................................................................................................on CD FIGURES Figure 1. Great Salt Lake brine sample locations .................................................................................................................................... 2 Figure 2. Salinity of Great Salt Lake versus surface elevation of Great Salt Lake ................................................................................. 6 TABLES Table 1. Summary of analyses available at Great Salt Lake sampling sites ............................................................................................ 4 Table 2. Great Salt Lake sampling locations............................................................................................................................................ 5 GREAT SALT LAKE BRINE CHEMISTRY DATABASE, 1966–2011 by Andrew Rupke and Ammon McDonald ABSTRACT atic brine sampling program in 1966. At a number of sites throughout the lake the UGS takes samples at various depths Great Salt Lake’s salinity levels are dynamic, and the Utah through the water column and analyzes the samples for chem- Geological Survey has systematically sampled the Great Salt istry, total dissolved solids, and density. This sampling pro- Lake brine since 1966 in an effort to monitor salinity levels gram has largely been funded by the Utah Division of For- and chemistry. The Utah Geological Survey collects samples estry, Fire, and State Lands. in both the north and south arms of Great Salt Lake, and at each site samples are taken at regular intervals through the water The UGS has released data from this sampling program in a column. Samples are analyzed for chemistry, total dissolved number of publications. Prior to this release, the chemistry solids, and density. Early in the sampling program numerous data were published in two major reports by Sturm (1986) and sites were sampled, but data indicated that fewer sample sites Gwynn (2007). Interpretive reports of this data by the UGS were sufficient to characterize the lake so currently only two include those of Whelan (1973), Whelan and Petersen (1975), to three sites are sampled during each run. At a few sites in Whelan and Petersen (1977), Sturm (1980), Gwynn and the north and south arms, a fairly continuous record of chemi- Sturm (1987), and Gwynn (2002). Gwynn (2007) provided cal analyses is available from 1966 through 2011. This report information on a number of additional publications on GSL contains an updated version of the sample database containing brine chemistry, including an appendix presenting sources all data from 1966 through 2011. The database has also been containing brine chemistry from before 1966. The UGS was reorganized into a single Excel spreadsheet for ease of use. involved in GSL sampling prior to 1966 as well, and Sturm (1986) summarized those sampling efforts. This publication includes the UGS sample database in its INTRODUCTION entirety with all data from 1966 through 2011 (appendix A). Some of the updates for this release include a reorganization The salinity level of Great Salt Lake (GSL) is quite dynamic of the database for ease of use, updating all lake elevations in due to natural lake level fluctuations and man-made barriers the database to reflect elevation corrections by the U.S. Geo- within the lake. Salinity in the lake tends to be a function of logical Survey, and creation of a table summarizing sample surface lake level—as lake level rises salinity decreases and dates for each sample site. as lake level drops salinity increases. Another primary influ- ence on salinity levels in GSL is the Southern Pacific Railroad rock causeway that was completed across the lake in 1959. Because of the restricted flow across the railroad causeway, it effectively divides GSL into two distinct bodies of water— GREAT SALT LAKE SAMPLING the north arm (Gunnison Bay) and the south arm (primarily Gilbert Bay). The north arm, which receives very little fresh- Sampling Sites water input, essentially functions as the terminal part of GSL with minor return of water to the south arm. The south arm, The UGS has sampled GSL brine at 57 different sample loca- however, receives significant freshwater input from the Bear tions over the course of the sampling program (figure 1). Early River, Jordan River, and Weber River (through Bear River in the sampling program’s history, numerous sites were sam- and Farmington Bays) and significant amounts of water flow pled in an effort to determine salinity and chemical variations from the south arm to the north arm. Over time, these condi- within different areas of the lake. Lateral chemical variation tions caused the north arm to become significantly more sa- within the arms of the lake was recognized to be minimal, and line than the south arm. Also, the north-to-south flow through this information along with cost and time required to sample the causeway, although limited, has formed, at times, a dense numerous sites led to a reduction of sampling sites over the brine layer at the bottom of the south arm of the lake. In an years (Sturm, 1986; Gwynn, 2007). Currently, the UGS typi- effort to monitor and understand the dynamic conditions cre- cally samples two to three sites in the south arm of GSL and ated by lake level fluctuation, the railroad causeway, and other two to three sites in the north arm of GSL during sampling factors, the Utah Geological Survey (UGS) began a system- runs. 2 Utah Geological Survey 113°0'0"W 112°30'0"W 112°0'0"W C A C H E NML BOX ELDER CO. N " North Arm 0 ' N 0 " 3 0 ' ° (Gunnison Bay) 0 1 3 4 ° RD5 1 RD4 SJ-1 4 RD3 RD2 RD1 GREAT LVG5 Bear LVG4 LVG3 River LVG2 3A RT3 LVG1 Bay GSLB 2A 1A 1N - 4N LVH BRBS Railroad Causeway ECN WEBER CO. 1S - 4S LCI GSLM-2 SALT GSLM-1 FB1 RT4 FB2 FB3 NLN IS1 DAVIS CO. FB4 RT2 ABN ABS N " IS2 0 ' AC4 AC3 N 0 " ° AC2 0 AC1 ' 1 0 4 ° 1 LAKE
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