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Water and Water Shortage in Iran Case Study Tashk-Bakhtegan and Maharlu Lakes Basin, Fars Province, South Iran

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Water and Water Shortage in Iran Case Study Tashk-Bakhtegan and Maharlu Lakes Basin, Fars Province, South Iran Water and water shortage in Iran Case study Tashk-Bakhtegan and Maharlu lakes basin, Fars Province, South Iran vorgelegt von M. Sc. Fatemeh Ghader geb. in Shiraz von der Fakultät VI - Planen Bauen Umwelt der Technischen Universität Berlin zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor der Ingenieurwissenschaften – Dr.-Ing. – genehmigte Dissertation Promotionsausschuss: Vorsitzender: Prof. Dr. Tomás Manuel Fernandez-Steeger Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Uwe Tröger Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Michael Schneider Tag der wissenschaftlichen Aussprache: 10. August 2018 Berlin 2018 To my husband who supported me and light up my life Abstract Tashk-Bakhtegan and Maharlu lakes' basin in Fars province in south of Iran is facing a harsh water shortage in recent years. Semi-dry and dry conditions are prevailing climate conditions in the basin and the wet condition can only be seen in the small part of the north. Groundwater is the main source to provide water for different purposes such as agriculture, industry and drinking. Over-exploitation of water more than aquifers potential caused exploitation of prohibited water and prevailing the critical condition in vast part of basin. Kor and Sivand rivers are the only permanent rivers in the basin and they flow only in some parts of basin and they supply part of the water demand. Some factors such as geological setting, the rate of evaporation, existence of two salt lakes and Salt Lake's intrusion from the lakes has caused a decrease in water quality especially in the south of the basin. In this study for the first time a complete research was carried out to understand the hydrologic circle of Tashk-Bakhtegan and Maharlu lakes' basin. In this study those basins were evaluated in terms of meteorology, surface water, groundwater, water quality, and water balance was carried out. Although the agriculture section was evaluated as the most water consumer. The main reasons behind the study area water scarcity includes; decrease in rainfall, over-exploitation of groundwater resources, using traditional irrigation methods and low irrigation efficiency resulting in huge amount of water being wasted, incorporated crop pattern that does not match climate conditions and water resources. One of important and effective step to be taken for dealing with the water shortage in this basin is selecting suitable crop pattern. In the south of the basin base on water quality and climate condition developing gardening and growing pomegranate and pistachio as two plants that has low water demands and also tolerate high salinity is recommended. Finding the suitable lands to cultivate rain-fed products such as wheat (as the most water consumer crop in the basin) corresponding to ecological condition could be helpful to increase productivity. Based on the result of studies, Marvdasht-Kherameh, Shiraz, Beiza- Zarghan and Dozkord- Kamphiroz are suitable places to cultivate this product. Only with these important changes in the cultivation of field crops can a balanced water balance be achieved. i Zusammenfassung Das Taschk-Bakhtegan- und Maharlu-Seenbecken, welches in der Fars-Provinz im Süden des Irans gelegen ist, erleidet seit einigen Jahren eine extreme Wasserknappheit. Im Gegensatz zum Norden des Beckens, wo humide Bedingungen vorzufinden sind, beherrschen halbtrockene bis trockene klimatische Bedingungen das Becken. Grundwasser dient als Hauptquelle für die Trinkwasserbereitstellung und Wasserversorgung in der Landwirtschaft und Industrie. Eine Überbeanspruchung des Grundwasserleiters in den letzten Jahren einschließlich der Entnahme von verbotenen Grundwasserreserven führte zu der momentan kritischen Situation in weiten Teilen des Beckens. Die Flüsse Kor und Sivand, welche als einzige das gesamte Jahr über Wasser tragen, durchfließen nur einen Teil des Beckens, weswegen deren Flusswasser nur bedingt zur Deckung des Wasserbedarfs beiträgt. Zusätzlich zur Wasserknappheit ist eine Verschlechterung der Wasserqualität, insbesondere im Süden, vorzufinden. Diese Qualitätsabnahme ist vor allem durch Faktoren, wie geologischen Beschaffenheit, Verdunstungsrate sowie Salzwasserintrusion aus zwei Salzseen in den Untergrund zurückzuführen. Die vorliegende Studie führt eine erstmalige Untersuchung zum besseren Verständnisses der Wasserkreisläufe des Tashk-Bakhtegan und Maharlu Seenbeckens durch. Hierbei wurde das Becken hinsichtlich Meteorologie, Oberflächenwasser, Grundwasser, Wasserqualität und Wasserhaushalt bewertet. Obwohl sich die Landwirtschaft als Hauptwasserverbraucher resultierte, konnten folgende Hauptgründe der herrschende Wasserknappheit im Untersuchungsgebiet identifiziert werden: Niederschlagsabnahme, Übernutzung der Grundwasserressourcen, Verwendung von traditionellen Bewässerungsmethoden mit geringer Bewässerungseffizienz und einer enormen Wasserverschwendung, sowie für die die klimatischen Bedingungen und vorhanden Wasserressourcen ungeeignete Anbaumethoden. Ein wichtiger und effektiver Schritt zur Bewältigung des Wassermangels im Untersuchungsgebiet ist die Auswahl geeigneter Anbaumethoden. Im Süden des Beckens wurden in Abhängigkeit der Wasserqualität und des Klimas Granatapfel und Pistazien angebaut, die einen geringen Wasserbedarf aufweisen und einen hohen Salzgehalt tolerieren. Die Identifizierung von geeigneten Anbauflächen für regenabhängige Produkte wie Weizen, einem der Hauptwasserverbraucher im Untersuchungsgebiet, könnte zur Steigerung der Produktivität beitragen. Basierend auf den Ergebnissen der Studien sind Marvdasht- Kherameh, Shiraz, Beiza-Zarghan und Dozkord-Kamphiroz geeignete Orte, um Weizen unter ii den gegebenen ökologischen Bedingungen zu kultivieren. Nur mit diesen wichtigen Veränderungen im Anbau von Feldfrüchten kann eine ausgeglichene Wasserbilanz für das Taschk-Bakhtegan- und Maharlu-Seenbecken erreicht werden. iii Tables of content 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Water resources and water shortage in Iran ................................................................................ 2 1.2 Location of the study .................................................................................................................... 6 1.3 General information of study area ............................................................................................... 6 1.4 Field studies .................................................................................................................................. 8 1.5 Study objectives .......................................................................................................................... 11 1.6 General study approach .............................................................................................................. 12 2. Meteorology...................................................................................................................................... 13 2.1 Temperature ............................................................................................................................... 13 2.1.2 ISO temperature map ........................................................................................................ 16 2.1.3 Representative temperature stations .................................................................................. 16 2.2 Precipitation ............................................................................................................................ 19 2.2.1 Rainfall stations ........................................................................................................................ 19 2.2.2 Annual rainfall ...................................................................................................................... 19 2.2.3 Monthly rainfall .................................................................................................................... 22 2.3 Evaporation ................................................................................................................................. 26 2.3.1 Evaporation gradient ........................................................................................................... 27 2.3.2 Iso evaporation map ............................................................................................................ 28 2.3.3 Representative evaporation stations ................................................................................... 28 2.3.4 Evaporation from free water surface and evaporation potentiality ................................... 29 2.4 Climate ........................................................................................................................................ 35 3. Surface water ................................................................................................................................... 36 3.1 Surface water in the basin .......................................................................................................... 36 3.2 Representative discharge stations .............................................................................................. 37 3.3 Annual discharge ......................................................................................................................... 38 3.3.1 The relationship between annual discharge and area of hydrometric stations .................. 38 3.3.2 Annual discharge in the basins without data ......................................................................
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