GREEN TRAJECTORIES Municipal policy trends and strategies for greening in Europe, Canada and United States (1990-2016) Authors: Isabelle Anguelovski, Lucía Argüelles, Francesc Baró, Helen V.S. Cole, James J.T. Connolly, Melissa Gar- cía Lamarca, Stephanie Loveless, Carmen Pérez del Pulgar, Galia Shokry, Tatjana Trebic, Erin Wood Coordinators and Editors: James J.T. Connolly, Tatjana Trebic, Isabelle Anguelovski, Erin Wood, Elsa Thery Cover Design and Layout: Ana Cañizares, Erin Wood Copyright © 2018 BCNUEJ. All rights reserved. With the support of: Co-sponsored by: TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments ............................................................................ 1 Foreword .......................................................................................... 4 Introducton ...................................................................................... 5 Methods ........................................................................................... 9 Varietes of greening ....................................................................... 17 The governance of greening ........................................................... 31 Concluding remarks ........................................................................ 46 Green trajectories: How to read them ............................................ 47 Green trajectories: 50 Cites ........................................................... 49 Appendices ................................................................................... 251 Bibliography .................................................................................. 258 1 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This book was supported by funding from the ERC Startng Grant GreenLULUs (2016-2021) (GA678034). It also contributes to the Maria de Maetzu Unit of Excellence grant (MDM-2015-0552) at the Insttute for Environmental Science and Technology (ICTA) within the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB). Final- ly, the book received support from the Hospital del Mar Medical Research Insttute (IMIM), from the In- sttució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avancats (ICREA) (for Isabelle Anguelovski), and from the MINECO - Juan de la Cierva Program IJCI-2016-31100 (for James Connolly). Producing this book was a truly collectve efort. The editng of this volume was primarily directed by Tat- jana Trebic who began as an intern in our lab and, through treless atenton to detail, became an essen- tal part of our team and the project manager for this book. Her work was seamlessly carried through by Erin Wood, who saw this project through to completon. For the many hours that both put into this vol- ume we are grateful. We also thank Ana Cañizares for her help in designing and producing the fnal prod- uct. In additon to the primary authors of this volume listed on the cover page, a number of local experts helped us to fnd informaton about their city. They made our understanding of greening trajectories more robust and verifed the informaton we gathered for our summaries, ofen pointng out essental elements that were lef out of public documents. We thank these people tremendously for their assis- tance with our project. They include: Alec Foster, University of Michigan Giuseppe Cina, Politecnico di Torino Alessandro Rigolon, California State University Hamil Pearsall, Temple University Andrew Smith, Planning Ofcer, the City of Edinburgh Council Hannah Teicher, PhD Candidate Massachusets Insttute of Anne-Marie Debbané, San Diego State University Technology Beatriz Pineda Revilla, PhD Candidate, University of Amster- Harold Baillie, University of New Orleans dam Dr. Ian Mell, University of Manchester Bernd Eisenberg, University of Stutgart J. Marcos Castro, University of Malaga Carlo Gerundo, University of Naples Federico II Jean-Noël Consales, Aix-Marseille University Daniel Boulens, Director of Public Green Spaces, City of Lyon Jill Lit, University of Colorado Dr. Danielle Sinnet, University of the West of England Jordi Honey Rosés, University of Britsh Columbia David Estal, Architect Dr. Juliana Maantay, City University of New York Dawn Warrick, City of Tulsa Mayor’s Ofce Juliane Mathey, Leibniz Insttute of Ecological Urban and Re- Dr. Erik Andersson, Stockholm University gional Development Erik Kojola, PhD Candidate, University of Minnesota Kate Shirah, Program Director, John Rex Endowment Erin Goodling, Portland State University Katherine Lieberknecht, University of Texas Dr. Eva Schwab, University of Natural Resources and Life Sci- Kathy LeVeque, Supervising Planner, City of San Jose ences, Vienna Ken Bryan, Planner, City of Oklahoma; Maarten Van Acker, Geof Smith, Senior Planner, City of Edmonton University of Antwerp 2 Maria Koeter, Director for Sustainability, City of Louisville Salvatore Paolo de Rosa, Lund University Marialuce Stanganelli, University of Naples Federico II Santago Gorostza, PhD Candidate, University of Coimbra Mia Lorenz, Parks and Recreaton Support Services Manager Stacy Clauson, Western Washington University City of San Jose; Dr. Michael Brennan, University College Dub- Stefanie Rossler, Leibniz Insttute of Ecological Urban and Re- lin gional Development Natalie Marie Gulsrud, University of Copenhagen Suzanne Deschamps, Legal Counsel and Sustainable Commu- Nick Doctor, City of Tulsa Mayor’s Ofce nity Development Vice President, Pacifc Group Nick Grayson, Climate Change and Sustainability Manager, Teddy Krolick, Baltmore Local Community Organiser Birmingham City Council Tim Netsch, Assistant Director, Board of Parks & Recreaton, Ola Soderstrom, University of Neuchâtel Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County, Dr. Olaf Schroth, University of Shefeld Tennessee Dr. Peter Lee, University of Birmingham Dr. Tom Knowland, Head of Sustainable Energy & Climate Peter Murphy, Department of Planning and Urban Develop- Change, Leeds City Council ment, City of Québec Walter Wesinger, Department of Planning and Building Regu- Dr. Pierre Deslauriers, Condordia University; Randle Harwood, latons, City of Munich Director, Planning and Development Department, City of Fort Worth Raúl Puente Asuero, Pablo de Olavide University Ryan Trujillo, Sustainability Manager, City of Colorado Springs Photo: Travis Watson 3 4 FOREWORD This book is a beginning. It is the beginning of a series of publicatons on the urban greening policy trajec- tories of 99 European and North American mid-sized cites over roughly a 25-year period (beginning in 1990). These publicatons will examine in-depth the social equity implicatons of developing new urban green spaces and bringing nature back into the city. This book presents our synthesis of the green policy trajectories across all 99 cites and a brief – but detailed – case study for the frst 50 cites. This book is also the beginning of a 5-year research project examining the relatonship between urban greening and social equity in mid-sized North American and European cites since 1990. Funded by the European Research Council, the GreenLULUs study uses the broad overview of policy trajectories presen- ted in this book as a base from which to select 40 critcal cases of cites engaged in the creaton or renova- ton of urban green amenites (i.e., municipal parks and gardens, community gardens, greenways, ecologi- cal corridors, waterfront promenades, open recreatonal areas and playgrounds). For these 40 cases, we are gathering extensive quanttatve and spatal data on demographic changes and green space implementaton. Following analysis of that data, we will further examine through qualitatve case work 16 of the 40 cites that show interestng outcomes in terms of the relatonship between gree- ning and social and racial equity. Our forthcoming qualitatve research will help to gain a greater un- derstanding of the process of green gentrifcaton, the ways that communites contest it, and the respon- ses ofered by municipalites to address displacement. Ultmately, then, this book is the frst step in a long -term efort to provide a clear picture of processes and outcomes related to urban greening and social and racial equity. This book also – we hope – helps to mark the beginning of a new epoch for urban sustainability. It builds toward perhaps a 30-year point of inversion for the urban sustainability movement, where social and ra- cial equity is elevated in priority to become fully integrated into urban greening strategies rather than re- main a distant consideraton for urban policy behind growth and environment. This infecton point for urban sustainability requires that we acknowledge that, for urban greening to become a true public good with ample social and health benefts delivered to all residents over tme, urban planners and decision- makers cannot only count on a trickle-down efect. They need to put issues of social and racial equity at the center of green planning and consider how to best address trade-ofs between social, economic, and ecological priorites to produce green, healthy, and equitable urban communites. Finally, we hope this book serves as a startng point for you to examine what has developed in cites since 1990 and to refect on what needs to come next. We are excited to see, and look forward to your feedback. Isabelle Anguelovski James Connolly Director Associate Director 5 INTRODUCTION The decade of the 1990s was the startng point for formal urban sustainability programs in many cites around the world. Following the 1987 release of the Brundtland Report by the United Natons, which coined the term “sustainable development,” internatonal agreements and goals on environmental