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2.1 Guillaume-Joseph Grélot, La città di Aleppo, detail. From Commons BY-SA 4.0 International, https://creativecom​ Ambrogio Bembo, Viaggio e giornale per parte dell’asia di mons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/. 38 quattro anni incirca fatta da me Ambrosio Bembo nobile 3.2 Third Court of the Topkapı Palace and surrounding gar- Veneto, 1676, tavola X. James Ford Bell Library, University dens. From Seyyed Lokman, Hünernâme, vol. 1 (c. 1584). of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota. 12 Topkapı Sarayı Müsezi, H 1523, fols. 231v–232r. Reproduced 2.2 Frontispiece of Ambrogio Bembo’s Viaggio e giornale from Nurhan Atasoy, A Garden for the Sultan: Gardens and per parte dell’asia di quattro anni incirca fatta da me Flowers in the Ottoman Culture ([Istanbul]: Aygaz, 2002), Ambrosio Bembo nobile Veneto, 1676, tavolo I. James 259, fifg. 373. 39 Ford Bell Library, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 3.3 Etienne Dupérac, Dissigno del Torneamento fatto il lune di Minnesota. 13 Carnovale in Roma nel Theatro Vaticano (Tournament in 2.3 Villa della Torre a Fumane, Valpolicella, Provincia di the Belvedere Court), 1565. Published by Antoine Lafréry. Verona, , c. 1550. Photo: Archivio del Centro di © Trustees of the British Museum. Licensed under Creative Documentazione per la Storia della Valpolicella (Renzo Commons BY-NC-SA 4.0 International, https://creative- Nicolis and Michele Suppi). 21 commons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/. 40 2.4 Jardin del Generalife en Granada. From Alexandre de 3.4 Ichnography of the courtyards of Villa Giulia. From Paul Laborde, Voyage pittoresque et historique de l’Espagne Letarouilly, Edifices de Rome moderne ou Recueil des palais, (: Pierre Didot l’Ainé, 1806), plate xxix. G. Holmes maisons, eglises, couvents, et autres monuments publics et Perkins Rare Book Room Collection, Fisher Fine Arts particuliers les plus remarquables de la ville de Rome (Paris, Library, University of Pennsylvania Libraries. 22 1840–72; repr., London: Architectural Press, 1982), vol. 2, 2.5 Plan of Villa della Torre. Photo: Archivio del Centro di plate 205. 42 Documentazione per la Storia della Valpolicella (Renzo 3.5 Karabali Garden. From Salomon Schweigger, Ein newe Nicolis and Michele Suppi). 23 Reyssbeschreibung auss Teutschland nach Constantinopel 2.6 View of , detail. From Pellegrino Brocardo, Ragguaglio und Jerusalem (Nuremberg, 1608), 127. University Library del viaggio da Ragusa al Cairo di m. Pellegrino Broccardi Heidelberg, http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/schweig​ da Ventimiglia, 1556. Vatican Library, ms Vat. lat. 6038, pp. ger 1608. Licensed under Creative Commons BY-SA 3.0 136–37. © 2017 Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana. 25 DE, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/de/ 2.7 Plan of Villa Beccadelli, Šipan. Image: Nadja deed.en. 43 Aksamija. 26 3.6 Giovanni Francesco Venturini, Veduta delle fontane 3.1 Bird’s-eye view of the Topkapı Palace. From Wilhelm della cordonata, e scale che ascende al vialone delle fon- Dilich, Eigendtliche, kurtze beschreibung und Abriß der tanelle (Waterstairs of the Villa d’Este), c. 1683–91. From weitt berümbten keyserlichen stadt Constantinopel (Kassel: Le Fontane del Giardino Estense in Tivoli, published by Wilhelm Wessel, 1606), plate between pages 17 and 18. Giovanni Giacomo de’ Rossi. © Trustees of the British University Library Ghent. Licensed under Creative Museum. Licensed under Creative Commons BY-NC-SA

Gharipour, Gardens_FinalP.indb 7 7/14/17 10:49 AM 4.0 International, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ 5.2 Jacques Androuet du Cerceau, Château de Gaillon. From by-nc-sa/4.0/. 43 Les plus excellents bastiments de France, 1576–79. © 3.7 Cornelius Loos, Kiosk of the Sultaniye Garden, 1710. © Trustees of the British Museum. 85 Nationalmuseum Stockholm. Reproduced from Alfred 5.3 Jacques Androuet du Cerceau, Château de Gaillon: Design Westholm, Cornelius Loos. Teckningar från en expedition till of the Hermitage and the White House. From Le premier Främre Orienten 1710–1711 (Stockholm: Nationalmuseum, volume des plus excellents Bastiments de France (1576; repr., 1985), 62–63. 45 Farnborough: Gregg International, 1972). 86 3.8 Fountain of the Dragon, Tivoli, Villa d’Este. Photo: Simone 5.4 Charles Percier, Pierre François Fontaine, and Jacques Kaiser, 2008. 46 Charles Bonnard, Plans of the Remains of the Villa Madama 4.1 Jacques Androuet du Cerceau, plan of château de Blois. and the Villa Sachetti, 1809, detail. 87 From Premier [et Second] volume des plus excellents bas- 5.5 The frescoed loggia at Villa Madama, designed to link the timents de France . . . (Paris, 1576–79). © École nationale living space with the extensive gardens. Photo: Jill Sinclair, supérieure des beaux-arts de Paris. 61 2010. 88 4.2 Jacques Androuet du Cerceau, plan of château de 5.6 John Robert Cozens, Rome from the Villa Madama, Fontainebleau. From Premier [et Second] volume des plus 1791. Courtesy of the Whitworth, The University of excellents bastiments de France . . . (Paris, 1576–79). © École Manchester. 89 nationale supérieure des beaux-arts de Paris. 64 5.7 Unknown artist, Baqi Chaghanyani Paying Homage to 4.3 Girolamo Porro, L’Horto de i semplici di Padoua, 1591 Babur near the River Oxus (Darya Amu), in a.h. 910/a.d. (repr., Padua: Editoriale Programma, 1986). University 1504. From an illustrated Persian translation of Zahir of Michigan Library. Licensed under Creative Commons al-Din Muhammad Babur’s Baburnama, pre-1605. The CC-BY 4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Walters Art Museum. 90 by/4.0/. 66 5.8 Bishndas and Nanha, Babur Supervising the Laying Out of 4.4 Château and garden of Touvoie or Touvois, Saint-Corneille. the Garden of Fidelity. From an illustrated Persian trans- Cadastre napoléonien, cote PC\278\003, section 1–249, lation of Zahir al-Din Muhammad Babur’s Baburnama, c. année 1836. © Archives départementales de la Sarthe 68 1590. © Victoria and Albert Museum, London. 92 4.5 Jacques Androuet du Cerceau, plan of château de 5.9 Ram Das, unnamed painting. From an illustrated Saint-Maur-des-Fossées. From Premier [et Second] volume Persian translation of Zahir al-Din Muhammad Babur’s des plus excellents bastiments de France . . . (Paris, 1576–79). Baburnama, c. 1590. © Victoria and Albert Museum, © École nationale supérieure des beaux-arts de Paris. 68 London. 96 4.6 The Third Court of the Topkapı Palace. From the 5.10 Unknown artist, Babur Riding a Raft from Kunar Back Hünernâme manuscript, 1584, fols. 231b–232°. Topkapı to Atar. From an illustrated Persian translation of Zahir Sarayı Müzesi, inv. 1524. Photo: Walter B. Denny. 70 al-Din Muhammad Babur’s Baburnama, pre-1605. The 4.7 View of the Topkapı Palace and the Bosphorus. From the Walters Art Museum. 97 Hünernâme manuscript, 1558, fol. 159v°. Topkapı Sarayı 6.1 Chaharbagh Street in . Plan by Nader Ardalan and Müzesi, inv. H 1523. Photo: Walter B. Denny. 72 Laleh Bakhtiar. 102 5.1 Contemporary aerial view of the château de Gaillon. 6.2 , drawing of Naqsh-i Jahan Square, 1839. Image Photo: Olivier Cambus, 2014. Image source: Wikimedia source: Wikimedia Commons. 103 Commons. Licensed under Creative Commons BY-SA 3.0 6.3 Reconstruction of Haravi’s garden. Drawing by: Manu Unported, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ Sobti and Mohammad Gharipour. 105 deed.en. 84

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Gharipour, Gardens_FinalP.indb 8 7/14/17 10:49 AM 6.4 The Villa Medici in Fiesole. Photo: Dibata Mazzini. Image 6.19 A 1669 image from the Shahnama by Muhammad Zaman source: Wikimedia Commons. Licensed under Creative depicting Siawash in his royal garden. The Metropolitan Commons BY-SA 3.0 Unported, https://creativecommons. Museum of Art, Gift of Alexander Smith Cochran, 1913, org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en. 106 13.228.17. 119 6.5 Claude-Joseph Vernet, Villa at Caprarola, 1746. 6.20 Giovanni Battista Falda, drawing of the Belvedere Philadelphia Museum of Art. Purchased with the Edith H. Courtyard in Rome, seventeenth century. Published in Bell Fund, 1977. Image source: Wikimedia Commons. 107 Rome by Gio. Giacomo de Rossi. Image source: LUNA 6.6 Engraved map of Boboli Gardens, Florence, eighteenth Commons. 120 century. Image source: Wikimedia Commons. 107 6.21 Aerial view of Villa Lante near Viterbo in central 6.7 Zayanderud River in Isfahan. Photo: Sahar Hosseini. 108 Italy. 121 6.8 The Hezar Jarib Garden in Pascal Coste’s drawing of a 6.22 Babur Gardens. Photo: Jim Kelly. Image source: Wikimedia general map of Isfahan, 1840. Image source: Wikimedia Commons. Licensed under Creative Commons BY 2.0 Commons. 109 Generic, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/ 6.9 Pascal Coste, drawing of the exterior of the deed.en. 121 Pavilion, 1867. Image source: Wikimedia Commons. 110 6.23 Shalimar Gardens in Srinagar, Kashmir. Photo: Mehreen 6.10 Pascal Coste, drawing of the interior of the Hasht Behesht Chida-Razvi. 122 Pavilion, 1867. Image source: Wikimedia Commons. 111 6.24 Humayun’s mausoleum garden in Delhi. Photo: Mehreen 6.11 Ali Qapu Palace in Isfahan. Photo: Darafsh Kaviyani. Chida-Razvi. 122 Image source: Wikimedia Commons. Licensed under 6.25 Eugène Flandin, drawing of Allah Verdi Khan Bridge, also Creative Commons BY-SA 3.0 Unported, https://creati- known as Si-o-seh Pol, 1851. Image source: Wikimedia vecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en. 112 Commons. 123 6.12 Water fountains in Villa Lante. Photo: Jeff from 6.26 Taj Mahal. Photo: Mehreen Chida-Razvi. 125 Sacramento, CA. Image source: Wikimedia Commons. 6.27 Pascal Coste, drawing of the , 1839. Licensed under Creative Commons BY 2.0 Generic, Image source: Wikimedia Commons. 126 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/deed.en. 113 6.28 Khwaju Bridge. Photo: Alireza Javaheri. Image source: 6.13 Water chain in the Villa Farnese. Photo: Anatole Wikimedia Commons. Licensed under Creative Commons Tchikine. 114 BY-SA 3.0 Unported, https://creativecommons.org/licen​ 6.14 Chehel Sotun Palace in Isfahan. Photo: Ahmad ses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en. 127 Rajabi. 115 6.29 Eugène Flandin, drawing of public life on Chaharbagh 6.15 Seyyed Reza Khan map of Isfahan, 1923, with overlay sho- Street, 1851. Image source: Wikimedia Commons. 128 wing water channels branching from the river to support 7.1 Portrait of Sir Thomas Roe, after Michiel Jansz. van the city. Map: Sahar Hoseini. 116 Mierevedt, ca .1640. © National Portrait Gallery, 6.16 Water channel in Chaharbagh . London. 135 Photo: Gardenvisit.com, The Garden Guide, http://www. 7.2 Thomas Coryate riding an elephant. Woodcut by an gardenvisit.com. 117 unknown artist for Thomas Coriate, Traveller for the 6.17 in , . Photo: Manoochehr English Wits: Greeting, 1616. © National Portrait Gallery, Heidarian. 118 London. 136 6.18 The use of perspective drawing methods in The Ideal 7.3 Payag, Jahangir presenting Prince Khurram with a turban City by Fra Carnevale, c. 1480–84. © The Walters Art ornament in the Diwan-I ‘Amm, Mandu (late 1617), painted Museum. 119 c. 1640. From the Windsor Padshahnama, fol. 195A. The

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Gharipour, Gardens_FinalP.indb 9 7/14/17 10:49 AM Royal Collection Trust © Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II 8.5 Watercolor of Elephanta Temple visited and praised by D. 2017. 137 João de Castro. Photo: Cristina Castel-Branco. 165 7.4 Peter Mundy, the progress of Shah Jahan in 1632. The 8.6 Pavilion and pond in Bacalhoa Garden, built in 1554 in Bodleian Library, University of Oxford, Rawlinson ms A. Azeitão near Lisbon. Photo: António Sacchetti. 166 315, inserted between fols. 69 and 70. 139 8.7 Bacalhoa Garden plan, with pavilions along the outer wall. 7.5 Engraving showing a pagoda and from Jan Photo: Paulo Flores. 167 Huyghen van Linschoten (1563?–1611), Itinerario, 1598. 8.8 Nuncio Garden with pond at Quinta de Penha Verde in Reproduced from Jan Huygen van Linschoten and the Sintra, built in 1560. Photo: Cristina Castel-Branco. 169 Moral Map of Asia (London: Roxburghe Club, 1999). 8.9 Torres garden and lake with central pavilion in Azeitão, Courtesy of Brenthurst Library, Johannesburg, South built in 1570. Photo: Cristina Castel-Branco. 170 Africa. 140 8.10 Pavilion at Baradari square, Nagaur Fort, Rajastan. Photo: 7.6 Peter Mundy, sketch of Gwalior. The Bodleian Library, Cristina Castel-Branco. 171 University of Oxford, Rawlinson ms A. 315, inserted bet- 8.11 Plan of Fronteira’s double-fourfold terrace, with Knights’ ween fols. 37 and 38. 141 Pond. Plan: Cristina Castel-Branco. 173 7.7 View of the remains of Mughal gardens on the left bank of 8.12 Fronteira’s water pavilion, with azulejos-covered dome the Jumna River, Agra. Photo: Paula Henderson. 142 and SS’s lake with carved stone border. Photo: António 7.8 Pavilions and hard landscaping in the Nur Afshan Garden, Sacchetti. 173 Agra. Photo: Paula Henderson. 142 8.13a–b The spiral carved stone in Fronteiras’s SS lake and in 7.9 Peter Mundy, sketch of the fountain at Surat House, the the Taj Mahal western lake. Photos: António Sacchetti and East India Company’s headquarters, c. 1630. The Bodleian Cristina Castel-Branco. 174 Library, University of Oxford, Rawlinson ms A. 315, fol. 8.14 Subterranean canals to collect water in Fronteira Garden. 28v. 144 Photo: António Sacchetti. 175 7.10 Peter Mundy, sketch of Akbar’s Tomb, Sikandra. The 8.15a–b Embrechados-decorated dome within the water Bodleian Library, University of Oxford, Rawlinson ms A. pavilion in Fronteira Garden and mausoleum dome 315, inserted between fols. 72 and 73. 146 near Agra. Photos: António Sacchetti and Cristina 7.11 Akbar’s Tomb, Sikandra. Photo: Paula Henderson. 147 Castel-Branco. 176 7.12 Bichitr, Jahangir Preferring a Sufi Shaykh to Kings, 1615–18. 9.1 Map of India with sites under discussion. Map: Drawing by Freer Gallery of Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, R.A. Barraud © Ebba Koch. 184 D.C. Purchase—Charles Lang Freer Endowment, 9.2 The three types of Mughal chahar bagh. Plans: Drawing by F1942.15a. 148 R.A. Barraud © Ebba Koch. 185 8.1 Fronteira Garden, Knights’ Pond, built between 1660 and 9.3 Stone-cut lobed pool in the Bagh-i Nilufar, Dholpur. 1670. Photo: António Sacchetti. 154 Photo: Ebba Koch, 2000. 187 8.2 Map of Mughal and Portuguese, cities in India and two 9.4 Charles Masson, “Khana Sanghi an ancient rock hermitage ways in which Islamic influence was transmitted to on the descent of the hill Koh Takht Shah, Kabal,” 1828–53. Portugal, 1510–1661. Source: Cristina Castel-Branco. 155 Masson Papers, British Library mss-Eur. F. 63–65, 113. © 8.3 Double-fourfold plan at Shalamar Bagh-Lahore. Photo: The British Library Board. 188 Takeo Kamiya, “Travels to Pakistan, 2001 and 2010,” http:// 9.5 The Nilkanth at Mandu, a.h. 982 / 1574–75, plan of main www.kamit.jp/24_pakistan/pak_eng.htm. 158 floor. Plan: Drawing by R.A. Barraud © Ebba Koch. 189 8.4 Penha Verde Garden chapel with doorway inscription, c. 9.6 The courtyard of the Nilkanth at Mandu formed of three 1541. Photo: António Sacchetti. 163 pishtaqs set into the rock. Photo: Ebba Koch, 1997. 190

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Gharipour, Gardens_FinalP.indb 10 7/14/17 10:49 AM 9.7 Grotto-like chamber with spring coming from the moun- 10.1 Dining table with a channel running through, 1560s, tain, set in channel in middle of the back wall, Nilkanth at Bagnaia, Villa Lante. Photo: Anatole Tchikine. 213 Mandu. Photo: Ebba Koch, 1997. 190 10.2 Stefano Della Bella, The Inhabited Tree, c. 1653. Courtesy 9.8 Chashma-i Nur near Ajmer, a high pishtaq set before a National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. 214 grotto in the mountainside below the water lift of Rao 10.3 Stairs leading to the Fountain of the Dragons, c. 1568–72, Maldeva of 1535, completed in 1615. Photo: Ebba Koch, Tivoli, Villa d’Este. Photo: Anatole Tchikine. 215 1982. 192 10.4 Claude Lorrain, Landscape with Merchants, c. 1629. 9.9 Inscription of Jahangir containing the date a.h. 1024 / 1615 Courtesy National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. 217 on top of the pishtaq of Chashma-i Nur near Ajmer. Photo: 10.5 Plan of the university botanical garden (Orto Botanico) in Ebba Koch, 1982. 192 Padua, 1591. From Girolamo Porro, L’Horto de i semplici di 9.10 Octagonal pool enclosing of the source of the Jhelum at Padova . . . (Venice, 1591). Photo courtesy Botany Libraries, Virnag, 1609. Photo: Ebba Koch, 2010. 193 Harvard University Herbaria and Libraries. 219 9.11 Inscription of Jahangir at Virnag, commemorating his visit 10.6 Ottoman dish, c. 1560–80. Freer Gallery of Art, Purchase— of a.h. 1029 / 1620. Photo: Ebba Koch, 2010. 194 Charles Lang Freer Endowment, F1969.26. 220 9.12 Rock, shaped into an elephant by Akbar in 1601, lying in 10.7 View of the Vatican gardens. From Giovanni Battista the Tapti River in front of Burhanpur Fort. Photo: Ebba Falda, Li giardini di Roma con le loro piante, alzate e vedute Koch, 1984. 197 in prospettiva (Rome, 1680). Courtesy Dumbarton Oaks 9.13 Life-sized sculpture of male elephant shaped out of Research Library and Collection. 221 the living rock, harnessed with chains and ropes and 10.8 Buddha’s hand or fifngered citron. Photo: Anatole with fragments of a mahout, lying on a platform at the Tchikine. 222 Hathinala pass, previously called Chauk-i Hatti, now Hathi 10.9 Ciro Ferri, painted medallion in the Sala di Saturno, Mata, near Naushera on the Mughal road over the Pir 1665–67. Photo: Anatole Tchikine. 223 Panjal pass into Kashmir, a.h. 1035. / 1625–26. Photo after 10.10 View of the Villa Medici at Fiesole near Florence. Photo: Archaeological Survey of India, 1923. 198 Anatole Tchikine. 224 9.14 Back view of the the male elephant of Hathi Mata. Photo 10.11 Scale dei Bollori, Villa d’Este, Tivoli. Photo: Anatole reproduced by kind permission of the Indian Army. 198 Tchikine. 225 9.15 Rock-carved elephant, Sacro Bosco (Sacred Grove), 10.12 Tulips from the Codice Casabona, c. 1595. Pisa, Biblioteca Bomarzo, ca. 1580. Photo: intach. 202 Universitaria, ms 513bis. Photo courtesy Biblioteca 9.16 Hazelnut with scenes of the Passion of Christ carved out Universitaria di Pisa. 226 of limewood, , sixteenth century. Height 1.7 10.13 Altar frontal representing a flower garden, Italian, early cm, width 3.7 cm (when folded out). Photo: Historisches seventeenth century. Photo: The Metropolitan Museum of Museum Basel, 1904.477 (P. Portner). 203 Art, New York, http://www.metmuseum.org. 227 9.17 Hazelnut with fifgural scenes carved in ivory relief. Reconstruction of an art object made for Jahangir and described by him in August 1611 in his autobiography, the Jahangirnama. Drawing by R. A. Barraud; © Ebba Koch, 2015. 203 9.18 Cypress columns, pool, and water chute in the Red Fort of Delhi, 1639–48. Photo: Ebba Koch, 2006. 205

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Gharipour, Gardens_FinalP.indb 11 7/14/17 10:49 AM Gharipour, Gardens_FinalP.indb 12 7/14/17 10:49 AM