SFG1692 V12 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Iyiokwu International Market Flood Site (Second Draft Report) EBONYI STATE GOVERNMENT NIGERIA

Public Disclosure Authorized EROSION AND WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PROJECT (NEWMAP)

Public Disclosure Authorized ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP) FOR IYIOKWU- INTERNATIONAL MARKET FLOOD SITE IN ABAKALIKI Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized FINAL REPORT DECEMBER, 2016

Page | i Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Iyiokwu International Market Flood Site (Final Report)

Table of Content Table of Content ...... ii LIST OF FIGURES ...... iv LIST OF TABLES ...... v LIST OF ACRONYMS ...... vi EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... vii CHAPTER ONE ...... 1 1.0 INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1 Background...... 1 1.2 Description of the Proposed Intervention Site and Work ...... 3 1.3 Objective of the Consultancy ...... 6 1.4 Tasks of the Consultant ...... 6 1.5 Methodology and Project Approach ...... 8 1.5.1 Task 1: Project Planning ...... 8 1.5.2 Task 2: Project Description and Literature Review ...... 9 1.5.3 Task 3: Field Survey ...... 9 1.5.4 Task 4: Development of an ESMP to Mitigate Negative Impacts ...... 11 1.5.5 Task 5: Reporting Requirements ...... 11 CHAPTER TWO ...... 13 2.0 POLICY, INSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ..... 13 2.1 Introduction ...... 13 2.2 Policy Framework...... 13 2.3 Regulatory Framework ...... 13 2.3.1 Federal Legislation ...... 13 2.3.2 Assessment of the Policy and Regulatory Framework ...... 16 2.3.3 Institutional Framework ...... 17 2.3.4 International Environmental Agreements and Conventions ...... 18 2.4 World Bank Safeguard Policies ...... 19 2.5 World Bank Safeguard and Policies Nigeria Environmental Policies ...... 20 CHAPTER THREE ...... 22 3.0 BIOPHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT ...... 22 3.1 Introduction ...... 22 3.2 Physical Environment ...... 22 3.2 Biological Environment ...... 35 CHAPTER FOUR ...... 37 4.0 SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS AND CONSULTATION WITH ...... 37 4.1 Socio-Economic Environment of Ebonyi State...... 37 4.2 Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Respondents in the Project Area ...... 39 4.2.1 Distribution of the respondents according to sex ...... 39 4.2.2 Distribution of the respondents according to age...... 40 4.2.3 Marital Status of the Respondents ...... 40 4.2.4 Educational Status of the Respondents ...... 41 4.2.5 Employment Status of the Respondents ...... 41 4.2.6 Income Level of the Respondents ...... 42 4.2.7 Access to Credit Facilities ...... 43 4.2.8 Sources of Credit Facilities ...... 44

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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Iyiokwu International Market Flood Site (Final Report)

4.2.9: Perception of the Respondents as Regards Social Infrastructural Facilities in the Communities 44 4.3 Consultation with Stakeholders ...... 58 4.4 Overview of Public Consultation Programme ...... 59 CHAPTER FIVE ...... 65 5.0 ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL ADVERSE IMPACTS AND ANALYSIS OF ...... 65 5.1 ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL ADVERSE IMPACTS ...... 65 5.1.1 Introduction ...... 65 5.1.3 Positive Environmental Impacts ...... 67 5.1.3.1 Pre- Construction Phase ...... 67 5.1.3.2 Construction Phase ...... 67 5.1.3.3 Operation Phase ...... 67 5.1.4 Negative Environmental Impacts ...... 68 5.1.4.1 Pre-Construction Phase ...... 68 5.1.4.2 Construction Phase ...... 69 5.1.4.3 Operation Phase ...... 70 5.1.5 Negative Social Impacts ...... 71 5.1.5.1 Construction Phase ...... 71 5.1.5.2 Operation and Maintenance Phase ...... 72 5.2 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES ...... 88 5.2.1 Introduction ...... 88 5.2.2 Implementation Options ...... 88 5.2.3 Engineering/Technology Options ...... 89 CHAPTER 6 ...... 92 6.0 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP) ...... 92 6.1 Introduction ...... 92 6.2 Discussion of the Proposed Mitigation Measures ...... 92 6.2 Monitoring Plan ...... 107 6.2.1 Introduction ...... 107 6.3 Institutional Responsibilities and Accountabilities ...... 140 6.4 Capacity Building Plan ...... 142 6.5 Grievance Redress Mechanism ...... 144 Objectives of the Waste Management Plan ...... 145 Type of Wastes Found in the Iyiokwu Flood Control Project Environment ...... 145 Waste Management Procedure for the Project Location ...... 145 Awareness Plan...... 145 Waste Collection Plan ...... 146 Source Separation/Segregation of Waste ...... 146 Management of Hazardous Waste ...... 147 Management of Biohazard Waste ...... 147 Documentation of Waste Management ...... 147 CHAPTER SEVEN ...... 150 7.0 SUMMARY, RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION ...... 150 References ...... 152 ANNEXES ...... 153

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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Iyiokwu International Market Flood Site (Final Report)

LIST OF FIGURES Fig.1. 1: Map of Ebonyi State showing the location of Iyiokwu International Market Flood Site ...2 Fig.1. 2: Locations of the flood hot spots within Iyi-Okwu, Iyi-Udele, Ebia and Ebonyi River Basin (Source: Yaroson Partnership Limited)...... 3 Fig.1. 3: Engineering drawings showing the Sub-project design ...... 4 Fig.1. 4: Flooding in Iyiokwu ...... 5 Fig.1. 5: Spill over of flood water on the concrete channel provided by the Federal Ecological Fund in Iyiokwu River ...... 5 Fig.1. 6: Iyiokwu River on Google Earth Image ...... 6

Fig. 3. 1: Map showing the wind speed/ direction sample locations ...... 26 Fig. 3. 2: Map showing the soil sample locations ...... 28 Fig. 3. 3: Map showing the air quality sample locations ...... 31 Fig. 3. 4: Map showing water sample locations ...... 32 Fig. 3. 5: Map showing noise sample locations ...... 35

Fig. 4. 1: Sex profile of respondents...... 39 Fig. 4. 2: Distribution of the respondents according to age ...... 40 Fig. 4. 3: Marital status of the respondents...... 40 Fig. 4. 4: Educational status of the respondents ...... 41 Fig. 4. 5: Income level of the respondents ...... 43 Fig. 4. 6: Distribution of access to credit facilities ...... 43 Fig. 4. 7: Distribution of the respondents according to sources of credit facilities ...... 44 Fig. 4. 8: Perception of the respondents as regards roads to the project area ...... 45 Fig. 4. 9: Perception of the respondents as regards roads within the locality ...... 45 Fig. 4. 12: Perception of the respondents as regards availability of educational facilities in the locality ...... 47 Fig. 4. 25: Perception of the respondents as regards availability of market facilities in the project area ...... 56 Fig. 4. 22: Opinion of the Respondents as regards fuel used for cooking in the area ...... 57 Fig. 4. 30: Some pictures of the public consultation (town hall meeting) in Nkaliki Unuphu community ...... 62 Fig. 4. 31: Pictures showing ongoing consultation with men, youth and women groups of Nkaliki Unuphu community ...... 63 Fig. 4. 32: Pictures showing ongoing consultation with men, youth and women groups of Agbaja Unuhu community ...... 64

Fig. 6. 1: Conceptual Model (Adapted from National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP), 2004) ...... 107 Fig. 6. 2: Monitoring Plan for Iyiokwu Flood Control Project ...... 109 Fig. 6. 3: Institutional/personnel responsibilities and accountabilities ...... 140

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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Iyiokwu International Market Flood Site (Final Report)

LIST OF TABLES Table 1. 1 Detail of sample size, questionnaire administered and completed and number of FGD and town hall meetings...... 10

Table 2. 1: Existing National Environmental Protection Regulations ...... 15

Table 3. 1: Tabular view for temperature and precipitation of Ebonyi State per month ...... 23 Table 3. 2: Result of windspeed /direction samples collected from different locations along the project corrridor ...... 25 Table 3. 3Laboratory analysis result of soil samples collected from different locations at the project site ...... 27 Table 3. 4a: Result of air quality collected at location 1 (N 06° 18’ 35.36’’ E 08° 8’ 37.94’’) ...... 29 Table 3. 5: Coordinates of water sampling points ...... 31 Table 3. 6: Laboratory analysis result for water samples ...... 32 Table 3. 7: Result of the noise measurement at the project site ...... 34

Table 4. 1: Population of Ebonyi State based on Local Government Areas ...... 37 Table 4. 2: Percentage distribution of respondents by primary activity ...... 42 Table 4. 3: Ailments/sickness rampant among the sampled households .... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 4. 4: Date of consultations with stakeholders in the project area...... 59 Table 4. 5: Summary of Consultation with communities around the project site ...... 59 Table 4. 6: Minutes of Public Consultation Meeting Organized at Nkaliki Unuphu ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 4. 7: Summary of Focus Group Discussion at Nkaliki Unuphu community ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 4. 8: Minutes of Public Consultation Meeting Organized at Agbaja Unuhu ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 4. 9: Minutes of Public Consultation Meeting Organized at Obodoma .... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 4. 10: Minutes of Public Consultation Meeting Organized at Obegu Azuiyiokwu ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 4. 11: Minutes of Public Consultation Meeting Organized at Nduofutu Igbeagu ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 4. 12: Minutes of Public Consultation Meeting Organized at Onuebonyi Inyimegu .... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Table 5. 1: Potential Environmental and Social Impacts ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 5. 2: Estimated emissions from construction equipment ...... 70 Table 5. 3: Summary of the Environmental and Social Impacts of the Iyiokwu Flooding Project 73

Table 6. 1 Impacts and Mitigation Measures Iyiokwu Flood Control Project ...... 94

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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Iyiokwu International Market Flood Site (Final Report)

LIST OF ACRONYMS BP Bank Policy CBOs Community Based Organizations DO Dissolved Oxygen EA Environmental Assessment ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ESMF Environmental and Social Management Framework ESMP Environmental and Social Management Plan EIA Environmental Impact Assessment ESO Environmental Safeguard Officer FEPA Federal Environmental Protection Agency FMEnv Federal Ministry of Environment FMWR Federal Ministry of Water Resources GPS Global Positioning System ITCZ Inter Tropical Convergence Zone ITD Inter Tropical Discontinuity ITF Inter Tropical Front ISDS Integrated Safeguards Data Sheet ISO International Organization for Standardization LGA Local Government Area Lmax Maximum Noise Levels Lmin Minimum Noise Levels MDAs Ministries Departments and Agencies MEAs Multilateral Environmental Agreements MFMP Multilateral Fund for the Implementation of Montreal Protocol NBS National Bureau of Statistics NESREA National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency NIOSH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health NEWMAP Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project NIWRMC Nigeria Integrated Water Resources Management Commission NIMET Nigeria Meteorological Agency (NIMET) NGOs Non-Governmental Organization OP Operational Policy PAPs Project Affected Persons PAD Project Appraisal Document PC Project Coordinator PIM Project Implementation Manual RAP Resettlement Action Plan SPMU State Project Management Unit TOR Terms of Reference

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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Iyiokwu International Market Flood Site (Final Report)

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

ES 1.0 INTRODUCTION

ES1.1 Background The Federal Government of Nigeria initiated the Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) in order to solve the perennial problem of erosion in South East Nigeria. Generally, the project employs a sustainable and holistic approach of combining Engineering Watershed Management and livelihood support solutions in tackling Erosion issues. Ebonyi is one of the seven states where the NEWMAPP programme is being currently implemented.

The construction of Iyiokwu-International Market flood control structures is one of the sub- projects of the NEWMAP that aims at solving the perennial problem of flooding in Abakaliki, the state capital. As a result of the environmental impacts associated with the construction of adequately sized reinforced concrete channel, for the current identified site for the Iyiokwu International Market Flood site in Abakaliki subproject, the project triggered the World Bank safeguards Polices, in particular Operational Policy (OP) 4.01 on Environmental Assessment. Therefore, in line with the ESMF, this ESMP is prepared as an instrument to address the set of mitigation, monitoring, and institutional measures to be taken during implementation and operation to eliminate adverse environmental impacts, offset them, or reduce them to acceptable levels, including also actions needed to implement these measures on the ground. Environmental Management Plans are essential elements for Category B project.

ES1.2 Description of the Proposed Intervention In line with the engineering design report, the project activity will involve the channelization of the Iyi-Okwu River by constructing adequately sized reinforced concrete channel between the Department of Geology Ebonyi State University and the Hatchery road crossing. Additionally, three (3) metres setback floodway will be provided on both sides of the reinforced concrete channel which is to be grassed with Vetiver grass and Eucalyptus trees planted along it to prevent erosion.

ES 1.3 Objectives and Task of the ESMP The objective of the consulting services is to prepare an environmental and social management plan (ESMP) for the Ebonyi State sub-projects in Iyiokwu-International Market Flood Intervention Site, Abakaliki L.G.A. Ebonyi State. The specific tasks include the following: a) Describe the existing status of the sub-watershed and gullies; b) Identify the environmental and social issues/risks associated with the existing conditions; c) Select and measure appropriate baseline indicators (for example, m3/sec of runoff collected in the sub-watershed during a heavy hour-long rainfall); d) Develop a plan for mitigating environmental and social risks associated with construction and operation in the gully in consultation with the relevant public and government

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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Iyiokwu International Market Flood Site (Final Report)

agencies; Identify feasible and cost-effective measures that may reduce potentially significant adverse environmental and social impacts to acceptable levels; e) Develop a time-bound plan for mitigating environmental and social risks associated with sub-watershed management in consultation with the relevant public and government agencies; Identify feasible and cost-effective measures that may reduce potentially significant adverse environmental and social impacts to acceptable levels; f) Identify monitoring objectives and specify the type of monitoring, with linkages to the impacts assessed and the mitigation measures described above (in a-e); g) Provide a specific description of institutional arrangements: the agencies responsible for carrying out the mitigation and monitoring measures (e.g., for operation, supervision, enforcement, monitoring of implementation, remedial action, financing, reporting, and staff training) and the contractual arrangements for assuring the performance of each implementing agency; h) Define technical assistance programs that could strengthen environmental management capability in the agencies responsible for implementation; i) Provide an implementation schedule for measures that must be carried out as part of the project, showing phasing and coordination with overall project implementation plans; and j) Provide the expected capital and recurrent cost estimates and sources of funds for implementing the ESMP and inform accordingly the design consultants so that these costs are duly taken into consideration in the designs.

ES 1.4 Methodology and Project Approach The methodology involved project planning, project description and literature review, field survey and development of the ESMP to mitigate negative environmental and social impacts. Field survey involved the survey of the various communities located around where civil works including public consultation and identification of potential environmental and social impacts; analysis of Environmental and Social impact issues; and administration of questionnaire to the people living in the vicinity of the sub-project site at Iyiokwu, discussion with the local people (focus group discussions) and officials of Ebonyi NEWMAP using the developed check list.

Town hall meetings and Focus Group Discussion were held in all the six communities. There was fair representation of every category/segment of the communities such as: elders, men, women and youths (male and female) during the town hall meetings, consultations and Focus Group Discussions. Simple random sampling was used in selecting respondents from communities in the upper, middle and lower watershed of the site. Forty respondents were sampled in each community.

ES 2.0 POLICY, LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT Although a detailed policy, legal and institutional framework for environmental management in Nigeria was presented in detail in the ESMF, some detail of this is also presented in this ESMP document. The presentation covered the key policies, namely the National Policy on Environment and the National Policy for Erosion and Flood Control. Also, the regulatory

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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Iyiokwu International Market Flood Site (Final Report) framework including the Federal Legislations on environment and existing national environmental protection regulations as well as the existing institutional framework, the international and environmental agreements and conventions and World Bank safe guard policies were also summarized.. Above all, an assessment of the existing policy and regulatory framework pinpointing the Shortcomings of some policies and regulations were also discussed.

ES 3.0 EXISTING ENVIRONMENTAL (PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL) CONDITIONS IN THE PROJECT AREA

The result of the existing soil conditions in the project area shows that the level of the heavy metals namely, in the soil samples both at 0-20 and 20-40 depths are well above the Federal Ministry of Environment permissible limits. The high level of heavy metals especially lead could be very dangerous and can lead to death if individuals in the environment are exposed to it especially considering the lead mining is carried out in Ebonyi State. The air quality measurement shows that the quality of air at different points in the project area are all below the standard limit permitted by NESREA and thus will not pose any danger to those around the area.

The result for all the water samples collected from the project area shows that the value of lead, copper and cadmium that have serious health impacts were much higher than the permissible limits by both FMEnv/WHO and the Nigeria Industrial Standard for drinking water quality. Considering that the communities drink water from the river and its tributaries, this poses a serious threat to the health of the communities. Also, the result of noise measurement shows that the mean noise levels in virtually all the measured stations are not above the FMEnv 90dB (A) limit for 8-hour operation. Levels in excess of 60dB (A) were recorded at locations were contributions from local traffic were significant at the time of visit.

In terms of biological environment, the most abundant broad leafed plants in the project area are Siam weed (Chromoloena odorata), Smooth pigweed (Amaranthus hybridus) and Casead weed (Urena lobata). While the most abundant grasses are Elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum), Spear grass (Impereta cylindrical) and Finger grass (Digitarita sanglinalos). Also the most abundant economic trees are Gmelina (Gmelina arborae), Bamboo (Bambusa spp) and mango (Mangifera indica). Rice, yam and cassava are the most dominant food crop cultivated around the project corridor.

The most commonly seen domestic animals in the project area were local fowl, goat and sheep. Wild animals rarely seen are parrot and buffalo, while those under extinction, according to the local people are chimpanzee, fox, and rhinoceros.

ES 4.0 EXISTING SOCIAL CONDITIONS IN THE PROJECT AREA

The result of the socio-economic survey of the communities in the area shows that the majority (73.5%) of the population falls within active class of 18-45 years old; while few (2.6%) were above 66 years old. Others (13%) were less than 18 years; whereas 10.9% were between 46-

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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Iyiokwu International Market Flood Site (Final Report)

65 years. Result of educational status of people in the community shows that the highest proportion (32%) completed secondary education, 23% completed primary education; while 19% had some secondary education. But, 9% obtained post-secondary education; whereas only 4% had some primary education. No-formal education recorded 11% while other types of education recorded 2%. An assessment of the employment status of the sampled population shows that the highest proportion (33%) of the respondents were involved in crop production, 21.7% were students, 13.9% were artisans, 7.5% were engaged in forest production and harvesting; agricultural trading business and agricultural processing, 6.9% are involved in agricultural trading; whereas 5.8% are involved in petty trading of non-agricultural goods. Only 3.9% of the respondents were unemployed. However, 3.2% were in public sector employment, 2.7% were engaged in handcraft activities, while 1.1% were in formal private employment. The result of the monthly income status of the people shows that the highest proportion of the respondents (50.6%) earned less than N20, 000 per month. This is followed by those who earn between N21, 000 to N60, 000 (32.5%) and (8.9%) who earned above N100, 000. The least (8%) earned between N61, 000 to N 100, 000 per month.

Furthermore, to achieve effective stakeholder participation and for promoting greater awareness and understanding of issues as regards the project, public consultation was carried out.

ES 5.0 POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS AND ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES

ES 5.1 Potential Environment and Social Impacts The environment and social impact is described for the Iyiokwu flooding project. The impact is described for the pre-construction, construction and operation phases. Adverse impacts are likely to occur during pre-construction, construction and operation phases of the project. These may be: pollution of water resources (surface and groundwater) and soil, degradation of landscape and soil erosion because of improper disposal of excavated materials and construction waste, spillage of oil and toxic substances during the construction, use of temporary construction sites (camps, machinery sites, storage facilities, etc.), use of borrow pits; temporary air pollution (dust) related to increased truck traffic during the construction; noise and vibration disturbances during trench excavation; impacts on historic-cultural monuments or artefacts; hydrological issues because of improper operation maintenance of the flood control structures. On the positive angle, the construction will reduce/forestall flooding which is a regular occurrence in the area. The stakeholders during the consultation indicated that they have experienced flooding which has destroyed their farm lands and even caused drowning of children. It will also lead to job creation as unskilled youths in the area will be engaged as labourers during construction works.

ES 5.2 Analysis of Alternatives Analysis of alternatives is normally considered when carrying out environmental impacts of a proposed project. Although the Ebonyi State Government through the NEWMAP project office is committed to the implementation of the project and has approved a design for the project, there

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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Iyiokwu International Market Flood Site (Final Report) is need to analyse the options available as regards the implementation of the project and the engineering options that could be employed in the execution of the project. Four implementation options/alternatives considered are: the Do-Nothing or Null Alternative, Delayed Project Option, Immediate Project Option and Alternative Site/Location Option. The immediate project option is the preferred alternative. The engineering options considered are the Hard Engineering which involves the use of structures such as dams, levees and channel modification; Soft Engineering which involves the use of afforestation, terracing of slopes and the re-creation of floodplains; and Trimming/Civil Engineering incorporated with flexible Structures/Vegetation which is a combination of hard and soft engineering. It involves various articulated approach to handle safe flow of the river with less impact on the environment. If this option is well carried out immediately, it will help arrest and prevent further encroachment of the flood into farm lands and environs and facilitate the restoration of depleted farmlands and enhance viable socio-economic activities that will improve the livelihood of the people in the area.

ES 6.0 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP) The ESMP identifies impacts, mitigation measures, cost of mitigation and responsibilities for implementation, monitoring plan and schedule to ensure that environmental management goals of the Iyiokwu flood control project are attained. The ESMP includes, discussion of the proposed mitigation measures, institutional responsibilities and accountabilities, capacity building plan, description of grievance redress mechanism (in alignment with the ESMF, RPF, RAP, and Project Implementation Manual) to address situations of conflicts or disagreements about some of the project activities, monitoring and evaluation plan, including suitable indicators for the proposed project, and costs of implementing the ESMP.

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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Iyiokwu International Market Flood Site (First Draft Report)

ES6.1: Impacts and Mitigation Measures

The mitigation implementation plan articulates the Iyiokwu flood control project impacts and mitigation measures and assigns responsibilities for their implementation. This helps to solve the problems of overlapping of functions and/or passiveness to actions that often trail project implementations. Timeline for implementation is also scheduled. The last item of the mitigation implementation plan is the costing of mitigation requirements. The essence of this is to assess all mitigation measures that have financial costing and integrate the costs into decision plan of EB-NEWMAP projects so that proper and concise budget plan be made to avert delay or abandonment of the implementation as a result of funding constraints. The general mitigation measures for the sites covering pre-construction, construction and operation are detailed in Table 6.1.

ES 6.2 Monitoring Plan The monitoring plan is a schedule that itemizes the varying mitigation measures associated with each sub-project phase and how implementation will be monitored. This is done for the purpose of ensuring that compliance is made consistent with the programme of mitigation of the ESMP. The monitoring plan helps to ensure timely project completion, implementation to specification and quality as well as detecting early possible variations in items that need to be addressed in the project implementation. Items of the monitoring plan includes; (1) mitigation measures, (2) monitoring indicator,(3) parameters to be monitored/measured, (4) monitoring device/equipment, (5) frequency of monitoring, (6) monitoring responsibilities and (7) cost of monitoring (equipment, transportation and labour).

ES 6.3 Institutional Responsibilities The project team (EB-NEWMAP SPMU) shall ensure that implementation process complies with all relevant policies and procedures of both the World Bank and Nigeria. Specifically, the Project Environmental Specialist, the Livelihoods Specialist and the Project Engineer will be directly responsible for the implementation of the ESMP in collaboration with the Directors of Pollution and Ecology of the State Ministry of Environment and Engineers in the State Ministry of Works.

ES 6.4: Capacity Building Plan To achieve the ESMP, there is need for continues training and updating of the capacity of the officers in the SPMU, Ebonyi State Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources and responsible staff of Ebonyi State Waste Management Agency especially considering that they will be the key responsible personnel that will ensure that the ESMP is well implemented. Capacity Building and training are necessary to adequately empower all stakeholders to be able to carry out the requirements of the ESMP and Monitoring plans as well as for supervisory role of mitigation implementation by NEWMAP SPMU. Training will be conducted in the following areas: a. Environmental Management Systems b. Emergency Response Plan training c. Waste Management d. Specific Health Safety and Environment Training (HSE) e. World Bank Safeguard Policies

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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Iyiokwu International Market Flood Site (First Draft Report)

Also, other stakeholders will be trained during project implementation. Community based organisations (CBOs) will assume capacity training in the area of Environmental Assessment, ESMP, E&S Process, principles, standards and commitments for them to effectively perform external monitoring functions, support aggrieved community members especially PAPs and vulnerable persons to get prompt and fair redress and enforce corrective actions.

The total cost of training is estimated at US $ 25,000. This estimate is based on the assumption that resource persons are likely to come from other parts of the country and therefore require travel allowances; participants will come from relevant institutions and will receive a per diem.

ES 6.5: Grievance Redress Mechanism At the beginning of the construction project, the communities and all the stakeholders will be informed, through consultation (see consultation plan) as regards the process for expressing dissatisfaction and to seek redress as regards the implementation of the the grievance redress mechanism through the ESMP, the grievance redress mechanism. Grievance redress mechanisms are increasingly important for development projects where ongoing risks or adverse impacts are anticipated

ES 6.6: Waste Management Plan The overarching of this Waste Management Plan determined the Waste Streams, Sources, Management options on project site and in relation to the community where the flooding control project is located.and then described a sustainable Plan of action, including measures for achieving objectives on infrastructural facility generated waste collection systems, b) waste management facilities, c) responsibilities d) economy and financing.

ES 6.7 Health and Safety Management Plan To ensure health and safety of the personnel on the site, some key issues as regards the health and safety of those, especially works at the site, are to be ensured. These include human safety/personal protection, emergency preparedness, medical care/facilities, fire safety and workers insurance.

ES 6.8 Disclosures and Public Consultation All efforts must be made to disclose/display this ESMP to the public at strategic points within the project’s area of influence so as to allow all stakeholders read and understand how they stand to be affected by the project. It should also be disclosed at the Federal Ministry of Environment and the Ebonyi State Ministry of Health and Environment. Public consultation should be part of the project from inception to completion.

ES 6.9: Summary of Cost of Implementing the ESMP The cost of implementing the ESMP including cost of mitigation and monitoring is estimated at N55,500,000. This excludes costs provided in the project management anc ontruction costs and training costs.

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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Iyiokwu International Market Flood Site (First Draft Report)

CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Soil Erosion in South East Nigeria has been a major environmental problem resulting in extensive impacts including loss of human life and loss of both built and natural assets (e.g., roads, drainage, housing, farmlands, community assets, silted waterways, and port) (Akamigbo, Igwe, and chude, 2008). The estimated 3,000 gullies present in the southeast vary in size. Some are vast complexes eight kilometres long with fingers one or two kilometres long. These gullies, along with other forms of land degradation such as sheet erosion, can undermine the progress made on economic growth and poverty alleviation in these areas.

To solve the erosion problem, the Federal Government of Nigeria initiated the Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP). The project is supported with financing from the World Bank, federal and state governments. At the Federal level, the lead agency is the Department of Erosion Control, Flood and Coastal Zone Management of the Federal Ministry of Environment (FME). NEWMAP has four key components, namely erosion and watershed management investments, Erosion and Watershed Institutions and Information Services, Climate Change Agenda Support and Project Management. Generally, the Project employs a sustainable and holistic approach of combining Engineering Watershed Management and livelihood support solutions in tackling Erosion issues. Ebonyi is one of the nineteen states currently participating in the Project.

The Iyiokwu-International Market flood site which is located in Abakaliki, the Capital city of Ebonyi State is one of the sub-project intervention sites (see fig 1.1). The aim of the project is to solve the perennial problem of flooding in Abakaliki, the state capital. In line with the engineering design report, the project activity will involve the channelization of the Iyi-Okwu River by constructing adequately sized reinforced concrete channel between the Department of Geology Ebonyi State University and the Hatchery road crossing. Additionally, three (3) metres setback floodway will be provided on both sides of the reinforced concrete channel which is to be grassed with vetiver grass and Eucalyptus trees planted along it to prevent erosion.

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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Iyiokwu International Market Flood Site (First Draft Report)

BENUE STATE

To O boloafor

OHAUKWU T o E n u g u IZZI EBONYI

ISHIELU

T o N k a n u T o I y a h e

ENUGU I y i o k w u E Z Z A N O R T H ABAKALIKI Interna tional STATE M k t . ABAKALIKI

E Z Z A S O U T H

To O bubra ONICHA

T o O k i g w e IKWO OHAOZARA

AFIKPO NORTH AFIKPO SOUTH IVO CROSS RIVER T o I t i g i d i S T A T E

T o E r e i A B I A S T A T E N 3 T o A b i r i b a

SCALE State Capital Federal Highways 1 0 0 1 0 2 0 Project Locations M inor Federal Roads State Boundary M ajor State Roads K m . Local Govt. Boundary M inor State Roads

Fig.1. 1: Map of Ebonyi State showing the location of Iyiokwu International Market Flood Site

As a result of the environmental impacts associated with the construction and/or rehabilitation of adequately sized reinforced concrete channel, the project triggered the World Bank safeguards Polices, in particular Operational Policy (OP) 4.01 on Environmental Assessment. An Environmental and Social Management Framework was prepared and disclosed before project appraisal, while the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA), includes a framework incorporating the legal background, methodology, rules and other basic elements upon which specific Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) can be designed. As part of meeting the World Bank safeguard policy, environmental management plan is to be prepared for the sub-projects.

A project's environmental management plan (ESMP) consists of the set of mitigation, monitoring, and institutional measures to be taken during implementation and operation to eliminate adverse environmental impacts, offset them, or reduce them to acceptable levels. The plan also includes the actions needed to implement these measures. Environmental Management Plans are essential elements for Category B project.

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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Iyiokwu International Market Flood Site (First Draft Report)

1.2 Description of the Proposed Intervention Site and Work

The Iyiokwu-International Market Flood Site is located in Abakaliki, the Capital of Ebonyi State. It situates within Abakaliki Local Government Area of Ebonyi State, South-East Nigeria. Geographically, the site stretches along Iyiokwu River between 615.54948’N, 809.81684’ E and 620.35715’ N, 808.67393’E to the confluence of the river with the River Ebonyi. River Iyiokwu is considered the most significant among the three principal rivers that drain Abakaliki Capital City because of its location at the core of the city where socio-economic activities and population density are at peaks (See Iyiokwu River on Google Earth Image- Fig. 1.7).

The Federal Ecological Fund has channelized some sections of the Iyiokwu River with the construction of reinforced concrete rectangular channel between Onwe Road crossing through Afikpo road crossing, Abakaliki International market, up to the Centenary City but the efforts have not fully solved the flood problems in the area. However, upstream the Onwe Road crossing up to Hatchery Road, the Iyiokwu River is unprotected. Thus lives and property within this reach are in constant threat of severe flooding. The protected areas are also at risk as cases of blocked channels, building on flood channels are rampant in the area, with flood hot spots at different locations (see figures 1.2, 1.4 and 1.5).

Fig.1. 2: Locations of the flood hot spots within Iyi-Okwu, Iyi-Udele, Ebia and Ebonyi River Basin (Source: Yaroson Partnership Limited)

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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Iyiokwu International Market Flood Site (First Draft Report)

Fig 1.3: Iyiokwu – Abakaliki International Market Plan and Profile (Source: Yaroson Partnership Limited)

Fig.1. 4: Engineering drawings showing the Sub-project design (Source: Yaroson Partnership Limited)

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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Iyiokwu International Market Flood Site (First Draft Report)

Fig.1. 5: Flooding in Iyiokwu

Fig.1. 6: Spill over of flood water on the concrete channel provided by the Federal Ecological Fund in Iyiokwu River

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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Iyiokwu International Market Flood Site (First Draft Report)

Fig.1. 7: Iyiokwu River on Google Earth Image

1.3 Objective of the Consultancy

The objective of the consulting services is to prepare an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for the Ebonyi State sub-projects in Iyiokwu-International Market Flood Intervention Site, Abakaliki L.G.A. Ebonyi State.

1.4 Tasks of the Consultant

The consultant will work in close collaboration with the engineering design consultants and NEWMAP State Project Management Unit’s (SPMU) safeguard team, and with other actors as directed by the SPMU. In that respect the sequencing of the technical/feasibility studies and the ESMP will be critical. The consultant will have to receive the draft technical/feasibility studies in order to take into account the technical variants of the proposed activities and also in return inform the technical design consultants of any major constraint that may arise due to the social and environmental situation on the ground.

In each intervention site, the consultant will visit the full sub-watershed as delimited in the given gully stabilization design. These sub-watersheds are an average of four square kilometres in southern Nigeria. The consultant will take into account the proposed civil engineering designs, vegetative land management measures and other activities aimed at reducing or managing runoff that would be carried out within the sub-watershed. The consultant will assess natural resources and infrastructures potentially affected during project implementation and operation and select the management strategies needed to ensure that environmental risks are appropriately mitigated.

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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Iyiokwu International Market Flood Site (First Draft Report)

The specific tasks include the following:

a. Describe the existing status of the sub-watershed and gullies; b. Identify the environmental and social issues/risks associated with the existing conditions; c. Select and measure appropriate baseline indicators (for example, m3/sec of runoff collected in the sub-watershed during a heavy hour-long rainfall); d. Develop a plan for mitigating environmental and social risks associated with construction and operation in the gully in consultation with the relevant public and government agencies; Identify feasible and cost-effective measures that may reduce potentially significant adverse environmental and social impacts to acceptable levels; e. Develop a time-bound plan for mitigating environmental and social risks associated with sub-watershed management in consultation with the relevant public and government agencies; Identify feasible and cost-effective measures that may reduce potentially significant adverse environmental and social impacts to acceptable levels; f. Identify monitoring objectives and specify the type of monitoring, with linkages to the impacts assessed and the mitigation measures described above (in a-e); g. Provide a specific description of institutional arrangements: the agencies responsible for carrying out the mitigation and monitoring measures (e.g., for operation, supervision, enforcement, monitoring of implementation, remedial action, financing, reporting, and staff training) and the contractual arrangements for assuring the performance of each implementing agency; h. Define technical assistance programmes that could strengthen environmental management capability in the agencies responsible for implementation; i. Provide an implementation schedule for measures that must be carried out as part of the project, showing phasing and coordination with overall project implementation plans; and j. Provide the expected capital and recurrent cost estimates and sources of funds for implementing the ESMP and inform accordingly the design consultants so that these costs are duly taken into consideration in the designs.

The following socio-economic issues shall be addressed in the ESMP:

1. A summary of the impacted communities for the project: location, access, population (number, demographic and social characteristics); economy (employment rate, income distribution); services (types, capacity, and adequacy) and housing. Concern is the ability to provide work force, service new development and absorb and adjust to growth (worker/family).

2. A summary of the views of the population including vulnerable groups, determined through thoroughly documented discussions with local communities. These meetings and discussions must be documented and should show how issues and problems raised are or will be resolved (note that a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) could be developed for the Site, and this is covered under separate TORs).

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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Iyiokwu International Market Flood Site (First Draft Report)

3. Cultural: Summarize the possible effects of the project on historical/archaeological sites, heritage/artefacts, native religious or harvest sites of the affected communities and identification or development of mechanisms for handling chance findings.

4. Information will be gathered from field surveys (interviews, structured questionnaires, in- depth interviews and focus group discussions) and secondary data sources (literature and cesk reviews)

1.5 Methodology and Project Approach

In order to achieve the objectives in the tasks, the following considerations have been identified: The need for a thorough understanding of the World Bank Safeguards policies – a. OP/ BP 4.01 – Environmental Assessment b. The need for extensive knowledge of the project area and overall area of influence, will be addressed and, c. The need for a thorough familiarization of the National and Ebonyi State legislation and donors expectations.

In order to achieve the tasks specified in the terms of reference (TOR) and in line with World Bank requirement on ESMP, the following broad tasks were performed: Task.1: Project Planning Task 2: Project /Process Description Task 3: Field Survey: -Field Measurements of some biophysical parameters -Environmental and Social Survey of sites of the planned work to identify environmental and social impacts -Analysis of Environmental Impact Issues Task.4: Development of an ESMP to Mitigate Negative Impacts Task 5: Reporting requirements

1.5.1 Task 1: Project Planning

After the approval of the inception report, the consultant met/consulted with the State Project Management Unit (SPMU) of the NEWMAP and the Socio-Environmental Safeguard Officer of the Ebonyi State NEWMAP. In the meeting the following issues were addressed: Project and schedule expectations, and review of approach for efficient delivery of reports. The consultant carried out a comprehensive review of the existing literature and information on the scope and extent of the project’s field of influence, activities and impacts. Relevant documents were collected, such as: a. Project Appraisal Document (PAD) b. Project Implementation Manual (PIM) c. Environmental and Social Impact Assessment d. World Bank procedural manual on Environmental Assessment e. NEWMAP Environnemental and Social Impact Report f. NEWMAP Environnemental and Social Management Framework

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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Iyiokwu International Market Flood Site (First Draft Report)

g. Engineering designs and tender documents for the Iyiokwu project

1.5.2 Task 2: Project Description and Literature Review

The consultant carried out the following functions: Literature review, described and evaluated the current environmental and social situation in the project area; identified areas of environmental, social and health concerns; and reviewed the existing literature and information on the scope and extent of the sub-project’s field of influence, activities and impacts. Such as: I. Project Appraisal Document (PAD) II. Project Implementation Manual (PIM) III. Environmental and Social Impact Assessment IV. World Bank procedural manual on Environmental Assessment V. NEWMAP Environnemental and Social Impact Report VI. Engineering designs and tender documents for the canal project

The consultant also identified sub-project sites that would be impacted as a result of the civil works and reviewed the relevant additional baseline data related to the physical environment, biological environment and socio-cultural environment.

1.5.3 Task 3: Field Survey

Specifically the consultant: 1. Undertook a survey of the various communities located around where civil works will take place including public consultation and identification of potential environmental and social impacts; 2. Identified the environmental and social issues/risks associated with the Iyiokwu project; 3. Determined Waste Streams, Sources, Management options on site and in relation to the immediate communities 4. Proposed the creation of environmental and social screening, evaluating and supervising mechanism within the SPMU with the Ministry of Environment; 5. Developed a simple environmental and social criteria/ checklist format for identifying the potential impacts during the civil works; 6. Analyzed Environmental and Social impact issues. 7. Administered questionnaire to the people living in the vicinity of the sub-project site at Iyiokwu, discussed with the local people (focus group discussions) and officials of Ebonyi NEWMAP using the developed checklist.

The following elements were be surveyed: 1. Physical Environment: a. Geology; b. Topography; c. Soils; d. Climate and Air quality; e. Surface and Ground water hydrology (Hydrogeology). 2. Biological Environment: a. Vegetation – rare and endangered species flora, economic plants etc.; b. Biodiversity – types and species, conservation sites, protected area;

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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Iyiokwu International Market Flood Site (First Draft Report)

c. Wildlife- terrestrial, endemic, rare and endangered species; d. Sensitive habitats - parks or preserves, significant natural sites, etc.

3. Socio-economic and Cultural Environment: a. Population distribution and communities; b. Social Characteristics; c. Waste management , transportation and utilities; d. Economy; e. Land use and resource harvesting; f. Specially designated areas; g. Education and social services; h. Physical infrastructure and utilities i. Cultural and historical resources;

In carrying out the socio-economic studies and public consultation, sampling of stakeholders for engagement and data collection was systematically based on the following criteria:

a. Adequate representation from the relevant social groups in the study location. b. Inclusion of groups and individuals with different population characteristics / socioeconomic status. c. Participation of those with access to relevant information. d. Evidence of different types of livelihood activities. e. Inclusion of males and females where possible. f. Inclusion of Community Based Organizations and g. Physical observations made during field visits

Town hall meetings and Focus Group Discussion were held in all the six communities. There was fair representation of every category/segment of the communities such as: elders, men, women and youths (male and female) during the town hall meetings, consultations and Focus Group Discussions. Simple random sampling was used in selecting respondents from communities in the upper, middle and lower watershed of the site. Forty respondents were sampled in each community. The details of sample size, number of questionnaire administered and completed and number of Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and town hall meetings are presented in Table 1.1.

Table 1. 1 Detail of sample size, questionnaire administered and completed and number of FGD and town hall meetings Location Number of Questionnaire Questionnaire FGDs Town hall administered completed meetings Upper watershed Nkaliki Unuphu 40 40 1 1 Agbaja Unuhu 40 40 1 1 Middle watershed Onuebonyi Inyimagu 40 40 1 1 Obeagu Azuiyiokwu 40 40 1 1 Lower watershed

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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Iyiokwu International Market Flood Site (First Draft Report)

Obodoma 40 40 1 1 Nduofutu Igbeagu 40 40 1 1 Total 240 240 6 6 Source: Field Survey, 2016. 1.5.4 Task 4: Development of an ESMP to Mitigate Negative Impacts

The consultant developed an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) by: 1. Identifying the potential environmental and social impacts of the Iyiokwu project; 2. Identifying avenues, feasible and cost-effective measures for which the potential adverse impacts can be avoided, mitigated or compensated for. 3. Estimating the impacts and costs of those measures, and of the institutional and training requirements to implement them. 4. Identified monitoring objectives and specifies the type of monitoring, with linkages to the impacts assessed and the mitigation measures described 5. Developing a simple environmental and social criteria/checklist format for identifying the potential impacts. 6. Description of a sustainable Plan of action, including measures for achieving objectives on infrastructural facility generated waste collection systems, b) waste management facilities, c) responsibilities d) economy and financing 7. Recommend feasible and cost effective measures to prevent or reduce significant impacts to acceptable levels.

Preparing an ESMP include the following: a. Proposed Implementation plans; b. Monitoring plan; c. Mitigation plan; d. Institutional mechanisms for monitoring and mitigation; e. Budget estimates and schedules for implementing ESMP; f. Time horizon of plan; g. Staffing and training requirements, and; h. Other necessary support services to implement the mitigating measures. 1.5.5 Task 5: Reporting Requirements

The draft/final report of the ESMP has the following chapters: List of acronyms and their definitions Executive Summary

Chapter 1: Introduction  Description of the proposed intervention  Rationale for ESMP  Map

Chapter 2: Institutional and Legal Framework for Environmental Management  Discussion of the World Bank safeguard policies triggered by NEWMAP and the proposed activity

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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Iyiokwu International Market Flood Site (First Draft Report)

 Summary of relevant local and federal policy, legal, regulatory, and administrative frameworks

Chapter 3: Biophysical Environment  Description of the area of influence and environmental baseline conditions

Chapter 4: Socio-Economic Characteristics and Consultation with Stakeholders  Analysis of existing livelihoods opportunities, income, gender characteristics, age profile, education, health, transport access, existing community structures – at watershed, community, household, and individual levels  Analysis of existing formal and informal grievance redress mechanisms in and around the intervention area  Presentation of consultations with relevant stakeholders and affected persons  Other topics as relevant

Chapter 5: Assessment of Potential Adverse Impacts and Analysis of Alternatives  Methods and techniques used in assessing and analyzing the environmental and social impacts of the proposed project  Discussion of alternatives to the current project and reasons for their rejection, including short description of likely future scenario without intervention;  Discussion of the potentially significant adverse environmental and social impacts of the proposed project

Chapter 6: Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP), including:  Discussion of the proposed mitigation measures  Institutional responsibilities and accountabilities  Capacity building plan  Public consultation plan  Description of grievance redress mechanism(in alignment with the ESMF, RPF, RAP, and Project Implementation Manual) to address situations of conflicts or disagreements about some of the project activities  Monitoring and evaluation plan, including suitable indicators for the proposed project  Costs of implementing the ESMP

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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Iyiokwu International Market Flood Site (First Draft Report)

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 POLICY, INSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

2.1 Introduction

This section summarises the policy, regulatory, institutional and legal frameworks for environmental management in Ebonyi State and Nigeria. The World Bank safeguard polices and international environmental agreements and conventions were also presented.

2.2 Policy Framework

National Policy on the Environment 1999 This Policy aims to achieve sustainable development in Nigeria, and in particular to: a. secure a quality of environment adequate for good health and wellbeing; b. conserve and use the environment and natural resources for the benefit of present and future generations; c. restore, maintain and enhance the ecosystems and ecological processes essential for the functioning of the biosphere to preserve biological diversity and the principle of optimum sustainable yield in the use of living natural resources and ecosystems; d. raise public awareness and promote understanding of the essential linkages between the environment, resources and development, and encourage individuals and communities participation in environmental improvement efforts; and e. Cooperate with other countries, international organizations and agencies to achieve optimal use of trans-boundary natural resources and effective prevention or abatement of trans-boundary environmental degradation.

National Erosion and Flood Control Policy This policy aims to control erosion and flooding in Nigeria. The policy launched in July 2006, is a policy framework on the environment intended to promote programmes that could minimize soil erosion and flood disasters in the country. It seeks to protect the environment from degradation, especially loss of productive land through escalating crisis of soil erosion and flood. The policy document also contains the National Action Plan and Technical Guidelines for the implementation.

2.3 Regulatory Framework 2.3.1 Federal Legislation Federal Environmental Protection Agency Act 1988

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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Iyiokwu International Market Flood Site (First Draft Report)

The Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) has taken over the functions of FEPA in administering and enforcing environmental laws in Nigeria. Other responsibilities of the ministry include: a. Monitoring and enforcing environmental protection measures; b. Enforcing international laws, conventions, protocols and treaties on the environment c. Prescribing standards for and making regulations on air quality, water quality, pollution and effluent limitations, atmosphere and ozone protection, control of hazardous substances; and d. Promoting cooperation with similar bodies in other countries and international agencies connected with environmental protection.

Environmental Impact Assessment Act (EIA) N0. 86 of 1992

The Act, which is a direct response to the outcome of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in Rio in 1992, outlines the goals and objective of an EIA, the minimum content of an EIA and a list of activities that are not permitted to go ahead until FEPA, now Federal Ministry of Environment has been consulted and has given its approval. The main aim of the Act is to ensure environmentally sound and sustainable development projects. The Act makes it mandatory for an EIA to be carried out for certain types of projects comprising various industrial, mining and petroleum activities. It categorized projects to indicate the level of analysis required. Category 1 projects indicates an expectation of significant environmental impacts and need to undertake a full EIA with a comprehensive report. These are project in environmentally sensitive areas , for example, coral reefs, mangrove swamps, tropical rainforests, areas with erosion soils, natural conservation areas etc. Category 2 indicates that a proposal may have impacts of a lesser magnitude that can be more readily mitigated. Here, some level of analysis is necessary depending on the type of impacts. This involves projects in agriculture and rural development, industry and infrastructure etc. Category 3 indicates that no adverse impacts are expected and that no EIA is needed, for example, nutrition programmes, education programmes etc. The EIA procedural guideline in Nigeria involves project proposal, initial environmental examination, screening, scoping, EIA study, review, decision making, monitoring and audit. Table 2.1 summarizes the other existing regulations applicable to environmental protection while Table 2.2 presents a list of proposed legislations.

Nigerian Environmental Management Act

This act was drafted following the amalgamation of the Federal Environmental Protection Agency into the Ministry of Environment but was never ratified. It repeals the 1988 Federal Environmental Protection Agency Decree N0.58 (amended N0.59 and N0.14) and establishes the FEPA as part of the Ministry with the Minister of Environment having primary responsibility for its implementation. It does not repeal any other environmentally related legislation. As well as the general environmental provisions, which include environmental sanitation and occupational health, it specifies the powers of authorised officers, penalties and fines. The Act

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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Iyiokwu International Market Flood Site (First Draft Report) gives the Minister the authority to grant environmental permits for prescribed activities which includes sand mining but not any other mining activities.

National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA) (Establishment) Act, 2007

The main aim of this act is to establish the National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA). The agency has responsibility for the protection and development of the environment, biodiversity conservation and sustainable development of Nigeria’s natural resources in general and environmental technology, including coordination and liaison with relevant stakeholders within and outside Nigeria on matters of enforcement of environmental standards, regulations, rules, laws, policies and guidelines. Its key role is to enforce compliance with laws, guidelines, policies and standards on environmental matters including provisions of international agreements, protocols, conventions and treaties on the environment, namely climate change, biodiversity, conservation, desertification, forestry, oil and gas, chemicals, hazardous wastes, ozone depletion, marine and wild life, pollution, sanitation and such other environmental agreements as may from time to time come into force; enforce compliance with policies, standards, legislation and guidelines on water quality, environmental health and sanitation, including pollution abatement, among others.

To enhance the operations of the ministry, some statutory provisions have been put in place: Table 2.1 summarizes the existing regulations applicable to environmental protection.

Table 2. 1: Existing National Environmental Protection Regulations S/N Regulations Year Provisions 1 Workmen Compensation Act 1987 Occupational health and safety

2 Harmful Wastes (Special 1988 Provides the legal framework for the effective Criminal Provisions etc.) Decree control of the disposal of toxic and hazardous No. 42 waste into any environment within the confines of Nigeria 3 National Environnemental 1991 The regulation makes it mandatory for industrial Protection (Effluent Limitation) facilities to install anti-pollution equipment, Regulations makes provision for effluent treatment and prescribes a maximum limit of effluent parameters allowed. 4 National Environmental 1991 Imposes restrictions on the release of toxic Protection (Pollution and substances and stipulates requirements for Abatement in Industries in monitoring of pollution. It also makes it Facilities Producing Waste) mandatory for existing industries and facilities Regulations to conduct periodic environmental audits. 5 National Environmental 1991 Regulates the collections, treatment and Protection (Management of disposal of solid and hazardous wastes from Solid and Hazardous Wastes) municipal and industrial sources. Regulations.

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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Iyiokwu International Market Flood Site (First Draft Report)

6 National Guideline and 1991 The regulations provide guidelines for Standard for Environmental management of pollution control measures. Pollution Control 7 Environmental Impact 1992 The decree makes it mandatory for an EIA to Assessment Act (Decree No. be carried out prior to any industrial project 86). development 8 Urban and Regional Planning 1992 Planned development of urban areas (to Decree No 88 include and manage waste sites) 9 Environmental Sanitation General environmental health and sanitation. Edicts, Laws and Enforcement Enforcing necessary laws Agencies 10 Ebonyi State Environmental 2004 Protection Regulation 11 Ebonyi State Waste 2004 Ensure proper disposal and clearing of wastes Management Law 12 National Environmental (Soil 2011 The overall objective of this regulation is to Erosion and Flood Control) regulate all earth-disturbing activities, practices Regulations (S. I. No. 12 of or developments for non-agricultural, 2011) commercial, industrial and residential purposes.

Other provisions are:

a. Environmental Impact Assessment Procedural Guidelines 1995;Guidelines and Standards for Environmental Pollution Control in Nigeria 1991; b. Environmental Impact Assessment (Amendments) Act 1999; c. National Guidelines and Standards for Water Quality 1999 d. National Guidelines on Environmental Management Systems (EMS) 1999 e. National Guidelines on Environmental Audit in Nigeria 1999

2.3.2 Assessment of the Policy and Regulatory Framework

Nigeria has adequate policy and legal provisions for environmental assessment; detailed laws, regulations and guidelines have been developed and serve as the framework for conducting EIAs in both the public and private sectors. However, due to lack of adequate enforcement, the implementation of these rules has been poor. Shortcomings of some policies and regulations are discussed below.

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Act

An identified oversight of this Act lies in the issue of public participation. Under the Act, the public and interested third party stakeholders make an input in the assessment process only during public review, which takes place after preparation of the draft report (which is often not well publicized). Early public participation during scoping and preparation of the ToR will contribute greatly to the success of the project.

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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Iyiokwu International Market Flood Site (First Draft Report)

Federal Ministry of Environment Sectoral Guideline

FMEnv Guideline covering infrastructural projects deals with both the procedural and technical aspects of EIA for construction projects. The guideline stresses the need to carry out an EIA at the earliest stage possible. Infrastructure Project EIAs have been conducted in rather loose form, and often taken as a supplementary requirement to overall economic and engineering issues.

National Policy on Environment

The policy and its institutional arrangements have not yielded the desired results. This is principally due to weak enforcement; inadequate manpower in the area of integrated environment management; insufficient political will; inadequate and mismanaged funding; a low degree of public awareness of environmental issues; and a top–down approach to the planning and implementation of environmental programs. 2.3.3 Institutional Framework

To address the multi-sectoral nature of the components of the project, the following institutions and agencies are deemed relevant.

Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) The ministry in accordance with its mandatory functions will ensure that the project implementation conforms to the Environmental (Impact) Assessment Act 1992. Within FMEnv, there is an Environmental Impact Assessment Division, headed by a Director, to take all responsibility for EIA related issues and within the EIA division in FMEnv is the Impact Mitigation Monitoring (IMM) branch, with special responsibility for monitoring the implementation of Environmental Management Plans (EMP) contained in approved EIAs.

Other federal agencies relevant to the project include the National Emergency Management Agency, National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA), Federal Ministry of Water Resources (FMWR) and its agencies, such as River Basin development Authorities (RBDAs), National Water Resources Institute (NWRI), Nigeria Integrated Water Resources Management Commission (NIWRMC) and the Nigeria Hydrological Services Agency (NIHSA).

Ebonyi State Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources

The Ebonyi State Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources established in 2004 has the responsibility for the general protection and development of the environment, conservation of biodiversity, natural resources and sustainable development of the State. The Ministry oversees the Ebonyi State Waste Management Authority (EBSWAMA), Ebonyi State Capital Territory Development Authority (EBSTDA) and the Ebonyi State Forestry Commission (EBSFC). Other

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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Iyiokwu International Market Flood Site (First Draft Report) state MDAs relevant to the project include EBMARD, Ebonyi State Ministry of Water Resources (EBSMWR) and its agency – the Ebonyi State Water Corporation (EBSWC).

2.3.4 International Environmental Agreements and Conventions

Nigeria is a signatory to the following relevant international conventions and agreements: a. International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil, 1954 - 62 Convention on the High Seas, 1958; b. Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space and Under Water, 1963; c. Act regarding navigation and Economic Co-operation between the States of the Niger Basin, 1963; d. Agreement Concerning the River Niger Commission and the Navigation and Transport on the River Niger, 1964; e. Convention on fishing and Conservation of Living Resources of the High Sea, 1966; f. African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 1968; g. The African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, The African Convention, 1968; h. Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals, 1969 or the Convention of Migratory Species of Wild Animals, 1973; i. The Ramsar Convention on the Conservation of Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat, 1971, the Convention concerning the Protection of the World Culture and Nature Heritage Convention. j. The Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, The World Heritage Convention, 1972; k. The Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Waste, MARPOL, 1972; l. Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and other Matter, 1972. m. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982 Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on their destruction, 1972 Vienna Convention n. The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, CITES, 1973; o. Convention for Co-operation in the Protection and Development of the Marine and Coastal Environment of the West and Central African Region, 1984 p. Convention on Fishing and Conservation of the Living Resources of the High Seas, 1985; q. Basel Convention on the Control of Hazardous wastes and their Disposal for the protection of Ozone Layer as amended by the 1990 London Conference. r. The Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992; s. Convention on the Law of the Sea t. Vienna Convention on Protection of Ozone Layer u. Convention on the Development of Lake Chad Basin v. Convention on Climate Change, 1992.

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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Iyiokwu International Market Flood Site (First Draft Report) w. Convention to combat Desertification, 1994 x. The Framework Convention on Climate Change, Kyoto Protocol, 1995;

2.4 World Bank Safeguard Policies

The environmental assessment for a Category B project usually: a. examines the project’s potential negative and positive environmental impacts, b. recommends measures to prevent, minimize, mitigate, or compensate for adverse impacts, and c. recommends measures to improve environmental performance

The World Bank has 10+2 Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies (see Annex 1) to reduce or eliminate the adverse effects of development projects, and improve decision making. These operational policies include:

a. OP/BP 4.01: Environmental Assessment b. OP/BP 4.04: Natural Habitats c. OP 4.09: Pest Management d. OP/BP 4.12: Involuntary Resettlement e. OD 4.20: Indigenous Peoples f. OPN 11.03: Cultural Property g. OP 4.36: Forests h. OP/BP 4.37: Safety of Dams i. OP/BP 7.50: Projects on International Waters j. OP/BP 7.60: Projects in Disputed Areas

Plus 2

a. OP/BP 4.00:Use of Country System b. OP/BP 17.50: Public Disclosure

The proposed project triggered OP 4.01 (Environmental Assessment) policy.

Therefore, the ESMP is the appropriate instrument prepared to address OP 4.01 (Environmental Assessment) policy. The ESMP will address the environmental assessment policy that is triggered by the project. In order to fulfil the OP 17.50, the report will be disclosed at two levels; in-country and at World Bank info shop. In-country disclosure shall be carried out in accordance with the guideline of the FMEnv.

OP 4.01 Environmental Assessment

The objective of OP 4.01 is to ensure that projects financed by the Bank are environmentally and socially sustainable, and that the decision making process is improved through an appropriate analysis of the actions including their potential environmental impacts.

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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Iyiokwu International Market Flood Site (First Draft Report)

Environmental assessment (EA) is a process whose breadth, depth, and type of analysis depend on the nature, scale, and potential environmental impact of the proposed project. EA takes into account the natural environment (air, water, and land); human health and safety; social aspects (involuntary resettlement, indigenous peoples, and cultural property); and trans- boundary and global environmental aspects.

OP 4.01 is triggered as the Iyiokwu project is likely to present some risks and potential adverse environmental impacts in its area of influence.

2.5 World Bank Safeguard and Policies Nigeria Environmental Policies The key World Bank safeguard policy triggered by the Iyiokwu Flood control project is OP 4.0 – Environmental Assessment. The Nigeria environmental policy related to this is the EIA Act.

With regard to environmental assessment, the Bank categorized projects based on the type of EA required, namely:  Category A - projects are those whose impacts are sensitive, diverse, unprecedented, felt beyond the immediate project environment and are potentially irreversible over the long term. Such projects require full EA.  Category B - projects involve site specific and immediate project environment interactions, do not significantly affect human populations, do not significantly alter natural systems and resources, do not consume much natural resources (e.g., ground water) and have adverse impacts that are not sensitive, diverse, unprecedented and are mostly reversible. Category B projects will require partial EA, and environmental and social action plans.  Category C - Projects are mostly benign and are likely to have minimal or no adverse environmental impacts. Beyond screening, no further EA action is required for a Category C project, although some may require environmental and social action plans.  Category FI - A proposed project is classified as Category FI if it involves investment of Bank funds through a financial intermediary, in subprojects that may result in adverse environmental impacts.

On the other hand, the Environmental Impact Assessment Act No. 86 of 1992 requires that development projects be screened for their potential impact. Based on the screening, a full, partial, or no Environmental impact assessment may be required. Guidelines issued in 1995 direct the screening process. According to these guidelines the Nigeria EIA Categories include:  Category I projects will require a full Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for projects under this category EIA is mandatory according to Decree No. 86. Projects includes large-scale activities such as agriculture (500 hectares or more), airport (2500m or longer airstrip), land reclamation (50 hectares or more), fisheries (land based aquaculture of 50 hectares or more), forestry (50 hectares or more conversion, etc.  Category II projects may require only a partial EIA, which will focus on mitigation and Environmental planning measures, unless the project is located near an environmentally sensitive area--in which case a full EIA is required.  Category III projects are considered to have “essentially beneficial impacts” on the environment, for which the Federal Ministry of the Environment will prepare an Environmental Impact Statement.

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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Iyiokwu International Market Flood Site (First Draft Report)

This World Bank categorization (A, B, & C) corresponds in principle with the Nigeria EIA requirements of Category I, II and III, which in actual practice is done with regard to the level of impacts associated with a given project.

However, although the two policies stipulate that environmental assessment prior to execution of projects that will impact on the environment, the World Bank policy places more emphasis on social assessment and ensures that social assessment is well carried out unlike the Nigeria EIA Act. Thus in the review of the EIA in 2012, measures were recommended to ensure that social issues are well taken care of in environmental assessment. The ESMP for Iyiokwu flood control project took good care of social issues relating to the project. Social impacts, their mitigation measures and monitoring plan were identified and c=documented.

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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Iyiokwu International Market Flood Site (First Draft Report)

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 BIOPHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

3.1 Introduction

The main physical and biological characteristics of the state and project site are summarized below.

3.2 Physical Environment

Climate

The climate of the project area is humid tropics (i.e. semi-hot equatorial). It is controlled by latitudinal locations, prevailing (seasonal) winds and nearness to the Atlantic Ocean. There are two dominant air masses, namely: (i) The dry North-easterly Tropical Continental (cT) from across the Sahara, North of the West African region, and (ii) The wet South-westerly Tropical Maritime (mT) from across the Atlantic Ocean in the South. Separating the two air masses is an Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), often referred to as Inter Tropical Discontinuity (ITD) or Inter-tropical Front (ITF). The front oscillates with the apparent location of the sun towards the North and South of the equator thereby accounting for the dominant seasons of the area. Marginal alterations are also recorded due to other landform characteristics, especially the dominant ocean currents, configuration of surrounding shoreline and the generally flat topography of the region. Rainfall (i.e. amount and distribution) is the single most important element for defining the climatic seasons in the tropics where the project corridor is located characterized by two dominant seasons; the wet and the dry seasons. Other significant climatic elements in the area are sunshine (hours), atmospheric pressure, wind (direction and speed), and relative humidity.

Precipitation

Precipitation is the single most important element for defining the climatic seasons in the tropics. Hence, Ebonyi State has two dominant seasons; the wet and the dry seasons. Annual rainfall varies from 1,150mm in the northern areas to 2000mm in the southern areas (Cometonigeria staff, 2011). Humidity is relatively high. Precipitation Statistics (average days with precipitation per month) for Ebonyi State collected from Enugu weather station (63.0km from Ebonyi State) is presented in Table 3.1 below.

Temperature Temperature values are high throughout the year. The temperature throughout the year ranges from 210C and 290C. A more detailed analysis shows that the highest value is recorded in March while the lowest is between July and August. The slight decline around December is due to the chilling effect of the in-coming northeast trade (harmattan) wind. Temperature Statistics

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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Iyiokwu International Market Flood Site (First Draft Report) for Ebonyi State collected from Enugu weather station (63.0km from Ebonyi State) is presented in Table 3.1 below.

Table 3. 1: Tabular view for temperature and precipitation of Ebonyi State per month Temperature Precipitation Month Warmest (oC) Coldest (oC) Normal (No of days) January 33.5 20.3 1 February 34.9 22.8 1 March 34.7 23.9 3 April 33.6 23.9 6 May 32.0 23.1 12 June 30.5 22.6 13 July 29.5 22.3 15 August 29.6 22.3 15 September 30.2 22.1 17 October 31.2 22.3 12 November 32.6 21.6 1 December 32.9 20.0 0 Source: www.yr.no/place/Ebonyi_state/statistics

Figures 3.1 and 3.2 below depicts the graphical illustrtions of the temperature and precipitation data presented above.

Figure 3.1 : Warmest and coldest temperature by the different months of the year

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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Iyiokwu International Market Flood Site (First Draft Report)

Figure 3.2 : Precipitation in days by the different months of the year

Wind

The mean annual wind speed vary between a narrow range of 4.0 and 6.2 m/s. Speeds are higher between July and August, the period of August break. Conversely, at the peak of the rainy season in September and October, wind speeds are lowest, measuring between 4.1and 4.2 m/s. From December, wind speeds begin to rise steadily till March, just before the rain begins and later rises during the August break. There are slightly lower speeds in October/February while high wind speeds are obtained from March to September. The wind pattern follows the migratory ITD. According to the statistics available for the last ten years the prevalent wind directions is South-westerly. Often, the South-westerlies dominate the wetter period of the year in the area while North-easterlies dominate the drier season. Depending on the shifts in the pressure belts in the neighbouring Gulf of Guinea, they are interspersed respectively by South-easterlies and North-westerlies. Table 3.2 shows the location and sample points for wind speed / direction samples taken along the project corridor. Figure 3.3 shows the wind rose of the wind direction/speed of the study location, while Figure 3.4 shows the map of the location and sample points for the wind speed / direction samples taken along the project corridor.

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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Iyiokwu International Market Flood Site (First Draft Report)

Table 3. 2: Result of wind speed /direction samples collected from different locations along the project corridor Samples Wind 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 m/s Latitude Longitude Direction Upper NW 9.4 9.4 9.4 9.4 9.6 9.6 8.0 9.0 6.8 6.5 8.71 6.3101528 8.0914056 Water Shed 1 Upper NW 1.6 2.1 5.2 5.2 4.2 5.2 3 2.5 3.6 4.6 3.72 6.3140825 8.0956361 Water Shed 2 Middle NW 6.6 6.9 7.2 4.8 5.9 3.7 4.8 10.1 3.8 8.4 6.22 6.3155556 8.0993417 Water Shed 1 Middle NW 4.6 4.2 4.1 2.6 4.3 4.8 4.8 3.9 5.2 5.1 4.36 6.3170833 8.1107083 Water Shed 2 Lower NE 6.8 5.9 5.8 4.8 5.1 4.9 3.7 2.8 5.1 5.1 5.00 6.3103528 8.118775 Water Shed 1 Lower NE 2.8 3.6 2.6 1.8 1.4 2.2 3.6 2.9 1.8 1.9 2.46 6.3018611 8.1423889 Water Shed 2

Fig 3.3: Wind rose of the wind speed / direction of the project location

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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Iyiokwu International Market Flood Site (First Draft Report)

Fig. 3.4: Map showing the wind speed/ direction sampling locations

Geology

Ebonyi State lies mostly in the Ebonyi (Aboine) River Basin and the Cross River Plains. The area contains, two main geological formations. From the east to the west and in terms of age and sequence of exposure, the formations are, the Asu River Group of the Albian Age (Lower Cretaceous) made up of shale, sandstones and siltstones. The sediments later became folded giving rise to two major structural features, the Abakaliki anticlinorium and the related Afikpo synclinorium. The Ezeaku Shale Formation of the Turonian age contains shale, silt stones, sandstones and lime stones.

Soil

Two main soil types are found in Ebonyi State. These are the silty clayey hydromorphic soil and the grey sandy clay hydromorphic soil. The former has a brown loamy top horizon which overlies a reddish brown silty clay subsoil. It is moderately to imperfectly drained, with a moderately low natural fertility. With appropriate agro techniques and regular application of fertiliser this soil can produce good yields of a wide variety of crops ranging from cassava to vegetables, plantain and groundnut. The sandy clay hydromorphic soils occur in low lying areas where the soil is grey, fine loamy sand clay to clayey. In addition to poor fertility, strong acidity and of lack of nutrients, this soil suffers from poor drainage. Due to the excess of moisture, it is

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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Iyiokwu International Market Flood Site (First Draft Report)

mostly suitable for rice cultivation. Soil samples were collected from the project site and analysed. Figure 3.5 shows the map of the location and sample points for the soil samples. The detail of soil analysis with the coordinates where the samples were collected and permissible limits from Federal Ministry of Environment and other sources in the Iyiokwu project site is presented in Table 3.3.

The result of the soil tests presented below shows that the level of the heavy metals namely, cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and iron (Fe3+) in the soil samples both at 0-20 and 20-40 depths are well above the Federal Ministry of Environment permissible limits. Also, the level of copper (Cu) is higher than the Federal Ministry of Environment Permissible limit however; they are within the range of maximum permissible unit giving by Bohn et al (1885). The high level of heavy metals especially lead could be very dangerous and can lead to death if individuals in the environment are exposed to it. It is important to note that lead mining is practiced in Ebonyi State.

Table 3. 3: Laboratory analysis result of soil samples collected from different locations at the project site Description/ Parame FMEnv Sample Code Unit ters Permissible Coordinates – P1-06O 18.597’ N and 008O 05.507’ E, P2- 06O 18.796’ N and Limits/max 008O 05.737’ E, P3 - 06O 18.980’ N and 008O 16.113’ E, P4 - 06O 18.629’ N permissible and 008O 07.078’ E, P5 - 06O 18.132’ N and 008O 08.550’ E Limits P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 Depth (Cm) 0-20 20-40 0-20 20-40 0-20 20- 0- 20- 0-20 20-40 40 20 40 PH - 6.0-9.0 5.90 5.60 7.00 7.20 7.20 6.50 5.9 5.80 5.10 5.00 H20 0 PH - 5.20 4.50 6.20 6.30 6.40 5.40 5.0 4.80 4.20 4.30 KCL 0 OM (%) 2.0%* 2.33 1.58 1.58 2.68 1.10 1.05 1.2 0.34 0.96 1.58 0 Total N 0.20%* 0.24 0.15 0.20 0.15 0.21 0.21 0.1 0.14 0.18 0.18 (%) 7 Exchangeabl Ca2+ 10-20 11.40 10.80 10.6 10.00 11.2 15.6 11. 12.0 16.0 7.80 e Base cmol/kg 0 0 0 20 0 0 (Cmol/kg Mg2+ 3-8cmol/kg** 1.20 0.20 3.20 1.20 7.80 3.60 2.4 0.20 0.20 4.00 Soil). 0 (cmol/kg x K+ 0.7-1.2 2.70 2.71 3.73 7.14 5.12 6.75 3.7 1.32 4.30 7.21 390=mg/kg) cmol/kg** 4 Zn 10- 8.60 15.80 9.40 8.80 10.8 11.4 9.0 13.0 10.4 6.80 300mg/kg*** 0 0 0 0 0 Cl- 200.0 0.40 0.84 0.48 0.52 0.44 0.44 0.7 0.64 0.88 1.00 6 Ppm Cd 0.01 232.68 271.4 310. 310.2 465. 387. 290 290. 310. 310.24 (mg/kg) 6 24 4 36 80 .85 85 24 Cu 0.05, (2- 22.58 67.75 45.1 50.81 62.1 67.7 56. 28.2 67.7 62.10 100mg/kg***) 6 0 5 46 3 5

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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Iyiokwu International Market Flood Site (First Draft Report)

Fe3+ 3.0 6.96 41.72 10.4 45.22 27.2 17.3 13. 27.8 6.96 6.96 4 8 9 91 3 Pb ,0.1 8.01 10.68 13.3 13.35 21.3 13.3 10. 16.0 16.0 8.01 5 6 5 68 2 2 + SO4 500 90.71 45.36 136. 68.04 68.0 90.7 113 136. 90.7 113.39 07 6 1 .39 07 1 PO4 3.53 1.77 6.47 17.06 17.0 18.2 4.1 5.88 4.71 5.88 6 4 2 Source: Measurement at the project site

Note : *FPDD (1990), ** Holland et al (1989), *** Bohn et al (1885) P1: Soil sample from the upper watershed. P2 and P3: Soil sample collected between the upper watershed and middle watershed P4: Soil sample from the middle watershed. P5: Soil sample from the lower watershed (with concrete water canal)

Fig. 3. 5: Map showing the soil sampling locations

Ambient Air Quality

The ambient air quality around the proposed project was measured at six points around the project area. The air quality parameters of the project site were measured using the MultiRae™ 11 digital gas monitor. Tables 3.4a to 3.4f shows the parameters of the air quality samples collected, while Figure 3.6 shows the map of the location and sample points for the air quality

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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Iyiokwu International Market Flood Site (First Draft Report) samples. The analysis of the air quality samples collected from different locations along the project corridor were all below the recommended limit.

Table 3. 4a: Result of air quality collected at location 1 (N 06° 18’ 35.36’’ E 08° 8’ 37.94’’) S/N Parameters Unit NESREA RESULT METHOD REMARK 3 1 Hydrogen Sulphide(H2S) Mg/Nm 5 0 M40 Gas BSL 2 Carbon monoxide(CO) Mg/Nm3 500 0 Analyser BSL 3 Nitric Oxide (NO) Mg/Nm3 300 6.25 (direct BSL 3 4 Nitric dioxide (NO2) Mg/Nm 300 1.38 reading BSL 5 Sulphur dioxide Mg/Nm3 500 1.13 method) BSL 6 Hydrogen Cyanide(HCN) Mg/Nm3 NS 3.45 (MGA) BSL 3 7 Ammonia (NH3) Mg/Nm NS 3.13 BSL 8 Toluene Mg/Nm3 NS 6.63 BSL 9 Isopropanol Mg/Nm3 NS 12.50 BSL 3 10 Hydrogen (H2) Mg/Nm NS 12.50 BSL 3 11 Chlorine (Cl2) Mg/Nm NS 1.25 BSL 12 Oxygen Mg/Nm3 NS 20.80 BSL Table 3.4b: Result of air quality collected at location 2 (N 06° 18’ 42’.87’’ E 08° 5’44.55’’) S/N Parameters Unit NESREA RESULT METHOD REMARK 3 1 Hydrogen Sulphide(H2S) Mg/Nm 5 0.00 M40 Gas BSL 2 Carbon monoxide(CO) Mg/Nm3 500 0.00 Analyser BSL 3 Nitric Oxide (NO) Mg/Nm3 300 6.25 (direct BSL 3 4 Nitric dioxide (NO2) Mg/Nm 300 1.38 reading BSL 5 Sulphur dioxide Mg/Nm3 500 1.12 method) BSL 6 Hydrogen Cyanide(HCN) Mg/Nm3 NS 3.45 (MGA) BSL 3 7 Ammonia (NH3) Mg/Nm NS 3.13 BSL 8 Toluene Mg/Nm3 NS 6.63 BSL 9 Isopropanol Mg/Nm3 NS 12.50 BSL 3 10 Hydrogen (H2) Mg/Nm NS 12.50 BSL 3 11 Chlorine (Cl2) Mg/Nm NS 1.25 BSL 12 Oxygen Mg/Nm3 NS 20.80 BSL

Table 3 4c: Result of air quality collected at location 3 (N 06° 18’ 84’.66’’ E 08° 5’55.35’’) S/N Parameters Unit NESREA RESULT METHOD REMARK 3 1 Hydrogen Sulphide(H2S) Mg/Nm 5 0.00 M40 Gas BSL 2 Carbon monoxide(CO) Mg/Nm3 500 0.00 Analyser BSL 3 Nitric Oxide (NO) Mg/Nm3 300 6.25 (direct BSL 3 4 Nitric dioxide (NO2) Mg/Nm 300 1.38 reading BSL 5 Sulphur dioxide Mg/Nm3 500 1.12 method) BSL 6 Hydrogen Cyanide(HCN) Mg/Nm3 NS 3.45 (MGA) BSL 3 7 Ammonia (NH3) Mg/Nm NS 3.13 BSL 8 Toluene Mg/Nm3 NS 6.63 BSL 9 Isopropanol Mg/Nm3 NS 12.50 BSL 3 10 Hydrogen (H2) Mg/Nm NS 12.50 BSL 3 11 Chlorine (Cl2) Mg/Nm NS 1.25 BSL

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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Iyiokwu International Market Flood Site (First Draft Report)

12 Oxygen Mg/Nm3 NS 20.80 BSL

Table 3.4d: Result of air quality collected at location 4 (N 06° 18’ 42’.05’’ E 08° 7’0.21’’) S/N Parameters Unit NESREA RESULT METHOD REMARK 3 1 Hydrogen Sulphide(H2S) Mg/Nm 5 0.00 M40 Gas BSL 2 Carbon monoxide(CO) Mg/Nm3 500 0.00 Analyser BSL 3 Nitric Oxide (NO) Mg/Nm3 300 6.25 (direct BSL 3 4 Nitric dioxide (NO2) Mg/Nm 300 1.38 reading BSL 5 Sulphur dioxide Mg/Nm3 500 1.12 method) BSL 6 Hydrogen Cyanide(HCN) Mg/Nm3 NS 3.45 (MGA) BSL 3 7 Ammonia (NH3) Mg/Nm NS 3.13 BSL 8 Toluene Mg/Nm3 NS 6.63 BSL 9 Isopropanol Mg/Nm3 NS 12.50 BSL 3 10 Hydrogen (H2) Mg/Nm NS 12.50 BSL 3 11 Chlorine (Cl2) Mg/Nm NS 1.25 BSL 12 Oxygen Mg/Nm3 NS 20.80 BSL

Table 3.4e: Result of air quality collected at location 5 (N 06° 18’ 23’.41’’ E 08° 7’24.63’’)

S/N Parameters Unit NESREA RESULT METHOD REMARK 3 1 Hydrogen Sulphide(H2S) Mg/Nm 5 2.90 M40 Gas BSL 2 Carbon monoxide(CO) Mg/Nm3 500 15.50 Analyser BSL 3 Nitric Oxide (NO) Mg/Nm3 300 29.04 (direct BSL 3 4 Nitric dioxide (NO2) Mg/Nm 300 1.38 reading BSL 5 Sulphur dioxide Mg/Nm3 500 0.60 method) BSL 6 Hydrogen Cyanide(HCN) Mg/Nm3 NS 6.01 (MGA) BSL 3 7 Ammonia (NH3) Mg/Nm NS 3.13 BSL 8 Toluene Mg/Nm3 NS 6.63 BSL 9 Isopropanol Mg/Nm3 NS 13.56 BSL 3 10 Hydrogen (H2) Mg/Nm NS 19.01 BSL 3 11 Chlorine (Cl2) Mg/Nm NS 1.25 BSL 12 Oxygen Mg/Nm3 NS 20.8 BSL

Table 3.4f: Result of air quality collected at location 6 (N 06° 18’ 06’.51’’ E 08° 8’34.21’’) S/N Parameters Unit NESREA RESULT METHOD REMARK 3 1 Hydrogen Sulphide(H2S) Mg/Nm 5 0.00 M40 Gas BSL 2 Carbon monoxide(CO) Mg/Nm3 500 0.00 Analyser BSL 3 Nitric Oxide (NO) Mg/Nm3 300 6.25 (direct BSL 3 4 Nitric dioxide (NO2) Mg/Nm 300 1.38 reading BSL 5 Sulphur dioxide Mg/Nm3 500 1.12 method) BSL 6 Hydrogen Cyanide(HCN) Mg/Nm3 NS 3.45 (MGA) BSL 3 7 Ammonia (NH3) Mg/Nm NS 3.13 BSL 8 Toluene Mg/Nm3 NS 6.63 BSL 9 Isopropanol Mg/Nm3 NS 12.50 BSL 3 10 Hydrogen (H2) Mg/Nm NS 12.50 BSL 3 11 Chlorine (Cl2) Mg/Nm NS 1.25 BSL 12 Oxygen Mg/Nm3 NS 20.80 BSL

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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Iyiokwu International Market Flood Site (First Draft Report)

BSL = below standard limit. MGA = M40 Gas Analyser Mg/Nm3. = Milligram per Newton meter cube.

Fig. 3. 6: Map showing the air quality sampling locations

Water Quality

Surface water quality of the project site was measured during the course of the field work. Figure 3.7 shows the map of the locations and sample points for the water quality samples. The coordinates of water sampling points and result is presented in Table 3.5 and 3.6 below. Considering that the water samples were collected from flowing streams/river that empties into Ebonyi River and are often used as drinking water by the residents of the communities around them, the maximum permitted by Nigeria Industrial Standard for drinking water quality and the health impacts were also included.

The result for all the samples shows that value of lead, copper and cadmium that have serious health impacts were much higher than the permissible limits by both FMEnv/WHO and the Nigeria Industrial Standard for drinking water quality.

Table 3. 5: Coordinates of water sampling points

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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Iyiokwu International Market Flood Site (First Draft Report)

S/N Sample Coordinates Code 1 W1 06O 18.606’ N and 008O 05.484’ E 2 W2 06O 18.596’ N and 008O 05.605’ E 3 W3 06O 18.796’ N and 008O 05.730’ E 4 W4 06O 18.638’ N and 008O 07.082’ E 5 W5 06O 18.113’ N and 008O 08.545’ E Source: Measurement at the project site

Note: Odour (Threshold Odour Number): 0 = No odour; 2 = Faint odour W1: Water sample from the upper watershed. W2 and W3: Water from between upper and middle watersheds (no previous work was done here and is more or less in a natural form) W4: Water sample from the middle watershed (with concrete water canal). W5: Water sample from the lower watershed (with concrete water canal)

Fig. 3. 7: Map showing water sampling locations Table 3. 6: Laboratory analysis result for water samples S/N Parameter W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 FMEnv Nigeria Industrial Health Impact /WHO Standard for Permis drinking water sible quality- maximum limit permitted

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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Iyiokwu International Market Flood Site (First Draft Report)

1 pH 7.3 7.1 7.1 7.3 7.3 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 None 2 Electrical 8 3 4 4 5 50-125 1000 None Conductivity (µS/cm) 3 Sulphate 294.82 285.66 274.75 226.79 408.21 200 100 None 2- (SO4 ) (mg/L) 4 Chlorides 22.0 20.0 20.0 18.0 28.0 250 250 None (mg/L) 5 Colour Haze 10,000 15,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 15 TCU Unit 6 Phosphate 70.590 70.588 70.624 70.588 129.41 - (PO4 ) (mg/L) 7 Odour (TON) 0 0 0 0 2 ABSENT 8 Salinity 0.005 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.003 - (mg/L) 9 Manganese Trace Trace Trace Trace Trace 0.05 0.2 Neurological (mg/L) disorder 10 Iron (Fe2+) 12.176 10.435 12.642 15.653 19.132 0.3 0.3 None (mg/L) 11 Zinc (Zn2+) 13.076 15.691 16.563 15.691 20.922 - 3 None (mg/L) 12 Cadmium 77.56 252.07 244.14 58.17 465.36 0.01 0.003 Toxic to the (Cd2+) (mg/L) Kidney 13 Cupper (Cu2+) 33.873 22.582 22.657 22.535 45.164 1 1 Gastrointestinal (mg/L) disorder 14 Lead (Pd2+) 4.006 6.676 6.985 5.341 8.011 0.01 0.01 Cancer, (mg/L) interference with vitamin D metabolism, affect mental development in infants, toxic to the central and peripheral nervous system 15 Dissolved 1.20 2.80 3.02 3.60 1.10 7.5 Oxygen (DO), (mg/L) 16 BOD (mg/L) 0.80 0.50 1.62 1.20 5.30 80 17 Total 20.0 22.0 24.0 28.0 30.0 200 Hardness (mg/L) 18 Temperature 28 28 28 28 28 <40 oC

Relief and Drainage

Ebonyi State lies in an area of moderate relief (between 125 and 245m above sea level). The highest parts of the state are around Afikpo, with elevation of about 170m above sea level. Sandstone ridges form the topographic highs. Drainage is controlled by the Cross River and its

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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Iyiokwu International Market Flood Site (First Draft Report) tributaries, especially the Aboine drainage system. Areas of moderate relief are often characterised by an intermediate condition of erosion between the extremes in areas with high relief on one hand and low relief on the other hand where the underlying shale are easily eroded. Ebonyi State experiences moderate sheet erosion, except in areas like Afikpo and lzzi where erosion is more pronounced.

Noise Measurement

Loss of hearing is certainly the most well-known adverse effect of noise, and probably the most serious. Other detrimental effects of noise include tinnitus (ringing in the ears), interference with speech communication and perception of warning signals, disruption of job performance, annoyance and extra-auditory effects. Considering that the equipment that will be used for construction in the site will generate some noise, high nose level in the area even without the machines at work suggests that the noise level will be too high when construction starts. The map showing the noise sample location is presented in figure 3.8, while the result of the noise level is presented in Table 3.7.

Table 3. 7: Result of the noise measurement at the project site S/N Location GPS Coordinates Elevation Digital Sound Level 1. Nkaliki Hatchery Road N06o 18l 36.4ll 54Meters 56.1dba – 77.7dba Crossing E 008o 05l 29.4ll 2. Enugu Abakaliki Express N06o 18l 50.1ll 58 Meters 53.6 dba – 88.6dba Crossing E 008o 05l 45.7ll 3. Onwe Road Crossing N06o 18l 57.7ll 52 Meters 64.7dba – 84.1dba E 008o 06l 10.5ll 4.a Afikpo Road Crossing N06o 19l 0.36ll 50 Meters 44.7dba – 64.2 dba Waste Disposal Site E 008o 06l 30.3ll 4.b Afikpo Road Crossing N06o 19l 0.37ll 50 Meters 52.6 dba – 76.4 dba Blocked Culvert E 008o 06l 36.1ll 5. Chukwu Street Crossing N06o 18l 38.0ll 47 Meters 50.2 dba – 76.8 dba E 008o 07l 0.56ll 6. Abakaliki – Ogoja Express N06o 18l 26.1ll 45 Meters 55.6dba – 84.2dba Way Crossing E 008o 07l 22.4ll 7. Obodoma / Nduofutu N06o 18l 0.67ll 39 Meters 48.2dba – 81.9 dba Crossing E 008o 08l 2232.9ll Source: Measurement at the project site

The result of noise measurement shows that the mean noise levels in virtually all the measured stations are not above the FMEnv 90dB (A) limit for 8-hour operation. Levels in excess of 60dB (A) were recorded at locations where contributions from local traffic were significant at the time of visit

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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Iyiokwu International Market Flood Site (First Draft Report)

Fig. 3. 8: Map showing noise sampling locations

3.2 Biological Environment

Flora and Fauna

Ebonyi State falls within the rainforest and savannah belts of south-eastern Nigeria. The dominant vegetation is characterised by tree shrubs, with abundant palm trees particularly in the southern and central zones of the state as shown in Annex 4. The vegetation of the project area has been largely converted and replaced by secondary vegetation but there are still some existing natural forests in the communities within the project area. Most land have been left to fallow due to annual flooding which have adversely affected farming activities; thereby denying many households their means of livelihood.

The most abundant broad leafed plants in the project area are Siam weed (Chromoloena odorata), Smooth pigweed (Amaranthus hybridus) and Casead weed (Urena lobata). While the most abundant grasses are Elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum), Spear grass (Impereta cylindrical) and Finger grass (Digitarita sanglinalos). Also the most abundant economic trees are

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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Iyiokwu International Market Flood Site (First Draft Report)

Gmelina (Gmelina arborae), Bamboo (Bambusa spp) and mango (Mangifera indica). Rice, yam and cassava are the most dominant food crop cultivated around the project corridor.

Focus group discussions conducted among the community members in the various communities within the project area show- that the most commonly seen domestic and wild animals were local fowl, goat and sheepas well as reptile, rodents and other small animals. Wild animals rarely seen are parrot and buffalo, while those under extinction, according to the local people are chimpanzee, fox, and rhinoceros. The list of different categories of flora and fauna found in the location, during field work and those indicated by the local people are presented in Annex 4.

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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Iyiokwu International Market Flood Site (First Draft Report)

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS AND CONSULTATION WITH STAKEHOLDERS

4.1 Socio-Economic Environment of Ebonyi State

Demographic Characteristics

The estimated population of Ebonyi state is 2,173,501 with 1,040,984 males and 1,132,517 females (FRN, 2007). The rate of population growth is 2.8% per annum. Table 4.1 shows the population of Ebonyi State based on Local Government Areas.

Table 4. 1: Population of Ebonyi State based on Local Government Areas

LGA Population Census Population Census Population Projection 1991-11-26 2006-03-21 2011-03-21

Ebonyi 1,029,312 2,173,501 2,504,100

Abakaliki ... 149,683 172,180

Afikpo North 107,633 156,649 180,190

Afikpo South 69,725 157,542 181,220

Ebonyi ... 127,226 146,350

Ezza North ... 146,149 168,110

Ezza South ... 133,625 153,710

Ikwo 154,396 214,969 247,270

Ishielu 128,720 152,581 175,510

Ivo ... 121,363 139,600

Izzi 161,349 236,679 272,170

Ohaozara ... 148,317 170,610

Ohaukwu 169,622 195,555 224,940

Onicha 111,965 236,609 272,170 Source: National Population Commission of Nigeria (web), accessed on 15th November 2016.

Ethnic Groups and Religion

The people of Ebonyi State are of lgbo stock. However, there are also non lgbo speaking indigenes. The non lgbo speaking people of the state include the Okpotos and the Ntezis in Ishielu Local Government Area. English is widely spoken as the second language, and a visitor will be understood anywhere in the state, if he can speak English language or its local variant, the pidgin.

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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Iyiokwu International Market Flood Site (First Draft Report)

Economics

Enormous opportunities exist in Ebonyi State for profitable economic ventures, by private corporate bodies and individuals seeking to invest and exploit the rich mineral resources of the state. Industrial layouts have been established in the three major towns: Abakaliki, Afikpo and Onueke. The local governments have also zoned areas for commercial and industrial purposes. These areas have been provided with the necessary infrastructural facilities such as roads, telecommunications facilities as well as water and power supply. The State has a handsome supply of manpower. With a population of about 2.5 million people, skilled, semiskilled and unskilled labour is available for industrial development. With the establishment of banks and other financial institutions all over the state, credit facilities for industrial development can be assured. The state government is also very willing to go into partnership with prospective investors. The industrial base of Ebonyi state can be divided into three broad categories, small and medium scale industries exist in the state, producing pottery, metal works, confectioneries, soap and detergents. The Ebonyi State government invite investors, both local and foreign, to participate in the industrialisation efforts of the state. There is a directory of potential industrial projects to guide prospective investors. Some of the industries recommended in the investment portfolios, based on the local availability of raw materials are production of batteries, zinc base alloys, chemicals, pesticides, fertilizers, paint and chalk. Others include electrical wires, cable, insecticides and adhesives.

Ebonyi State is also blessed with enormous mineral resources. Effective exploitation of these minerals will obviously accelerate the development of the state. The state is blessed with the salt lakes at Uburu, Okposi and Oshiri; zinc and lead deposits at Enyigba, as well as kaolin and limestone at Ishiagu, Afikpo and Nkalagu. The agricultural lands as well as the mineral resources of Ebonyi State offer enormous potentials for profitable investment by local and foreign interests.

Education

Much importance is attached to education in Ebonyi State. The government is generally in control of most of the educational institutions (except commercial and pre-primary schools). The state has 539 primary schools and eighty five post-primary schools. There are also a number of higher educational institutions for the training of intermediate and high level manpower. These include Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki; Akanu Ibiam Federal Polytechnic Uwana, Afikpo; Federal College of Agriculture, Ishiagu and the State College of Education, lkwo.

Public Health

In the health sector, Ebonyi has two major hospitals – Ebonyi State Teaching Hospital and the Federal Medical Center – both in Abakaliki. The State also has three general hospitals located in Onueke, Onicha and Enohia Itim (near Afikpo). These are complemented by several private

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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Iyiokwu International Market Flood Site (First Draft Report) hospitals and clinics in various towns and villages. The State also has three schools of nursing at Uburu, Afikpo and Edda. Ebonyi State government has consistently pursued a policy of good health for all. The result is that, today, there is hardly any local government area in the state without a general hospital or some standard healthcare institution, to cater for the health needs of the people. In addition to the government owned hospitals and health centres, there are other medical centres owned and managed by voluntary organizations, especially missionary agencies. The state has, for a long time, enjoyed the unenviable distinction of being the greatest guinea worm infested area in Nigeria. However, decisive action was taken through the help of Jimmy Carter Foundation, to reverse the situation. Boreholes have been sunk in each of the 30 most affected villages across the state, particularly in lkwo LGA.

4.2 Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Respondents in the Project Area

The socio-demographic information gathered from the project area provides a picture of the Project Affected Persons (PAPs) and their communities.

4.2.1 Distribution of the respondents according to sex

The sex composition of the respondents is presented in figure 4.1 below. The result shows that there are more females (50.1%) than male (48.9%) respondents. The predominance of female respondents suggests a high interest of women folks in the environmental hazards caused by flooding, and the need to protect their properties and safeguard their families, since they are the most vulnerable to flooding incidence.

Fig. 4. 1: Sex profile of respondents Source: Field Survey, July 2016

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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Iyiokwu International Market Flood Site (First Draft Report)

4.2.2 Distribution of the respondents according to age

The age distribution of the respondents is presented in Figure 4.2 below. Result showed that the majority (73.5%) of the population fall within active class of 18-45 years; while few (2.6%) were above 66 years. Others (13%) were less than 18 years; whereas (10.9%) were between 46-65years. This implies that greater proportions of the sampled population in the project area are working class; while the less are children, youth and the elderly.

Fig. 4. 2: Distribution of the respondents according to age Source: Field Survey, July 2016.

4.2.3 Marital Status of the Respondents The result (Fig. 4.3) obtained revealed that the majority (64.2%) of the respondents were married; while 35.8% were single.

Fig. 4. 3: Marital status of the respondents. Source: Field Survey, July 2016.

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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Iyiokwu International Market Flood Site (First Draft Report)

4.2.4 Educational Status of the Respondents

The educational status of the sampled individuals presented in Figure 4.4 below showed that the highest proportion (32%) of the respondents completed secondary education, 23% completed primary education; while 19% had some secondary education. But, 9% obtained post-secondary education; whereas only 4% had some primary education. No-formal education recorded 11% while other education recorded 2%. This suggests that greater proportion of the respondents in the area has some level of literacy.

Fig. 4. 4: Educational status of the respondents Sources: Field Survey, July 2016

4.2.5 Employment Status of the Respondents

An assessment of the employment status of the sampled population (Table 4.2) illustrates that the highest proportion (33%) of the respondents were involved in crop production, 21.7% were students, 13.9% were artisans, 7.5% were engaged in forest production and harvesting; agricultural trading business and agricultural processing, 6.9% are involved in agricultural trading; whereas 5.8% were involved in petty trading of non-agricultural goods. Only 3.9% of the respondents were unemployed. This category of people would be available as unskilled labourers during implementation of the civil works. However, 3.2% were in public sector employment, 2.7% engaged in handcraft activities, while 1.1% were in formal private employment.

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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Iyiokwu International Market Flood Site (First Draft Report)

Table 4. 2: Percentage distribution of respondents by primary activity Primary Activity Percentages Crop production 33.0 Livestock production 0.8 Fisheries 0.0 Forest production and harvesting 0.1 Agricultural trading business 6.9 Non-agricultural trading business 5.8 Transportation business 1.6 Agricultural processing 0.4 Formal private employment 1.1 Construction 1.0 Mining/quarrying 0.0 Public sector employment 3.2 Domestic duties 1.8 Students in school 21.7 Retired 0.7 Unemployed 3.9 Handicraft 2.7 Artisans 13.9 Traditional medical practitioners 0.1 Others 1.3 Total 100 Source: Field Survey, July 2016.

4.2.6 Income Level of the Respondents The income status of the respondents was estimated on monthly basis and presented in Figure 4.5.The result shows that the highest proportion of the respondents (50.6%) earned less than N20, 000 per month. This is followed by those who earn between N21, 000 to N60, 000 (32.5%) and (8.9%) who earned above N100, 000. The least (8%) earned between N61, 000 to N 100, 000 per month. This indicates that most of the respondents are low income earners. The low income earned per month is an indication of high level of poverty in the area.

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Fig. 4. 5: Income level of the respondents Source: Field Survey, July 2016

4.2.7 Access to Credit Facilities The result in Figure 4.6 shows that the majority (78.7%) of the respondents do not have access to credit facilities while few (21.3%) had access to formal credit facilities.

Fig. 4. 6: Distribution of access to credit facilities Source: Field Survey, July 2016.

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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Iyiokwu International Market Flood Site (First Draft Report)

4.2.8 Sources of Credit Facilities The result in Figure 4.7 shows that the source of credit for the majority of the respondents were relatives, friends and family members (52.2%), followed by cooperative associations (25.4%). Others were commercial banks (13.4%) and microfinance banks (9%).

Fig. 4. 7: Distribution of the respondents according to sources of credit facilities Source: Field Survey, July 2016.

4.2.9: Perception of the Respondents as Regards Social Infrastructural Facilities in the Communities

The social infrastructural facilities in the project area were assessed through field survey (see appendix - annexure 1). It was also necessary to ascertain the views of the respondents on adequacy and functionality of the infrastructures. The results are discussed below.

Perception of the Respondents as regards Roads to the Project Area Results in Figure 4.8 shows that the majority (66.9%) of the respondents perceived the roads to the project area to be in existence but are inadequate, while a few (13.3%) were of the opinion that they are adequate but unreliable. However 19.7% of the respondents were of the opinion that the roads were adequate and reliable.

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Fig. 4. 8: Perception of the respondents as regards roads to the project area Source: Field Survey, July 2016.

Perception of the Respondents as regards Roads within the Project Locality The result (Figure 4.9) shows that majority (51.7%) of the respondents perceived the roads within the locality to be in existence but inadequate, while a very few (2.1%) indicated that they are adequate and reliable. However, 46.2% were of the view that the roads were adequate but unreliable. Figures 4.10 and 4.11 show pictures of locally fabricated bridges in the area

Fig. 4. 9: Perception of the respondents as regards roads within the locality Source: Field Survey, July 2016.

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Fig 4.10: A broken down locally fabricated wooden bridge in study area

Fig. 4.11: A bamboo made bridge used by villagers in Obodoma community to access their farm lands and homes

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Perception of the Respondents as regards Availability of Educational Facilities in the Project Area

The result of field (Figure 4.12) survey showed that the majority (55.8%) of the respondents perceived the educational facilities to be in existence but inadequate, 28.2% indicated that the educational facilities were adequate but unreliable, while 13.6% were of the view that the facilities were adequate and reliable.

Fig. 4. 102: Perception of the respondents as regards availability of educational facilities in the locality Source: Field Survey, July 2016.

On the perception of the respondents as regards the type of educational infrastructure available in the area, the result shows that the most abundant educational infrastructure in the project area are nursery schools (27.59%) and primary schools (27.59%). This is followed by secondary education (13.79%), adult education centre (13.79%) and teacher training schools (3.45%). There was no Islamic school as well as school for the handicapped in the study area.

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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Iyiokwu International Market Flood Site (First Draft Report)

Fig 4.13: Pictures of different infrastructural faclilties found in the study area

Perception of the Respondents as regards Health Institutions in the Project Area

The result in Figure 4.14 shows that the majority (55.8%) of the respondents perceived health institutions in the area to be in existence but inadequate; 28.8% indicated that health institutions are adequate but unreliable while 18.5% were of the view that the health facilities were adequate and reliable.

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Fig. 4. 14: Perception of the respondents as regards availability of public health institutions in the area Source: Field Survey, July 2016

On types of healthcare institutions available in the area (Fig. 4.15), the result of the opinion of the respondents shows that the most abundant health care institution in the area is patented medicine store (35.48%). This is followed by hospital (12.5%), maternity (12.5%), pharmacy (12.5%) and traditional healing homes (12.5%). The least available was health centres (3.13%).

Fig 4.15: Perception of the respondents as regards types of health care instutions available

As a result of the opinion of the respondents that health facilities are inadequate and for the fact that they also indicated that the most abundant health care facilities in the area are patent medicine stores, the health conditions of the residents in the project area was investigated. The

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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Iyiokwu International Market Flood Site (First Draft Report) result showing the ailments/sickness mostly suffered from by the respondents in the communities in the proposed intervention area are presented in Table 4.3.

The result shows that the major ailments suffered always by the respondents includes: malaria (75.2%), rheumatism (52.7%), typhoid (52.1%), hypertension (43.8%), sexually transmitted disease (42.0%), rashes (40.7%) and eczema (40.7%), among others. The least ailments suffered always by the respondents were: ringworm (19.5%), epilepsy (20.5%) and glaucoma (20.7), among others. The findings of this study corroborated with the assertion of the principal health officers interviewed during the survey of health infrastructures in the project area. Health records from these centres were however not requested for by the field officers.

Table 4. 3: Ailments/sickness rampant among the sampled households Variables Always (%) Sparingly (%) Seldom (%) Never (%) Tuberculosis 34.9 2.4 3.6 59 Dysentery 38.6 11.4 14.8 35.2 Diarrhoea 40.9 10.8 15.1 33.3 Hypertension 43.8 11.2 7.9 37.1 Pile 40.2 10.3 8.2 41.2 Sexually transmitted disease 42.0 9.1 14.8 34.1 Rheumatism 52.7 26.9 15.1 5.4 Rashes 40.7 21.7 4.7 14.7 Malaria 75.2 22.4 1.9 0.6 Typhoid 52.1 36.2 10.6 1.1 Eczema 40.7 28.7 10.7 20.0 Eye pains 29.6 32 27.2 11.2 Epilepsy 20.5 10.2 17 52.3 Ringworm 19.5 17.1 26.8 36.6 Pneumonia 33.3 18.4 11.4 36.8 Asthma 33.3 18.4 11.4 36.8 Cholera 21 23.8 20 35.2 Congestive health problem 20.0 17.6 17.6 44.7 Cataract 21.2 21.2 15.3 42.4 Glaucoma 20.7 25.2 19.8 34.2 Source: Field Survey, July 2016

Perception of the Respondents as regards Communication Facilities in the Project Area

The result in Figure 4.16 shows that the majority (42.9%) of the respondents agreed that the communication facilities were in existent but inadequate, 38.9% were of the opinion that the facilities were adequate but unreliable, whereas very few (18.1%) agreed that they were in adequate and reliable.

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Fig. 4.16: Perception of the respondents as regards communication facilities in the project area Source: Field Survey, July 2016

Perception of the Respondents as regards Recreation Facilities in the Project Area

The result in Figure 4.17 shows that the majority (70.7%) of the respondents perceived recreational facilities to be in existence but inadequate, 19.9% of the respondents were of the view that recreational facilities were adequate but unreliable, while 9.5% indicated that the facilities were adequate and reliable. This finding suggests that there is absence of recreational facilities in the project area.

Fig. 4. 17: Perception of the respondents as regards public recreation facilities in the area Source: Field Survey, July 2016

Perception of the Respondents as regards Portable Water Supply in the Project Area

The perception of the respondents as regards availability of portable water supply in the project area (Figure 4.18) shows that a greater proportion (85.5%) of the respondents agreed that portable water supply is existence but inadequate in the project area, while very few, 12.8%, perceived it to be adequate but unreliable, while 1.6% agreed that it was adequate and reliable. This finding is in line with the findings during town hall meeting and focus group discussions were the people indicated that river Iyiokwu and the tributaries are their major sources of drinking water.

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Fig. 4. 18: Opinion of the respondents as regards availability of portable water supply Source: Field Survey, 2016

Fig 4.19: River Iyokwu a major source of water for family use within the communities

Perception of the Respondents as regards Public Electricity Supply in the Project Area

The perception of the respondents as regards public electricity supply in the area was also found out. The result in Figure 4.20 shows that a majority (61.2%) of the respondents indicated that public electricity is in existence but inadequate; while very few (4.6%), indicated that it was adequate and reliable. Also, 34.3% indicated that the major source of electricity was adequate but unreliable.

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Fig. 4. 20: Perception of the respondents as regards public electricity supply in the project area Source: Field Survey, July 2016

Perception of the respondents as regards Availability of Solid Waste Disposal Facility in the Project Area

The result (Figure 4.21) shows that the majority (78.7%) of the respondents indicated that solid waste disposal facilities are in existent but not adequate in the project area, while very few (7.3%) indicated that they are adequate and reliable. However, 14.1% perceived solid waste disposal facilities to be adequate but unreliable.

Fig. 4. 21: Perception of the respondents as regards availability of public waste facility

Perception of the Respondents as regards Availability of Sewage Disposal Facility in the Project Area The result of the perception of the respondents as regards availability of sewage disposal facility (Figure 4.22) shows that the majority (82.1%) of the respondents indicated that sewage disposal facilities are in existence but not adequate, while very few (7.7%) indicated that they are adequate and reliable. Also 10.1% of the respondents were of the view that sewage disposal facilities were adequate but unreliable.

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Fig. 4. 22: Perception of the respondents as regards availability of sewage disposal facility Source: Field Survey, July 2016

Field observations show that most of the respondents dispose their domestic refuse and household wastes randomly outside the residential compounds and into the river. In many areas, the wastes are also dumped at illegal dumpsites along the project corridor. See Figures 4.23 and 4.24.

Fig. 4. 23: Solid waste disposal dump along the project corridor near Afikpo road crossing.

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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Iyiokwu International Market Flood Site (First Draft Report)

Fig. 4.24: Ongoing solid waste disposal / burning along the project corridor near Afikpo road crossing. Source: Field Survey July 2016

Solid waste management in the project area is a considerable hazard to the health of the population and the effective functioning of the water drainage systems. In the project area, unmanaged refuse disposal causes regular obstruction of the water drainage systems and the flood-prone areas are also treated as de facto waste disposal areas. The disposal of solid waste by the road sides, has major negative health implications and environmental consequences for residents living in the areas.

Perception of the Respondents as regards Availability of Market Facilities in the Project Area The result as regards perception of the respondents on availability of market facilities in the project area (Figure 4.25) shows that the majority (62.9%) of the respondents were of the opinion that market facilities were in existence but inadequate; while few (14.1%) agreed that they are adequate and reliable. However, as high as 22.9% of the respondents were of the view that market facilities were adequate but unreliable. Figure 4.26 shows part of the newly constructed Iyiokwu International Market which is yet to commence operation.

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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Iyiokwu International Market Flood Site (First Draft Report)

Fig. 4. 115: Perception of the respondents as regards availability of market facilities in the project area Source: Field Survey July 2016

Fig 4.26: Pictures showing same parts of the Iyiokwu international market Abakaliki

Perception of the Respondents as regards Religious Facilities in the Project Area

The result (Figure 4.27) shows that greater proportion (39.7%) of the respondents perceived religious facilities such as church buildings to be adequate and reliable while 33.3% indicated that they were in existence but inadequate. Also, 27% of the respondents were of the opinion that these facilities were adequate but unreliable.

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Fig. 4. 27: Percption of the Respondents as regards religious facilities in the project Area Sources: Field Survey, July 2016

Perceptionof the Respondents as regards the Main Fuel Used for Cooking in the Project Area The result of the distribution of the respondents as regards main fuel used for cooking (Figure 4.28) shows that the majority (63%) of people in the project area indicated that they use firewood for cooking. This is followed by those who use charcoal and kerosene oil (15%) respectively. Only 4%, 2% and 1% respectively indicated using gas, crop residue/saw dust and electricity for cooking

Fig. 4. 12: Opinion of the Respondents as regards fuel used for cooking in the area Source: Field Survey, July 2016.

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4.3 Consultation with Stakeholders Public Consultation as a critical ingredient of project successful implementation was carried out as part of the preparation of the ESMP for the Iyiokwu flood control site. The main objective of the public consultation is to achieve effective stakeholder participation and to promote greater awareness and understanding of issues so that the project is carried out effectively within budget and on-time to the satisfaction of all concerned. The specific objectives include to:

1. inform the residents about the purpose of the ESMP and to obtain their inputs; 2. help define responsibility arrangement for implementation of the ESMP; 3. determine the existing socio-economic conditions in the Iyiokwu project location; 4. identify together with stakeholders, the associated and potential environmental and social impacts of sub-projects and the need for timely and proper mitigation measures; and 5. discuss and agree on the way out of identified challenges.

Public consultation is considered the best measure to promote sustainability of all World Bank and other International donor partners assisted projects. Consultation is the process of informing the Community of the need for project in their domain, the scope and the need for the Community to own and safeguard the project as beneficiaries and stakeholders.

Community participation was used in the entire process as a fundamental tool for managing two- way communication between the SPMU and the public; building understanding and improving decision- making among relevant stakeholders, especially the project affected persons and organizations with the hope of reducing the likelihood for conflicts that would arise from the proposed project implementation activities. Stakeholder involvement in the project is expected to continue in a manner that gives the communities and the project affected persons (PAPs) the opportunity to make contributions aimed at strengthening the development project while avoiding negative impacts and or reducing possible conflicts.

Keeping in mind the objective of minimizing adverse impacts of the project, consultations were held with the various stakeholders in six communities. The approach was to identify the stakeholders and engage them in critical consultations which are aimed at improving decisions that will ensure effective implementation of the ESMF.The key stakeholders consulted were chiefs and elders of the communities, men groups, women groups, youths, cooperative societies, community based organisations/non-governmental organisations (CBOs/NGOs), members of community development association and landlords and land owners and tenants living along the corridor. An in-depth Focus Group Discussion (FGD) was held after the town hall meetings with the elders, men, women and youths of the communities to ascertain their specific concerns about the intervention project.

The following process guided the public consultations: a. The social safeguard team first identified the project areas particularly the Iyiokwu River corridor and five bridges where the temporary benchmark coordinates are located. b. Name of village, the administrative organisation and leadership structure were sought, and subsequently a visit was made to the leaders and or representatives of the six villages

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c. Public forum (a Town hall meeting) with Stakeholders from the six (6) villages on the project area was held d. Identification of PAPs and their socio-economic baseline conditions e. Inventory of PAPs and affected assets.

4.4 Overview of Public Consultation Programme

Six structured public consultations with stakeholders were held in the project area (Table 4.4). While summaries of minutes of the key minutes of the town hall meetings and focus group discussions at the six communities (Nkaliki Unuphu, Agbaja Unuhu; Obodoma; Obegu Azuiyiokwu; Onuebonyi Enyimagu and Ndiofutu Igbeagu) are presented on Annexture 3. Table 4.6 summarises the queries/observations made during consultation meetings and how they were addressed.

Table 4. 4: Date of consultations with stakeholders in the project area Date Community Venue of Meeting N0. of N0. of Total N0.of Female Male Persons that Attended 5th July, 2016 Nkaliki Unuphu Nkaliki Primary 195 321 516 School 4th August, Agbaja Unuhu Edufu Uzoke (Village 356 403 759 2016 Square) 5th August, Obodoma Chief Emmanuel 84 81 165 2016 Ekuma’s Palace 6th August, Obegu Chief Paul Okuekwe 150 82 232 2016 Azuiyiokwu Compound 10th August, Ndiofutu Village Square 191 117 308 2016 Igbeagu 10th August, Onuebonyi Onuebonyi Inyimegu 115 93 208 2016 Enyimagu Town Hall Total number of people that participated in the public 1091 1097 2188 consultation

1. General concerns- being concerns and request made across board in most of the communities. 2. Specific concerns- being concerns that are unique or specific to only one community in the project site.

The summary of the general and specific concerns are presented in Table 4.5. Based on the outcome of the independent consultations, concerns and inputs as well as challenges to the implementation of ESMP the concerns were harmonized and classified as follows:

Table 4. 5: Summary of Consultation with communities around the project site

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Agenda of a. To inform the residents about the purpose of the ESMP and to obtain their inputs. Consultations b. To help define responsibility arrangement for implementation of the ESMP c. To determine the existing socio-economic conditions in the Iyiokwu project location d. To identify together with stakeholders the associated and potential environmental and social impacts of the sub-project and the need for timely and proper mitigation measures e. To discuss and agree on the way out of identified challenges Find Out - The key general concern is flooding. The participants indicated that the Iyiokwu river, General during the rainy season, cause flooding of their farms, (Cassava, rice, Yam, Pumpkin, Concerns Pepper, Amaranthus spp, etc.), blocking of roads, and get children drawn and so on. They also indicated that The Iyiokwu River flooding also destroy their residential buildings, fences and other important properties; leading to increase in their poverty status. Find out - In the different communities, the participants expressed some concerns as follows: Special a. The project would affect them socio-economically because it will take away some of concerns their farm lands. b. They also indicated that it will also affect them socio-economically if the unskilled labourers are not employed from their community especially their youths; who are mostly unemployed. c. The community members were concerned that the project will take away their bamboos entirely and permanently; thereby affecting yam staking. d. The project will equally led to removal of their palm trees, banana and plantain, and other economic trees. It will also take away their two major Shrines. It will also take away their vegetation as well as animals living along the corridor. e. They were also concerned that if the bridge that connect them with other communities are not constructed during the construction work, that it will affect them. f. They also indicated that the Iyiokwu River is their source of water for domestic purposes in the area and if boreholes are not constructed at strategic points, it will also affect them. g. They also expressed concern that the sounds and smokes from the heavy machines and machineries will pollute their environment and the vibration of the ground as a result of the machineries and machines activities which may affect their structures. h. They expressed concern that it will affect them negatively if the tributaries of the river are not constructed to flow into Iyiokwu. i. They also indicated that the project will take away their fishing and hunting activities; thereby rendering those who directly depend on fishing and hunting as the only means of livelihood unemployed. j. They expressed concerns about the possibilities of contractors and .hired workers impregnating their young girls/ daughters and abusing their wives sexually during the implementation of the project. Find Out key Some of the key comments are as follows: Comments a. Security personnel should be employed to help secure the equipment. The youths indicated that they will help provide security. b. They thanked EB-NEWMAP, Federal Government of Nigeria and World Bank for their intervention because flood has always been destroying their crops, and rendering their fertile land infertile. They promised that they will support the project and prayed for God’s blessings on all partners involved in NEWMAP work and wished the consultant and his team journey mercies. Source: Field survey July 2016

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Table 4.6: Some queries/observations and the responses given to the stakeholders S/ N Stakeholders Views/ Concerns How it was Addressed 1. Mr. Emmanuel Nwaogbaga wanted to know if The Consultant told him that he will capture that request the project will provide some infrastructural in his ESMP report. facilities such as portable drinking water. 2. Mr. Ogbonna Ikechukwu wanted to know The Consultant answered that he was engaged to carry when compensation of those captured by out ESMP and not RAP. They should ask questions RAP Consultant will be paid and how it will be based on ESMP. paid. 3. Joshua Mba wanted to know if any qualified The Consultant answered that the construction will be civil engineer from their community can be advertised and any qualified local firm can apply given the contract. because NEWMAP has laid down procedures and criteria for selecting Consultants and Contractors. 4. Mr. Aloysius Agbata asked if NEWMAP will The Consultant answered that the community should accept to construct other sites where flood write a report to EB-NEWMAP about the site, inviting disturb in their community. them for verification and possible intervention. 5. Mr. Lawrence Mbam asked what will be done The Consultant said that the project will be completed in case the project becomes abandoned. because Ebonyi State Government has paid its counterpart fund; alongside with the federal government. World Bank is not associated with project abandonment. 6. Mrs. Ude Ngozi asked about what will be The Consultant said that the project is aimed at done to empower the unemployed youth and flood/erosion control and poverty reduction through women in their community through the livelihood activities. He is sent for ESMP report only; project? while the Focal NGO consultants will work with them on livelihood activities. 7. Mr. Emeka Onwe asked if NEWMAP will pay The Chief Consultant answered that issues about them compensation on the already compensation will be addressed by RAP Consultant. constructed channel done with Ecological Fund. He asserted that his community was not paid compensation. 8. Mr. Nwonumara John asked if it is necessary No, The level of the flooding is already known. Thus, it to call the EB-NEWMAP during the flooding was approved for intervention. to come and see the level of the flood before the construction. 9. Miss Obasi Obioma Happiness asked if the The Consultant told her that RAP will capture all houses project will affect their houses. that will be affected by the project. 10. Mr. Anayo Nwankpu asked if the youth of the The Consultant promised to capture their request in his community will be accommodated in the report as one of their major concerns. supply of labour 11. Mr. Israel Obasi asked what should be done The Consultant said that such persons should be to the contractors or other workers who steal reported to the relevant authorities.

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the equipment or material they are working with. 12. Mr. Clement Nwonu asked if there is any The Consultant said that NEWMAP has staff at the measure used by NEWMAP to screen the federal and state levels who shall screen contractors proposed contractors and employ credible before awarding the contract. ones. 13. Mr. Emmanuel Elom asked if there is an The consultant answered that there is an engineering engineering design design approved by the World Bank. 14. Chief Godwin Okpuru asked if bridges or The consultant promised to capture it in his report. culverts will be constructed to enable them move to the neighbouring villages. 15. Mr. Okpoku Ejike asked the percentage of The Contractors will be advised to employ local indigenous employment during project labourers. execution.

Figures 4.30 to 4.32 show pictures of public consultations at Nkaliki Unuphu; Agbaja Unuhu; Obodoma; Obegu Azuiyiokwu; Onuebonyi Enyimagu and Ndiofutu Igbeagu communities.

Fig. 4. 13: Some pictures of the public consultation (town hall meeting) in Nkaliki Unuphu community

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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Iyiokwu International Market Flood Site (First Draft Report)

Source: Source: Field survey July 2016

Fig. 4. 14: Pictures showing ongoing consultation with men, youth and women groups of Nkaliki Unuphu community

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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Iyiokwu International Market Flood Site (First Draft Report)

Fig. 4. 15: Pictures showing ongoing consultation with men, youth and women groups of Agbaja Unuhu community

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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Iyiokwu International Market Flood Site (First Draft Report)

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL ADVERSE IMPACTS AND ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES

5.1 ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL ADVERSE IMPACTS

5.1.1 Introduction This section contains a summary of the potential environmental and social impacts that are likely to result from the Iyiokwu flooding project as a result of the interaction between the project components and the environmental elements. The environmental and social impact is described for the pre-construction, construction and operation phases. Adverse impacts are likely to occur during pre-construction, construction and operation phases of the project. These may be: pollution of water resources (surface and groundwater) and soil, degradation of landscape and soil erosion because of improper disposal of excavated materials and construction waste, spillage of oil and toxic substances during the construction, use of temporary construction sites (camps, machinery sites, storage facilities, etc.), use of borrow pits; temporary air pollution (dust) related to increased truck traffic during the construction; noise and vibration disturbances during trench excavation; impacts on historic-cultural monuments or artefacts; hydrological issues because of improper operation maintenance of the flood control structures. On the positive angle, the construction will reduce/forestall flooding which is a regular occurrence in the area. The stakeholders during the consultation indicated that they have experienced flooding which had destroyed their farmlands and even caused drowning of children. It will also lead to job creation as unskilled youths in the area will be engaged as labourers during construction works.

The impact of each phase is assessed qualitatively through the relevant environmental and social media which are: a. Environmental media – flora and fauna, Soil and Vegetation, Air, Water, b. Social media - Community Structure, Livelihood, Community Infrastructure, Population/Demographics, Public Health, and Land Use

The detail of the method employed for impact identification and evaluation is presented below.

5.1.2 Impact Identification and Evaluation The identification and management of impacts associated with work activities were based on a risk as-sessment method which involves:  Identification of intervention activities that may interact with the site environment.  Implementing controls to reduce the risk of impacts.  Monitoring the effectiveness of the controls.

The key activities of the proposed intervention work were identified and then interacted through the path-ways (or events) that may cause impacts on the environment. The associated potential

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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Iyiokwu International Market Flood Site (First Draft Report) impacts where then identified and listed. The risk of the impacts occurring was analysed by determining the conse-quence severity of the impacts and the likelihood of consequences occurring. The severity of the conse-quences was determined using a Consequence Severity Table and the likelihood of an impact resulting from a pathway was determined with a Likelihood Ranking Table and then the level of risk was deter-mined using a Risk Matrix (Table 5.1).

To prevent or minimise the impacts, controls were placed on the pathways in this order of priority:  Elimination of the activity.  Substitution with a lower risk activity.  Best solutions (engineering and administrative) to reduce the impact of the event and/or control the activity.  Clean up or remediation measures to mitigate impacts after an event.

Table 5.1: Consequence Severity, Likelihood Ranking & Risk Matrix Tables Consequence Severity Table Level Consequence 1 Insignificant No detective impact to the existing environment 2 Minor Short term or localized impact 3 Moderate Prolonged but recoverable impact on the environment and commercial industries 4 Major Prolonged impact to the environment which may not be recoverable and threatens an ecological community, the conservation of species or the sustained viability of commercial industries 5 Catastrophic Non-recoverable change to existing environment leading to loss of endangered species or creation of human health risk

Likelihood Ranking Table Level Likelihood A Almost certain The incident is expected to occur most of the time (i.e. every time) B Likely The incident will probably occur in most circumstances (i.e. regularly, weekly) C Moderate The incident could occur at sometime (1.e. quarterly) D Unlikely The incident could occur at sometime during the life of the project E Rare The incident may occur only in exceptional circumstances and may never happen

Risk matrix Table Likelihood Consequences Insignificant Minor Moderate Major Catastrophic A Almost Certain S S H H H B Likely M S S H H C Moderate L M S H H D Unlikely L L M S H E Rare L L M M S Where  H (High impact) - Senior management involvement and planning needed  S (Significant impact) - Senior management attention needed and careful planning and implementation

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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Iyiokwu International Market Flood Site (First Draft Report)

 M (Moderate) - Impact Management responsibility must be specified  L (Low impact) - Manage by routine procedures.

Source: Adapted from ESMP Nguzu Edda Gully Erosion Site in Ebonyi State

5.1.3 Positive Environmental Impacts

5.1.3.1 Pre- Construction Phase

Livelihoods The project will lead to creation of employment for local people who will be involved in the clearing of the site. This will thus enhance the income and livelihoods of the people and reduce poverty.

5.1.3.2 Construction Phase Livelihoods-Increase in Business Opportunities and Employment (Social Benefit): There would be increased business opportunities for local enterprises which would be able to win subcontracts from the contractor during the project. Also, there would be employment opportunities for local people, in particular youth and women, because of demand for labour for un-professional jobs, increased demand for food, drinks, and manufactured consumer products especially telephone card from the construction workers.

Environmental Stability The construction of the Iyiokwu flood control structures will stabilize the environment. First the incidence of flood disaster in the area will be considerably reduced thus leading to soil stabilization reduced loss of agricultural land and productivity. Also watershed management through planting of vegetative cover for soil protection will also provide carbon sequestration and help prevent erosion.

5.1.3.3 Operation Phase Social and Health Benefits: Reduced flooding will lead to reduction in mosquito infestation and resultant malaria attack on the communities around the project site. This will thus lead to enhanced economic activity as loss of days of work due to malaria infestation will be forestalled. Also, the livelihoods of the community people will be enhanced especially as the local people will be trained on maintenance of the structures.

Community Infrastructure The intervention will facilitate the sustainability of road and culverts in the area there by enhancing the welfare of the community.

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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Iyiokwu International Market Flood Site (First Draft Report)

National Development: The impacts of the project on national development are largely positive. The project will alleviate poverty, improve economic well-being and health conditions of the people and will contribute to the attainment of the millennium development goals.

5.1.4 Negative Environmental Impacts 5.1.4.1 Pre-Construction Phase Flora and Fauna Some plant species may be crushed by heavy duty equipment during movement to site thereby retarding their growth or even death of the plants. Also noise and vibration from vehicles and equipment during movement to site could scare away animals and lead to displacement of fauna around the project site. Vegetation cover in the site will be removed during clearing operation which may lead to loss of flora and fauna species especially insects that cannot move like mammals.

Soil and Land Degradation Movement of heavy duty equipment to site can lead to soil compaction and equally predispose the area to soil erosion. Soil compaction reduces root growth and inhibition of phosphorous and potassium uptake. During clearing of the site, there is also tendency for the productive top soil to be removed affecting plant growth and equally predisposing the area to erosion. There could also be Soil contamination resulting from the release of chemicals (lubricant, fuel, paint) from the machineries during land clearing.

Air Quality Release of dust and emissions from vehicles transporting equipment to site will deteriorate local air quality. Also, Land clearing prior to construction works will lead to generation of dust particles from exposed soil with resultant deterioration in air quality as well as the deposition of dust particles on the surface of plants leaves, reducing thus the capturing of sunlight and limiting the photosynthesis function of green plants, with its consequence in the purification of the air from the CO2.. In addition, gaseous emissions from equipment and machineries used in clearing could also contribute to poor air quality.

Noise Pollution Movement of heavy duty vehicles transporting equipment could generate noise and vibration. This could impact negatively on the health of the workers and those living in the vicinity of the construction site. Also, as earlier stated, noise and vibration from vehicles and equipment during movement to site could scare away animals.

Water and Access to water Land clearing will expose soils to runoffs and siltation of surface water bodies resulting in reduced water quality and reduced access and use. Oil spills could also contaminate surface and underground water.

Public Health and Safety Including Health of Site Workers

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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Iyiokwu International Market Flood Site (First Draft Report)

The transport/movement of construction materials will introduce a number of heavy trucks on the access road and this could increase the risk of motor accidents and result in vehicular- pedestrian conflicts. Also, exposure to dusts and gaseous emissions (as indicated above) could give rise to respiratory and eye related problems while continuous exposure to noise could adversely affect the health and quality of life of workers. In addition, exposure of workers to poisonous plants, insects and wild animals, for example snakes, during site clearing could lead to health problems.

5.1.4.2 Construction Phase Flora and Fauna The construction of Iyiokwu flood control structures would likely delay or even stop the re-growth of cleared vegetation during the pre-construction phase, disturbance of the natural landscape and disfiguring of the natural morphology. Also as a result of these, the habitat’s associated fauna will be completely lost. On the other hand, planting of vegetative cover as part of watershed management will lead to some restoration of flora and fauna species.

Soil and Land Degradation Earth-moving equipment such as excavators will be used in cutting and excavation during the construction of the flood control structures. This equipment will affect soil quality and stability exposing the soil to erosion. Also the use of the equipment will lead to soil compaction resulting in the breakdown of soil structure which will potentially decrease the drainage of the areas. Furthermore, oil or grease and other hazardous products from construction machinery also constitutes potential sources of soil pollution. In addition, burrow pits created during construction especially as a source of laterite if not covered after construction work could also predispose the area to erosion.

Waste Management Activities at construction sites will produce construction wastes such as excavated soils and debris. Excavated waste piles on road sides could obstruct the general public, the movement residents, vehicular traffic and workers as well as affect the aesthetics of the environment. Also, wastes generated from project activities such as cement bags, paint drums and debris and household waste from construction camp will also result in pollution of the environment.

Air Quality The construction could result in the emission of dust and other odours that may lead to the reduction of air quality. Air Quality will also be impacted by emissions from vehicles, earthmoving equipment and released particulate matters as various equipment rated between 200-600 horsepower and burning diesel fuel will be operated during construction activities. The USA EPA AP-42 Emission Factors for diesel industrial engines was used to estimate emissions from construction equipment. Table 5.2 shows estimated emission from construction site.

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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Iyiokwu International Market Flood Site (First Draft Report)

Table 5. 1: Estimated emissions from construction equipment Constituents Quantity Emitted (kg/day) Nitrates 160 Carbon monoxide 6400 Sulphates 10 Particulates less than 10m 10 Caron dioxide 15300 Aldehydes 10 Source: Estimations based on USA EPA AP-42 Emission Factors

Noise Pollution Loud noise and vibrations may result from the use of excavating machines and heavy generators.

Access to water and water pollution Also, considering that Iyiokwu River is a major source of water for the communities, the people may no longer have access to the river during and possibly after the construction. There is also possibility of water pollution resulting from the release of chemicals (lubricant, fuel, and paint) from the machineries. Also, runoff from spoils into surface water bodies could result in pollution and damage to aquatic ecosystem. Run-off erosion may occur from unprotected excavated areas, especially burrow pits, during heavy rain resulting to sedimentation of the nearby water- bodies. There could also be contamination of surrounding water bodies through improper disposal of wastewater and sewage during construction.

Public Health and Safety Including Health of Site Workers Public health hazard may arise from pollutions in air, water and noise as a result of construction work sites, in particular, excavations as well as transportation and obstruction of roads may cause safety problems to the general public. The processes of construction such as handling of concrete mixing equipment, casting of concrete, iron bending and form work etc. might result in injuries for workers. Also, air and noise pollution which can trigger health risks for workers. The civil work contractor will have to establish and operate a camp which will house offices, workshops etc. Potential impacts disposal of liquid and solid wastes, theft, alcoholism and sexually transmitted diseases (especially HIV/AIDS) and other communicable diseases due to free movement of construction workers into the communities.

5.1.4.3 Operation Phase Soil and Land During the operation phase, there could be hydrological issues of flooding, low flow, water stagnation and water logging especially if the flood structures are not maintained by clearing of blockages and de-silting. Also, flooding may re-occur if there is damage to the flood control structures.

Flora and Fauna

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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Iyiokwu International Market Flood Site (First Draft Report)

Clearing of trees/bush around the flood control structures during maintenance operation could lead to depletion of flora and fauna species

Solid Waste Also, waste from de-silting of flood control structures could pose environmental problem if not properly disposed. Also, waste will be produced by clearance of trees/bush around the flood control structures during maintenance operation.

5.1.5 Negative Social Impacts 5.1.5.1 Construction Phase Land Use Land acquisition may cause conflict if there is no adequate plan in place to address resettlement issues.

Livelihoods The construction of the Iyiokwu flood control structures will also impact on the socio-economic life of the people in the area. Some economic activities and small businesses are carried out in the vicinity of the project site and these will likely be disrupted during the construction work leading to loss of income and resultant increase in poverty. Also there is possibility of loss of some economic crops especially palm trees, banana and plantain, and other economic trees, properties, and sources of livelihood due to construction work. The project may lead to loss of two major Shrines in the area. As indicated by the community people during public consultation, bamboos plantations will entirely and permanently be lost; thereby affecting yam staking. Also, the project will affect fishing and hunting activities; thereby rendering those who directly depend on fishing and hunting as the only means of livelihood unemployed.

Community Infrastructure and Community Structure Short-term social adverse impacts may occur as a result of dislocation and demolishment, as needed, of private holdings appearing within the alienation zone of the project (temporary and permanent structures, trees, etc.) that may hinder the construction works. The project is not expected to impact on community structure as public consultation as part of this ESMP ( see chapter 4) indicates that the communities welcomed the project as there are no conflicts in the communities as a result of the project.

Population/Demographics It is likely that there will be increase in population during the construction as many people, especially construction workers, will move into the area. This may result to some social vices and spread of diseases.

Public Health The construction will also impact on the health of the people and animals in the location especially on water source. There will also be a high risk of sexually transmitted diseases, for example, HIV/AIDS as a result of movement of a lot of people, especially construction workers, into the area.

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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Iyiokwu International Market Flood Site (First Draft Report)

5.1.5.2 Operation and Maintenance Phase Livelihoods The operation and maintenance of the facility will equally impact on the livelihoods of the people in the communities as the maintenance work may not permit the locals who depend on the river for fishing to fish during the period thus leading to income loss.

Population/Demographics There may be influx of people to take advantage of the fact that flooding has been dealt with in the area, which may result to communal clash and increase in crime and communicable diseases. . Occupational Health and Safety There may be dangers to operation and maintenance workers for example, there could be falling and tipping during maintenance and even drowning in the river during heavy rains rains river cresting.

Furthermore, in presenting the summary of the impacts (Table 5.4), three criteria were used to summarize the impact on environment: . The Severity of the impact on the existing environment (High (H), Medium (M), or Low (L)) . The Likelihood of the impact occurring (High (H), Medium (M), or Low (L)) . The Effect of the impact, whether beneficial (+) or adverse (-)

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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Iyiokwu International Market Flood Site (First Draft Report)

Table 5. 3: Summary of the Environmental and Social Impacts of the Iyiokwu Flooding Project Phase Activities Environm of Environmental Severi Likelih Effe Social Social Severi Likeliho ental Effect Operati Impacts/Issues ty ood ct Media Impacts/Issues ty od Media on Movemen Air Air pollution due to M H - Communi None t of emissions from ty construct equipment during Structure ion movement equipmen Water None Livelihoo None t to d Iyiokwu Soil Movement of heavy M M - Communi None site equipment could ty construction phase construction - lead to soil Infrastruct compaction ure Pre predisposing the area to erosion Flora and This could lead to M H - Public Movement of M H - Fauna crushing of plants Health construction vehicles leading to retarded and of heavy trucks growth or death. increase the risk of Noise from motor accidents and machines could result in vehicular- scare fauna pedestrian conflicts. species leading to Also, exposure to their displacement dusts and gaseous emissions could give rise to respiratory and eye related problems Noise Movement of heavy M H - duty vehicles transporting equipment could generate noise and

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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Iyiokwu International Market Flood Site (First Draft Report)

vibration. This could impact negatively on the health of the workers and those living in the vicinity of the construction site. Fauna species may also be scared away. Land Use Land acquisition may H H - cause conflict if there is no adequate plan in place to address resettlement Populatio None n/ Demogra phics

Clearing Air Land clearing M H - Community None of site prior to Structure prior to construction construct works will lead to ion generation of dust particles from exposed soil with resultant deterioration in air quality. In addition, gaseous emissions from equipment and machineries used in clearing could also contribute to

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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Iyiokwu International Market Flood Site (First Draft Report)

poor air quality

Inaddition, waste generated during the clearing of sie could pollute the environment. Water Land clearing will M H - Livelihood The project will M M + expose soils to lead to runoffs and creation of siltation of employment surface water for local bodies resulting people who in reduced water will be involved quality and in clearing of reduced access the site. This and use. Oil spills will thus could also enhance the contaminate income and surface and livelihoods of underground the people and water. reduce poverty. In addition, waste generated could lead to water pollution. Soil During clearing of M H - Community None the site, there is Infrastructure also tendency for the productive top soil to be removed affecting plant growth and equally predisposing the

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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Iyiokwu International Market Flood Site (First Draft Report)

area to erosion. There could also be Soil contamination resulting from the release of chemicals (lubricant, fuel, paint) from the machineries during land clearing Vegetation Vegetation cover H H - Public Health Dust and M M - in the site will be gaseous removed during emissions from clearing operation equipment and which may lead to machineries loss of flora and used in fauna species clearing could especially insects affect the that cannot move heath of like mammals workers and community people for example causing respiratory problems.. In addition, exposure of workers of workers to poisonous plants, insects and wild animals, for

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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Iyiokwu International Market Flood Site (First Draft Report)

example snakes, during site clearing could lead to health problems.

Land Use None Population/ None Demographics

Excavatio Air The construction M H - Community The project is not L L - n and could result in the Structure expected to impact Civil emission of dust on community works and other odours structure as public that may lead to consultation as part the reduction of of this ESMP ( see air quality. Air chapter 4) Quality will also indicates that the

Construction Phase Construction be impacted by communities emissions from welcomed the vehicles, project as there are earthmoving no conflicts in the equipment and communities as a released result of the particulate project. matters

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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Iyiokwu International Market Flood Site (First Draft Report)

Groundwater Considering that M H - Livelihood Some economic M H - Iyiokwu river is a activities and small major source of businesses are water for the carried out in the communities, the vicinity of the people may no project site and longer have these will likely be access to the disrupted during river during and the construction possibly after the work leading to construction. loss of income and There is also resultant increase possibility of in poverty. Also water pollution there is possibility resulting from the of loss of some release of economic crops chemicals especially palm (lubricant, fuel, trees, banana and and paint) from plantain, and other the machineries. economic trees, Also, runoff from properties, and spoils into surface sources of water bodies livelihood due to could result in construction work. pollution and The project may damage to lead to loss of two aquatic major Shrines in ecosystem. Run- the area. As off erosion may indicated by the occur from community people unprotected during public excavated areas, consultation, especially burrow bamboos pits, during heavy plantations will rain resulting to entirely and sedimentation of permanently be

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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Iyiokwu International Market Flood Site (First Draft Report)

the nearby water- lost; thereby bodies. affecting yam staking. Also, the project will affect fishing and hunting activities; thereby rendering those who directly depend on fishing and hunting as the only means of livelihood unemployed. Livelihoods- There would be H H + Increase in increased business Business opportunities for Opportunities and local enterprises Employment which would be able to win subcontracts from the contractor during the project. Also, there would be employment opportunities for local people, in particular youth and women, because of demand for labour for un-professional jobs, increased demand for food, drinks, and manufactured consumer products

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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Iyiokwu International Market Flood Site (First Draft Report)

especially telephone card from the construction workers.

Soil and Heavy equipment M H - Community Short-term social M H - Land will affect soil Infrastructure adverse impacts Degradation quality and may occur as a stability exposing result of dislocation the soil to and demolishment, erosion. Also the as needed, of use of the private holdings equipment will appearing within lead to soil the alienation zone compaction of the project resulting in the (temporary and breakdown of soil permanent structure which structures, trees, will potentially etc.) that may decrease the hinder the drainage of the construction works. areas. Environmental The construction of H H + Furthermore, the Stability the Iyiokwu flood risk of accidental control structures spills of paints, oil will stabilize the or grease and environment. First other hazardous the incidence of products from flood disaster in the construction area will be machinery also considerably

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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Iyiokwu International Market Flood Site (First Draft Report)

constitutes reduced thus potential sources leading to soil of soil pollution. In stabilization addition, burrow reduced loss of pits created agricultural land during and productivity. construction Also watershed especially as a management source of laterite through planting of if not covered vegetative cover after construction for soil protection work could also will also provide predispose the carbon area to erosion. sequestration and help prevent erosion Flora and The construction M H - Public Health Public health H H - Fauna of Iyiokwu flood hazard may arise control structures from pollutions in would likely delay air, water and or even stop the noise as a result of re-growth of construction work cleared sites, in particular, vegetation during excavations as well the pre- as transportation construction and obstruction of phase, roads may cause disturbance of the safety problems to natural landscape the general public. and disfiguring of The processes of the natural construction such morphology. Also as handling of as a result of concrete mixing these, the equipment, casting habitats of concrete, iron associated fauna bending and form

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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Iyiokwu International Market Flood Site (First Draft Report)

will be completely work etc. might lost result in injuries for workers. The civil work contractor will have to establish and operate a camp which will house offices, workshops etc. Potential impacts disposal of liquid and solid wastes, theft, alcoholism and sexually transmitted diseases (especially HIV/AIDS) and other communicable diseases due to free movement of construction workers into the communities. Waste Activities at H H - management construction sites will produce construction wastes such as excavated soils and debris. Excavated waste piles on road sides could obstruct the general public, the

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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Iyiokwu International Market Flood Site (First Draft Report)

movement residents, vehicular traffic and workers as well as affect the aesthetics of the environment. Also, wastes generated from project activities such as cement bags, paint drums and debris and household waste from construction camp will also result in pollution of the environment.

Noise and Loud noise and M H - Land Use Land acquisition H H + vibrations vibrations may may cause conflict result from the if there is no use of excavating adequate plan in machines and place to address heavy generators. resettlement issues.

Population/ It is likely that there M M - Demographics will be increase in population during Solid and Waste especially M H - the construction as dangerous debris is likely to many people, wastes be generated especially through construction excarvation of workers, will move soil, household into the area. This wastes from may result to some those living in

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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Iyiokwu International Market Flood Site (First Draft Report)

construction site. social vices and Also dangerous spread of diseases waste may be for example generated HIV/AIDs. through cement and chemicals used in construction.

Air None Community structure Operation Operation and Maintenanc Phase e Water/ None Livelihoods The livelihoods of M M + Groundwater the community people will be enhanced especially as the local people will be trained on maintenance of the structures. The operation and M M - maintenance of the facility will equally impact on the livelihoods of the people in the communities as the maintenance work may not permit the locals who depend on the river for fishing to fish during the period

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thus leading to income loss.

Soil During the M M - Community The intervention M M + operation phase, Infrastructure will facilitate the there could be sustainability of hydrological road and culverts issues of flooding, in the area there by low flow, water enhancing the stagnation and welfare of the water logging community. especially if the flood structures are not maintained by clearing of blockages and de-silting. Also, flooding may re- occur if there is damage to the flood control structures Flora and Clearing of L L - Public health Reduced flooding H H + Fauna trees/bush will lead to around the flood reduction in control structures mosquito during infestation and maintenance resultant malaria operation could attack on the lead to depletion communities of flora and fauna around the project

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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Iyiokwu International Market Flood Site (First Draft Report)

species site. This will thus lead to enhanced economic activity as loss of days of work due to malaria infestation will be forestalled. Noise None Occupational There may be M M - Health and Safety dangers to operation and maintenance workers for example; there could be falling and tipping during maintenance and even drowning in the river.

Solid Waste Also, waste from M M - Population and There may be M M - de-silting of flood Demographics influx of people to control structures take advantage of could pose fact that flooding environmental has been dealt with problem if not in the area, which properly may result to disposed. Also, communal clash waste will be and increase in produced by crime and clearance of communicable trees/bush diseases. around the flood control structures during maintenance operation.

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5.2 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES

5.2.1 Introduction

Analysis of alternatives is normally considered when carrying out environmental impacts of a proposed project. Although the Ebonyi State Government through the NEWMAP project office is committed to the implementation of the project and has approved a design for the project, there is need to analyse the options available as regards the implementation of the project and the engineering options that could be employed in the execution of the project.

5.2.2 Implementation Options

Four implementation options/alternatives are considered. These are as follows:

The Do-Nothing or Null Alternative The Null Alternative implies that the current state of flooding will continue to such a deplorable condition that it would become unsafe for the general public. It will also result in loss of livelihoods. The community people, during public consultation observed that the Iyiokwu river, during the rainy season, cause flooding of their farms (Cassava, Rice, Yam, Pumpkin, Pepper, Amaranthus spp, etc.), blocking of roads, etc. They also indicated that The Iyiokwu River flooding also destroy their residential buildings, fences and other important properties, leading to increase in their poverty status. Therefore the do nothing alternative will worsen the present situation and worsen poverty at the same time. This is not an option.

Delayed Project Option This option implies postponing the proposed activities. This is not advisable considering the severity of the persistent flooding in Abakaliki and its environs and since the prevailing economics (funding) and the political environment is favourably disposed towards the project. The implication, therefore of delaying the project will mean that all processes that have been put in place for the project implementation will have to be demobilised. Also, because of the inflationary trends in economy, such a delay may result in unanticipated increases in project costs. These, and other related problems make it unattractive to adopt the delayed project option Immediate Project Option This option means that the proposed Iyiokwu flood control project intervention works will take off without any further delay. The “immediate project” option will help prevent further flooding of farm lands, blocking and destruction of roads and culverts, getting children drawn, destruction of residential buildings, fences and other important properties etc., and restoration of depleted farmlands to productive uses and enhance viable socio-economic activities to improve the livelihood of the people in the area which ultimately will lead to poverty reduction. Also, the ecosystem and microclimatic condition of the area will be improved substantially. This is the option that should be adopted.

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Alternative Site/Location Option The Iyiokwu River and the tributaries are considered the source of flooding in the area. Thus the objective of reducing/stopping flooding in the area cannot be achieved if the project is moved to another area. This is not an option.

5.2.3 Engineering/Technology Options

Three engineering/technology options are considered as follows:

Hard Engineering This involves the use of structures such as dams, levees and channel modification. Hard engineering structures are point specific. Channel widening increases the channel capacity but may lead to increased siltation. In urban areas, land may not be available for widening. Channel deepening can be achieved through dredging or narrowing the channel. It may, however, lead to increased bank instability. Channel straightening removes meanders in rivers, steepening the gradient and increasing water velocity, and therefore reducing the flood stage. In contrast, sinuous channels have low channel efficiency. Flood relief channels are used to by-pass existing urban areas where straightening is not an option. Large concrete channels are expensive to build, damage the river ecology and are visually unattractive, especially at low flow.

Levees on the other hand increase the carrying capacity of the channel but may increase the risk of flooding downstream. They may also increase sedimentation in the channel after the flood peaks have passed. In extreme conditions the level of the riverbed may rise so much that the riverbed level is higher than the floodplain. Levées are expensive, so are used to protect high-value property and vulnerable communities.

Also, various types of dam can be used to control and regulate water flow. These include: a. Retarding dams are simple structures that have an outlet at the base, allowing water to drain out at a set rate. They cannot hold back water permanently. b. Detention basins are used to store water in times of floods. They are used for farming (pastoral) and other low-intensity purposes, such as recreation, but not for buildings or other valuable purposes. c. Storage dams have gates or valves to store and regulate water flow. Some of the disadvantages of dams include dam failure and flooding of upstream locations. In addition, the storage capacity of a dam decreases with time, as sedimentation fills the area behind it.

Hard engineering has a lot of environmental and ecological impacts. The main one is as regards the nature of natural rivers. Natural rivers have highly variable flow regimes with a variety of pools, riffles, meanders, inner cliffs and slip-off slopes, however, river engineering produces a more uniform condition and a consequent reduction in biodiversity. Thus hard engineering alone is not a reliable option.

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Soft Engineering Soft engineering techniques include the use of afforestation, terracing of slopes and the re- creation of floodplains. They are more extensive in area. Some of the methods used include topographical manipulation, surface and underground storage, gully control, vegetation cover management and flood proofing. Topographic manipulation involves altering the length of the slopes. A long slope produces more run-off and erosion than a shorter one, since water velocities increase downslope. Topographic manipulation techniques include: a. Terraces – artificial vertical layers on a slope designed to reduce water movement. They increase infiltration and sediment deposition. b. Contour ploughing – this involves the ploughing of surfaces along the contours to reduce overland run-off. c. Strip cropping – alternate strips of different crops are grown to produce variations in interception and run-off. Surface and underground water storage mostly occurs naturally such as in small lakes and swamps, but some may be artificial such as ponds. This technique is a process whereby surface flows from flash floods are diverted by dykes to increase infiltration and protect areas from flooding. Gully control involves the building of dams to reduce the flow of water especially in mountainous areas.

Vegetation cover management helps to reduce flooding through increased interception, increased evaporation and evapotranspiration, increased infiltration and reduced run-off. In addition to providing above-ground protection from rain-drop impact, vegetation adds organic matter to the soil and binds the soil particles together.

Although soft engineering proves to be very useful in totality of flood control, it cannot completely be used to manage flood especially when they are heavy thus this is not a reliable option to be used in this case.

Trimming/Civil Engineering incorporated with flexible Structures/Vegetation This is a combination of hard and soft engineering. It involves various articulated approach to handle safe flow of the river with less impact on the environment. First is the trimming of the river meander to obtain a relatively uniform flow and uniform velocity along the channel. This process involves excavating both within the water and on land which will result in aligned flow channel.

After the trimming, a combination of connecting drain and gabion wall (flexible structure) will be put in place to form the new river channel, thereafter re-vegetation of exposed soil followed. This technology is cost effective, high efficiency and environmental friendly, as such it is considered most viable and sustainable.

If this option is well carried out immediately, it will help arrest and prevent further encroachment of the flood into farm lands and environs and facilitate the restoration of depleted farmlands and enhance viable socio-economic activities that will improve the livelihood of the people in the

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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Iyiokwu International Market Flood Site (First Draft Report) area. It will equally improve the microclimate condition of the area, preserve threatened farmland and infrastructure (roads and culverts); ease the fear and anxiety of people living in the project area and ultimately enhance the livelihoods of the people and reduce poverty.

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CHAPTER 6 6.0 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP)

6.1 Introduction The ESMP identifies impacts, mitigation measures, cost of mitigation and responsibilities for implementation, monitoring plan and schedule to ensure that environmental management goals of the Iyiokwu flood control project are attained. The ESMP will include: a. Discussion of the proposed mitigation measures b. Institutional responsibilities and accountabilities c. Capacity building plan d. Description of grievance redress mechanism(in alignment with the ESMF, RPF, RAP, and Project Implementation Manual) to address situations of conflicts or disagreements about some of the project activities e. Waste management plan f. HSE Plan g. Disclosure and Staekeholder Consultation h. Monitoring and evaluation plan, including suitable indicators for the proposed project i. Costs of implementing the ESMP

6.2 Discussion of the Proposed Mitigation Measures The mitigation implementation plan articulates the Iyiokwu flood control project impacts and mitigation measures and assigns responsibilities for their implementation. This helps to solve the problems of overlapping of functions and/or passiveness to actions that often trail project implementations. Timeline for implementation is also scheduled. The last item of the mitigation implementation plan is the costing of mitigation requirements. The essence of this is to assess all mitigation measures that have financial costing and integrate the costs into decision plan of EB-NEWMAP projects so that proper and concise budget plan be made to avert delay or abandonment of the implementation as a result of funding constraints. The general mitigation measures for the sites covering pre-construction, construction and operation is first presented.

Construction Phase Mitigation Generally, measures to prevent and/or minimize the degradation of landscapes and soil erosion, pollution of surface and groundwater resources and soils by construction of run-off shall be implemented by the contractor during the construction phase. This shall include, but may not be limited to, the use of already existing disposal sites; clear delineation of the zones for storage of materials and accumulation of wastes that will cause no damage to the vegetation cover and other components of the environment should be maintained by the contractor; ditches with gradient over 5% shall be reinforced by surface protection, steep slopes, if applicable, shall be strengthened by vegetation, grass and plants, concrete plates or gabions to avoid erosion; sites for storage of oil and chemicals shall be properly equipped to minimize the risks of polluting soils and waters; dust and noise from the construction site shall be minimized, especially in

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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Iyiokwu International Market Flood Site (First Draft Report) resident areas, public places, near schools, etc. In the project areas adjacent to specially protected areas, machinery shall not go beyond the alienation zone. There shall be no waste accumulations and waste disposal sites in the same areas. There shall be no use and storage of explosives and toxic and chemical substances.

Operation Phase Mitigation During operation it is essential that flood control structures be periodically maintained to ensure proper water flow, to avoid stagnation, to prevent flooding and damages caused by frost.

Detailed and specific impacts and mitigation measures, responsible unit, cost and timing for each of the mitigation actions for Iyiokwu flood control project is presented in the section below.

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The impact and mitigation measures, unit responsible and cost for Iyiokwu flood control project is presented in Table 6.1

Table 6. 1 Impacts and Mitigation Measures Iyiokwu Flood Control Project Project Type of Impact Potential Negative Impact Mitigation Measure Institutional Cost Activity Responsibility (N)/Comment Pre-construction Phase Movement of Environmental Destruction of plant  Plant and restore vegetation after Contractor Part of construction impacts species/vegetation by completion of construction work implementing construction equipment to heavy duty equipment project cost Iyiokwu site during movement to site thereby retarding their growth or even death of the plants Noise and vibration from  Minimize continuous movement of Contractor Part of vehicles and equipment heavy machines to site. implementing construction during movement to site Movement can be done once project cost could scare away animals instead of several times and lead to displacement of  Construction workers to wear fauna around the project personal protective equipment- site. Also effect on PPE (face masks, ear plugs, environmental quality and boots, hats and gloves, etc.) health of workers and residents Soil compaction due to  Compaction is increased if there Contractor Part of movement of heavy is steady movement thus implementing construction equipment continuous movement of heavy project cost machines to site. Movement can be done once instead of several times Release of dust and  Equipment and materials should Contractor Part of

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gaseous emissions from be properly covered during implementing construction vehicles transporting transportation project cost equipment to site. .  There should be adequate watering to control dust Movement of heavy duty  Noise standards to be enforced to Contractor Part of vehicles transporting protect construction workers implementing construction equipment could generate  Ensure that silencers are installed project cost noise and vibration on all exhaust systems.  Ear plugs to be worn by construction workers  Turn off construction equipment when not in use Transport/movement of  Design and implement safety Contractor Part of construction materials could measures implementing construction increase the risk of motor  Traffic control measures should project cost accidents and result in also be implemented vehicular-pedestrian conflicts.

Clearing of Environmental Land clearing will lead to  Periodically use water to spray Contractor Part of Site impacts generation of dust particles areas under construction implementing construction from exposed soil with  Construction workers to wear PPE project and cost resultant deterioration in air (face masks, ear plugs and NEWMAP SPMU quality and it will affect gloves, etc.) (supervisory role) health of workers. In  Ensure that all equipment and addition, gaseous materials loaded on trucks are emissions from equipment covered during transportation and machineries used in  Ensure appropriate maintenance clearing could also of equipment to reduce emissions contribute to poor air quality Land clearing will expose  Install sediment retention basins, Contractor Part of

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soils to runoffs and siltation silt fences or other similar devices implementing construction of surface water bodies at strategic locations to prevent project and cost resulting in reduced water run-offs of sediment/silt to surface NEWMAP quality and reduced access water. SPMU(supervisory and use. Oil spills could  Ensure appropriate maintenance role) also contaminate soil, of equipment to reduce oil spill surface and underground water. Vegetation cover in the site  Undertake selective clearance, Contractor Part of will be removed during limiting clearing strictly to implementing construction clearing operation which necessary areas so as to project and cost may lead loss of flora and minimize the destruction of flora fauna species especially and fauna and thus prevent insects that cannot move ecological damages. like mammals  Re vegetate areas likely to be impacted with indigenous plant species immediately Exposure of soil to erosion  Avoid removal of vegetation and Contractor Part of and loss of soil quality from trees to the extent possible. implementing construction devegetation. Also, Soil  Protect all vegetation not project and cost contamination resulting required to be removed against from the release of damage. chemicals (lubricant, fuel,  Re vegetate exposed soil as paint) from the machineries quickly as possible during land clearing  Ensure appropriate maintenance of equipment to reduce oil spill Social Impacts Exposure of workers to  Workers should were protective Contractor Part of poisonous plants, insects clothing and avoid working or implementing construction and wild animals, for moving in the night. project and cost example snakes, during site  Implement site HSE clearing could lead to health

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problems Land acquisition may cause  Ensure the implementation of the Detailed in the conflict if there is no RAP developed for the project NEWMAP SPMU RAP adequate plan in place to and World Bank address resettlement Office

 Construction Phase Excavation Environmental Improper disposal of  Removal of old cements linings Part of and Civil Impacts excavated materials and and accumulated silt. Test for  Contractor construction Works construction wastes could hazardous waste or materials in implementing cost cause pollution especially of silt accumulation. project, water and soil, and  Maintain zones of preliminary  NEWMAP degradation of landscapes. accumulation of wastes that will SPMU and, cause no damage to the  Ebonyi State

vegetation cover and other Waste components of the environment Management  Arrange transport and disposal of Agency wastes according to the established traffic management plan, procedure and in the approved dump sites designated for the specific purpose.  Maintain appropriate operating rules for the camps in identified suitable sites, including safe handling of silt material, control of access, adequate drainage, and rehabilitation after construction. Spillage of oil or toxic Implement the measures to control Contractor Part of substances spillage of toxic substances that will implementing construction

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be included in construction project cost contracts, including: guidelines for the proper storage and sitting of hazardous material such as oil, grease, fuel, asphalt, or ignitable and corrosive materials; lubricants will be collected in clearly marked containers and reused if possible, or disposed of at properly regulated offsite locations; water samples will be taken and tested for oil when there is a risk of spills or leakages to river, surface waters, or groundwater.

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Temporary air pollution  Use closed/covered trucks for Contractor Part of (dust) transportation of construction implementing construction related to the transportation materials and wastes. Depending project cost of on season, wash truck tires as construction materials and appropriate to control tracking truck traffic Noise and mud and dust onto paved roads. vibration  Clean the surrounding area from disturbances dust by water sprinkling, remove excess materials and clean the sites upon completion of activities.  Provide workers who deal with hazardous materials or are exposed to dust with necessary protection gear, and follow applicable regulations and procedures as established by the Government authorities.  Terminate the works at the established time (e.g. work in daylight time), and avoid increase of noise -during rest time and night. Consult with local authorities Activities at construction  Develop a Waste Management Contractor Part of sites will produce Plan implementing construction construction wastes such as  Ensure all waste earth and project cost excavated soils and debris. materials associated with Excavated waste piles on construction activities are road sides could obstruct disposed of. the general public, the  Daily life rubbish and waste

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movement of residents, materials associated with vehicular traffic and workers construction activities should be as well as affect the daily collected and disposed of in aesthetics of the suitable approved dumpsites. environment. Also, wastes  Ensure that solid wastes are not generated from project disposed of in water courses. activities such as cement  Provide adequately located and bags, debris and household maintained latrines waste from construction camp and improper sanitation will also result in pollution of the environment.

Noise Disturbance of  Noise standards to be enforced to Contractor Part of individuals in the vicinity protect construction workers implementing construction during construction works  Ensure that silencers are installed project cost Employees and on all exhaust systems. communities exposed to  Ear plugs to be worn by high noise level construction workers  Turn off construction equipment when not in use  Use appropriate well serviced machinery to reduce noise output  Avoid noise disturbance during rest time and night.

 There is also possibility of Maintain equipment and machineries Contractor Part of water pollution resulting to avoid spilling of lubricants and fuel implementing construction from the release of project cost chemicals (lubricant, fuel, oil residues) from the

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machineries. Also, runoff from spoils into surface water bodies could result in pollution and damage to aquatic ecosystem.

 Run-off erosion may occur Protect excavated area with Contractor Part of from unprotected appropriate blockages for example implementing construction excavated areas, sand bags or concrete moulds to project cost especially burrow pits, prevent run-off. during heavy rain resulting  Install sediment retention basins, to sedimentation of the silt fences or other similar devices nearby water-bodies at strategic locations to prevent run-offs of sediment/silt to surface water Social Impacts Landscape degradation and  Arable land will not be used as Contractor Part of soil erosion earth borrowing. If unavoidable implementing construction the topsoil will be removed, kept project cost and refilled after construction is over.  Dump excavated soils and substances only within the areas designated for that purpose.  Restore landscape to quasi original vegetation cover after completion of rehabilitation works Impacts on safety of  Workers will have and use safety Contractor Part of personnel equipment (PPE) during cement implementing construction pouring and while using heavy project cost equipment.  Develop and implement of Site

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Specific HSE/Emergency Response Plan

Temporary or permanent  Develop and implement an State Project RAP already taking of land, property or Resettlement Action Plan (RAP), Management Unit – developed productive the construction works will start NEWMAP and assets, including peoples’ after the compensations are paid World Bank access to such assets, to the project affected persons (including tree cutting) that (PAPs) and servitudes acquired. appear within the alienation  If demolition and/or dislocation is zone that hinder required, the project affected construction works persons will be compensated for in accordance with WB OP4.12 before the construction starts. Temporary or permanent  Compensate project affected State Project Detailed in RAP disruption of business persons in line with the RAP. Management Unit – during the construction work  Credit facilities can be provided to NEWMAP and leading to loss of income the small business owners to start World Bank and resultant increase in their business in a different poverty. Also losses of location economic crops especially palm trees, banana and plantain, and other sources of livelihoods. Dislocation and  Compensate project affected State Project Detailed in RAP demolishment, as needed, persons in line with the RAP. Management Unit – of private holdings NEWMAP and appearing within the World Bank alienation zone of the project (temporary and

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permanent structures, trees, etc.) that may hinder the construction works.  Considering that Iyiokwu Provide alternative source of water for State Project 700,000 River is a major source of the communities, for example, bore Management Unit – each village water for the communities, hole and hand pump (village level NEWMAP, MDAs, hand pump the people may no longer hand pump). RAP have access to the river during and possibly after the construction.

The project may lead to loss Provide new location for the shrines State Project Cost provided of some major Shrines in with the cooperation of the Management Unit – in RAP the area. As indicated by communities NEWMAP and the community people World Bank during public consultation.

Bamboo plantations will entirely and permanently be Replant bamboos for the communities lost; thereby affecting yam in locations chosen by them. staking. Refer to Implemention of RAP

Also, the project will affect fishing and hunting activities; thereby rendering Provide compensation and alternative

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those who directly depend livelihood in line with RAP on fishing and hunting as recommendations the only means of livelihood unemployed. It is likely that there will be Counsel workers to control their Contractor Part of increase in population behaviour and maintain high level implementing construction during the construction as moral life project, State cost and many people, especially Penalize any worker found to ministry of Health through construction workers, will misbehave especially indulging in convention with move into the area. This illicit sex. the MHP may result to some social Awareness education for STDs and vices, for example workers provision of condoms for protective impregnating women in the sex to project workers area and also spread of diseases for example HIV/Aids.

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Operation and Maintenance Phase Environmental Hydrological issues of low flow,  Maintain the structures to NEWMAP SPMU N500,000 Impacts water stagnation and water minimize the risk for over topping and Ebonyi State quarterly for five logging and clearing and collapsing and potential water Ministry of years – saturation in adjacent fields. Environment N10,000,000  Clear and maintain the flood structures to ensure continuous flow and avoid blockage  Regularly clean silt from the flood structures and dispose of the removed silt in the approved waste disposal sites. The removed silt can be also applied in the farm-fields as a fertilizer. Waste from Households disposed Develop waste management plan NEWMAP SPMU/ Refer to waste into the river State MinEnv management plan Clearing of trees/bush around the Limit area cleared during maintenance NEWMAP SPMU N300,000 flood control structures during operation to forestall depletion of flora and SMEnv quarterly for five maintenance operation could lead and fauna species years = to depletion of flora and fauna N6,000,000 species There may be dangers to Provide HSE/Emergency Response NEWMAP SPMU N500,000 operation and maintenance plan during operation and and SMEnv workers for example; there could maintenance be falling and tipping during maintenance and even drowning in the river. Social Impacts There may be influx of people to Proper stakeholder consultation during NEWMAP SPMU See ARAP for take advantage of fact that the operation phase will forestall and CBOs details flooding has been dealt with in the communal clashes.

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area, which may result to increase Sexual education and distribution of of land value, rent increase, condoms for protective sex. communal clash and increase in crime and communicable The village vigilante groups and police diseases, etc. should be involved to prevent crime. Cost of N16,500,000 mitigation plus project measures management implement costs and cost ation of ARAP implementation.

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6.2 Monitoring Plan

6.2.1 Introduction The monitoring plan is a schedule that itemizes the varying mitigation measures associated with each sub-project phase and how implementation will be monitored. This is done for the purpose of ensuring that compliance is made consistent with the programme of mitigation of the ESMP. The monitoring plan helps to ensure timely project completion, implementation to specification and quality as well as detecting early possible variations in items that need to be addressed in the project implementation. Items of the monitoring plan includes; (1) mitigation measures, (2) monitoring indicator,(3) parameters to be monitored/measured, (4) monitoring device/equipment, (5) frequency of monitoring, (6) monitoring responsibilities and (7) cost of monitoring (equipment, transportation and labour).

A fundamental approach in monitoring and evaluation segment of this project will avoid the linear conceptual model, in which monitoring and evaluation come in the end of the implementation processes however, it is recommended that monitoring will be a continuous process. Figure 6.1 shows the conceptual model for the monitoring process.

Fig. 6. 1: Conceptual Model (Adapted from National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP), 2004)

Generally, the parameters to be monitored during the pre-construction phase flora and fauna (loss of flora and fauna), air quality, impact on soil, borrow pits and dump sites, and access roads and movement, oil spills/contamination etc. During the construction phase, parameters to be monitored include water and soil quality, suspended solids, oils, pH value, noise level, Air pollution /dust, Staff safety (protective equipment), Overall workers’ camp site conditions, number of structures demolished and owners compensated etc. In addition, during the operation

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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Iyiokwu International Market Flood Site (First Draft Report) phase, parameters to be monitored include waste disposal, quarterly clearing of canals, maintenance of canal beds and hydraulic structures, repair of collapsing sections etc. The site specific monitoring plan for each of the construction phases is presented in Tables 6.2.

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Table 6.2: Monitoring Plan for Iyiokwu Flood Control Project Nature Potential Mitigation Parameters Where the How the Frequency Unit Supervisio Monitoring of Negative Measures to be parameters parameter will of Responsible n Cost Impact Impacvt Monitored/ will be be Monitoring Indicators monitored monitored/mo nitoring equipment Pre-Construction Phase Environ Destruction of  Plant and  Size of At work site Visual Within the EB- Ebonyi Part of mental plant restore area after Inspection first week NEWMAP State project species/vegeta vegetation covered construction after State Project Ministry of management tion by heavy with work construction Management Environmen cost duty planted and one Unit (SPMU)/ t and equipment Vegetation month control Mineral during (flora) interval for Engineer Resources movement to species (in three and World site thereby meters). months Bank retarding their growth or even death of the plants Environ Noise and  Minimize  Noise Level Route of Use of noise Daily SMEnv/ EB- mental vibration from continuou below movement meter Control NEWMAP vehicles and s 90DBA Engineer State equipment movement Project during of heavy  Controlled Manageme Part of movement to machines  Movement nt Unit project site could to site. of vehicle/ (SPMU)/ management scare away Movement  equipment Visual Daily SMEnv animals and can be to site At work site inspection and

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lead to done once checking of EB- displacement instead of store to ensure NEWMAP EB- of fauna several  Number of availability of State Project NEWMAP around the times workers face masks Management State project site.  Constructi wearing and gloves Unit (SPMU) Project Also effect on on face masks - Livelihood Manageme environmental workers to and gloves Officer and nt Unit quality and wear face Environment (SPMU) - health of masks  An officer al Officer Project workers and and with duty to Coordinator residents gloves monitor  Restrict movement movement in site around the site

Environ Soil  Compacti  Soil - Area At work site Soil sampling After EB- project mental compaction on is of soil movement SMEnv/ NEWMAP management due to increased compacted of Control State movement of if there is measured equipment Engineer Project heavy steady in meters and Manageme equipment movemen material nt Unit t thus (SPMU)/ continuou SMEnv- s movemen t of heavy machines to site. Movemen t can be

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done once instead of several times Environ Release of  Equipmen  Air quality – Route of Use of air Daily SMEnv, EB- project mental dust and t and Covered movement quality Livelihood NEWMAP management emissions from materials transportatio metre/Visual and State vehicles should be n vehicles inspection Environment Project transporting properly al Officer of Manageme equipment to covered EB- nt Unit site. . during  Suspended NEWMAP (SPMU)-/ transporta Particulates SMEnv tion (TSP, PM10, Project  There or smaller), Coordinator should be SO2, NOx, adequate CO, THC watering to control  Area (in dust meters) watered during clearing Environ Movement of  Noise  Noise Level Route of Use of noise Daily Control EB- and project mental heavy duty standards under movement meter Engineer NEWMAP management vehicles to be recommende State transporting enforced d DBA- Project equipment to protect 90DBA Manageme could generate constructi Project site – Visual Daily Livelihood nt Unit noise and on project inspection Officer and (SPMU)- vibration workers vehicles and Environment SMEnv

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 Ensure movable al Officer of that  Installed equipment EB- Project silencers silencers Daily NEWMAP, Coordinator are Project site Visual SMEnv , EB- installed inspection NESREA NEWMAP on all  Ear plugs FMEnv exhaust work by Project systems. construction Livelihood Coordinator  Ear plugs workers Officer and , EB- to be worn Environment NEWMAP by al Officer of constructi EB- on NEWMAP workers  Turn off constructi on equipment when not in use Social Transport/mov  Design  Safety and Project site Visual Weekly control Livelihood project ement of and traffic control inspection Engineer, Officer and management construction implement measures Livelihood Environmen cost materials could safety implemented Officer and tal Officer increase the measures Environment of EB- N2,000,000 risk of motor  Traffic  Copy of al Officer of NEWMAP/ for SMin accidents and control traffic EB- SMinTransp Transp result in measures management NEWMAP vehicular- should plan. pedestrian also be conflicts. implement  Number of

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ed motor accidents recorded Social Land clearing  Periodicall  Area cleared, Project site Visual After Control Livelihood project will lead to y use available inspection clearing Engineer, Officer and management generation of water to watering SMEnv Environmen cost dust particles spray equipment tal Officer from exposed areas after During site of EB- Part of soil with clearing  Workers At project site Visual clearing NEWMAP project resultant  Constructi wearing face inspection and Livelihood management deterioration in on masks and checking of Officer and Project cost air quality and workers to gloves store to ensure Environment Coordinator will affect wear face availability of al Officer of - EB- health of masks  Instruction face masks EB- NEWMAP/ workers. and pasted on and gloves NEWMAP SMinEnv Part of gloves machines to At project site project  Ensure show last Weekly management Environ In addition, that all date of during visit Project cost mental gaseous equipment maintenance Visual to site Coordinator emissions from and and next inspection Livelihood - EB- equipment and materials date of Officer and NEWMAP machineries loaded on equipment Environment used in trucks are maintenance al Officer of clearing could covered . EB- also contribute during NEWMAP to poor air transportat quality ion  Ensure appropriat e maintenan

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ce of equipment to reduce emissions Environ Land clearing  Install  Surface  Discharge In- Daily  EBS- Part of mental will expose sediment Water point, mid- Situ/Laborator NEWMAP, project soils to runoffs retention Quality (pH, stream & y Control SMEnv, management and siltation of basins, TDS, TSS, downstream Measurements Engineer, FMEnv, cost surface water silt fences BOD, COD, SMEnv, NESREA bodies or other Turbidity, SPMU EO resulting in similar THC  Work office at Visual Weekly  Project reduced water devices at  Equipment the site inspection Coordinator quality and strategic maintenance - EB- reduced locations and handling NEWMAP Part of access and to prevent routine project use. Oil spills run-offs of pasted at  Project management could also sediment/ strategic Weekly Coordinator cost contaminate silt to location at  Duty Roaster Visual - EB- soil, surface surface the site at site inspection NEWMAP and water.  An officer underground  Ensure assigned to water. appropriat ensure that e maintenance maintena routine is nce of followed. equipmen t to reduce oil spill

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Social Land  Ensure  ARAP/RAP EB-NEMAP Visual Once at the EB- World Bank, Part of acquisition the Document Office inspection beginning of NEWMAP Stakeholder project may cause implement  List of actual work Livelihood s including management conflict if ation of beneficiarie (clearing) Officer, community cost there is no the s with SMinLand association adequate ARAP/RA signatures and Focal N1,000,000 plan in place P showing Point allocated to to address developed compensati personnel Ministry of resettlement for the on received and NGOs Lands project based on ARAP/RAP  Social Exposure of  Workers  Number of At project site Visual Daily Project project workers to should protective inspection Control Coordinator management poisonous were clothing at Duty roaster at Engineer, - EB- cost plants, protective the site site SMEnv NEWMAP, insects and clothing office. Environmen wild animals, and avoid  Number of tal office for example working or workers and snakes, moving in wearing Livelihoods during site the night. protective officer clearing  Implemen clothing at could lead to t site HSE the site health during problems working period  Copy of site HSE document  An officer assigned to

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ensure implementati on of site HSE Environm Vegetation  Undertake  Size of At work site Visual Within the Control EB- Part of ental cover in the selective area after Inspection first week Engineer, NEWMAP project site will be clearance, cleared construction after SMEnv, State management removed limiting during work construction SPMU EO Project cost during clearing clearing and one Manageme clearing strictly to operation month nt Unit operation necessary  Size of interval for (SPMU), which may areas so area three Ebonyi lead loss of as to covered months State flora and minimize with Ministry of fauna the planted Environmen species destructio Vegetation t and especially n of flora (flora) Mineral insects that and fauna species (in Resources cannot move and thus meters). and World like prevent Bank mammals ecological damages.  Re vegetate areas likely to be impacted with indigenou s plant

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species immediate ly

Environm Exposure of  Avoid  Size of At work site Visual Within the EB- Part of ental soil to removal area after Inspection first week Control NEWMAP project erosion and of cleared construction after Engineer, State management loss of quality vegetation during work construction SMEnv, Project cost from and trees clearing and one SPMU EO Manageme devegetation. to the operation month nt Unit Also, Soil extent  Size of interval for (SPMU), contaminatio possible. area three Ebonyi n resulting  Protect covered months State from the all with Ministry of release of vegetation planted Environmen chemicals not Vegetation  Work office at Visual Control t and (lubricant, required (flora) the site inspection Weekly Engineer, Mineral fue) from the to be species (in SMEnv, Resources machineries removed meters). SPMU EO and World during land against  Equipment Bank clearing damage. maintenance Part of  Re and handling project vegetate routine  Duty roaster Visual management exposed pasted at at site inspection Weekly cost soil strategic Control  Project quickly location at Engineer, Coordinator  Ensure the site SMEnv, - EB- appropriat  An officer SPMU EO NEWMAP e assigned to maintena ensure that nce of maintenanc  Project

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equipmen e routine is Coordinator t to followed. - EB- reduce oil NEWMAP spill

Construction Phase Environm Pollution of  Removal  Waste At work site Once after  EB- Part of ntal water and of old collected and waste Visual removal Control NEWMAP project soil, cements and site it dump inspection Engineer, SPMU and management degradation linings was SMEnv, supervising expenses of and dumped, SPMU EO consultant/ and landscapes accumulat laboratory SMEnv consultant as a result of ed silt. result of fee – improper Test for test Daily/Weekl N10,000,000 disposal of hazardou Visual y as the - EB- excavated s waste or At work site Inspection case may NEWMAP Part of materials and materials  Area be SPMU and project construction in silt designated Supervising management wastes accumulat for consultant cost ion. preliminary  Maintain waste zones of accumulati preliminar on y accumulat  Copy of ion of Traffic wastes Manageme that will nt Plan cause no

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damage  Copy of to the Waste vegetation Manageme cover and nt Plan other compone  Available nts of the waste environm disposal ent dump  Arrange transport  Written and rules disposal placed in of wastes strategic according position in to the the site establishe d traffic managem ent plan, procedure and in the approved dump sites designate d for the specific purpose.  Maintain appropriat e

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operating rules for the camps in identified suitable sites, including safe handling of silt material, control of access, adequate drainage, and rehabilitati on after constructi on. Environm Spillage of oil Implement the  Ground At work site Inspection and Monthly Control EB- Part of ental or toxic measures to water during Laboratory Engineer, NEWMAP project substances control spillage pollution construction Results SMEnv SPMU and management of toxic  (water and Supervising cost substances soil quality, consultant/ that will be Suspended SMEnv included in solids, oils, construction pH value). contracts, including:  Contract guidelines for

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the proper document storage and with sitting of guidelines hazardous for the material such proper as oil, grease, storage and fuel, asphalt, sitting of or ignitable hazardous and corrosive material materials; lubricants will  Test results be collected in of water clearly marked samples, containers and reused if  containers possible, or for safe disposed of at storage of properly oils, regulated lubricants offsite etc. locations; water samples will be taken and tested for oil when there is a risk of spills or leakages to river, surface waters, or groundwater. Environm Temporary  Use  Covered At work site Visual At the time Control EB- Part of

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Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Iyiokwu International Market Flood Site (First Draft Report) ental air pollution closed/co trucks as during Inspection of start of Engineer/ NEWMAP project (dust) vered part of construction project SMEnv SPMU and management related to the trucks for equipment construction Supervising cost transportatio transporta consultant n of tion of construction constructi materials and on truck traffic materials Noise and and Part of vibration wastes. project disturbances Dependin Control management g on Engineer/ EB- cost season,  Designated Weekly SMEnv NEWMAP wash officers for Roster of SPMU truck tires cleaning the workers Part of as site upon showing duties project appropriat completion of management e to each activity Control cost control Engineer/ tracking SMEnv mud and  Safety Monthly EB- dust onto equipment NEWMAP paved provided- Un-announced SPMU roads. Fire inspection of  Clean the Extinguisher site and surroundi s inspection material ng area records, Spill from dust Kit, Personal by water Protective sprinkling, Equipment remove inspection excess checklist Part of

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materials records, First project and clean Aid Shower, management the sites Eyewash cost upon and Box Control completio Inspection Engineer/ n of records) SMEnv activities.  Work  Provide programme workers and time Weekly EB- who deal table pasted NEWMAP with at SPMU hazardou conspicuous Visual s location at Inspection materials site or are exposed to dust with necessary protection gear, and follow applicable regulation s and procedure s as establishe d by the Governm ent

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authorities .

 Terminate the works at the establishe d time (e.g. work in daylight time), and avoid increase of noise and number of peak hours. Consult with local authorities Social Impacts on  Workers  Samples of At work site Visual Monthly Control EB- Part of safety of will have Safety and during Inspection Engineer/ NEWMAP project personnel and use protective construction SMEnv SPMU management safety equipment cost equipmen provided

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t during cement  Copies of pouring HSE and and while Emergency using Response heavy plan equipmen t.  Emergency  Develop response and plan and implement drills/ of Site Chemical Specific Spill HSE/Eme response drill rgency records, Response Emergency Plan Fire Alarm drill records Environm Noise  Noise  Installed on At work site Visual Weekly Control EB- Part of ental Disturbance standards all exhaust inspection/obs Engineer/ NEWMAP project of individuals to be systems ervation SMEnv SPMU, management in the vicinity enforced SMEnv cost during to protect NESREA, construction constructi FMEnv works on  Samples of Employees workers ear plugs at and  Ensure the site store communities that exposed to silencers high noise are  Machinery on In-situ level installed site, Noise measurement

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on all level in the of noise level exhaust surrounding, systems. noise level  Ear plugs should not to be worn exceed by 90dBA ( constructi FMENV) on  Records of workers Equipment  Turn off Maintenance constructi on equipmen t when not in use  Use appropriat e well serviced machinery to reduce noise output

Environm Landscape  Arable Evidence that At work site Visual Monthly and Control EB- Part of ental degradation land will arable land inspection at the end Engineer/ NEWMAP project and soil not be was not used of SMEnv SPMU, management erosion used as for burrowing construction SMEnv, cost earth FMEnv burrowing . If

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unavoidab Provided le the sites for topsoil will dumping be materials removed, kept and refilled after constructi Size of area on is over. replanted  Dump with excavated vegetative soils and cover after substance construction s only works has within the ended areas designate d for that purpose.  Restore landscape to quasi original vegetation cover after completio n of constructi on works

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Social Temporary or  Develop Copy of EB-NEWMAP Visual Before EB- World Bank Cost as permanent and ARAP/RAP Office Inspection commence NEWMAP and FMEnv detailed in taking of implement ment of Livelihood the /RAP land, an construction Ofiicer, State property or Abridged Ministry of productive Resettlem List of project Land, NGOs assets, ent Action affected Community including Plan persons peoples’ (ARAP), (PAP) access to the compensated such assets, constructi (including on works tree cutting) will start that appear after the within the compensa alienation tions are zone that paid to hinder the construction project works affected persons (PAPs) and servitudes acquired.  If demolition and/or dislocatio n is required, the

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project affected persons will be compensa ted in accordanc e with WB OP4.12 before the constructi on starts. .Social Temporary or  Compens List of project EB-NEWMAP Visual Before EB- World Bank, Cost as permanent ate affected Office Inspection commence NEWMAP SMEnv and detailed in disruption of project persons ment of Livelihood FMEnv the /RAP business affected (PAP) construction Ofiicer, during the persons in compensated NGOs and construction line with Community work leading the Number of to loss of ARAP/RA small income and P. businesses resultant  Credit provided with increase in facilities credit poverty. Also can be facilities loss of provided economic to the crops and small other sources business of livelihoods owners to start their business

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in a different location Social Dislocation  Compens List of project EB-NEWMAP Visual Before EB- World Bank Cost as and ate affected Office Inspection commence NEWMAP and FMEnv detailed in demolishmen project persons ment of Livelihood the /RAP t, as needed, affected (PAP) construction Ofiicer, of private persons in compensated NGOs and holdings line with Community appearing the within the ARAP/RA alienation P. zone of the project (temporary and permanent structures, trees, etc.) that may hinder the construction works. Social Activities at  Develop a Copy of At work site Visual Weekly Control EB- Part of construction waste Waste inspection Engineer, NEWMAP project sites will managem Management SPMU EO, SPMU, management produce ent plan Plan(WMP) SMEnv SMEnv, cost construction  Ensure all FMEnv wastes such waste Level of as excavated earth and contractors soils and materials compliance debris. with waste Control

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Excavated associated disposal in Engineer, waste piles with line with the SPMU EO, on road sides constructi WMP SMEnv could on obstruct the activities general are public, the disposed. Availability of movement  Daily life latrines/toilet residents, rubbish at work site vehicular and waste traffic and materials workers as associated Control well as affect with Engineer, the constructi SPMU EO, aesthetics of on SMEnv the activities environment. should be Also, wastes daily generated collected from project and activities disposed such as of in cement bags, suitable and debris approved and dumpsites household . waste from  Ensure construction that solid camp and wastes improper are not sanitation will disposed also result in of in water

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pollution of courses. the  Provide environment. adequatel y located and maintaine d latrines/toil et  Considering Provide Number of At work site Visual Weekly EB- SPMU, Part of Social that Iyiokwu alternative installed and inspection NEWMAP SMEnv, project River is a source of in-use hand EO and FMEnv management major source water for the pump and Livelihood cost. of water for communities, bore hole Ofiicer, the for example, NGOs and communities, bore hole Community the people and hand may no pump longer have (village level access to the hand pump). river during and possibly after the Control construction. Engineer, SPMU EO,  Run-off Manual and SMEnv Environ erosion may Maintain routine for mental occur from equipment equipment unprotected and maintenance excavated machineries areas, to avoid

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especially spilling of burrow pits, lubricants during heavy and fuel rain resulting to sedimentatio n of the nearby water-bodies Control Engineer, Environ  There is also SPMU EO, mental possibility of Compliance SMEnv water with pollution protection of resulting excavated At excavated Weekly EB- Part of from the area /burrowed Visual NEWMAP project release of sites inspection SPMU, management chemicals Control cost (lubricant, Surface Engineer, fuel, and Water Quality SPMU Env other  Protect (pH, TDS, At work site Officer, EB- toxicants) excavated TSS, BOD, and burrowed Monthly SMEnv NEWMAP from the area with COD, sites In-situ SPMU, machineries. appropriate Turbidity, measurement SMEnv, Also, runoff blockages for THC, heavy and laboratory FMEnv and from spoils example sand metals) analysis NESREA into surface bags or results water bodies concrete could result moulds to in pollution prevent run- and damage off. to aquatic Install

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ecosystem. sediment retention basins, silt fences or other similar devices at strategic locations to prevent run- offs of sediment/silt to surface water . The project Provide new Relocated New location Visual At the end EB- SMEnv project may lead to location for Shrines to of shrine Inspection of NEWMAP management loss of some the shrines area chosen construction Livelihood cost major Shrines with the by the Ofiicer, Social in the area. As cooperation community NGOs and indicated by of the Community the community communities people during SMEnv public New site for Visual At the end consultation Replant replanted inspection of EB- bamboos for Planted bamboo construction NEWMAP Also, the the bamboos at Livelihood Cost as project will communities area chosen Ofiicer, detailed in affect fishing in locations by the NGOs and the /RAP and hunting chosen by community EB-NEWMAP Community activities; them. Office thereby Implement List of project Visual Before EB- World Bank rendering ARAP/RAP affected inspection commence NEWMAP and FMEnv those who persons ment of Livelihood

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directly (PAP) construction Ofiicer, depend on compensated NGOs and fishing and Community hunting as the Provide only means of compensatio livelihood n and unemployed. alternative livelihood in Bamboo line with plantations will ARAP/RAP entirely and recommenda permanently tions be lost; thereby affecting yam staking. Social It is likely that Counsel Number/list Work site List of At any time EB- EB- project there will be workers to of workers counselled during the NEWMAP NEWMAP management increase in control their counselled workers in the project Livelihood cost population behaviour site office Ofiicer, during the and maintain NGOs and construction as high level Number/list Community many people, moral life of workers especially Penalize any penalized for construction worker found bad Part of workers, will to behaviour Project move into the misbehave. Number Communities EB- Management area. This may teenagers in the site Report from NEWMAP EB- Cost result to some Worker forced impregnated location the Livelihood NEWMAP- social vices, to marry any and married communities Officer, State Project for example teenager by the MinHP, Coordinator workers offender NGOs and

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impregnating impregnated Community women in the area and also spread of diseases for example HIV/Aids. Operation and Maintenance Phase Environ Hydrological  Maintain Maintenance Constructed Visual Monthly EB- EB- 500,0000 mental issues of low the routine plan structures inspection NEWMAP NEWMAP quarterly - flow, water structures Env Officer and SMEnv 10,000, 000 stagnation to minimize Data/record and SMEnv for 5 years and water the risk for on the logging and over maintenance clearing topping and of the collapsing structures and and clearing EB- potential of flood NEWMAP water structures of Env Officer saturation silt and SMEnv in adjacent fields.  Clear and Well flowing maintain flood the flood structures structures without EB- to ensure blockage NEWMAP continuous Env Officer flow and and SMEnv avoid Well cleaned blockage and flowing flood

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 Regularly structures clean silt without from the blockage flood structures and dispose the removed silt in the approved waste disposal sites. The removed silt can be also applied in the farm- fields as a fertilizer. Environ Waste from Develop waste Copy of At EB- Visual Weekly EB- EB- 200,000 mental Households management Waste NEWMAP inspection NEWMAP NEWMAP quarterly disposed into plan (WMP) Management Office and at SPMU- SPMU- 5,000, 000 the river Plan(WMP) the river Environment Project for 5 years causing Monitor the especially al Officer and Coordinator pollution communities to Officer around the Livelihoods and SMEnv avoid disposal designated flood control Officer of waste into the for structures Part of river and its monitoring project tributaries management cost

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Environ Clearing of Limit area Size of Flood control Visual Monthly EB- EB- 200,000 mental trees/bush cleared during cleared area structures area inspection NEWMAP NEWMAP quarterly – around the maintenance SPMU- SPMU- Total 5,000, flood control operation to Environment Project 000 for 5 structures forestall al Officer Coordinator years during depletion of and SMEnv maintenance flora and fauna operation species could lead to depletion of flora and fauna species Social There may Provide Copy of EB-NEWMAP Visual At the EB- SMEnv Nil be dangers HSE/Emergenc HSE/Emerge SPMU office inspection beginning of NEWMAP to operation y Response ncy operation SPMU- and plan during Response and Project maintenance operation and plan maintenanc workers for maintenance e example; there could be falling and tipping during maintenance and even drowning in the river. Social There may Proper Evidence of EB-NEWMAP Visual At regular EB- EB- Nil be influx of stakeholder consultation SPMU office inspection intervals NEWMAP NEWMAP people to consultation for example and Health during SPMU- Project take during the pictures of centers operation Livelihood Coordinator advantage of operation phase consultation phase officer, and

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fact that will forestall with MinHP livelihood flooding has communal communities Officer been dealt clashes. with in the Evidence of area, which The village involvement may result to vigilante groups of vigilante communal and police groups and clash, should be police for increase in involved to example land value, prevent crime. letters of house rental, Police increase in Commissione crime, STD r and communicabl e diseases Total Monitoring cost N33,000,000 Besides Management cost

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6.3 Institutional Responsibilities and Accountabilities

The resources required for implementing the ESMP are basically personnel and finance. The key stakeholders in the ESMP implementation are the EB-NEWMAP SPMU, project engineers, contractor/consultants, State Ministry of Environment, State Ministry of Works, NGOs and Community Based Organizations and local communities of the six communities in the project site and the World Bank.

The project team (EB-NEWMAP SPMU) shall ensure that implementation process complies with all relevant policies and procedures of both the World Bank and Nigeria. Specifically, the Project Environmental Specialist, the Livelihoods Specialist and the Project Engineer will be directly responsible for the implementation of the ESMP in collaboration with the Directors of Pollution and Ecology of the State Ministry of Environment and Engineers in the State Ministry of Works. The breakdown of roles and responsibilities of the different stakeholders is presented in table 6.3.

Table 6. 3: Institutional/personnel responsibilities and accountabilities S/No Institution/Personnel Responsibilities and Accountabilities 1 State Project Management Implementing authority, has the mandate to: Unit  Coordination, liaison with and monitoring of the contractors for the Iyiokwu Flood Control Project  Ensure overall implementation of the ESMP especially the prescribed mitigation and monitoring programmes.  Compilation and preparation of periodic environmental reports for submission to the World Bank  Cooperate with the Steering Committee that provided guidance to the technical aspects of all project activities  Maintain and manage all funds in line with the procurement plan to facilitate effective implementation of the project.  Liaise with other stakeholders to ensure the implementation of the project 2 World Bank  Overall responsibility of ensuring that it’s Safeguards Polices is complied with.  Final review and clearance of the ESMP  Assess implementation of the ESMP and the project.  Recommend additional measures for strengthening the management framework and implementation performance.  Approve all proposed expenditures for the ESMP implementation and that of the entire project 3 State Ministry of Environment Lead role to ensure adherence to this ESMP and applicable

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environmental legislations, regulations and standards, environmental and social liability investigations, monitoring and evaluation process and criteria. 4 Ebonyi State Ministry of Works Site assessment and monitoring of works and engineering activities 5 Ebonyi State Ministry of Lands, Compliance overseer at State level, on matters of Land Acquisition and Survey and Urban compensation and other resettlement issues. Development 6 Ebonyi State Ministry of Provides some level of financial supervision of financial matters Finance especially as regards counterpart funds 7 Site Manager  Overall management of site operations to ensure compliance with the environmental guidelines and potential mitigation actions in line with the ESMP.  Inspect the construction and operation of erosion and sediment control devices and initiate repair or maintenance as required.  Ensure that employees and contractors properly maintain and operate the erosion and sediment control devices in line with the site erosion and sediment control plan.  Ensure proper site waste management. Provide adequate on-site waste collection bins, ensure proper disposal, so as not to create environmental nuisance. 8 Contractor  Compliance to Bill of Quantity specification in procurement of material and construction of the flood control structures.  Ensures that the roles outlined in the ESMP for proper mitigation of environmental issues are adhered to. 9 Consultant Engineer  Responsible for ensuring that the contractors comply strictly with the engineering design of the project and BOQ.  Performs the role indicated in the ESMP as regards monitoring and supervision. 10 Site Engineers/Supervisors Provide oversight function during construction and de-commissioning to ensure adherence to good practice and the ESMP 11 Abakaliki Local Government  Promote environmental awareness Area Administration  Assist and liaise with other stakeholders to ensure that land taking does not result in conflict.  Support with comprehensive and practical awareness campaign for the proposed projects, amongst the various communities and other relevant grassroots interest groups 12 Site Committee  Monitoring and supervision of work at the site to ensure adherence to the Bill of Quantities, good practice and the ESMP. 13 CDA/Town Unions  Ensure community participation by mobilizing and sensitizing community members. 14 NGOs/CBOs  Help mobilize the communities and other stakeholders to ensure

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responsive action as regards the project and the ESMP.  Institutional/governance issues and other livelihood related matter.  Project impact mitigation measures, awareness campaigns. 15 Others/General Public  Support project impact and mitigation actions and campaigns.  Identify and communicate to the appropriate authority issues that could derail the project

6.4 Capacity Building Plan To achieve the ESMP, there is need for continues training and updating of the capacity of the officers in the SPMU, Ebonyi State Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources and responsible staff of Ebonyi State Waste Management Agency especially considering that they will be the key responsible personnel that will ensure that the ESMP is well implemented. Capacity Building and training are necessary to adequately empower all stakeholders to be able to carry out the requirements of the ESMP and Monitoring plans as well as for supervisory role of mitigation implementation by NEWMAP SPMU. In this regard, the training that will be covered and personnel that will be trained are detailed below. The training needs were identified based on interview of the categories of actors involved. Training will be conducted in the following areas: a. Environmental Management Systems b. Emergency Response Plan training c. Waste Management d. Specific Health Safety and Environment Training (HSE) e. World Bank Safeguard Policies Also, other stakeholders will be involved during project implementation. Community based organisations (CBOs) will resume capacity training in the area of Environmental Assessment, ESMP, E&S Process, principles, standards and commitments for them to effectively perform external monitoring functions, support aggrieved community members especially PAPs and vulnerable persons to get prompt and fair redress and enforce corrective actions.

Personnel Environmental Management Training Environmental management personnel (Environment Officer) and Engineering Officer of Ebonyi NEWMAP SPMU and staff of Ebonyi State Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources will be trained. The training modules will cover the following:

a. Relevant Environmental regulatory requirements and laws in Nigeria (Roles of NEWMAP SPMU and EBMENv) b. Environmental and Social Management Plan and Monitoring Plan implementation c. Environmental Audit (inspections and measurement) d. Environmental Benefit Cost Analysis e. Impact prediction, evaluation and mitigation f. Health, safety and Environment- Hazard identification and Incident reporting/investigation, Basic Safety Equipment (BSE) and Personal Protection Equipment(PPE)

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g. Resettlement Issues h. Public Communication and Consultation i. World Bank Safeguard Policies OP4.01(Environmental Assessment), OP4.12, (Involuntary Resettlement) and OP4.11 (Cultural Property)

Personnel Waste Management Training Waste management personnel will be trained on the principles of waste management. Training shall include: 1. Identification and handling of waste materials 2. Health, safety and environmental concerns related to waste handling 3. Benefits of proper waste management 4. Methods used in segregating, characterizing and minimizing waste 5. The choice of final disposal option.

Specific Health Safety Environment (HSE) training: The Project Engineers are acquainted with the supervision and monitoring of civil works in general but are not familiar with the up-to-date environmental management practices. Specific training for the Project Engineers (control engineer and site engineer) should contain a theoretical module, explaining the general principles of Health Safety Environment (HSE) Management, in particular it’s ‘why’ and ‘how’. And a more practical session on the execution of HSE field audits. With regard to the former, an overview should be presented of the various steps involved like: scoping, collection of baseline data, assessment of impacts, HSE management plans, public consultation, etc.

The practical session should focus on construction readiness audits (to check whether the Contractor has everything in place to assure adequate HSE management) and HSE performance audits. It is recommended that both sessions will also be attended by the Environmental Supervising Engineer and by the senior staff of the SPMU. A four days training is foreseen for this, and the training should be organised before the start of the actual execution of the works.

Training of contractors personnel: The Contractor should provide sufficient training to his/her own personnel to ensure that they are fully aware of the relevant aspects of the ESMP and are able to fulfil their roles and functions (contractor’s responsibility). Specific training should be provided to those employees that have specific tasks associated with the implementation of the ESMP.

General topics should be: a. HSE in general (working procedures) b. Emergency procedures c. Social and cultural aspects (awareness rising on social issues).

This kind of training should be a requirement for the contract for the Contractor of the works.

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The total cost of training is estimated at US $ 25,000. This estimate is based on the assumption that resource persons are likely to come from other parts of the country and therefore require travel allowances; participants will come from relevant institutions and will receive a per diem.

6.5 Grievance Redress Mechanism At the beginning of the construction project, the communities and all the stakeholders will be informed, through consultation (see consultation plan) as regards the process for expressing dissatisfaction and to seek redress as regards the implementation of the ESMP, the grievance redress mechanism. Grievance redress mechanisms are increasingly important for development projects where ongoing risks or adverse impacts are anticipated. For the EB-NEWMAP ESMP, grievances are likely to arise due to the following:

1. failure to identify all categories of PAPs 2. losses not identified/quantified correctly; 3. inadequate assistance or not as per entitlement matrix; 4. dispute about ownership; 5. delay in disbursement of assistance; and 6. Improper distribution of assistance 7. Implementation of project without settling or resolving compensation matters

The grievance redress mechanisms 1. Provide a way to reduce risk for projects, 2. Provide an effective avenue for expressing concerns and achieving remedies for communities, and 3. Promote a mutually constructive relationship. 4. Prevent and address community concerns, and 5. Assist larger processes that create positive social change.

There is no ideal model or one-size-fits-all approach to grievance resolution. The best solutions to conflicts are generally achieved through localized mechanisms that take account of the specific issues, cultural context, local customs and project conditions and scale.

In its simplest form, grievance mechanisms can be broken down into the following primary components: a. Receive and register a complaint b. Screen and assess the complaint c. Formulate a response d. Select a resolution approach e. Implement the approach f. Settle the issues g. Track and evaluate results h. Learn from the experience and communicate back to all parties involved.

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The detail of grievance redress mechanism for the Iyiokwu flood control project is provided in the RPF and RAP.

6.6 Waste Management Plan Objectives of the Waste Management Plan The overarching objectives of this Waste Management Plan are: a) Determination of Waste Streams, Sources, Management options on project site and in relation to the community where flooding project are located. b) Description of a sustainable Plan of action, including measures for achieving objectives on infrastructural facility generated waste collection systems, b) waste management facilities, c) responsibilities d) economy and financing.

Specifically, the Waste Management Plan:  Identifies the waste streams generated from the project locations;  Indicates source reduction opportunities for each waste stream;  Specifies means to collect, store, and transport waste prior to disposal;  Identifies waste treatment, recycle/reuse opportunities;  Specifies the waste disposal facilities for each waste stream; and  Emphasizes strict documentation and manifestation of waste management activities.

Type of Wastes Found in the Iyiokwu Flood Control Project Environment Waste materials found in and around the canals area fall into the following categories:  Inert Waste - Waste that is physically, chemically or biologically inert. Examples include construction and demolition (C&D) debris or landscaping trash  Non-Hazardous Waste-Waste that is within the legal limits for discharge or release into the environment.  Domestic Waste- Waste that is generated from human activities, including solid (e.g., food remnants, food containers, office waste, etc.), liquid (e.g. used cooking oils, etc.), or sanitary waste (e.g., waste from toilets, bathrooms, and kitchen drains).  Hazardous Waste- Waste that has physical or chemical properties exceeding legal disposal limits (e.g spent transformer oils). These wastes are generated mainly during construction and from households living in and around the projct thus the highest proportion of the wastes are domestic wastes.

Waste Management Procedure for the Project Location Waste management strategy for the canal locations is to first sensitize the residents of the localities on proper waste management procedure; waste collection and categorize waste into types; while waste reduction and pre- treatment options are explored before final treatment or disposal.

Awareness Plan In other to forestall disposal of refuse into the canals, there should be general awareness to sensitize the residents of the canal locations on the culture of sound waste management. The residents should be educated on proper refuse disposal, regular waste collection from the area, ensuring that the residents use disposal bags and bins etc. Awareness plan and requirements should include:  Waste reduction or minimization options

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 Proper options for discarding various waste materials Although the Ebonyi State Waste Management Authority are carrying out some sensitization programmes, the programmes should be intensifies in the project location to further control dumping of refuse in the project area and subsequent increase in flooding.

Waste Collection Plan  EBSWMA should continue to encourage the residents to bag their wastes in cellophane bags.  EBSWMA should also encourage the residents to segregate their wastes.  Waste receptacles/bins with cover should also be used. It is advisable that the cellophane bags are put inside the bins so that wastes are collected and the bags tied after they are filled with wastes.  Waste bins (small sizes) will be made available in the living rooms (for residents) and office areas and schools class rooms (for schools I the locations).  The medium bins will be within the kitchen area.  Safety boxes will be positioned at the consulting rooms in the clinics/hospitals in the project location.  After collection, the wastes should be disposed in waste collection bins kept along the streets which will evacuated daily by EBSWMA. Figure 6.2 shows the various sizes of waste bins that can be used. It is important that LWAMA keep separate bins for different types of wastes so as to encourage waste segregation.  Also, bagged wastes can be disposed directly into the compactor trucks that are operated by EBSWMA.

2.5.1.01.1 Figure 6.2: Various sizes of Bins/Trash Cans

Source Separation/Segregation of Waste Waste segregation at source of generation is critical to proper waste management. For this purpose, colour -coding of bins should be adopted especially for offices and industries in the canal locations. The following protocol should be adopted:  General waste e.g packaging materials must be put in BLACK bin  Food/Garden waste in GREEN bin  Electric bulbs, fluorescent tubes and glass waste in BLUE bin

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 Paper waste: to be shredded in BLACK PLASTIC BAGS  IT Consumables e.g toners, cartridges in WHITE bin  Metal junk must be put into the YELLOW colored bins  Waste plastic containers in BROWN bin  Spent batteries, empty drums (oil/chemical) in GREY bin  Contaminated soil, absorbent in PURPLE bin

It is important to note that sorted wastes should be stored in the appropriate labelled bins; bio-hazard wastes should not be sorted but put inside the safety box; and as much as possible re-use of papers, bottles and plastics should be encouraged

Waste Transportation and Disposal  Waste collection from final storage point should be undertaken by EBSWMA or accredited private operators.  Waste disposal must be done in a government designated sites.

Management of Hazardous Waste  Hazardous wastes MUST be put in separate bags/boxes, closed and coded with red or brown colour as ‘HAZARDOUS WASTES’.  Hazardous waste will be treated before final disposal into channels designated for disposal  Hazardous waste shall not be disposed together with non-hazardous wastes.

Management of Biohazard Waste Bio-hazardous waste must be done with extreme care. These wastes come from the clinics and hospitals in the locations and include sharp object - syringes and blades. Figure 6.3 demonstrate the safety use of hand glove in handling/disposing of bio-hazardous waste in safety box. The final disposal of sharps waste should be in autoclave or an incinerator  Health care workers are to minimize their interaction with sharps waste by disposing of it in a sealable container  If the sharps waste incorporates an additional part, such as a syringe, tube, or handle, the whole unit should be disposed together.

2.5.1.01.2 Figure 6.3: Safety Box

Documentation of Waste Management EBSWMA is required to:  Keep accurate records that track the amount of waste generated and the management strategies used  Waste generating facilities must use the Waste Tracking Log. The log includes the date

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and Type(s) and Quantity of waste manifested and transferred for handling/disposal. The Supervisor of the waste generating facility ensures that all records of waste transferred are logged.  Ensure that all waste shipments are accompanied by a Waste Manifest. The Supervisor of the waste generating facility ensures that waste transferred from his facility is properly manifested.

Cost of Waste Management it is recommended that N6,000,000 may be provided by NEWMAP SPMU as part of cost of sensitization and monitoring of waste management while the State Ministry of Environment should provide funds for waste collection and disposal.

6.7 Health and Safety Management Plan To ensure health and safety of the personnel on the site, some key issues as regards the health and safety of those, especially works at the site, are to be ensured. These include human safety/personal protection, emergency preparedness, medical care/facilities, fire safety and workers insurance.

Human Safety/Personal Protection Personal protection as a tool for minimizing exposure risks in the construction site. Workers must wear protection during work hours at the project location. Some facilities, for example, boots, rain coats, overall wears, goggles etc should be providd as part of the health safety procedure

Emergency Preparedness/First Aid First aid kits and equipment (such as emergency safety showers and eye washes) should be procured for for site use. Contents of first aid kits should be regularly replenished and kept up to date. All workers in the site must be taught basic first aid techniques and oriented on how to use first aid equipment.Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) containing information on the nature, effects and emergency response strategies to be employed at the site should be obtained and kept for easy accessibility to the workesr . Medical Care/Facilities Persons working in or around the sites should be notified of the nearest medical facilities and should have access to them. A list of all nearby medical facilities should be clearly displayed in all OP stores.

Fire Safety The site store should have functional and reliable fire fighting equipment such as portable fire extinguishers. Fire fighting equipment should be regularly checked, serviced and refilled to ensure continuing functionality. Workers in stores should be trained on how to operate fire fighting equipment.

Worker Insurance All staff used used on site will be required to have a Workers Insurance scheme as stipulated in the Nigerian Workman compensation Act. All Contractors to be used on the site must show evidence of , adequate Staff Welfare and Insurance; HSE policy document; proof of workers health surveillance screening; and training & prior experience in working handing emergency health issues.

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6.8 Disclosures and Public Consultation Plan All efforts must be made to disclose/display this ESMP to the public at strategic points within the project’s area of influence so as to allow all stakeholders read and understand how they stand to be affected by the project. It should also be disclosed at the Federal Ministry of Environment and the Ebonyi State Ministry of Health and Environment

A key element of sustaining stakeholders’ support in any project execution is to consult and communicate with the stakeholders effectively and to engage them as early as possible with the project which has been done in the course of preparation of the intervention work and further enhanced during the preparation of this ESMP.

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CHAPTER SEVEN

7.0 SUMMARY, RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION

The Iyiokwu-International Market flood site which is located in Abakaliki, the Capital city of Ebonyi State is one of the sub-project intervention sites under the NEWMAP project. The aim of the project is to solve the perennial problem of flooding in Abakaliki, the state capital. In line with the engineering design report, the project activity will involve the channelization of the Iyi-Okwu River by constructing adequately sized reinforced concrete channel between the Department of Geology Ebonyi State University and the Hatchery road crossing. Additionally, three (3) metres setback floodway will be provided on both sides of the reinforced concrete channel which is to be grassed with Vetiver grass and Eucalyptus trees planted along it to prevent erosion. As a result of the environmental impacts associated with the construction of adequately sized reinforced concrete channel, the project triggered the World Bank safeguards Polices, in particular Operational Policy (OP) 4.01 on Environmental Assessment. Therefore, in line with the ESMF, this ESMP is prepared as an instrument to address OP 4.01 (Environmental Assessment) policy.

The ESMP identified the potential positive and negative impacts and how the negative impacts will be ameliorated including the monitoring plan for the mitigation action. The key potential positive environmental impacts as a result of the project are identified as follows:

1. Improved Iyiokwu River flow and amelioration of flooding episodes, 2. Reduction in losses of agricultural land due to flooding and enhancement of agricultural productivity, 3. Improved microclimatic conditions, 4. Restoration of floral habitat, ecological balance and conservation as a result of planting of vegetative cover to combat flooding, 5. Soil stabilization and regeneration and; 6. Reduced vulnerability to soil erosion.

In addition, the key potential negative environmental impacts are as flows: a. The destruction flora and fauna species as a result of clearing prior to construction and during construction activities, b. Air, noise and water pollution as a result of movement of construction equipment, construction activities, Emission of pollutants (NOx, SOx, CO, THC) from the construction machineries, and release of chemicals (lubricant, fuel, paint) from the machineries, run-off of hazardous construction waste (lubricants, cements, other toxic materials and fuels), among others and; c. Landscape degradation due to land take, destruction of immovable structures (buildings), and movable structures and removal of vegetation, among others,

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Some of the significant social impacts identified includes employment opportunities due to construction activities, enhanced incomes from increased demand for food and drinks by construction workers, diversification of livelihoods, land disputes and communal clash over resettlement issues, occupational accidents and injuries, HIV/AIDS and other STDs and even resultant cases of teenage pregnancy arising from interactions between construction workers and the host communities, destruction of shrines and some sources of livelihoods due to construction work. It is important to note that the negative impacts will be largely localised, short in duration, and be effectively managed through implementation of appropriate mitigation measures, good engineering construction and supervision practises. The mitigation action and monitoring plan including responsibility for implementation and supervision has been identified and it is part of chapter six of the document.

In conclusion, the analysis carried out in this ESMP indicates that the Iyiokwu flood control project will positively and substantially impact on the environment and livelihoods of the surrounding communities while the negative impacts will be localised, short in duration and can be avoided if the mitigation action plan is adhered to. Thus it is important that all the stakeholders are mobilized and cooperate to ensure that the Iyiokwu flood control project is executed successfully. This will substantially ameliorate the problem of flooding in Abakaliki and environs and improve the livelihoods of the people.

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References Akamigbo, F. O. R. Igwe, C. A. And chude, V. O. (2008). Diagnosis of the extent of land degradation in Nigeria: origin, problems and impacts. Being a paper presented to the national Consultative Workshop on Developing an Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management in Nigeria holding at Bolingo Hotels Abuja on 17th July, 2008

Fertilizer Procurement and Distribution Division (FPDD) (1990) Literature review on soil fertility investigations in Nigeria (in five volumes). Produced by the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Lagos

Holland, M.D., R.K.G. Allen, D.Barten and S.T. Murphy, 1989. Land evaluation and agricultural recommendation for Cross River National Park, Oban Division. Report Prepared by the Overseas Development Resources Institute in Collaboration with WWF for the Federal Republic of Nigeria and the Cross River State Government

Bohn H.L., B.L. M.C. Neal, and G, A. O’connor (1985) Soil Chemistry. New York: John Wiley and Sons

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ANNEXES Annexure 1: Summary of World Bank Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies 1. Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01). Outlines Bank policy and procedure for the environmental assessment of Bank lending operations. The Bank undertakes environmental screening of each proposed project to determine the appropriate extent and type of EA process. This environmental process will apply to all sub-projects to be funded by SESP.

2. Natural Habitats (OP 4.04). The conservation of natural habitats, like other measures that protect and enhance the environment, is essential for long-term sustainable development. The Bank does not support projects involving the significant conversion of natural habitats unless there are no feasible alternatives for the project and its sitting, and comprehensive analysis demonstrates that overall benefits from the project substantially outweigh the environmental costs. If the environmental assessment indicates that a project would significantly convert or degrade natural habitats, the project includes mitigation measures acceptable to the Bank. Such mitigation measures include, as appropriate, minimizing habitat loss (e.g. strategic habitat retention and post-development restoration) and establishing and maintaining an ecologically similar protected area. The Bank accepts other forms of mitigation measures only when they are technically justified. Should the sub-project-specific ESMPs indicate that natural habitats might be affected negatively by the proposed sub-project activities with suitable mitigation measures, such sub-projects will not be funded under the SESP?

3. Pest Management (OP 4.09). The policy supports safe, affective, and environmentally sound pest management. It promotes the use of biological and environmental control methods. An assessment is made of the capacity of the country’s regulatory framework and institutions to promote and support safe, effective, and environmentally sound pest management. This policy will most likely not apply to SESP.

4. Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12). This policy covers direct economic and social impacts that both result from Bank-assisted investment projects, and are caused by (a) the involuntary taking of land resulting in (i) relocation or loss of shelter; (ii) loss of assets or access to assets, or (iii) loss of income sources or means of livelihood, whether or not the affected persons must move to another location; or (b) the involuntary restriction of access to legally designated parks and protected areas resulting in adverse impacts on the livelihoods of the displaced persons. This policy will most likely not apply to SESP as this project will not entail taking of land or restriction of access to sources of livelihood.

5. Indigenous Peoples (OD 4.20). This directive provides guidance to ensure that indigenous peoples benefit from development projects, and to avoid or mitigate adverse effects of Bank-financed development projects on indigenous peoples. Measures to address issues pertaining to indigenous peoples must be based on the informed participation of the indigenous people themselves. Sub- projects that would have negative impacts on indigenous people will not be funded under SESP.

6. Forests (OP 4.36). This policy applies to the following types of Bank-financed investment projects: (a) projects that have or may have impacts on the health and quality of forests; (b) projects that affect the rights and welfare of people and their level of dependence upon or interaction with forests; and (c) projects that aim to bring about changes in the management, protection, or utilization of natural forests or plantations, whether they are publicly, privately, or communally owned. The Bank does not finance projects that, in its opinion, would involve significant conversion or degradation of critical

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forest areas or related critical habitats. If a project involves the significant conversion or degradation of natural forests or related natural habitats that the Bank determines are not critical, and the Bank determines that there are no feasible alternatives to the project and its siting, and comprehensive analysis demonstrates that overall benefits from the project substantially outweigh the environmental costs, the Bank may finance the project provided that it incorporates appropriate mitigation measures. Sub-projects that are likely to have negative impacts on forests will not be funded under SESP.

7. Cultural Property (OP 11.03). The term “cultural property” includes sites having archaeological (prehistoric), paleontological, historical, religious, and unique natural values. The Bank’s general policy regarding cultural property is to assist in their preservation, and to seek to avoid their elimination. Specifically, the Bank (i) normally declines to finance projects that will significantly damage non-replicable cultural property, and will assist only those projects that are sited or designed so as to prevent such damage; and (ii) will assist in the protection and enhancement of cultural properties encountered in Bank-financed projects, rather than leaving that protection to chance. The management of cultural property of a country is the responsibility of the government. The government’s attention should be drawn specifically to what is known about the cultural property aspects of the proposed project site and appropriate agencies, NGOs, or university departments should be consulted; if there are any questions concerning cultural property in the area, a brief reconnaissance survey should be undertaken in the field by a specialist. SESP will not fund sub- projects that will have negative impacts on cultural property.

8. Safety of Dams (OP 4.37). For the life of any dam, the owner is responsible for ensuring that appropriate measures are taken and sufficient resources provided for the safety to the dam, irrespective of its funding sources or construction status. The Bank distinguishes between small and large dams. Small dams are normally less than 15 m in height; this category includes, for example, farm ponds, local silt retention dams, and low embankment tanks. For small dams, generic dam safety measures designed by qualified engineers are usually adequate. This policy does not apply to SESP since the policy is not triggered under the project.

9. Projects on International Waterways (OP 7.50). The Bank recognizes that the cooperation and good will of riparian is essential for the efficient utilization and protection of international waterways and attaches great importance to riparian making appropriate agreements or arrangement for the entire waterway or any part thereof. Projects that trigger this policy include hydroelectric, irrigation, flood control, navigation, drainage, water and sewerage, industrial, and similar projects that involve the use or potential pollution of international waterways. This policy will not apply to SESP.

10. Disputed Areas (OP 7.60). Project in disputed areas may occur between the Bank and its member countries as well as between the borrower and one or more neighbouring countries. Any dispute over an area in which a proposed project is located requires formal procedures at the earliest possible stage. The Bank attempts to acquire assurance that it may proceed with a project in a disputed area if the governments concerned agree that, pending the settlement of the dispute, the project proposed can go forward without prejudice to the claims of the country having a dispute. This policy is not expected to be triggered by sub-projects. This policy is unlikely to be triggered by sub-projects to be funded by SESP.

11. The Country Systems Policy (OP 4.00) is intended to allow countries to apply their own social and environmental safeguard systems if they are judged to be equivalent to the Bank’s own standards.

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12. Disclosure Policy (OP 17.50). This policy requires that all safeguards policy documents prepared for projects funded by the Bank be disclosed to the public at two levels: 1) In-Country disclosure at domains accessible to stakeholders, 2) At World Bank info shop. Annexure 2: General Environmental Management Conditions Guidelines for Construction Contracts

1. In addition to these general conditions, the Contractor shall comply with any specific Environmental Management Plan (EMP) or Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for the works he is responsible for. The Contractor shall inform himself about such an EMP, and prepare his work strategy and plan to fully take into account relevant provisions of that EMP. If the Contractor fails to implement the approved EMP after written instruction by the Supervising Engineer (SE) to fulfill his obligation within the requested time, the Owner reserves the right to arrange through the SE for execution of the missing action by a third party on account of the Contractor.

2. Notwithstanding the Contractor’s obligation under the above clause, the Contractor shall implement all measures necessary to avoid undesirable adverse environmental and social impacts wherever possible, restore work sites to acceptable standards, and abide by any environmental performance requirements specified in an EMP. In general these measures shall include but not be limited to:

(a) Minimize the effect of dust on the surrounding environment resulting from earth mixing sites, asphalt mixing sites, dispersing coal ashes, vibrating equipment, temporary access roads, etc. to ensure safety, health and the protection of workers and communities living in the vicinity dust producing activities. (b) Ensure that noise levels emanating from machinery, vehicles and noisy construction activities (e.g. excavation, blasting) are kept at a minimum for the safety, health and protection of workers within the vicinity of high noise levels and nearby communities. (c) Ensure that existing water flow regimes in rivers, streams and other natural or irrigation channels is maintained and/or re-established where they are disrupted due to works being carried out. Prevent bitumen, oils, lubricants and waste water used or produced during the execution of works from entering into rivers, streams, irrigation channels and other natural water bodies/reservoirs, and also ensure that stagnant water in uncovered borrow pits is treated in the best way to avoid creating possible breeding grounds for mosquitoes. (d) Prevent and minimize the impacts of quarrying, earth borrowing, piling and building of temporary construction camps and access roads on the biophysical environment including protected areas and arable lands; local communities and their settlements. In as much as possible restore/rehabilitate all sites to acceptable standards. (e) Upon discovery of ancient heritage, relics or anything that might or believed to be of archeological or historical importance during the execution of works, immediately report such findings to the SE so that the appropriate authorities may be expeditiously contacted for fulfillment of the measures aimed at protecting such historical or archaeological resources. (f) Discourage construction workers from engaging in the exploitation of natural resources such as hunting, fishing, and collection of forest products or any other activity that might have a negative impact on the social and economic welfare of the local communities. (g) Implement soil erosion control measures in order to avoid surface run off and prevents siltation, etc. (h) Ensure that garbage, sanitation and drinking water facilities are provided in construction workers

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(i) Ensure that, in as much as possible, local materials are used to avoid importation of foreign material and long distance transportation. (j) Ensure public safety, and meet traffic safety requirements for the operation of work to avoid accidents.

3. The Contractor shall indicate the period within which he/she shall maintain status on site after completion of civil works to ensure that significant adverse impacts arising from such works have been appropriately addressed 4. The Contractor shall adhere to the proposed activity implementation schedule and the monitoring plan / strategy to ensure effective feedback of monitoring information to project management so that impact management can be implemented properly, and if necessary, adapt to changing and unforeseen conditions. 5. Besides the regular inspection of the sites by the SE for adherence to the contract conditions and specifications, the Owner may appoint an Inspector to oversee the compliance with these environmental conditions and any proposed mitigation measures. State environmental authorities may carry out similar inspection duties. In all cases, as directed by the SE, the Contractor shall comply with directives from such inspectors to implement measures required to ensure the adequacy rehabilitation measures carried out on the bio-physical environment and compensation for socioeconomic disruption resulting from implementation of any works.

Worksite/Campsite Waste Management 1. All vessels (drums, containers, bags, etc.) containing oil/fuel/surfacing materials and other hazardous chemicals shall be bunded in order to contain spillage. All waste containers, litter and any other waste generated during the construction shall be collected and disposed off at designated disposal sites in line with applicable government waste management regulations. 2. All drainage and effluent from storage areas, workshops and camp sites shall be captured and treated before being discharged into the drainage system in line with applicable government water pollution control regulations. 3. Used oil from maintenance shall be collected and disposed off appropriately at designated sites or be reused or sold for re-use locally. 4. Entry of runoff to the site shall be restricted by constructing diversion channels or holding structures such as banks, drains, dams, etc. to reduce the potential of soil erosion and water pollution. 5. Construction waste shall not be left in stockpiles along the road, but removed and reused or disposed of on a daily basis. 6. If disposal sites for clean spoil are necessary, they shall be located in areas, approved by the SE, of low land use value and where they will not result in material being easily washed into drainage channels. Whenever possible, spoil materials should be placed in low-lying areas and should be compacted and planted with species indigenous to the locality. 7. Vegetation clearing shall be restricted to the area required for safe operation of construction work. Vegetation clearing shall not be done more than two months in advance of operations. 8. Stockpile areas shall be located in areas where trees can act as buffers to prevent dust pollution. Perimeter drains shall be built around stockpile areas. Sediment and other pollutant traps shall be located at drainage exits from workings. 9. The Contractor shall deposit any excess material in accordance with the principles of these general conditions, and any applicable EMP, in areas approved by local authorities and/or the SE.

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10. Areas for depositing hazardous materials such as contaminated liquid and solid materials shall be approved by the SE and appropriate local and/or national authorities before the commencement of work. Use of existing, approved sites shall be preferred over the establishment of new sites.

Water Resources Management 1. The Contractor shall at all costs avoid conflicting with water demands of local communities. 2. Abstraction of both surface and underground water shall only be done with the consultation of the local community and after obtaining a permit from the relevant Water Authority. 3. Abstraction of water from wetlands shall be avoided. Where necessary, authority has to be obtained from relevant authorities. 4. Temporary damming of streams and rivers shall be done in such a way avoids disrupting water supplies to communities downstream, and maintains the ecological balance of the river system. 5. No construction water containing spoils or site effluent, especially cement and oil, shall be allowed to flow into natural water drainage courses. 6. Wash water from washing out of equipment shall not be discharged into water courses or road drains. 7. Site spoils and temporary stockpiles shall be located away from the drainage system, and surface run off shall be directed away from stockpiles to prevent erosion.

Traffic Management 1. Location of access roads/detours shall be done in consultation with the local community especially in important or sensitive environments. Access roads shall not traverse wetland areas. 2. Upon the completion of civil works, all access roads shall be ripped and rehabilitated. 3. Access roads shall be sprinkled with water at least five times a day in settled areas, and three times in unsettled areas, to suppress dust emissions

Training of Contractor’s Personnel  The Contractor shall provide sufficient training to his own personnel to ensure that they are all aware of the relevant aspects of these general conditions, any project EMP, and his own EHS- MP, and are able to fulfil their expected roles and functions. Specific training should be provided to those employees that have particular responsibilities associated with the implementation of the EHS-MP.

General topics should be:  HSE in general (working procedures);  Emergency procedures; and  Social and cultural aspects (awareness raising on social issues).

Contractor’s Health, Safety and Environment Management Plan (HSE-MP) 1. Within 6 weeks of signing the Contract, the Contractor shall prepare an EHS-MP to ensure the adequate management of the health, safety, environmental and social aspects of the works, including implementation of the requirements of these general conditions and any specific requirements of an EMP for the works. The Contractor’s EHS-MP will serve two main purposes: 2. For the Contractor, for internal purposes, to ensure that all measures are in place for adequate HSE management, and as an operational manual for his staff. 3. For the Client, supported where necessary by a SE, to ensure that the Contractor is fully prepared for the adequate management of the HSE aspects of the project, and as a basis for monitoring of the Contractor’s HSE performance.

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4. The Contractor’s EHS-MP shall provide at least: 5. a description of procedures and methods for complying with these general environmental management conditions, and any specific conditions specified in an EMP.

HSE Reporting 1. The Contractor shall prepare bi-weekly progress reports to the SE on compliance with these general conditions, the project EMP if any, and his own EHS-MP. An example format for a Contractor HSE report is given below. It is expected that the Contractor’s reports will include information on: 2. HSE management actions/measures taken, including approvals sought from local or national authorities; 3. Problems encountered in relation to HSE aspects (incidents, including delays, cost consequences, etc. as a result thereof); 4. Lack of compliance with contract requirements on the part of the Contractor; 5. Changes of assumptions, conditions, measures, designs and actual works in relation to HSE aspects; and 6. Observations, concerns raised and/or decisions taken with regard to HSE management during site meetings.

It is advisable that reporting of significant HSE incidents be done “as soon as practicable”. Such incident reporting shall therefore be done individually. Also, it is advisable that the Contractor keeps his own records on health, safety and welfare of persons, and damage to property. It is advisable to include such records, as well as copies of incident reports, as appendixes to the bi- weekly reports. Details of HSE performance will be reported to the Client through the SE’s reports to the Client.

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Annexure 3: Summary of Consultation with communities around the project site and Question and Answers

Table 1: Minutes of Public Consultation Meeting Organized at Nkaliki Unuphu S/N AGENDA DESCRIPTION 1.0 Community Nkaliki Unuphu 2.0 Date 5th July , 2016 3.0 Venue Nkaliki Primary School 4.0 Time 9am prompt 5.0 Language of Izzi dialect, Igbo, Pidgin English and English Language Communication 6.0 Attendance The attendance is attached 7.0 Participants  ESMP Consultant and his team  Ebonyi NEWMAP ESMP Desk Officer  Ebonyi NEWMAP Focal NGO Officer  ESMP Field Officers and Supervisors  Ebonyi State House of Assembly Member Representing Abakaliki North Constituency  Former Coordinators and L.G.A Chairman  Nkaliki Unuphu Development Union  Nkaliki Unuphu Chiefs and Elders  Nkaliki Unuphu Traditional Head  Nkaliki Unuphu Village/Clan Heads and Representatives  Nkaliki Unuphu Women leaders and Representatives  Nkaliki Unuphu Youth leaders and Representatives  Nkaliki Unuphu Major Stakeholders  Landlords, Land owners and tenants living along the corridor 8.0 Opening Prayer On arrival of the Consultant and his team, the people of Nkaliki Unuphu were already seated. The opening prayer was said by the village Chief Cletus Nwoke at 10:41 am; and the meeting started. 9.0 Opening Remarks The Focal NGO representative Mr. Victor Chukwu introduced the Consultant representative Prof. Agwu E. Agwu and his team members. He informed the participants that the Consultant was appointed by Ebonyi NEWMAP to carry out ESMP. He assured them that the consultant is well- experienced and will do the job well. He thereafter invited the Chief Consultant for his Speech. 10.0 Consultant’s The Consultant greeted the people of Nkaliki Unuphu and appreciated them for massive and Speech prompt response to his invitation. He disclosed to them the reasons for his engagement and the need to sensitize and consult them concerning ESMP report preparation. He explained vividly the meaning of ESMP and its purpose in relation to the proposed project.

11.0 Consultant’s The following eight basic questions were asked by the Chief Consultant Questions Question 1: Are the people of Nkaliki Unuphu aware of NEWMAP project? and Responses Response: Yes from Community Question 2: Are the people happy and willing to support the project till its completion? Members Response: Yes Question 3: What would your community do to persons that would want to stop the project? Response: The community will call the person (s) to order through the leaders and elders of the land Question 4: Do you people believe that you were the ones to benefit from the project? Response: Yes Question 5: Are you people willing to secure the equipment and contractors that would manage the project?

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Response: Yes Question 6: How do Iyiokwu river affect the Community?

Responses : a. Chief Augustine Ogbonna said that Iyiokwu River brings about flooding when it can no longer carry greater volume of water during raining season and act as a monster that does no good to whoever it meets by; flooding their farms, blocking roads, getting children drawn and so on. b. Chief Simon Okpo said that Iyiokwu River started from Ezza land down to their community. The Iyiokwu River flooding also destroy their residential buildings, fences and other important properties; leading to increase in their poverty status. c. Mrs. Ogbonna Roseline said that they are very happy with the project because flooding destroys their farms (Cassava, rice, Yam, Pumpkin, Pepper, Amaranthus spp, etc.) and also killed some of their children as they pass to or from that area to their school or home. d. Mr. Aleke Anthony Ogbonna said that Iyiokwu River over flows the bridge and road which leads to many kinds of accident and death.

Question 7: Are there any conflict already in place in the community that may affect and/or stop the project? Response:  Mr. James Alieze said “No”. He added that since town hall meetings are been called and people of the community are educated about the project, that there is no conflict in place and no conflict will come up during the construction work since the community members are enlightened about the project. Question 8: Are there any way the project will affect the people of Nkaliki Socially, Environmentally and Economically? Responses: a. Chief Emmanuel Alichi said that the project would affect them socio-economically because it will take away some of their farm lands. It will also affect them socio- economically if the unskilled labourers are not employed from their community especially their youths; who are mostly unemployed. b. Dr. Nwankwo Jacob said that it will take away their bamboos entirely and permanently; thereby affecting yam staking. c. Nwojiji Abraham said that it will take their palm trees, banana and plantain, other economic trees. It will also take away their two major Shrines. It will also take away their vegetation as well as animals living along the corridor. d. Nwigwe Nwoduma said that if bridge that connect them with other communities are not constructed during the construction work, that it will affect them. The river is their source of water as he said, if boreholes are not constructed at strategic points, it will also affect them because Iyiokwu is the major source of water for domestic purposes in the area. e. Chief Augustine Ogbonna said that the sounds and smokes from the heavy machines and machineries will also pollute their environment and the vibration of the ground as a result of the machineries and machines activities which may affect their structures. He suggested that security personnel should be employed to help secure the equipment. f. Mrs. Victoria Nwojiji said that if their women and youths are not employed to supply unskilled labour during the project physical construction, it will affect them economically. g. Mr. Emenike Chinedu said that it will affect them negatively if the tributaries are not constructed to flow into Iyiokwu. It will also affect them if inferior materials are used for the construction. h. Ogbonna Aleke said that it will take away their fishing and hunting activities; thereby rendering those who directly depend on fishing and hunting as the only means of livelihood unemployed.

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12.0 Desk Officers Mr. Emmanuel Nwafor the Desk Officer of EB-NEWMAP representing the SPC EB – NEWMAP; Speech Dr. Philip Echiegu at the event greeted the people of Nkaliki Unuphu. He told the people of Nkaliki Unuphu that the project is their project, therefore they should support the project. He added that ESMP is meant to find out the environmental and economic problems the proposed intervention might cause and solicited for their maximum cooperation. He also advised them to seize the opportunity of the town hall meeting to share their concerns with the Consultant.

13.0 Comments, Question 1: Mr. Emmanuel Nwaogbaga wanted to know if the project will provide some Questions and infrastructural facilities such as portable drinking water. Answers Response: The Consultant told him that he will capture that request in his ESMP report. Question 2: Mr. Ogbonna Ikechukwu wanted to know when compensation of those captured by RAP Consultant will be paid and how it will be paid. Response: The Consultant answered that he was engaged to carry out ESMP and not RAP. They should ask questions based on ESMP. Question 3: Joshua Mba wanted to know if any qualified civil engineer from their community can be given the contract. Response: The Consultant answered that the construction will be advertised and any qualified local firm can apply because NEWMAP has laid down procedures and criteria for selecting Consultants and Contractors. 14.0 Vote of Thanks Mr. Nwojiji Abraham, thanked the consultant, his team members, EB-NEWMAP, Federal Government of Nigeria and World Bank for their intervention because flood has always been destroying their crops, rendering their fertile land infertile as he stated. He promised that they will support the project. He prayed for God’s blessings on all partners involved in NEWMAP work and wished the consultant and his team journey mercies. 15.0 Closing Prayer Closing Prayer was said by Mrs. Regina Ogbonna at 12:53pm after which group photograph was taken. 16.0 Field Officers Mgbanya Jude Chiemerie Nweke Sampson Nkwede Emeka Chikwendu kenechukwu Akah John Nnaemeka Agwu Nwaze Victor Source: Field survey July 2016

Table 2: Summary of Focus Group Discussion at Nkaliki Unuphu community Category Questions from ESMP Consultant Responses from the Community Members of People and His Team Elders The Consultant wanted to know if there Chief Simon Okpo said that they have recorded several was any development project that was uncompleted project but not from World Bank Assisted Projects. abandoned in Nkaliki community and Their Community benefited from Fadama, CSDP among others. whether they were afraid that the civil Chief Augustine Ogbonna said that they have no fear about the work may not be completed. completion of NEWMAP project.

The consultant asked if there were The elders agreed that shrines exist along the project corridor, sacred trees, grave yard or shrines which can be relocated. They promised to consult the Chief located along the corridor and how they Priest and head of tradition to ascertain what can be done for can be relocated before project’s relocation and communicate same to NEWMAP Officers. execution. Chief Emmanuel Alichi stated that the project constructed by The Consultant wanted to know whether ecological fund is not high enough and that this one should be

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there were some advice the elders high enough to control flood. The river should also be channeled could give for the project’s sustainability. in a straight way. Major General Joe Alieze (RT) said that alternative source of water should be provided since the depth of the channel will not permit them to use the river. Chief Egbudu Okemiri said that all the tributaries leading to Iyiokwu should be constructed. The community members should be used as the source of unskilled labour. Men of Do you people like the project and are They all answered that they love the project and are willing to Nkaliki you willing to support it? support it. Mr. Victor Nwoke Chidi said that the contractors, his team, How will you contribute to the success equipment, machineries and raw materials will be protected by of the project? the community men Mr. Nwojiji Innocent said that the consultants and his team will always be supported by the community men of Nkaliki Unuphu Community Women of Do you people like the project and are a. Mrs. Patricia Anyigor said that women will release their Nkalki you willing to support it? youths and capable women to supply unskilled labour Unuphu b. Mrs. Patience Ogbonna said that women will sensitize the How will you contribute to the success community on the importance of maintaining peace, unity of the project? and support during the civil work. c. Mrs Christiana Nwojiji said that women will cook neat and What are gender specific roles women palatable food for the consumption of the contractors and can play to successfully implement the workers. project d. Mrs. Roseline Ogbonna said that the work dismissing time should be adequate enough to permit men and women who are labourers to return to their home on time. e. Mrs Nwabueze Ijeoma said that the contractors and workers should not impregnate their female children and wives. Youth of Do you people like the project and are a. Mr. Okemini Philip said that the youth will contribute to Nkaliki you willing to support it? unskill labour supply. Unuphu b. Anthony Aleke said that the youth will provide security to all How will you contribute to the success that the project bring. of the project? c. Emerike Chinedu said that the youth will maintain peace What roles will the youth of the and order throughout the project life cycle community play in the project d. Ogbonna Felix Chukwudi said that the youth will maintain implementation the project after execution by removing debris or anything that may block the channel. Source: Field survey August 2016

Table 3: Minutes of Public Consultation Meeting Organized at Agbaja Unuhu S/N AGENDA DESCRIPTION 1.0 Community Agbaja Unuhu 2.0 Date 4th August, 2016 3.0 Venue Edufu Uzoke (Village Square) 4.0 Time 11:00am prompt 5.0 Language of Izzi dialect, Igbo, Pidgin English and English Language Communication 6.0 Attendance The attendance is attached 7.0 Participants  ESMP Consultant and his team  Ebonyi NEWMAP Focal NGO Officer  ESMP Field Officers and Supervisors

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 Former Coordinators  Agbaja Unuhu Chiefs and Elders  Agbaja Unuhu Traditional Head  Agbaja Unuhu Village/Clan Heads and Representatives  Agbaja Unuhu Women leaders and Representatives  Agbaja Unuhu Youth leaders and Representatives  Agbaja Unuhu Major Stakeholders  Landlords, Land owners and tenants living along the project corridor 8.0 Opening Prayer On arrival of the Consultant and his team, the people of Agbaja Unuhu were already seated. The Kolanut was presented by Chief Christopher Ophoke; while opening prayer was said by the village Elder Nwitigiri at 11:00 am; and the meeting started. 9.0 Opening Remarks The Focal NGO representative Mr. Victor Chukwu introduced the representative of the Chief Consultant Prof. Agwu E. Agwu and his team members. He informed the participants that the Consultant was appointed by Ebonyi NEWMAP to carry out ESMP for Iyiokwu International market project site. He assured them that the consultant is well-experienced and will do the job well. He thereafter invited the Chief Consultant for his speech. 10.0 Consultant’s The Chief Consultant greeted the people of Agbaja Unuhu and appreciated them Speech for coming out en masse and for their prompt response to his invitation. He disclosed to them the reasons for his engagement and the need to sensitize and consult them concerning the ESMP report preparation. He explained extensively what ESMP is all about in relation to finding out from them how Iyiokwu flooding affect their social, environmental and economic conditions. 10.1 Consultant’s The following eleven basic questions were asked by the Chief Consultant Questions Question 1: Are the people of Agbaja Unuhu aware of the NEWMAP project? and Responses Response: No, Then, the Focal NGO representative; Mr. Victor Chukwu explained From Community to them vividly what NEWMAP project is all about; he taught them about the Members mission, vision and goal of the Project. He told them that the project is sponsored by the World Bank in corroboration with the Federal Government of Nigeria and Ebonyi State Government. It started in the year 2012 and will last till the year 2020. He explained that the project involves preparation of many documents before the commencement of the actual civil works and that the ESMP is one of such documents. The project according to him is meant to control flood and erosion in Ebonyi State and other benefiting states in Nigeria. He encouraged them to accept the project and support all the components of the project. Question 2: Are you happy and willing to support the project till its completion? Response: Yes Question 3: Do you people believe that you are the ones to benefit from the project? Response: Yes Question 4: Are you people willing to secure the equipment and contractors that will execute the project? Response: Yes Question 5: How do Iyiokwu river affect the Community? Responses : a. Mr. Monday Nwibo asserted that there were tributaries like Ama tributary which were supposed to be channelled into Iyiokwu by the earlier canal built with Ecological Fund. This results to annual flooding after heavy downpour leading to massive destruction of assets near the corridor as well as agricultural crops such as rice, yam, and cassava as well as vegetables etc. b. Mrs. Felicia Nwamkpu explained that due to the fact that the already constructed Iyiokwu river channel is not high enough, there is usually heavy flooding as the water overflows its bank; claiming lives and destroying residential buildings and shops. This subject victims to abject poverty through loss of means of livelihood.

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c. Mr. Christopher Ophoke said that the tributary from Girls High School Abakaliki which was not constructed gets flooded on yearly basis; leading to destruction of his properties and the properties of his tenants; who also vacated the building without paying him due to the lost they encountered. According to him, the flood also affected his rice farm to an extent that he lost all the rice he cultivated. d. Mr. Monday Nwelum explained that the flood also block the children from going to school and the women from going to market. It has also destroyed important credentials and household properties of people. e. Mr. Onwe David reported that the constructed Iyiokwu River from Onwe road down to half way in Obodoma/Ndiofutu community is not wide and high enough to contain enough volume of water and the tributaries. According to him, he lost about 2,000 matured fish from his fish pond around Iyiokwu River this year. Question 6: Are there any conflict in your Community that will disrupt this project? Response: No Question 7: What will your community do to persons that want to disrupt the progress of the project? Responses: Chief Nwajiaka said that the community leaders will call the police to come and arrest the persons.

Question 8: What are the perceived challenges that the contractors will face in the cause of the project execution? Responses: a. Mr. Uchenna Nwogbaga said that the Contractors should not abuse their wives and daughters sexually. It is a taboo in izzi land for a married woman to have an affair with another man when the husband is still alive. The shrine must be relocated before the construction. The compensation of project affected persons should be paid before the construction. b. Mr. Nwibo Aligbo said that the Contractor should not bring hard drugs to their community. They should also respect the tradition of their community. c. Mr. Friday Nweka said that the contractors should source local labour from their community. d. Mrs. Nwophoke Justina said that the community should be properly informed and notified prior to the construction period to enable them remove their moveable properties that might be destroyed by the project. They should not purchase any items or goods/services on credit from their women and men traders. e. Mrs. Roseline Nwogba said that the contractors should not have an affair with their married women. It is forbidden in izzi land. It leads to death of both parties involved. f. Mrs. Nneka Onyema Ophoke said that the active poor persons among them such as their widows, physically challenged and unemployed youths who are denied their means of livelihood by the seasonal flooding should be considered in livelihood components. Question 9: What are the specific ways in which the community will support the project? Response: a. Mr. Maurice Onwe said that the community will provide vigilante group that will help to safeguard the contractors and their equipment. b. Chief Boniface Nwankwo said that the contractors should also come with their own security men as their own vigilante group will act as subordinates. c. Mr. Michael Okemiri said that they will provide artisans like carpenters, concrete mixers, welders, iron benders that will supply labour to the contractors. They will also encourage their women to cook and sell palatable food to them.

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Question 10: What are the advices that the community have that will sustain the project after its completion and perceived negative impact of the project on their environment? Response: a. Chief Clement Nwaogbaga said that the project will be safeguarded after it has been constructed. b. Mr. John Nwambeke said that the road that pass across and along the Iyiokwu River should also be constructed along with bridge. c. Mr. Christian Onwe said that the contractors should make sure that quality materials are used in the construction of the Iyiokwu River and the blocked tributaries should be re-channelized into Iyiokwu. d. Mr. Ekuma Joseph said that a protector should be constructed on top of the concrete pavement of the channel in order to safeguard people and materials from falling inside the Iyiokwu River. e. Mr. Uchenna Nshi advised that the project corridor constructed is too narrow. There should be adequate expansion to accommodate the volume of water during heavy rainfall. 11.0 Questions and Question 1: Mr. Aloysius Agbata asked if NEWMAP will accept to construct other Answers sites where flood disturb in their community. Response: The Consultant answered that the community should write a report to EB-NEWMAP about the site, inviting them for verification and possible intervention. Question 2: Mr. Lawrence Mbam asked what will be done in case the project becomes abandoned. Response: The Consultant said that the project will be completed because Ebonyi State Government has paid its counterpart fund; alongside with the federal government. World Bank is not associated with project abandonment. Question 3: Mrs. Ude Ngozi asked about what will be done to empower the unemployed youth and women in their community through the project? Response: The Consultant said that the project is aimed at flood/erosion control and poverty reduction through livelihood activities. He is sent for ESMP report only; while the Focal NGO consultants will work with them on livelihood activities. Question 4: Mr. Emeka Onwe asked if NEWMAP will pay them compensation on the already constructed channel done with Ecological Fund. He asserted that his community was not paid compensation. Response: The Chief Consultant answered that issues about compensation should be addressed to RAP Consultant.

12.0 Focus Group The Chief Consultant asked the following questions during the Focus Group Discussion: Discussion. This was sub-divided into four major groups such as: Elders, Men, Women and Youth. Male and female youth were accommodated in the youth group.

Elder Group Question 1: What will be done to appease the shrine before the work commences? Response: The shrine needs money and items for its relocation. Question 2: What is the time interval for the relocation of the shrine prior to construction? Response: One week interval Question 3: Are there any sacred tree/trees as well as graveyard along the corridor? Response: Yes Question 4: Are there any abandoned project in your community? Response: No Question 5: What are the advices that elders will give for the success of the project?

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Response: Adequate compensation should be paid before the construction work. Question 6: How many people has the flood killed in your community? Response: In 2012 at Ajali beside Girls High school, the flood killed 2 persons in Men Group Agbaja unuhu. More than 10 (ten) persons have been drowned by the river between 1999 and 2016.

Question 7: Do you like the project? Response: Yes Question 8: How will the men support the project? Response: Mr. Lawrence Mbam stated that the initial support earlier said is what they stand on. He also suggested that a strong protector should be constructed on top of the concrete wall for protection of vehicles and people walking along the corridor. Question 9: Mr. Okechukwu Elom asked if RAP activities will take place in Agbaja Unuhu. Response: The Consultant said no because the engineering design covered hatchery road to Onwe Road. But, if there is need for expansion of the already existing channel, then they will be captured by RAP. If not, they will benefit from other aspects of the project. Comments: a. Mr. Uguru Afunanyaekwe lamented that the tributaries should be critically considered during civil works. If not, the project will cause more harm than good in their community. b. Mr. Nwankwegu Emmanuel suggested that the project should provide alternative source of water. If not, the contractors should make the channel accessible; because Iyiokwu is the major source of water to greater proportion of the community members.

Question 10: What are the contributions and suggestions of the Youth to the Youth Group success of the intervention project? Response: Mr. Aloysius Nwalem said that the youth who are artisans will help to supply labour during the construction work. Comments: a. Mr. Ekpete Friday suggested that NEWMAP should help in providing ancillary project like electricity and road to their community. b. Mr. Elugwe Patrick commended the consultation done which is the first ever to be done in their community and requested that labour should be sourced from their community.

Question 11: Do women like the project? Women Group Response: Yes Question 12: How will you people support the project as women in this community? Response: a. Mrs. Justina Nwophoke said that they will mobilize their youth to safeguard the contractors and equipment of the project. b. Mrs. Catherine Nkwuda said that the women will help to remove all the obstacles and crops prior to civil work. Question 13: What are your advice to the Contractors? Responses: a. Mrs. Juliet Nwankwegu said that they should come with standard and quality materials for the construction work and that they should employ their women during the construction. b. Mrs. Mbam Christiana said that the women will cooperate with them and support them. c. Mrs. Ezeogo Agatha said that they should employ their women in the

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construction work. They should also keep away from their married women on sexual matters because custom demand that. d. Mrs. Enyigwe Chinyere said that the compensation should be made before the construction. e. Mrs. Nnenna Ugo said that any food item that the contrctors would buy from their community traders, should be paid for. 13.0 Vote of Thanks Mr. Monday Nwibo thanked the Chief Consultant and his team for the consultation meeting. He also prayed that the goal of EB-NEWMAP for their community should be achieved. He prayed for blessing upon the Chief consultant, Ebonyi State and Federal Government and World Bank. He also thanked the governor of Ebonyi State as well as the State Project Coordinator for the good work they are doing. 14.0 Closing Prayer Closing Prayer was said by Mrs. Ezeogo Agatha at 1:17pm.

15.0 Photographs Group Photographs was taken after the closing prayer Source: Field survey August, 2016

Table 4: Minutes of Public Consultation Meeting Organized at Obodoma S/N AGENDA DESCRIPTION 1.0 Community Obodoma 2.0 Date 5th August, 2016 3.0 Venue Chief Emmanuel Ekuma’s Palace 4.0 Time 3pm prompt 5.0 Language of Izzi dialect, Igbo, Pidgin English and English Language Communication 6.0 Attendance The attendance is attached 7.0 Participants  ESMP Consultant and his team  Ebonyi NEWMAP Focal NGO Officer  ESMP Field Officers and Supervisors  Obodoma Chiefs and Elders  Obodoma Traditional Head  Obodoma Village/Clan Heads and Representatives  Obodoma Women leaders and Representatives  Obodoma Youth leaders and Representatives  Obodoma Major Stakeholders  Landlords, Land owners and tenants living along the corridor 8.0 Opening Prayer On arrival of the Consultant and his team, the people of Obodoma were already seated. The opening prayer was said by the village Chief Ibeogu Boniface Nwenu at 4pm prompt and the meeting started. 9.0 Opening Remarks The Focal NGO representative Mr. Victor Chukwu introduced the representative of the Chief Consultant Prof. Agwu E. Agwu and his team. He informed the participants that the Consultant was appointed by Ebonyi NEWMAP to carry out ESMP for Iyiokwu International market project site. He assured them that the consultant is well-experienced and will do the job well. He thereafter invited the representative of the Chief Consultant for his speech. 10. Consultant’ s The Chief Consultant greeted the people of Obodoma and appreciated them for Speech positive attitude towards NEWMAP. He disclosed to them the reasons for his engagement and the need to sensitize and consult them concerning ESMP report preparation. He explained what ESMP is all about and encouraged everybody to pay rapt attention. He also advised that people should be free to contribute in the interactive session and ask questions when necessary.

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11. Consultant’s The following Fifteen basic questions were asked by the Chief Consultant Questions Question 1: Are the people of Obodoma aware of the NEWMAP project? and Responses Response: Yes from Community Question 2: Are the community members happy and willing to support the project Members till its completion? Response: Yes Question 3: Do you people believe that you are the ones to benefit from the project? Response: Yes Question 4: Are you people willing to secure the equipment and contractors that would manage the project? Response: Yes Question 5: How do Iyiokwu river affect the Community? Responses : a. Chief Francis Nwonumara recalled that Iyiokwu River had existed before they were born, and had continued to destroy their farms and properties as a result of flooding due to effects of urbanization. It has made them to relocate far away from the river bank area down to the lower watershed as government has always taken their land from them. The flooding in 2014, killed about 6 persons and condemned household properties in 20 buildings. b. Mrs. Nwonumara Nnenna asserted that the river bank is their farming land and whenever flooding occurs, it destroy their crops and also render the soil unproductive in that season. c. Mr. Chijioke Nkwegu, the youth leader said that the last flood in 2016 destroyed their wooden built bridge in Iyiokwu which has disconnected them from going to their farms, neighboring community (Nduofutu Igbeagu), and their children are disconnected from going to their schools. d. Mr. Emeka Ndubueze said that as a landlord, the flood has caused his tenants to vacate from his building. It has pulled down some of his buildings and destroyed and carried away some of his properties. e. Mr. Dennis Egbe reported that the flood has continued to destroy their farm crops, fowls and goats. He also said that the bad nature of their bridge at Obodoma/Nduofutu cross way calls for NEWMAP to help them to construct better bridge for them because it is only the means of carrying out their farm produce to the town for sell. Question 6: Are there any conflict in your Community that will disrupt this project? Response: No Question 7: What will your community do to persons that want to disrupt the progress of the project? Responses: Mr. Justin Akam said that the community leaders will try to use their custom to bring the persons to order and if this fails, they will involve the police. Question 8: What are the things the flood has destroyed economically in your community? Response: Chief Ibeogu Boniface said that economically, the flooding has destroy their farms and buildings. Question 9: What do you think that will be done in order to control the flood? Response: a. Mr. Godwin Nweze said if that they have the finance, they would properly re- channel the Iyiokwu in a straight order into Ebonyi River. b. Chief George Oyibe said that if they had known what to do in order to control the flooding, that they would have done it before now. It is beyond their control. Question 10: What will be the hindrance to this project success? Response: Chief George Oyibe said that since the consultation has been done, there will be no problem coming from the community that will be a hindrance to the project success. Question 11: What are the ways that the community will support the project?

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Response: a. Chief Boniface Ibeogu said that the youths will supply labour, materials during the construction and also, they will help to safeguard the equipment. b. Mrs. Nkechi Nwibo said that the community will help to support the project by being peaceful during its execution. c. Mr. Chijioke Nkwegu said that the youth will also provide security to the contractors and the equipment. Question 12: How will the community make sure that the project will be sustained? Response: a. Chief Nwonumara John said that if the bridge is constructed, they would hire labour that will always remove rubbish inside the river that blocks the water ways. b. Mr. Dennis Egbe said that they would always provide security that will keep a watch to make sure the channel is kept in order. c. Mrs. Christiana Oyibe said that the compensation should be made before the construction in order that those that the project will take up their economic activities will find another place to continue their business and provide support to the project. d. Miss Grace Nwamini said that the youth will secure the project since this is the first time government is bringing new project into their community. Question 14: Are there any abandoned project brought by government in your community? Response: Mr. Iboko Josphine said that the Iyiokwu channelling and bridge construction is an abandoned project of ecological fund. Question 15: What are the ways the project will affect the people of Obodoma socially, environmentally and economically after the Construction? Response: a. Chief George Oyibe said that the excavation from the Iyiokwu will take their farm land and economic trees. b. Chief Mbam Emmanuel said that the construction will take up their source of water. c. Mr. Igwe Monday said that it will take up their farm land and stop their fishing activities. d. Mrs. Angelina Nwonumara said that when the heavy machines and machineries will be coming into their community, the road will widened for easy movement and some shops will be affected. e. Miss Nweze Chinelo said that if the bridge is not constructed, the children will be disconnected from going to school and the farmers will be disconnected from going to their farms. 12. Comments, Question 1: Mr. John Mbam – What are the negative side effects of the project to General Questions the community? and Answers Response: It will take your land, bamboos, economic trees, source of water. Question 2: Mr. Nwonumara John – Is it necessary to call the EB-NEWMAP during the flooding to come and see the level of the flood before the construction? Response: No, The level of the flooding is already known. Thus, it was approved for intervention. Question 3: Mr. Nkwuda Benjamin – Will the RAP be taken in our community? Response: No, engineering design did not capture your community. Construction has been carried out half way in your community although it is not constructed down to Ebonyi river. Question 4: Chizoba Oluka – Will the bridge be constructed before the major construction? Response: The contractor will provide the answer. Question 5: Mrs. Josephine Mbam – Is the Questionnaire picture capturing meant for everybody? Response: No, the essence of taking the picture is to make sure and to show that

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the data was really collected at the study area. Comment: Mr. Emmanuel Mbam – There should be construction of borehole before construction. 13. Focus Group The Chief Consultant asked the following questions during the Focus Group Discussion: Discussion

Elder Group Question 1: Are there any abandoned project in your community? Response: Yes, the bridge and the Iyiokwu river ecological fund channeling. Question 2: Is there any shrine along the river side? Response: Yes Question 3: What are your advice for the success of the project? Response: a. Chief Ibeogu Boniface – Their married women and their daughters should not be abused sexually by the contractors. b. Chief Joseph Alike – Local labourers should be paid commensurate amount to their counterparts within Abakaliki area. c. Chief John Mbam – They should endeavour to use quality and standard material during the construction.

Question 4: How will the men support the project? Men Group Response: Mr. Ibeogu Jude said that men will help to pass and spread any information coming from EB-NEWMAP/Focal NGO to their entire community. The men will also help to provide labour, security to the contractors and their equipment. Question 5: What are your advice to the success of the project? Response: a. Mr. Alobu Chukwuma – He said that the canal, bridge and road should be constructed. b. Mr. Ibeogu Jude – If the widening of the Iyiokwu River will lead to destruction of building, the widening should be reduced and the depth should be increased. c. Mr. Michael Ede – The goal of constructing the Iyiokwu canal should be to make it everlasting.

Question 6: How will you support the project?

Women Group Responses: a. Mrs. Mbam Josephine – We will provide care, security, food to the contractors and casual workers b. Mrs. Justina Akam – We will be in unity with the contractor and be able to absorb any shock of destruction that the project may cause. Question 7: What are your advices to the success of the Project? Response: Mrs. Iboko Josephine – The contractors should not sleep with our women. They should source right information from the elders of the community.

Question 8: Do the youth support the project? Response: Yes Question 9: How will the youth support the Project to completion? Youth Group Response: a. Mr. Chijioke Nkwegu – The youth will supply labour, they will also provide security to the equipment and the contractor. b. Mr. Chidi Donatus – responded that the youth will support as far as their expected benefits will be given to them. c. Miss. Nwonumara Precious – They will also support in prayers. d. Mr. Patrick Nwankwo – They have artisans like carpenters, welders, iron

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benders and the concrete mixers and mason that will help to supply labour. e. Mr. Nweze Friday – They will provide labour at the same price charged in order places. f. Mr. Chukwunonso Ekuma – They will provide security to the workers and the contractor. g. Mr. Obinna Okpuru – They should keep away from sexual affairs with their mothers and sisters. h. Miss Grace Nwankwo – They should employ security men from their village in order to avoid bringing in security men from outside that will cause havoc in their community and possibly rape their female children. 14. Vote of Thanks Chief Joseph Alike thanked the Chief Consultant for the consultation meeting. He prayed for blessing upon the Chief consultants and his team, Focal NGO, World Bank and EB-NEWMAP. 15. Closing Prayer Closing Prayer was said by Mrs. Mbam Josephine at 6:18pm. 16. Photographs Group Photographs was taken after the closing prayer Source: Field survey August, 2016

Table 5: Minutes of Public Consultation Meeting Organized at Obegu Azuiyiokwu S/N AGENDA DESCRIPTION 1.0 Community Obegu Azuiyiokwu 2.0 Date 6th August, 2016 3.0 Venue Chief Paul Okuekwe Compound 4.0 Time 3pm prompt 5.0 Language of Izzi dialect, Igbo, Pidgin English and English Language Communication 6.0 Attendance The attendance is attached 7.0 Participants  ESMP Consultant and his team  Ebonyi NEWMAP Focal NGO Officer  ESMP Field Officers and Supervisors  Formal Coordinators and Local Government Chairmen  Obegu Azuiyiokwu Chiefs and Elders  Obegu Azuiyiokwu Traditional Head  Obegu Azuiyiokwu Village/Clan Heads and Representatives  Obegu Azuiyiokwu Women leaders and Representatives  Obegu Azuiyiokwu Youth leaders and Representatives  Obegu Azuiyiokwu Major Stakeholders  Landlords, Land owners and tenants living along the corridor 8.0 Opening Prayer On arrival of the Consultant and his team, Chief Paul Okuekwe presented kolanut to the Consultant and his team. The opening prayer was said by Comrade Fred Nwifuru. 9.0 Opening Remarks The Focal NGO representative Mr. Victor Chukwu introduced the representative of the Chief Consultant Prof. Agwu E. Agwu and his team. He informed the participants that the Consultant’s representative is an indigenous Professor who was appointed by Ebonyi NEWMAP to carry out ESMP for Iyiokwu International market flood intervention site. He assured them that the consultant is well- experienced and will do the job well. He thereafter invited the Chief Consultant for his Speech. 10. Project Awareness The Consultant acknowledged greetings from the people and appreciated them for their patience and understanding. He asked them if they are aware of NEWMAP and some of them said No. He mandated the Focal NGO representative to briefly explain the project to the people to enable him discuss about ESMP with them. The Focal NGO representative took some time to explain NEWMAP to the people and

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apologized for low awareness of the project by some community members. He also promised to increase their level of awareness through regular sensitization and mobilization. 11. Consultant’ The Chief Consultant greeted the people of Obegu Azuiyiokwu and appreciated Speech them for their interest in the project. He disclosed to them the reasons for his engagement and the need to sensitize and consult them concerning ESMP report preparation. He explained the meaning of ESMP and its importance in relation to the proposed project execution. 12. Consultant’s The following eleven basic questions were asked by the Chief Consultant Questions Question 1: How does Iyiokwu River flooding affect your community? and Responses Response 1: Chief Paul Okuekwe answered that Iyiokwu flooding has posed great from Community challenge to them as those living at the middle watershed. Sometimes, the river Members overflows its bank; covering roads and the international market built by the state government. He attributed this menace to improper channelization of gutters within the capital city and high level of urbanization which led to blockage of waterways as well as improper construction done by the Ecological Fund Project. He blamed the state government for not consulting community members during international market construction. This has led to the abandonment of the market after its construction. Response 2: Chief Michael Nkwuda explained that before the war, when Abakaliki was not yet urbanized, there was no flood in their community. The recent flood is caused by high level of urbanization. Flood occurs as a result of overflow of Iyiokwu river due to high volume of water from gutters and tributaries. There is also backward flow of Iyiokwu river when Ebonyi River is filled up. He advised that Ebonyi river should be widened to accommodate all water flowing from Iyiokwu river. Response 3: Mrs Elizabeth Uguru (women leader) welcomed the project of drainage construction; but feared if NEWMAP has not come to claim their land and pursue them from the village. She complained that the village is flooded by Iyiokwu and Iyiudele. This has disastrous effects on the women and children of the community. Response 4: Mr. Sunday Osuaka advised that widening of the current channel will lead to flood and erosion control in the area. Response 5: Mr Samuel Uguru complained that his 500 big heaps which he cultivated at the cost of N300 each were destroyed by July flood. All the crops were lost; while the farm land was levelled. Response 6: Chief Vincent Idanyi (Village Chairman) said that the seasonal flood usually destroy their houses, fences, farm land and economic trees. He requested for prompt intervention by NEWMAP to protect them from negative impact of flood.

Question 2: Are the community members happy and willing to support the project till its completion? Response: Yes Question 3: Do you people agree with the project? Response: Yes Question 4: Do you people believe that you are the ones to benefit from the project? Response: Yes Question 5: Are you people willing to secure the equipment and contractors that would manage the project? Response: Yes Question 7: Are there any conflict in your Community that will disrupt this project? Response: No Question 8: What will your community do to persons that want to disrupt the progress of the project? Responses: Chief Paul Okuekwe said that such a thing will never happen in their

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community. If it occurs, the community will banish the person.

Question 9: What are the challenges that the contractors will face in the cause of the project execution?

Response: Chief Michael Nkwuda said that the contractors should not come close to their shrines. They should not buy things on credit from their community members.

Question 10: What are the ways in which the community will support the project to ensure its success? Response: Mr. Innocent Mbam said that the men and youth of the community will guide and protect all the materials that will be used for the project. They will also supply local labour during the project execution.

Question 11: What are the advice that the community have that will sustain the project and the negative implication that the project will cause? Response: Comrade Fred Nwifuru advised that tributaries should be properly channelled. They would not tolerate improper dressing, cultism and hard drugs from the contractors or their workers. 13. General Questions Question 1: Mrs Grace Mbam asked if the project will affect their houses and Answers Response: The RAP Consultant will take care of it. Question 2: Mr. Okpoku Ejike asked the percentage of indigenous employment during project execution. Response: The Contractors will be advised to employ local labourers. 14. Vote of Thanks Chief Paul Okuekwe thanked the chief consultant for the consultation meeting and prayed for God’s blessings on all those who are working with NEWMAP 15. Closing Prayer Closing Prayer was said by Chief Vincent Idanyi at 5pm. 16. Photographs Group photographs were taken Source: Field survey August 2016 Table 6: Minutes of Public Consultation Meeting Organized at Nduofutu Igbeagu S/N AGENDA DESCRIPTION 1.0 Community Nduofutu Igbeagu 2.0 Date 10th August, 2016 3.0 Venue Village Square 4.0 Time 11.00am prompt 5.0 Language of Izzi dialect, Igbo, Pidgin English and English Language Communication 6.0 Attendance The attendance list is attached 7.0 Participants  ESMP Consultant and his team  NEWMAP Environmental Officer  Ebonyi NEWMAP Focal NGO Officer  ESMP Field Supervisors and Officers  Nduofutu Igbeagu Village Head  Nduofutu Igbeagu Chiefs and Elders  Nduofutu Igbeagu Head of Tradition  Nduofutu Igbeagu Village/Clan Heads and Representatives  Nduofutu Igbeagu Women leaders and Representatives  Nduofutu Igbeagu Youth leaders and Representatives  Landlords, Land owners and tenants living along the corridor 8.0 Opening Prayer On arrival of the Chief Consultant and his team, the village head Chief Onwe Nwokpulu presented kolanut to the Consultants. The opening prayer was said by Chief Nwangele Agwu and the meeting started by 10:30 am prompt. 9.0 Introduction The Focal NGO representative Mr. Victor Chukwu introduced the Chief Consultant

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and his team. He informed the participants that the Consultant was appointed by Ebonyi NEWMAP to carry out ESMP for Iyiokwu International market flood intervention site. He assured them that the consultant is well-experienced and will do the job well. He thereafter invited the Chief Consultant for his consultation speech. The Chief Consultant was warmly welcomed by the people of Nduofutu Igbeagu. He exchanged pleasantries with the people and appreciated them for welcoming him through the kolanut they presented. 10. Project Awareness The Consultant asked them if they are aware of NEWMAP and they said yes. He mandated the Focal NGO representative to briefly explain the project to the people as a way of reminding them what they have known. The Focal NGO representative Mr. Victor Chukwu explained vividly the meaning of NEWMAP, its origin, duration, components and the need for ESMP before civil works. 11. Consultant’s The Chief Consultant greeted the people of Nduofutu Igbeagu, showed Speech appreciation for their interest in the project. He disclosed to them the reasons for his engagement and the need to sensitize and consult them concerning ESMP report preparation. He explained extensively the meaning of ESMP and its importance in relation to the proposed project execution. The people were satisfied with the explanations and were happy since he used the local dialect to speak to them. 12. Consultant’s The following questions were asked by the Chief Consultant Questions Question 1: Is your community willing to accept the project? And Responses Response: Yes. There was chorus affirmative answer. From Community Question 2: Will this community support the project Members Response: Yes. There was chorus affirmative answer Question 3: If during the project execution one or two persons try to stop or cause problem, what will the community do against such persons. Responses: The village head, Chief Onwe Nwokoro said that they will handle the person like an enemy of progress. Mr. Augustin Nwandugo said that they will imprison the person Mr. Anayo Nwankwo (Youth leader) said that the youth of the community will not allow anybody to stop the project’s execution. Question 4: Will this community safeguard the equipment and machineries that will be used to execute civil works Response: Yes : There was a chorus affirmative answer Question 5: Who can explain how Iyiokwu river flooding started, how it happens and also how it affects the community. Responses: a. Chief Nwokoro Onwe explained that the flood usually happen after a heavy downpour. It carries a lot of debris from town and dump in their village. It has led to loss of so many lives; especially women and children. At times, it blocks their road, prevent children from going to school and hinder so many socio- economic activities; subjecting them to abject poverty. b. Mrs. Virginia Okolie said that Iyiokwu started from Nkaliki Unuphu community. When it overflows its bank, it destroys their farm crops, domestic animals and houses. c. Mrs. Agnes Nwite said that the flood has cut them off from their neighbouring communities, destroyed the local bridge they built and intensified the poverty status of the community members. d. Mr. Achi Stephen said that there are tributaries which also contribute to the problem caused by Iyiokwu. e. Mr Nova Sunday lamented that indiscriminate refuse dumping in town also contribute to flood problem suffered by their community.

Question 6: What are the perceived problems that may arise during the project implementation? Responses:

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a. Mr. Anayo Nwankwo lamented that most of their ladies and married women were impregnated by those who constructed Ochudo city. They don’t want such again. b. Mr. Nwandugo Ikechukwu said that the project should be completed. The one done by Ecological Fund stopped half way in their community; causing more havoc. They don’t want abandoned project. c. Mr. Nwagu Obasi said that adequate compensation should be given to those who will lose their assets in the project. d. Mr. Israel Obasi said that NEWMAP should properly inform them by giving them at least one month notice before project execution to enable them harvest their crops. e. Elder (Mrs) Grace Onuoha advised that NEWMAP should engage credible contractors who will not use inferior materials in construction. Their character should be scrutinized before their engagement.

Question 7: Using your indigenous knowledge, what are your suggestions on how best you think that the problem of flooding can be solved in your community? Responses: a. Mr. Ogbaga Onicha said that NEWMAP knows how to handle the situation better than them. If they had known, they would have done it long ago. b. Mr. Jude Ibeogu suggested that the depth of Ebonyi should be increased as well as that of Iyiokwu to prevent backward flow during heavy flood. c. Mr. Jude Nwaedu suggested that Ebonyi river should be dredged first to enable it accommodate water that will be emptied by Iyiokwu. d. Mrs. Janet Alobo suggested and requested for road construction in addition to flood control.

Question 8: What are the likely challenges to the project? Responses: a. Chief Nwovu Iboko said that the contractors should be honest and God fearing. They should not be involved in any form of robbery in their community. b. Mr. Oke Clement said that the local labourers should be employed from their community. c. Mr. Mbam Clement said that their shrines should be appropriately relocated

Question 9: How will your community support the project? Responses: a. Mr. Ophoke Chizoba said that the community will assist in providing working implements such as hoes, shovels, cutlasses. b. Mr. Nwangene Agwu said that the community will provide food, hospitality and security to the contractors and equipment. c. Mrs. Elizabeth Obasi said that the women will provide food and water to the contractors Question 10: Is there any conflict in this community which may affect the project implementation? Response: No. There was a chorus negative answer.

Question 11: What are the likely negative impact of the project on the community? Responses: a. Comrade Umahi Nwabueze said that the heavy equipment and machineries that will do the construction work will compact their soil, damage their farm land and destroy their local roads. b. Mr. Uchenna Obasi said that the project will destroy their source of drinking water; since they don’t have boreholes. Iyiokwu River is the major source of drinking water supply.

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Question 12 w will the community sustain the project after its execution? Response: Mr. Nwovu Sunday said that the men and able-bodied youth of the community will regularly maintain the project to ensure its sustainability through constant removal of debris.

13. General Questions Question 1: Miss Obasi Obioma Happiness asked if the project will affect their and Answers houses. Response: The Consultant told her that RAP will capture all houses that will be affected by the project. Question 2: Mr. Anayo Nwankpu asked if the youth of the community will be accommodated in the supply of labour Response: The Consultant promised to capture their request in his report as one of their major concerns. Question 3: Mr. Israel Obasi asked what should be done to the contractors or other workers who steal the equipment or material they are working with. Response: The Consultant said that such persons should be reported to NEWMAP. Question 4: Mr Felix Odume asked if there is any plan by NEWMAP to improve their socio-economic well-being through the project. Response: The Consultant told him that the Focal NGO who are in charge of the livelihood component of the project will take care of that aspect. 14. Vote of Thanks Chief Nwokoro Onwe thanked the chief consultant for the consultation meeting and prayed for God’s blessings on all those who are working with NEWMAP. He reiterated that the community will give NEWMAP maximum support. 15. Closing Prayer Closing Prayer was said by Elder (Mrs) Grace Onuoha and the meeting ended by 1:37 Pm. 16. Photographs Group photographs were taken Source: Field survey August, 2016

Table 7: Minutes of Public Consultation Meeting Organized at Onuebonyi Inyimegu S/N AGENDA DESCRIPTION 1.0 Community Onuebonyi Inyimegu 2.0 Date 10th August, 2016 3.0 Venue Onuebonyi Inyimegu Town Hall 4.0 Time 3pm prompt 5.0 Language of Izzi dialect, Igbo, Pidgin English and English Language Communication 6.0 Attendance The attendance list is attached 7.0 Participants  ESMP Consultant and his team  NEWMAP Environmental Officer  Ebonyi NEWMAP Focal NGO Representative  ESMP Field Officers and Supervisors  Onuebonyi Inyimegu Chiefs and Elders  Onuebonyi Inyimegu Traditional Head  Onuebonyi Inyimegu Village/Clan Heads and Representatives  Onuebonyi Inyimegu Women leaders and Representatives  Onuebonyi Inyimegu Youth leaders and Representatives  Onuebonyi Inyimegu Major Stakeholders  Onuebonyi Inyimegu Landlords, Land owners and tenants 8.0 Opening Prayer The opening prayer was said by Pastor Chukwuma Nwite 9.0 Introduction The Focal NGO representative Mr. Victor Chukwu introduced the Chief Consultant

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and his team. He informed the people of Onuebonyi Inyimagu that the Consultant was appointed by Ebonyi NEWMAP to carry out ESMP for Iyiokwu International market flood intervention site. He assured them that the consultant is well- experienced and will do the job well. He thereafter invited the Chief Consultant for his speech and interaction with the people. 10. Project Awareness The Consultant acknowledged greetings from the people and asked them if they are aware of NEWMAP and all of them said yes. He applauded them for their high level of knowledge about NEWMAP; which was attributed to constant visit of Focal NGO and their access to radio; where most of them heard about NEWMAP. 11. Consultant’s The Chief Consultant informed them the reasons for his engagement and the need Speech to sensitize and consult them concerning ESMP report preparation. He explained the meaning of ESMP and its importance in relation to proposed project execution. He encouraged them to participate actively in all the deliberations. 12. Consultant’s The following questions were asked by the Chief Consultant questions Question 1: Is your community happy with NEWMAP and their activities? and Responses Question 2: Will your community support NEWMAP? from community Question 3: Do you believe that the project is for your good? members Question 4: Will your community contribute in the security of the equipment and machineries that will be used to execute the project. Question 5: How will your community handle anybody or persons who wants to jeopardize the project or do anything that will disrupt the project? Responses The people unanimously answered yes to the first three questions. . Thereafter, Chief Reuben Ofoke, Honourable Dennis Esha, Mrs. Maria Okpuru, Mr. Uchenna Nwamini and Mr. Chidi Nwite unanimously said that the community will handle any person or persons that tries to disrupt the project; through traditional leadership.

Question 6: Explain how Iyiokwu flood has been affecting your community? Responses: a. Mr. John Okpoke said that the flood from Iyiokwu has been destroying their houses, crops and trees. b. Mr. Okechukwu Mbam said that the flood from Iyiokwu has rendered the community poor; due to loss of agricultural produce from their fertile land. c. Mrs. Felicia Esha said that her 2 hectares of rice farm was destroyed by flood last year. d. Mrs. Mary Omaka a very old woman said she has been witnessing the flood since her childhood till date; destroying their crops and houses. e. Mr. Cletus Iloko and Friday Nwamini complained bitterly on how the flood destroyed their houses and carried their household assets. Question 7: Has the flood claimed any live in your community? Response: Yes. So many people die on yearly basis due to the flood. Question 8: What are the causes of the flood and what do you think should be done to ameliorate it. Responses: a. Mr. Dennis Esha said that the main cause of the flood is because the river is not straight. This leads to overflow at the peak of the rainy season. b. Mr. Joseph Esha said that building of houses in the water ways also contribute to flood occurrence. c. Mr. Iroko Francis said that their community is the worst hit by flood incidence. They are surrounded by Iyiokwu, Iyiudele and Ebonyi River. Question 9: Is there any conflict in your community capable of affecting the project? Response: Chief Alexander Oge said that there was no conflict existing among them Question 10: Are there challenges/advices you might offer to the contractors? a. Chief Reuben Ofoke advised that the major tributaries to the river should be

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constructed and culverts well-constructed where necessary. b. Mrs. Maria Nwokpuru advised that the contractors should be warned to stay away from their women and girls. c. Mr. Friday Nwamini advised that the drainage should be deep and wide enough to accommodate all the volume of water that may come into it. d. Chief Godwin Nwokpuru advised that the communities should be accommodated in supplying labour and materials during the civil works e. Mr. Chidi Nwite suggested that adequate drainage should be constructed and channelled to the major drainage. He also advised provision of source of water and other infrastructural facilities such as portable drinking water; since according to him, the proposed drainage will deny them access to their major source of water. f. Mr. Clement Nwogwu and Mr. John Mgbada advised that credible contractors should be sourced and utilized in the civil works by NEWMAP. g. Mrs. Patricia Mbam advised that adequate compensation should be given to those who shall be displaced from their means of livelihood by the project. h. Chief Godwin Okpuru said that the project should not be abandoned because they have cases of abandoned projects in their community. i. Mr. Monday Elom requested that alternative means of livelihood should be provided to sand miners whose livelihood will be affected by the project. Question 11: What measures will the community take to ensure sustainability of the project? Responses: a. Chief Godwin Okpuru said that they will not allow children or community members to use the drainage for palm kernel cracking. b. Hon. Dennis Esha said that they will not allow heavy vehicles to move close to the drainage channel when constructed. c. Chief Reuben Ofoke the community leader said that they will promulgate laws and regulations on maintenance of the project which shall be binding on every member of the community. 13. General Questions Question 1: Mr. Clement Nwonu asked if there is any measure used by NEWMAP and Answers to screen the proposed contractors and employ credible ones. Response: The Consultant said that NEWMAP has staff at the federal and state levels who shall screen contractors before awarding the contract. Question 2: Mr. Emmanuel Elom asked if there is an engineering design Response: The consultant answered that there is an engineering design approved by the World Bank. Question 3: Chief Godwin Okpuru asked if bridges or culverts will be constructed to enable them move to the neighbouring villages. Response: The consultant promised to capture it in his report. Question 4: Mrs. Ophoke Veronica asked what should happen to the contractors if they are caught stealing the project materials. Response: The consultant said that they should be reported to NEWMAP? 14. Vote of Thanks Mr. Elom Emmanuel, Felicia Esha, Okechukwu Mbam, Okpuru Obinna and Igwe Chidinma thanked the Chief Consultant for the consultation meeting and prayed for God’s blessings on all those who are working with NEWMAP 15. Closing Prayer Closing Prayer was said by Pastor Chukwuma Nwite at 5: 30pm. 16. Photographs Group photographs were taken Source: Field survey August, 2016

Some Pictures of public consultations within the study area

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Plate 1: Pictures showing ongoing consultation with men, youth and women groups of Obodoma community

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Plate 2: Pictures showing ongoing consultation with men, youth and women groups of Obeagu Aziyiokwu community

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Plate 3: Pictures showing ongoing consultation with men, youth and women groups of Nduofutu Igbeagu community

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Plate 4: Pictures showing ongoing consultation with men, youth and women groups of Onuebonyi Inyimegu community

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Annexure 4: Infrastructure in the Communities in the Catchment area of Iyiokwu International Market Project Site

1. COMMUNITY: OBODOMA

S/N PRIMARY SCHOOL OWNERSHIP ADDRESS STATUS GPS COORDINATES 1 St. Mary Nursery and Private Obodoma Functional but N060181 30.74411 primary School Nduofutu road bad building E008008138.98011

S/N SECONDARY OWNERSHIP ADDRESS STATUS GPS COORDINATES SCHOOL 1 Success Academy Private Obodoma Functional with poor N060181 32.19111 Secondary school old road hired building E008008137.78211

S/N MARKET OWNERSHIP ADDRESS STATUS GPS COORDINATES INFRASTRUCTURE 1 Obodoma Market Public Old road Functional with N060181 32.77311 obodoma poor structures E008008139.10711

S/N COMMUNITY OWNERSHIP ADDRESS STATUS GPS COORDINATES CENTRE 1 Obodoma town hall Community Old road Functional but N060181 30.74411 Obodoma uncompleted structure E008008138.98011

S/N OTHER OWNERSHIP ADDRESS ST ATUS GPS COORDINATES ESTABLISHMENT 1 Obodoma/ogoja park Public Old road by ogoja Functional but Not N060181 32.77311 Federal highway tarred E008008138.80211

S/N ROAD TYPE STATUS ADDRESS 1 Obodoma Nduofutu road Single lane Un-tarred Obodoma

2 Obodoma Ogoja Federal high way Single lane Tarred Obodoma

3 Old road Obodoma Single lane Un-tarred Obodoma

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2. COMMUNITY: ONUEBONYI INYIMAGU S/N PRIMARY SCCHOOL OWNERSHI ADDRESS STATUS GPS COORDINATES P 1 Onuebonyi Inyimagu Public Old Ogoja express Functional N060181 41.98211 Community primary School road Onuebonyi E008008128.38411 2 Shekinah International Private Old Ogoja express Functional N060181 57.16711 Nursery and primary School road Onuebonyi E008008119.09411 3 Divine Favour Academy Private Old Ogoja express Functional N060191 01.84911 road Onuebonyi E008008111.13011

S/N HEALTH CENTRE OWNERSHIP ADDRESS STATUS GPS COORDINATES 1 Onuebonyi Health Public Youth road Functional N060181 39.63611 centre onuebonyi E008008134.85411

S/N MARKET OWNERSHIP ADDRESS STATUS GPS COORDINATES 1 Rice Mill Market Public Old Ogoja express Functional N060191 03.52711 road Onuebonyi E008008107.83811

S/N COMMUNITY OWNERSHIP ADDRESS STATUS GPS COORDINATES

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CENTRE 1 Edufu Onuoguzor Public Ogbuewu Esha Functional/ no N060181 48.46211 Street Onuebonyi Building E008008129.13011 2 Edufu Onuebonyi Public Along Ele street Functional/ no N060181 37.26011 Onuebonyi building E008008128.08011

S/N GOVERNMENT OWNERSHIP ADDRESS STATUS GPS COORDINATES ESTABLISHMENT 1 Onuebonyi Ekeaba Public Nnatu Street Functional/bad N060181 52.12711 Police station Onuebonyi E008008112.05411

S/N OTHER OWNERSHIP ADDRESS STATUS GPS COORDINATES ESTABLISHMENT 1 Obuneme Poultry Private 21 Iroko street Functional N060181 25.45111 Farm Onuebonyi E008008125.14111 2 Feleuche Filling Private Old ogoja road Functional N060191 03.31811 Station Onuebonyi E008008103.26511 3 NNPC Filling station Public Old ogoja road Non Functional N060181 51.72111 Onuebonyi E008008122.64911 4 Palm bay Garden Private Nnatu street Functional N060181 51.85811 Onuebonyi E008008111.12311

S/N ROAD TYPE STATUS ADDRESS 1 Old ogoja road Double lane Tarred Onuebonyi

2 Iroko Street Single lane Un-tarred Onuebonyi

3 Ogbuewu Street Single lane Un-tarred Onuebonyi

4 Youth road Single lane Un-tarred Onuebonyi

5 Ele street Single lane Un-tarred Onuebonyi

6 St. Paul road Single lane Un-tarred Onuebonyi

7 Nnatu street Single lane Un-tarred Onuebonyi

8 Nweze Lane Single lane Un-tarred Onuebonyi 9 Nwaonumara Avenue Single lane Un-tarred Onuebonyi

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3. COMMUNITY: NDUOFUTU IGBEAGU S/N PRIMARY SCHOOL OWNERSHIP ADDRESS STATUS GPS COORDINATES 1 Nduofutu Igbeagu Public Nduofutu Functional with N060171 45.07811 community primary school Igbeagu, outdated buildings E008008134.28411

S/N COMMUNITY OWNERSHIP ADDRESS STATUS GPS COORDINATES CENTRE 1 Edukwu Nduofutu Public Nduofutu Functional without N060161 00.36011 igbeagu Igbeagu building E008008104.14011

S/N MARKET OWNERSHIP ADDRESS STATUS GPS COORDINATES INFRASTRUCTURE 1 Nwafia Nwaonumara Public Nduofutu Functional but with scanty N060171 34.19511 Nduofutu outdated structures E008008116.02611

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S/N HEALTH CENTRE OWNERSHIP ADDRESS STATUS GPS COORDINATES 1 Nduofutu Igbeagu Public Nduofutu Functional but with N060161 07.22911 Health Centre Igbeagu outdated small building E008007149.00311

S/N WATER OWNERSHIP ADDRESS STATUS GPS COORDINATES INFRASTRUCTURE 1 Health centre borehole Public Nduofutu Igbeagu Non Functional N060161 07.68611 E008007148.81111

S/N OTHER OWNERSHIP ADDRESS STATUS GPS COORDINATES ESTABLISHMENT 1 Okemini oduma Private Nduofutu Igbeagu Functional/Micro N060181 03.48511 Cassava mill Small scale E008009113.50211

2 Uchenna Obasi Private Nduofutu Igbeagu Functional/Micro N060171 46.63911 Cassava Mill Small scale E008009109.55711

S/N ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE TYPE ADDRESS STATUS 1 Uzo Nwaonumara Nduofutu Single lane Nduofutu Igbeagu Not tarred

2 Uzo Igbudu Nduofutu Single lane Nduofutu Igbeagu Not tarred

3 Uzo Ndegede Nduofutu Single lane Nduofutu Igbeagu Not tarred

4 Uzo Edukwu Nduofutu Single lane Nduofutu Not tarred

5 Uzo Ndebor Nduofutu Single lane Nduofutu Igbeagu Not Tarred

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4. COMMUNITY: NKALIKI UNUPHU

S/N PRIMARY OWNERSHIP ADDRESS STATUS GPS COORDINATES SCHOOL

1 Nkaliki Unuhu Central Public Nkaliki unuhu road along Functional N6017141.24311E0080051 School 1&2 School hatchery road 13.000II

2 Little Saint Nursery & private Nkaliki along hatchery Functional N6018102.53811E0080051 Primary school 10.25511

3 Rose kalu International private Behind house of Assemble Functional N6017150.26111E0080051 School Nig. Abakaliki, Nkaliki road 30.87011

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S/N SECONDARY SCHOOL OWNERSHIP ADDRESS STATUS GPS COORDINATES

1 Izzi, Unuhu Comm. Sec. Private Echera unuhu Functional N6018124.84011E008004129. School road unuhu 46011

2 Little saint secondary Private Hatchery road Functional N6018102.53811E008005120. school 25511

S/N COMMUNITY CENTERS ADDRESS STATUS GPS COORDINATES

1 Ovudaenyi play ground Ndebor Nkaliki road Functional N6017102.45511E008005109.54711

2 Edukwu igwe okpu play Igweokpu Nkaliki Functional N6018110.87011E008004146.12911 ground unuhu road

3 Edudu ocha play ground Obegu Nkaliki road Functional N6017143.3811E008005100.73711

4 Gwagiji play ground Amainyima Nkaliki Functional N6016136.87511E008005119.32111 unuhu road

5 Edufu ogadeju play ground Ndebor Nkaliki Functional N6017115.45611E008005104.383

6 Edufu Nwanyo play ground Okwase Nkaliki road Non functional N 6017128.4411E008005134.444

7 Edufu uke play ground Okwase nkaliki road Functional N6017131.93211E008005.15.72611

8 Edufu ofiaukwu play ground Ahanchi Nkaliki road Functional N6018101.32111E008005136.58911

S/N MARKET NAME ADDRESS STATUS GPS COORDINATES

1 Afia Uzor Nkaliki Obegu Nkaliki along Nkaliki Functional N06017I42.39011E008005I12.21811 road

2 Ugboloko Nkaliki Amainyima Nkaliki road Non-Functional N06016144.99311E008005116.29611

S/N WATER ADDRESS STATUS GPS COORDINATES INFRASTRUCTURE

1 Edufu nwancho borehole Okwase Nkaliki road Non-functional N06017I30.84111E008005I21.95411

2 Edufu uke borehole Okwase Nkaliki road Functional N06017I31.93211E008005I15.72611

3 Ovudenyi borehole Ovudenyi play ground Non-functional N06017I03.22911E008005I09.54711

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4 Sunday Ekete borehole Obegu Nkaliki road Non-functional N06017I31.51911E008005I02.39911

7 Onuzor Nwali borehole Igweokpu Nkaliki road Non-functional N06018101.22511E008004149.891I1

8 Okwefurike borehole Igweokpu Nkaliki road Non-functional N06018117.98711E008004145.222I1

9 Onu-Oguzor Nwaokpuru Amainyima Nkaliki road Functional N0601.22511E00800449.891I1 borehole

S/N GOVERNMENT ADDRESS STATUS GPS COORDINATES ESTABLISHMENT

1 Ebonyi State House of Nkaliki Road functional N6017151.25311E008005125.19511 Assembly

2 Ebonyi State Broadcasting Nkaliki Road Functional N6017149.45211E008005118.75511 Cooperation (EBBC)

3 Abakaliki L.G. A Nkaliki road Functional N6017137.99211E008004154.86311 Headquarter

4 Ebonyi State Poultry Farm Hatchery Road Functional N6018128.35611E008005126.36311

5 Nkaliki Unuhu Layout Okwasi Nkaliki Unuhu functional N06017149.34411E008005136.84111 road

6 Freedom Quarters Lagout Okwasi Nkaliki unuhu road Functional N06017149.50811E008005136.21611

7 House of Assembly Layout Hatchery Road Functional N06018127.32411E00805126.58611

8 Izzi-unuhu Customany Izzi Echera unuhu Nkaliki Functional N06018103.27611E008004131.21111 Court

S/N OTHER ADDRESS STATUS GPS COORDINATES ESTABLISHMENT

1 Christ the King Parish Nkaliki unuhu road Functional N06017135.80811E0080 (Church) 04152.24311

2 Assemblies of God Hatchery road Functional N06017156.81511E008005117.30 Church 911

3 Christ commission Nkaliki road Functional N06017137.50611E008004153.38 Church 611

5 Onwe Nwite Garri Ndebor Nkaliki road Functional N06016147.26811E008005123.17

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processing mill 311

6 Igweokpu mill stone Igweokpu Nkaliki road Non - Functional N06018125.90811E008004151.19 911

7 Josel Agro Foundation Off-Odunaukwe road functional N06018141.79011E008005117.68 Farm 711

8 Niger East Agro World Igweokpu Nkaliki road Functional N06018138.88511E008005107.14 011

9 Nwoba Ogboloko Garri Aminyima Nkaliki road Non-Functional N06016135.67011E008005131.04 Processing Mill 811

10 Cisoran,Oil Nig LTD Hatchery road Functional N06017155.39211E008005118.87 511

11 Supol C.P Elom, CPO Ugwuokpu road Functional N06017143.96811E008005100.00 quarters 011

S/N HEALTH FACILITY OWNERSHIP ADDRESS STATUS GPS COORDINATES

1 Izzi unuhu community Health centre Public Functional N06017134.71711E008004149 health centre nkaliki road .30811

2 Mother Theresa hospital Hospital Private functional N06017141.77911E008004153 off mbam street .27311

S/N MAJOR ROADS TYPE STATUS

1 Nkaliki road Single lane Tarred

2 Hatchery road Single lane Tarred

3 Okwase road Single lane Un-tarred

4 Ndebor road Single lane Un-tarred

5 Amayima road Single lane Un-tarred

6 Igweokpu road Single lane Un-tarred

7 Igweokpu azuiyiokwu road Single lane Un-tarred

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5. COMMUNITY: OBEAGU AZUIYIOKWU

S/N PRIMARY SCHOOL NAME OWNERSHIP ADDRESS STATUS GPS COORDINATES

1 St Mark nursery and primary Private Nibo street functional N6018150.64711E0080 school 7133.087II

2 Assemblies of God nursery Private Nibo street functional N6018149.45911E0080 and primary school Nibo 7132.718II

3 God keeps nursery and private Obama vilage Functional N6018144.36711E0080 primary school Abakaliki 7119.45811

4 Jesus covenant International Private Okeke street functional N6018142.24111E0080 nursery and primary school 7130.724II

5 Gilead national nursery and private Smart avenue street Functional N6018137.21811E0080 primary school 7133.667II

6 Divine right nursery and private Obama village functional N6018137.58311E0080 primary school 7137.563II

7 Police children nursery and Public Along Enugu – Functional N6018129.08911E0080 primary school Ogoja express way 816.1459II

8 Pinnacle of mercy church private Emeka Nwibo street Functional N6018109.68411E0080 nursery and primary school 7158.734II 9 Community nusery and public Inyimagu functional N6018135.39511E0080 primary school Inyimagu 7145.253II

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S/N Secondary School OWNERSHIP ADDRESS STATUS GPS COORDINATES Name

1 God keeps school private Obama Functional N6018144.36711E00807119.4581 Abakaliki vilage 1

S/N Community Centers/ ADDRESS STATUS GPS COORDINATES town halls Name

1 Community town hall Obama village Non-functional N6017125.07711E00807156.91211

2 Obegu Azuiyiokwu Obegu Azuiyiokwu Functional N6018144.36711E00807119.45811 village centre

3 Motor spare parts hall Inyimagu community functional N6018151.55711E00807144.34511

4 Mechanic village hall Inyimagu community Non-functional N6018151.55711E00807155.71811

5 Moto body builder hall Inyimagu community Functional N6018141.48511E00807153.24911

6 Mechanic spare parts Inyimagu community Non-functional N6018135.21811E00807152.91811 hall

S/N Market Name ADDRESS STATUS GPS COORDINATES

1 Nwokpo market Nwokpo Inyimagu functional N06018I54.04711E00807I27.2051 community 1

S/N Water Infrastructure ADDRESS STATUS GPS COORDINATES

1 Motor spare parts bore hole A Inyimagu community Functional N06018I52.33711E008005I42.588 11

2 Motor spare part bore hole B Inyimagu community Functional N06018I54.21211E00807I44.34511

3 Motor body building bore hole Inyimagu community Non-functional N06018I41.38311E00807I53.29411

4 Community town hall bore hole Obama village Non-functional N06018I25.0911E00807I56.76711

7 Chief Vincent Ndanyi bore Chief Vincent street Non-functional N06018121.48311E00807150.550I1 hole

8 Obegu Azuiokwu bore hole Obegu Azuiokwu Non-functional N06018125.79911E00807144.6491 village 1

S/N Government Establishment ADDRESS STATUS GPS COORDINATES

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1 Ebonyi state international Along Enugu – Ogoja Non-functional N6018136.65911E00807131.20611 market express way

2 Motor spare parts Obama village Functional N6018151.55711E00807144.34511

3 Mechanic village Obama village Functional N6018151.55711E00807155.71811

4 Machine spare parts Obama village Functional N6018137.96811E00807150.45811

S/N Other Establishments ADDRESS STATUS GPS COORDINATES

1 Central police station A Along Enugu – Ogoja Functional N06018130.181211E0080 813.71811 division express way

2 Kaniex filling station (oil and Along Enugu – Ogoja Functional N06018136,152211E0080813.36711 gas) express way

3 Police housing estate (in Along Enugu – Ogoja Functional N06018124.67711E00808110.21811 progress) express way

5 Kelemich Along Enugu – Ogoja functional N06018132.74411E00808117.97611 construction/building Nig LTD express way

6 Oscar block industry Ogoja road functional N06018136.66711E00807131.27311

7 Dandilas gas cooking gas Along Enugu – Ogoja functional N06018132.28211E00808114.83311 filling plant express way

8 Izzi development union Along Enugu – Ogoja functional N06018131.65311E00808110.22411 headquarters express way

9 Ezebuike aluminum company Along Enugu – Ogoja Functional N06018131.85711E0080819.28911 Ltd express way

10 Flour mill industry Along Enugu – Ogoja functional N06018131.75311E0080817.06411 express way

11 S. U. Osuaka block industry Along Enugu – Ogoja Functional N06018131.20911E0080816.432011 express way

12 E. I. Ezenwuba motors LTD Along Enugu – Ogoja functional N06018130.58211E0080811.1111 express way

13 Noble block industry Along Enugu – Ogoja functional N06018130.35511E00807157.5911 express way

14 Ben okah construction Along Enugu – Ogoja functional N06018130.41211E00807156.63911 industry express way

15 Global oil and gas Ltd (filling Along Enugu – Ogoja functional N06018128.38511E00807149.98611 station) express way

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16 B. O nnolum & sons limited Along Enugu – Ogoja functional N06018128.00111E00807142.13211 (filling station) express way

17 Canopy gallon company Nibo street Functional N06018131.20911E0080816.432011

18 Daddy guest resort Obegu Azuiiyiokwu functional N06018138.59911E0080816.82711 inyimaga

19 Chima petroleum I (filling Abagana street Functional N06018149.80011E00807148.59611 station)

20 Nigerian automobile Along Enugu – Ogoja Functional N06018157.09411E00807136.58611 technologist association express way

21 Chima petroleum II (filling Along Ogoja road Functional N06018156.56011E00807135.52011 station)

22 Hoppwell maritime company Along Ogoja road Non-functional N06018156.31711E00807135.52011 Ltd

23 Dipio energy Ltd (filling Along Ogoja road Functional N06018156.08111E00807128.086311 station)

24 N P C (filling station) Along Ogoja road Functional N06018155.20911E00807121.38011

25 Iseh & sons Nig Ltd (filling Along Ogoja road Functional N06018154.97411E00807113.35911 station)

26 Castro oil and gas Ltd (filling Along Ogoja road Functional N06018146.99311E00807138.60511 station)

27 Brass oil (filling station) Along Ogoja road Functional N06018130.41211E00807156.63911

S/N Health Infrastructure ADDRESS OWNERSHIP STATUS GPS COORDINATES

1 Obege Azuiyiokwu Obama village public Non N06017134.71711E008004149.3 inyimegu health care Functional 0811

2 Chinenye health clinic Obama village private functional N06017141.77911E008004153.2 obama azuiyiokwu 7311

S/N Major Roads Road type Tarred / un-tarred

1 Water works by nwike street Single lane Tarred

2 Ogoja road Dual lane Tarred

3 Enugu ogoja expres way Dual lane Tarred

4 Nibo street Single lane Tarred

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5 Chukwu street Single lane Tarred

6 Nofia street Single lane Un-tarred

7 Isuofia street Single lane Un-tarred

8 Onuogoro street Single lane Un-tarred

9 Nnsuka street Single lane Un-tarred

10 Okeke street Single lane Un-tarred

11 Nanka street Single lane Un-tarred

12 Ukpo street Single lane Un-tarred

13 Aguru street Single lane Tarred

14 Abagana street Single lane Un-tarred

15 Chief paul okekwe street Single lane Un-tarred

16 Obegu-azuiyiokwu road Single lane Un-tarred

17 Nwifuru street Single lane Un-tarred

18 Emeka Nwibo street Single lane Un-tarred

19 Eze Nwoba street Single lane Un-tarred

20 Ogbumba street Single lane Tarred

21 Uke street Single lane Un-tarred

22 Ebenebe street Single lane Single lane Un-tarred

23 Onwuegbu street Single lane Tarred

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6. Community: Agbaja UNUHU

S/N PRIMARY SCHOOL NAME PRIVATE OR ADDRESS STATUS GPS COORDINATES PUBLIC

1 Agbaja Nuhu community Public Agbaja Functional N06017153.25111E00800613 primary school Unuhu 7.37211

2 Jodan foundation nursery Private Eduhu Functional N06017158.83511E00800614 and primary school abgaja 1.01211

3 Daystar academy nursery Private Agbaja Functional N06018119.36011E00800710 and primary school Unuhu 3.65311

4 Azuiyiokwu primary school public Azuiyiokwu Functional N06018123.55711E00800613 9.82911

5 Hand made of the holy child Private Azuiyiokwu Functional N06017122.95011E00800611 Jesus primary school 5.14311

6 Blessed child foundation Private Azuiyiokwu Functional N06017115.28211E00800610 nursery and primary school 7.42111

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7 Success impact academy Private Chris Functional N06017114.87611E00800610 nursery and primary school Ezekwe 6.97611 street

8 Royal people’s academy Private Afikpo road Functional N06017111.33111E00800610 nursery and primary school 7.03811

9 King Solomon’s Private Agbaja Functional N06017108.65811E00800610 international collage road 6.81311

10 St Theresa’s nursery and Private Ogoja road Functional N06017101.77411E00800610 primary school Abakaliki 5.90511

11 Divine favour international Private Liberty Functional N06017101.71311E00800610 nursery and primary school street 6.07711

S/N SECONDARY SCHOOL PRIVATE OR ADDRESS STATUS GPS COORDINATES NAME PUBLIC

1 Girls high school Abakaliki public Azuiyiokwu Functional N06016133.92611E008005154.25 211

2 Hand made of the holy child Private Azuiyiokwu Functional N06016153.30611E008005159.62 Jesus 311

3 King solomon’s Private Agbaja Functional N06016151.75611E008005154.39 international collage 811

4 Success collage Abgaja Functional N06016153.46711E008005146.29 711

5 Bethel comprehensive Private Ogoja road functional N06016124.54411E008005149.79 secondary school 311

S/N COMMUNITY ADDRESS STATUS G CENTERS/TOWN P

HALL S

C O O R D I N A T E S

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1 Azu Egbriba play Agbaja community Functional N06016131.64211E008005144.5331 ground 1

2 Edukwu Ibina square Edukwu Agbaja Functional N06017115.29211E008005156.3471 1

3 Ichilogwe town hall Ichilogwe Agbaja Functional N06017121.93111E008006102.4191 1

4 Edufu uzoke square Along afikpo road Functional N06017104.23511E008005159.1471 1

5 Edufu ogbuewu Edufu Agbaja Functional N06018148.38811E008006144.4431 square 1

6 Edufu achi play Edufu Agbaja Functional N06018148.51811E008006144.0291 ground 1

7 Edufu obangu play Edufu Agbaja Functional N06018142.31811E008006148.2091 ground 1

8 Edufu ndieze play Edufu Agbaja Functional N06018150.42111E008006142.1601 ground 1

9 Ekumenyi boys hall Edufu agbaja functional N06018147.31811E008006141.4281 1

S/N MARKET NAME ADDRESS STATUS GPS COORDINATES

1 Mamine market Agbaja community Functional N06018134.35911E008006142.9391 1

2 Grains market Agbaja community Functional N06018130.49511E008006140.4591 1

3 Corn mill market Agbaja community Functional N06018132.41511E008006147.8191 1

4 Meat market Agbaja community Functional N06018130.12011E008006140.2691 1

S/N WATER ADDRESS STATUS GPS COORDINATES INFRASTRUCTURE

1 Edufu ogbuewu bore Edufu agbaja Non-functional N06018127.00611E008006142.31211

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hole

2 Edufu obangu bore hole Edufu agbaja Function al N06018125.93911E008006135.41311

3 Sylvester ogbaga bore Sylvester ogbaga street Functional N06018126.95811E008006130.98311 hole

4 Azuiyiokwu urban bore Azuiyiokwu Non-functional N06018129.67611E008006120.91011 hole

5 Nweru bore hole Azuiyiokwu Functional N06018134.09811E008006125.19111

6 Uburu street bore hole Uburu street Abakaliki Functional N06018140.32111E008006128.35311

7 Edukwu okpokwe bore Edukwu okpokwe Agbaja Functional N06018143.61511E008006120.91011 hole

S/N GOVERNMENT ADDRESS STATUS GPS COORDINATES ESTABLISHMENT

1 State security service office Centenary city Functional N06018143.61511E008006128.89911 Abakaliki

2 State secretariat office Centenary city Functional N06018136.36511E008006127.04111 Abakaliki

3 State centenary tower Centenary city Functional N06018138.64011E008006126.27211 Abakaliki

4 Brass engineering company Centenary city Non-functional N06018134.47011E008006129.99411 office Abakaliki

5 Zonal inspector of education Afikpo road Abakaliki Functional N06018140.50111E008006135.35311 office Ebonyi north zone

6 National population Afikpo road Abakaliki Functional N06018146.62011E008006139.94411 commission Abakaliki

7 Primary health care centre Afikpo road Abakaliki Functional N06018157.79711E008006126.14211 Abakaliki LGA

8 Tipper garage Ogoja road Abakaliki Functional N06019100.00011E008006126.22111

9 Local government pension Ogoja road Functional N06018149.58311E008006127.13811 board

10 Old park Abakaliki Gunning road Functional N06018151.50911E00800612731111 Abakaliki

11 Ebonyi state transport Gunning road Functional N06018152.48811E008006129.91211 company Abakaliki

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S/N Other Establishments ADDRESS STATUS GPS COORDINATES

1 Chiboy motors Afikpo road Function al N06018152.60111E008006132.59311

2 Law frank concrete industry Afikpo road Function al N06018136.63711E008006130.40911

3 Hydro vibrated blocks Nig Ltd Afikpo road Functional N06018154.24611E008006129.83311

4 Face one hotel Ltd No 12 Linus Ede Functional N06018155.79411E008006131.91311 street

5 Gold can oil Nig Ltd 74 Ogoja express Non-functional N06018156.29211E008006132.44211 way

6 Summer petroleum Ltd(filling Ogoja road Function al N06018157.08311E008006133.06711 station)

7 Pron concept hotel Convent road Functional N06018157.69611E008006133.67811

8 Salt lake hotel 35 Offia Nwali street Functional N06019100.05511E008006135.85111 Abakaliki

9 Oluchika Nig Ltd fish farm 6 edda close Functional N06018156.58011E008006141.17311

10 Anan oil (filling station) Afikpo road functional N06019100.14411E008006136.14011

11 Maczy oil and gas(filling afikpo road functional N06019100.48811E008006131.90611 station)

12 Onitsha south transport Afikpo road Functional N06018143.61511E008006128.89911 company

13 Romchi mass transit Afikpo road Functional N06019116.87811E008006136.00611

14 G. U. O motors Afikpo road functional N06019101.75811E008006136.91011

15 Peace mass transit Afikpo road Functional N06019103.36611E008006138.09311

16 Royal mass transit Afikpo road Functional N06019103.48611E008006138.71111

17 De crown garden resort Afikpo road Functional N06018156.04011E008006111.97611

18 Ifesinachi transport company Afikpo road Functional N06018157.80911E008006107.71511

19 Jezsco service oil (filling Afikpo road Functional N06018157.88111E008007106.47611 station)

20 Brass oil (filling station ) Afikpo road Functional N06018158.63811E008007105.12311

21 Enugu north local Govt mass Afikpo road Functional N06019105.00911E008007103.39611 transit

22 Suuny side motors 1 nwankwo street functional N06019102.45511E008007109.67911

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23 Ochudo park Afikpo road Functional N06019102.07311E008006157.79311

24 Ndiagu micro bank Ogoja road Functional N06019102.62811E008006157.27411

25 Total filling station Ogoja road Functional N06019102.74811E008006156.82111

26 Oando filling station Ogoja road Functional N06019104.47011E008006152.45811

27 Panda super market Ogoja road Functional N06019103.50411E008006148.75011

28 Dandilas petroleum(filling Ogoja road Functional N06019106.41211E008006147.86711 station)

29 Forte oil (filling station) Ogoja road Functional N06019105.92711E008006146.27811

30 Monach micro finance bank Ogoja road Functional N06019107.44611E008006143.92611

31 Access bank Ogoja road Functional N06019107.79311E008006143.51811

32 Vegas restaurant Ogoja road Functional N06019110.46411E008006140.13911

33 F.C.M.B.bank Ogoja road Functional N06019112.80411E008006137.85311

34 Key stone bank Ogoja road Functional N06019113.39311E008007137.25511

35 G.T.Bank Ogoja road Functional N06019114.17211E008007136.63711

36 Fidelity bank Ogoja road Functional N06019114.50911E008006136.58911

37 Mayor pet filling station Ogoja road Functional N06019116.33211E008006135.37711

38 Zenith bank Ogoja road Functional N06019118.46911E008006133.57511

39 Transport company of Ogoja road Functional N06019120.77311E008006133.79811 Anambara state

40 Mobil filling station Ogoja road Functional N06019122.23711E008006133.17311

41 Unity bank Ogoja road Functional N06019123.61511E008006132.95711

42 Lapo micro finance bank Ogoja road Functional N06019124.26411E008006133.16611

43 Heritage bank Ogoja road Functional N06019126.14711E008006132.85711

44 U.B.A.Bank Ogoja road Functional N06019128.50111E008006136.55211

45 Bank of agriculture Ogoja road Functional N06019134.20011E008006140.54811

46 Eco bank Ogoja road Functional N06019123.41811E008006145.45711

47 Diamond bank Ogoja road Functional N06019112.989711E008006142.946 11

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48 M/S Nwiyi Oil(filling station) Ogoja road Functional N06019112.17911E008006145.98711

49 Mrs filling station Ogoja road Functional N06019109.20611E008006146.25211

50 Conoil filling station Ogoja road Functional N06019118.34411E008006151.20711

51 First bank Nigeria Water works road functional N06019101.75811E008006136.91011

S/N HEALTH ADDRESS PRIVATE OR STATUS GPS COORDINATES INFRASTRUCTURE PUBLIC

1 Chukwuebuka hospital 13 obaba street private Non Functional N06017158.83511E00800614 and maternity 1.01211

2 St Agatha clinic Ogoja private functional N06018119.36011E00800710 3.65311

3 Gods grace maternity Afikpo road private Functional N06018123.55711E00800613 home 9.82911

4 Life computer life test Afikpo road private Functional N06017121.93111E00800610 hospital 2.41911

5 Bethel hospital Afikpo road private Functional N06017104.23511E00800515 Abakaliki 9.14711

S/N NAME TYPE (DUAL OR SINGLE ) STATUS (TARRED OR UN-TARRED)

1 Ibina by Afikpo road Single lane Untared

2 Afikpo road Dual lane Tared

3 Hausa quarters Single lane Tarred

4 Cetinary city road Dual lane Tarred

5 Cetinary city by ibina Single lane Untared road

6 Ibina agabaja road Single lane Un-tarred

7 Convent road Double lane Tarred

8 Nshi road Single lane Tarred

9 Sylvester ogbaga road Single lane Tarred

10 New ogoja road Dual lane Tarred

11 Nkaliki road Single lane Tarred

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12 Ebia road Single lane Un-tarred

13 Iyimagu road Single lane Un-tarred

14 Ndiebor nkaliki road Single lane Un-tarred

15 Chukwu street Single lane Tarred

16 Igbegu nuhu road Single lane Un-tarred

17 Old ogoja road Dual lane Tarred

Annexure 4: Lists of Flora and Fauna Found in the Project Location

Broad Leaved Plants Scientific Name Family Common Name 1. Chromoloena odorata Asteraceae Siam weed 2. Sida spinosa Malvaceae Prickly sida 3. Mimosa pigea Mimosaceae Giant sensitive plant 4. Hypochoeris radicata Asteraceae Flatweed 5. Amaranthus hybridus Amaranthaceae Smooth pigweed 6. Mimosa pudica Fabaceae Sensitive plant 7. Urena lobata Malvaceae Caesad weed 8. Hypochoeris glabra Asteraceae Smooth cats ear 9. Eeclipta prostrate Asteraceae False daisy

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10. Contaurea nigra Asteraceae Black knapp plant 11. Medicago sativa Fabaceae Lucerne 12. Ambrosia taofida Asteraceae Horse weed 13. Lactuca serriola Asteraceae Prickly lettuce 14. Chenopedium album Chenopodiaceae Lambsquarters 15. Commelina communog Comecinaceae Asiatre day flower 16. Tridox procumbens Asreraceae Tridax weed 17. Cenriasoma pubescens Fabaceae Centro 18. Phgsalis longifolra Solanaceae Smooth ground cheey 19. Amaranthus retroflexus Amaranthaceae Red-root amaranth 20. Phgsalia longifolra Solanaceae Smooth ground cheicy 21. Trifolium subterraneum Fabaceae Sub clover 22. Crotalaria pallida Fabaceae Rattlepod 23. Phyllanthus tenellus Euphorbiaceae Phyllanthus 24. Alternanthera philoxeroides Amaranthaceae Alligator weed 25. Nymphaca lotus Nymphaeaceae White waterlilly 26. Lobelia purpurascens Euphorbiaceae White root 27. Magnolia obovate Magnoliaceae White back magnolia 28. Typna latitoina Typhaceae Bulrush weed 29. Cyperus exagrostic Cypeiaceae Flat sedge 30. Malva parviflora Malvaceae Small flowered mallow 31. Cynanchum leave Apocynaceae Climbing milkweed 32. Sida rhombifolia Malvaceae Sida retusa 33. Conyza Canadensis Asteraceae Muletail fleabane 34. Malva neglecta Malvaceae Dwarf mallow 35. Commelina communis Commelinaceae Common dayflower 36. Malva sylvestris Malvaceae Tall mallow 37. Convolvulus arvensis Convolvulacea Field morningglory 38. Convolvulus erubescens Convolvulacea Australian bindweed 39. Urtica urens Urticaceae Stinging nettle 40. Physalis longifolia Solanaceae Longleaf groundcherry

Grasses S/N Scientific Name Family Common Name 1. Aegilops cylindrical Poaceae Goat weed 2. Pennisetum purpureum Poaceac Elephant grass 3. Impereta cylindrical Poaceae Spear grass 4. Digitarita sanglinalos Poaceae Finger grass 5. Megathgisua madimeb Poaceae Guinea grass 6. Bromus catharticus Poaceae Prairie grass 7. Arvena fatua Poaceae Wild oats 8. Echinechloa crus-galli Poaceae Crab grass 9. Eleusine indica Poaceae Wire grass 10. Elymus repens Poaceae Quack grass 11. Panicum capillare Poaceae Panicgrass 12. Setarua faberi Poaceae Giant foxtail 13. Panicum maximum Poaceae Guinea grass 14. Cynodon dactglon Poaceae Bermuda grass 15. Cyperus esculentus Cyperaceae Yellow nutgrass 16. Bromus tectorum Poaceae Drooping brome 17. Eriochloa villosa Poaceae Hairy cupgrass 18. Hordeum jubatum Poaceae Squirreltail 19. Muhlenbergia frondosa Poaceae Common satin grass

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20. Panicum dichotomiflorum Poaceae Fall panicgrass 21. Setaria pumila Poaceae Pigeon grass 22. Cymbogon citratus Poaceae Lemon grass

Economic Fruits and Trees S/N Scientific Name Family Common Name 1. Psidium guajava Myrtaceae Guava 2. Elaeis guineensis Arecaleae Oil palm 3. Bambusa spp Poaceae Bamboo 4. Citrus aurantifolia Rutacaee Lime 5. Dennettia tripatale Annonaceae Mmimi 6. Chrysophyllum africanum Sapotaceae African star apple (udella) 7. Dacroydes educos Rosaceae Native pear 8. Brachystegia eurycoma Fabaceae Black timber (Achi) 9. Dialium guinecnsis Fabaceae Valvet tamarind (chelaka) 10. Citrus sinensis Rutaceae Sweet orange 11. Pentaclethia macrophyucer Leguminobeae Oil bean tree 12. Treculia Africana Moraceae African bread fruit 13. Persea americana Lauraceae Avocado pear 14. Anacaedium occidentale Anacaidiaceae Cashew 15. Gmelina arborae Lamiaceae Gmelina 16. Mangifera indica Anacardiaceae Mango 17. Irvingia smithii Irvingiaceae Ogbono 18. Acacia senegal Fabaceae Gum Arabic 19. Carica papaya Annaceae Paw 20. Phukenatia conophora Euphorbiaceae Ukpa 21. Annana muricata Annonaceae Sour sop 22. Cola acuminate Malvaceae Kola 23. Aframomum melegueta Zingiberaceae Alligator pepper 24. Pterocarpus soyoxii Fabaceae Oha 25. Irvingia gabonensis Irvingiaceae Ugiri 26. Azadiachta indica Meliaceae Neem 27. Khaya ivorensis Meliaceae Mahogany

Crops S/N Scientific Name Family Common Name 1. Zea mayz Poaceae Maize 2. Oryza sativa Poaceae White rice 3. Arachis hypogaea Fabaceae Ground nut 4. Cayanus cajan Fabaceae Pigeon pea 5. Dioscorea rotundata Discoreaceae White yam 6. Droscorea alata Dioscoreaceae Water yam 7. Manihot esculent Euphorbiaceae Cassava 8. Saccharum officinarum Poaceae Sugarcane 9. Colocasia esculentus Araceae Coco yam (tore) 10. Xanthosoma sagittifolilem Araceae Coco yam (tanua) 11. Sesamum indicum Pedaliaceae Benniseed 12. Musa sapientum Musaceae Banana 13. Musa paradisiacal Musaceae Plantain 14. Ananas comosus Bromeliaceae Pineapple 15. Vernonia amygdalina Asteraceae Bitter leaf 16. Telfaoroa occidentals Cucurbitaceae Fluted pumpkin 17. Abelmoschus esculon Malvaleae Okra 18. Colocynthis citrullus Cucurbitaceae Melon (egwusi)

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19. Gnectum africana Gnetaceae Okazi 20. Solanum melongena Solanaceae Egg plant 21. Capsicum annum Solanaceae Pepper

Arthropods S/N Scientific name family common name 1. Cofana spectra Cicadellidae White leafhopper 2. Planococcus dioscoreae Pseudococcidae Yam mealy bug 3. Zonocerus variegates Pyromorphoidae Grasshopper 4. Aspidiotus destructor. Diaspididae Coconut scale insect 5. Coccus hesperidium Coccidae Soft brown insect 6. Bactrocera bryoniae Tephritidae fruit fly 7. Spodoptera exempta Noctuidae African armyworm 8. Acrocercops sp. Gracillariidae Aibika leaf miner 9. Cassena intermedia Chrysomelidae/Galerucidae Leaf beetles 10. Helicoverpa armigera Octuidae Corn earworm 11. Lampides boeticus. Lycaenidae Pea blue butterfly 12. Nacoleia octasema Pyralidae Banana scab moth 13. Maruca vitrata Fabricius Pyralidae Bean pod borer 14. Papilio aegeus ormenus Guerin Papilionidae Citrus butterfly 15. Thosea sinensis Limacodidae Coconut cup moth 16. Dasychira mendosa Lymantriidae Leaf eating caterpillar 17. Henosepilachna signatipennis Coccinelidae Leaf eating ladybird 18. Phaenacantha spp. Colobathristidae/Pyrrocoridae Sugarcane bug 19. Alticus tibialis Chrysomelidae Grass bug 20. Zizina otis Lycaenidae grass blue butterfly 21. Helicoverpa armigera Noctuidae Corn earworm 22. Plutella xylostella Plutellidae/Yponomeutidae Diamond back moth 23. Atherigona oryzae Muscidae Paddy stemfly 24. Gonocephalum ochthebioides Tenebrionidae False wireworm 25. Melanitis ledabankia Nymphalidae Brown butterfly 26. Graphium agamemnon L. Papilionidae Green spotted 27. Leptocorisa acuta Alydidae Paddy bugs 28. Penicillaria jocosatrix Noctuidae Large mango tipborer 29. Taenaris myops Amathusidae Myops owl butterfly 30. Lampides boeticus L. Lycaenidae Pea Blue butterfly 31. Termitomyces titanicus Macrotermitenae Winged termite 32. Apis melifera Apidea Honey bee Gastropods S/N Family Scientific Name Common Name Exotic / Native 1. Planorbidae Drepanotrema aeruginosus rusty rams-horn Exotic 2. Hydrobiidae Gillia altilis buffalo pebble snail Native 3. Dreissenidae Dreissena polymorpha zebra mussel Exotic 4. Dreissenidae Dreissena rostriformis quagga mussel Exotic 5. Pisidiidae Eupera cubensis mottled fingernailclam Native 6. Unionidae Fusconaia flava Wabash pigtoe Native 7. Unionidae Lampsilis cardium plain pocketbook Native 8. Unionidae Lasmigona subviridis green floater Native 9. Unionidae Leptodea fragilis fragile papershell Native 10. Planorbidae Biomphalaria havanensis ghost rams-horn Native 11. Bithyniidae Bithynia tentaculata faucet snail Exotic 12. Planorbidae Biomphalaria glabrata bloodfluke planorb Exotic

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Fishes S/N Family Common name Scientific name 1. Cyprinidae Grasscarp Ctenopharyngodon idella 2. Cyprinidae Goldfish Carassius auratus 3. Cyprinidae Spikedace Meda fulgida 4. Channidae Koravai Channa sp. 5. Channidae Snakehead C. punctate 6. Cyprinidae Utah chub Gila atraria 7. Cyprinidae Common carp Cyprinus carpio 8. Poeciliidae Mosquitofish Gambusia affinis 9. Clariidae Walking catfish Clarias sp 10. Galaxiidae Black mudfish Neochanna diversus 11. Cichlidae Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus 12. Cyprinidae Speckled dace Rhinichthys osculus 13. Catostomidae Sonora sucker Catostomus insignis 14. Catostomidae Desert sucker Catostomus clarki 15. Catostomidae Razorback sucker Xyrauchen texanus 16. Poeciliidae Gila topminnow Poeciliopsis occidentalis

Birds S/N Family Common name scientific name 1. Columbidae Woodpigeon Columba palumbus 2. Columbidae Feral pigeon/rock dove Columba livia 3. Columbidae Stock dove Columba oenas 4. Apodidae Swift Apus 5. Gaviidae Red-throated diver Gavia stellate 6. Ardeidae Little bittern Ixobrychus minutes 7. Strigidae Snowy owl Nyctea scandiaca 8. Phasianidae Chicken Gallus 9. Columbidae Pigeon Columba livia 10. Numididae guinea fowl Numida meleagris 11. Accipitridae Hawk Accipiter striatus 12. Alcedinidae Kingfisher Alcedo atthis 13. Upupidae Hoopoe Upupa epops 14. Picidae Wryneck Jynx torquilla

Snakes S/N Family common name scientific name 1. Colubridae Black rat snake Elaphe o. obsoleta 2. Emydoidea Blanding’s turtle Emydoidea blandingii 3. Elapidae Black snake Pseudechis porphyriacus 4. Elapidae Black spitting cobra Naja nigricollis 5. Viperidae Pit viper Crotalus horridus 6. Colubridae Water snake Nerodia sipedon 7. Viperidae Rattle snake Crotalus scutulatus 8. Pythonidae Spotted phyton Antaresia maculosa 9. Colubridae Smooth green snake Opheodrys vernalis 10. Colubridae Common garter snake Thamnophis sirtalis 11. Colubridae Hognose snake Heterodon platirhinos 12. Colubridae Brown snake Storeria d. dekayi 13. Colubridae Black racer Coluber c. constrictor 14. Colubridae Green snake Liochlorophis vernalis

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15. Colubridae Milk snake Lampropeltis triangulum

Local animals commonly seen S/N Common name scientific name 1. Turkey (Tolotolo) Meleagris galloparo 2. Crab (Igbeni, nshiko) Cudanonantas 3. Spotted bat Euderma maculatum 4. Rat Rattus rattus 5. Lizard (Ngwele) Agama agama 6. Dog (Nkita) Canis familiars 7. Bush dog (Nkita ofia/ohia) Canis cupus 8. Bush pig (Ezi ofia/ohia) Susscrata 9. Hyena (Edi) Hyaenidae 10. Antelope (Ene) Antilocarpa americana 11. Deer (Mgbada) Duicker 12. Porcupine (Ebinitu) Erethizontidae 13. Snake (Agwo) Squamaita spp 14. Aligator Crocodiles miussippiensis 15. Grass cutter (Nchi) Thryonomys swinderianus 16. Monkey (Enwe) Macaca macaca 17. Goat (Ewu) Capra aegagrus hircus 18. Bush rat (oke ohia) Rattus fuscipes 19. Giant rat Cricetaomys gambianus 20. Duck (Obogwu) Anas spp 21. Snail (Ejuna) Achatina spp 22. Rabbit (Ewi) Oryctolagus cuniulus 23. Squirrel (Osa/Osia) Sciuridae spp 24. Sheep Ovis spp. 25. Tree frog Litoria caerullea 26. Marsh frog Rana ridibunda

Local animals rarely seen S/N Common name Scientific name 1. Tiger Panthera tigris 2. Buffalo Syncerus caffer 3. Ostrich Struthio camelus 4. Bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus 5. Giant pangolin Manis gigantea 6. African grey parrot Pscitacus erithacus 7. White pelican Pelicanus sp 8. Golden eagle Acquila chrysactos 9. Lion Panthera leo 10. Black cobra Caspian naja 11. Rattlesnake Crotalus spp. 12. Elephant Loxodonta Africana 13. Leopard Panthera pardus 14. White collared mangabey Cercocebus torquatus 15. Tropical hedgehog Atelerix albiventris

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16. Collared sparrow hawk Accipter cirrocephalus 17. African jacana Actophilomis africanus 18. Red river hog Potamocherus porcus

Local animals under extinction S/N Common name Scientific name 1. Common jackal Canis aureus 2. Red fox Vulpes vulpes 3. Eagle Aquila pennata 4. Rhinoceros Diceros bicornis 5. Chimpanzee Pan troglodytes 6. Gorilla gorilla gorilla 7. Hippopotamus hippopotamus amphibious 8. Secretary bird Sagittarius serpentarius 9. White stork Ciconia ciconia 10. Giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis 11. Anubis Papio Anubis 12. Chevrotain Hyemoschus aquat

Annexure 6: Household Questionnaire and Interview Schedule The Government of Nigeria is implementing the multi-sectoral Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) with the assistance of the World Bank, Global Environment Facility, the Special Climate Change Fund, and the Government of Nigeria. The Ebonyi State Erosion and Watershed Management Project (EBS-NEWMAP) is constructing canals to help check flooding and erosion in the urban areas of the State. The aim is to avoid the problems of flooding usually recorded in the state during rainy seasons. The project will affect the population living in those locations where the operation will take place especially those living close to the watershed. This interview is part of an environmental social management of the project. The aim is to find out how the project civil work activities will affect the households in the areas especially those living and working close to the proposed canals. We need your cooperation in answering the questions asked below. Your answers will be treated as confidential.

Section A. IDENTIFICATION 1. Identification Number:______2. Town/Location of Interview: ______3. Language of Interview:______4. Name and Signature of Interviewer:______

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5. Name and Signature of Supervisor:______6. Date: ______7. Time Interview Started:______8. Time Ended:______

Section B: Household Composition Please report the household composition. Please note: A “household” includes all members of a common decision making unit (usually within one residence) that are sharing the same household resources. These include dependents who are away from home.

PID* Name Age Relationship Gender Level of Primary Number of hh member above to household 1=male education2 Activity3 of years 14 years old head1 2=female in school

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 * PID = Personal identification number 1 Relationship to head: 1=head, 2=spouse, 3=child, 4=siblings, 5=other family member, 6=non-family member, 99=others 2 Level of education: 1=no formal education, 2= adult literacy training, 3=some primary education, 4=completed primary education, 5=some secondary education (incl. junior secondary school), 6=completed secondary education, 7=post-secondary education, 8=Koranic education, 99=others 3 Primary activity: 1=crop production, 2=livestock production, 3= fisheries, 4=forest production and/or harvesting 5=Agricultural Trading business 6=Non-Agricultural Trading business 7 = Transportation business 8 = Agricultural processing 9 = Formal private employment 10= Construction 11 = Mining/quarrying 12 = Public sector employment/ 13 = Domestic duties 14 = student In school (any type), 15=Retired, 16= unemployed, 17=handcraft, 18=artisans (incl. mechanics), 19=traditional medical practitioners 99=Others (specify

A 2. Children below 15 years Total Female Male 1. Household members 10 - 14 years old 2. Household members 6 -9 years old 3. Household members below 6 years old

12. How much do you spend on food on average every day in your household ------13. How much did you household spend on food in the last seven days ------14 Have you experienced flooding in your vicinity in the last one year? Yes ……………………. No………………

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15. If yes did you lose anything due to flooding? Yes …………… No……………………….…

16. Which of these coping strategies do you adopt to ameliorate these effects of flood? S/N Coping strategies Yes No a. Construction of drainages ( ) ( ) b. Change in timing of farm operations ( ) ( ) c. Occupational diversification ( ) ( ) d Construction of embankment ( ) ( ) e. Planting of vegetation to reduce water flow ( ) ( ) f. Flood disaster preparedness plan ( ) ( ) g. Terracing hillsides to slow down water flow ( ) ( ) h. Use of improved crop varieties ( ) ( ) i. Avoiding bush burning ( ) ( ) j. Frequent removal of sand in blocked drainages ( ) ( ) k. Relocation from floodable areas to avoid flood hazard ( ) ( ) l. River re-channelization to checkmate risk of flooding ( ) ( ) m. Raising house foundation high enough to keep above flood water ( ) ( ) Harvesting and processing of all tuber crops before flooding to n. minimize rot of tubers ( ) ( ) n. Disconnection from your means of livelihood ( ) ( )

17. What is the distance from the household (in km) to the nearest or proposed NEWMAP project site………………………………………………………………… (Enumerator to determine)? 18. River Iyiokwu within Abakaliki metropolis primarily exhibit flooding hazards during the rainy seasons. The flooding incidences usually disrupt economic activities of the area, while in some cases result in the loss of lives and property. This thereby requires its control through a sustainable watershed management possibly with community participation. Given the above scenario, will you be willing to pay some money in other to solve this perennial problem in your locality. a) Yes------b)------19. If No why?------20. If yes, how much will you be willing to pay quarterly a.) Below N500.00 b) Between N500.00 to N1, 000.00 c.) Between N1, 000.01 to N1, 500.00 d.) Between N 1,500.01 to N2, 000.00 e.) Above N2, 000.00 21. What is the maximum amount you are willing to pay to help solve this flooding problem ------22. Have you been visited by an Agricultural Extension Agent in the last one year? a.) Yes b.) No 23. If yes, how many times were you visited by an Extension Agent in the last one year?------

Section C: Sources of income 1. What is your regular source of income ------2. How much did you earn in the last one month ------3. If you are in a wage employment, how much do you receive monthly ------4. Did you receive any financial or in-kind support from relatives, friends or charitable organizations in the last 12 months? Yes=1, No = 2 ______5. 2. If yes, complete the following table. If no, proceed to other sources of income Source of financial support 1. Total amount (cash) 2. Value of in-kind support received in the last 12 received in the last 12 months (Naira) months (Naira) 1. Relatives & family members away from home 2. friends 3. charitable organizations from outside this community 4. Mutual support groups (local) 5. other sources financial support (specify)

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Other sources of income (This excludes wage and salary employment, including agricultural employment on others farms) Non-farm activities 6. Did you engage in non-farm income activities in the last 12 months? Yes = 1, No = 2 ______7. If yes, how much did you realize? ------8. Do you have access to credit facilities? Yes = 1, No = 2 9. What are your sources of credit facilities? 1 Relatives, friends & family members------(2) Microfinance Banks ------(3) Commercial Banks ------(4) Cooperative association ------

Section D: Availability of Amenities Especially Portable Water 1) How would you describe the condition of the following amenities in the town you live/ community? Please use the most applicable of the phrases provided: Amenities Non-existent Existent but Adequate but Adequate inadequate unreliable and Reliable Roads to your locality Roads within your locality Schools / educational facilities in the locality Public health institutions Portable water Public electricity Communication facilities (postal service, telephone) Public recreation facilities Public legal solid waste disposal site Disposal of sewage Market facilities Religion facilities

2. What are the major sources of water available to your household? i. River ………………………....… vi. Borehole_ (commercial) ______ii. Pond ………………………….... vii. Borehole (private) ______iii Rain water …………………….... viii. Commercial tanker______iv Public pipe-borne water ………… ix. Water Vendor ______v Mono pump ……………………… x. Well water______xi Package water xii Others (specify)

3 If a public pipe borne water, how regular does the tap flow in the week? (i) Often ------(ii) Occasionally ……….. (iii) Rarely ………………… 4 How long does it take you in minutes/hours to get to your nearest community facilities? S/N Facility Condition Time taken to reach the facility (minutes) Good Less 11 -20 21 – 30 31 -50 51 -60 Above 6o Bad than 10 mins. a. Pipe borne water/ borehole b. River/ pond/lake c. Primary school d. Secondary school e. Food market f. Health clinic or hospital g. Public transportation h. Public recreational facilities

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i Postal services / courier services

6. What is the primary source of electricity/light to your town/community? i. Hurricane lamp iv. State Government Utilities board ii. Private generators v. Company/Companies operating in your community iii. Community generators vi. NEPA (National grid)

7. What is the main fuel used for cooking? i. Firewood v. Electricity ii. Charcoal vi. Crop residue/ saw dust iii. Kerosene/oil vii. Animal wastes iv. Gas viii. Others (specify)

8. Indicate the types/numbers of educational infrastructure in your locality/community Types Total Number Nursery Primary Secondary Islamic school Technical/Vocational Adult Education Centre School for handicapped Teacher training College of Education Tertiary Institutions

9. Indicate types/number of health care institutions in your community/area? Types Total Number Hospital Maternity Dispensary Health center Private clinic Patent medicine store Pharmacy (chemist) Traditional healing home

10. Indicate types/numbers of the following social welfare in your locality/community? Type Total Number Day-care centre Cheshire homes Motherless baby homes Orphanage

11. Indicate types/numbers of the following social security/reform institutions? Type Total Number Police station Remand homes Prisons

Section E: Health Status

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1. Please tick one or more of the under mentioned ailment / sickness you suffer from most? S/N Degree of Ailment Always Sparingly Seldom Never 1 Tuberculosis 2 Dysentery 3 Diarrhoea 4 Hypertension 5 Pile 6. Sexually transmitted disease 7. Rheumatism 8. Rashes 9. Malaria 10 Typhoid 11. Eczema 12. Eye pains 13. Epilepsy 14. Ringworm 15. pneumonia 16. Asthma 17. Cholera 18. Congestive health problem 19. Cataract 20. Glaucoma

Section F: Impact of Proposed NEWMAP Project

1. Indicate type of loss you will suffer due to the proposed project implementation S/N Asset Type Loss Type Yes/No Remarks A. Physical Assets 1. Land Land (vacant) Residential Agricultural Commercial Industrial use Others (specify) 2, Structures Main building Ancillary building Fence walls Shops, kiosks etc Pavements Concrete kerbs, concrete well Reservoirs B. Income and Livelihood 1. Farm (Economic Grazing land Trees)food crops Food (seasonal) crops Economic or perennial trees Others

2. Business Rental income Clientele /customers Business income Wage income (for employment) Fees from trainees or apprentices 3. Opportunity to livelihood Loss of training or apprenticeship Loss of business Loss of residence Loss of accommodation or room C. Disturbance / Disruptions Temporary structures Loss of location

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Access to Utilities Disconnection of utility services Disturbance temporary Movable assets – incurring removable structures expenses Loss of peaceful enjoyment of property Loss of customers and companions

2. Indicate category and level of losses you will suffer from proposed NEWMAP project implementation

S/N Extent of Loss Yes No % of loss affected asset Remark 1. Permanent loss < 30% 30 -50% 51 – 70% >70% 2 Temporary loss 3. Full loss 4. Partial loss 5. Minimal loss 6. Significant loss

S/N Persons Definitions Yes / No Remarks 1. Individual Individuals who risk losing assets, investments, land property and /or access to natural and/or economic resources as a result of a sub - project 2. Households One or more persons –men, women, children, dependent relatives and tenants; vulnerable individuals who may be too old or ill to farm along with the others; in so far as displacement due to the sub – project activities create challenges for which these people are ill prepared 3. Vulnerable a. internally displaced persons persons/group b. Elderly persons c. Persons living with HIV/AIDs d. Orphans and street children e. Unmarried women and /or widow f. female headed households g. Small scale female farmers h. Dependent persons i. The physically challenged j. Others, specify 2. Squatters Lack of legal title or legal occupancy /other land rights to the land they occupy as illegal occupiers occupants Corporate Organization Entity

Name of respondent ………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Phone No…………………………………………………………………………………………….

GPS Readings: Longitude…………………………………………….

Latitude……………………………………………..

Elevation……………………………………………

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27. Street Address of respondent ------

28. What is the occupancy status of the dwelling used?

(i) Owns the dwelling ------(ii) Rents the dwelling------

(iii) Pays nominal/subsidized rent ------(iv) Uses without paying rent------

(v) Nomadic or temporary dwelling ------

29. What type of document do you have to back your occupancy status? (i) Certificate of occupancy------

Leasehold------(ii) Freehold------

(iii) Tenancy agreement------(iv) Receipt for payment------(v) None-----

Annexure 6: Questions adapted from ICID Check List for ESMP 1. Hydrological changes

1.1 Low flow regime

Is the flow regime of the river substantially changed by the Project and its dams (by more than +/- 20% in low flow periods)? If so, does this change benefit or impair aquatic ecosystems, existing or potential downstream abstractions, hydropower, navigation or recreational uses?

1.2 Flood regime Is the flood regime of the river (peak discharge and stage, speed of flood waves, flood super-position with joining rivers, duration or extent of floodplain inundations downstream) substantially changed by the Project as a result of changes in abstractions, retention storage, reservoir releases, flood protection works, new road/rail routes, river training or surface drainage works? If so, does this change benefit or impair aquatic and flood-affected ecosystems, lead to an increase or decrease in flood damage or change land use restrictions outside the Project?

1.3 Fall of water table Does the Project cause a fall of the water table (from groundwater abstractions, reduced infiltration due to rivertraining, drainage or flood protection works)? If so, does this fall lead to increased potential for groundwater recharge (from seasonal rainfall) and improved conditions for land use; or lead to depletion of the groundwater system, affecting wells, springs, river flows and wetlands?

1.4 Rise of water table Does the Project cause a rise of the water table (from increased infiltration or seepage from irrigation, seepage from reservoirs and canals, or increased floodplain inundation)? If so, does this rise lead to improved yield of wells and springs and improved capillary rise into the root zone; or lead to water logging of agricultural or other land in the Project area or vicinity?

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2. Organic and inorganic pollution 2.1 Solute dispersion

Are the Project and its dams leading to changes in the concentrations of organic or inorganic solutes in the surface water due to changes to the pattern of water abstraction and reuse in the basin or flow regulation? If so, do the changes benefit or impair biological communities or domestic, agricultural or industrial water users in the basin?

2.2 Toxic substances Are significant levels of toxic substance accumulating or being introduced, mobilized and transmitted due to the construction and operation of the Project and its dams, or are levels being reduced? Substances such as pesticides, herbicides, hydrogen sulphide, oil derivatives, boron, selenium and heavy metals in irrigation supplies or surface, draining and ground waters should be considered.

2.3 Organic Pollution Are nutrients, organic compounds and pathogens being reduced or introduced and concentrated, due to the Project, its dams and its associated domestic settlements? If so, does the change result in a reduction or increase in environmental and water use problems in the Project area or downstream (in rivers, canals, reservoirs, and lakes, evaporation wet lands, depressions, deltas, estuary regions) or in the groundwater?

2.4 Anaerobic effects Is the Project reducing or creating anaerobic conditions or eutrophication in any impoundments, natural lakes, pools or wetlands due to changed input or accumulation of fertilizers, other nutrients and organic matter or due to changed water quality resulting from dams, river abstractions and drainage flows?

2.5 Gas Emissions Is the Project, either directly or through associated industrial processing, causing decreased or increased gas emissions which contribute to air pollution (O3, SO3, H2S, NOx, NH4, etc.) or the greenhouse effect (CO2, CH4, NOx, etc.)?

3. Soil Properties and salinity effects 3.1 Soil salinity Is the Project leading to progressive accumulation of salts in the soils of the project area or the vicinity because of prevailing high salt content in the soil, the groundwater, or the surface water; or can a progressive leaching effect be expected?

3.2 Soil properties Is the Project leading to changes in soil characteristics within the Project area or the vicinity due to such activities as irrigation, the application of fertilizers or other chemicals, cultivation practices or dewatering through drainage? Changes which can improve or impair soil structure, workability, permeability, fertility association with nutrient changes, humus content, pH, acid sulphate or hard pan formation or available water capacity should be considered.

3.3 Saline groundwater Are changes to the rates of seepage, percolation or leaching from the Project and its dams increasing or decreasing the concentrations of chlorides, nitrates or other salts in the groundwater?

3.4 Saline drainage Are changes to the concentrations of chlorides, nitrates or other salts in the runoff or drainage water from the Project area in danger of affecting biological communities or existing or potential downstream users (particularly during low flow conditions)?

3.5 Saline Intrusion

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Are the Project and its dams leading to changes in saline water (sea water) intrusion into the estuary or into groundwater due to changes in low flow, groundwater use, dredging or river training? If so, are the changes likely to affect biological communities and water users in the Project vicinity and other areas?

4. Erosion and sedimentation 4.1 Local erosion Is increased or decreased soil loss or gully erosion being caused within or close to the Project area by changes in land gradient and vegetative cover, by irrigation and cultivation practice, from banks of canals, roads and dams, from areas of cut and fill or due to storm drainage provision?

4.2 Hinterland effect Are the Project and its dams leading to changes in natural vegetation, land productivity and erosion through changes in population density, animal husbandry, dry land farming practices, forest cover, soil conservation measures, in the region?

4.3 River morphology Is the regime of the river(s) changed by the Project and its dams through changes in the quantity or seasonal distribution of flows and flood peaks in the river(s), the abstraction of clear water, and changes in sediment yield (caused by 4.1 and 4.2), the trapping of sediments in reservoirs or the flushing of sediment control structures? If so, do these changes benefit or impair aquatic ecosystems or existing or potential users downstream?

4.4 Channel structures Is scouring, aggradation, or bank erosion in the river(s),endangering the Project’s river headworks, offtake structures, weir or pump inlets, its canal network, drainage or flood protection works, the free flow of its drainage system or structures and developments downstream? Consider effects associated with changes noted in 4.3 as well as those caused by other existing and planned upstream developments. 4.5 Sedimentation Are the changes noted in 4.1 – 4.4 causing increased or decreased sediment deposition in irrigation or drainage canals, hydraulic structures, storage reservoirs or on cultivated land, either via the irrigation systems or the river(s)? If so, do these changes benefit or impair soil fertility, Project operation, land cultivation or the capacity and operation of reservoirs?

4.6 Estuary erosion Are the Project and its dams leading to changes in the hydrological or sediment regimes of the river which can affect delta formation or estuary and coastal erosion? If so, do these changes benefit or impair aquatic ecosystems (estuarine or marine), local habitation, navigation or other uses of the estuary?

5. Biological and ecological changes Is the Project, its dams or its associated infrastructure causing substantial and permanent changes (positive or negative) within the habitats listed in 5.1 – 5.5? 5.1 natural ecology (habitat, vegetation, terrestrial animals, birds, fish and other aquatic animals and plants), 5.2 areas of special scientific interest 5.3 biological diversity Include the likely ecological benefit of any new or modified habitats created and of any protective or mitigratory measures adopted (such as nature reserves and compensatory forests). – Project lands, water bodies, surrounding area

5.4 Valleys & shores River and canal banks, lake, reservoir and sea shores and the offshore marine environment.

5.5 Wetlands & plains Floodplains or permanent wetlands including deltas and coastal swamps.

5.6 Rare species

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Is the existence of any rare, endangered or protected species in the region enhanced or threatened by the changes noted in 5.1-5.5?

5.7 Animal migration Does the Project, its dams or new road/rail routes affect the migration patterns of wild animals, birds or fish? Make allowance for the compensatory effect of any additional provision within the Project (canal crossings, fish passes, spawning locations, resting or watering places, shade, considerate operation).

5.8 Natural industry Are commercial or subsistence activities depending on the natural terrestrial and aquatic environment benefited or adversely affected by the Project through ecological changes or changes in human access? Changes affecting such activities as fisheries, harvesting from natural vegetation, timber, game hunting or viewing and honey production should be considered.

6 Socio-Economic impacts 6.1 Population change Is the Project causing significant demographic changes in the Project area or vicinity which may affect social harmony? Changes in population size/density and demographic/ethnic composition should be considered.

6.2 Income and amenity Is the Project introducing significant economic/political changes which can increase or decrease social harmony and individual well-being? Changes in the general levels of employment and income, in the provisions of local infrastructure and amenities, in the relative distribution of income, property values and Project benefits (including access to irrigation water) and in the demand for labour and skills (particularly in relation to family/political hierarchy and different sexes and social groups) should be considered. 6.3 Human migration Has adequate provision been made for any temporary or migratory population influx to avoid social deprivation, hardship or conflicts within these groups or between the permanent and temporary groups? Human migration arising both from the demand for skills/labour during construction and from the requirements for seasonal agricultural labour should be considered.

6.4 Resettlement Has adequate provision been made for the resettlement, livelihood and integration of any people displaced by the Project and its dams or losing land, grazing or other means of income due to the Project? Also, has adequate provision been made for the subsistence farming needs of people settled on or associated with the Project?

6.5 Women’s role Does the Project change the status and role of women (positively or negatively) in relation to social standing, work load, access to income and heritage and marital rights?

6.6 Minority groups Are the Project and its dams causing changes to the lifestyle, livelihoods or habitation of any social groups (particularly minority groups) leading to major conflicts with, or changes to their traditional behaviour, social organization or cultural and religious practices?

6.7 Sites of Value Is access improved or hampered to places of aesthetic and scenic beauty, sites of historical and religious significance or mineral and paleontological resources? Also, are any such sites being destroyed by the Project?

6.8 Regional Effects Are the economic, infrastructural, social and demographic changes associated with the Project likely to enhance, restrict or lead to unbalanced regional development? Also, has adequate provision been made for new transport, marketing and processing needs associated with the Project?

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6.9 User Involvement Has there been adequate user and public participation in project planning, implementation and operation to ensure Project success and reduce future conflicts? The potential for incorporating within the Project existing systems of land tenure, traditional irrigation, and existing organizational and sociological structures and for the provision of new or extended facilities for credit, marketing, agricultural extension and training should be considered.

6.10 Recreation Are the Project and its dams creating new recreational possibilities (fishing, hunting, sailing, canoeing, swimming, scenic walks, etc.) and are existing facilities impaired, preserved or improved?

7. Health Consider each of the items 7.1-7.9 in relation to the local population, the labour force during construction and their camp followers, the resettled and newly resettled populations and migratory labour groups.

8. Ecological Imbalances 8.1 Pests & weeds: Are crop pests or weeds likely to increase or decrease (particularly those favoured by irrigation/drainage/flood control) affecting yields, cultivation and requirements for pesticides or herbicides?

8.2 Animal diseases: Are domestic animals in the Project or vicinity more or less exposed to hazard diseases and parasites as a result of the Project and its dams?

8.3 Aquatic weeds Are reservoirs, rivers or irrigation and drainage canals likely to support aquatic vegetation or algae? If so, can these plants be harvested or controlled, or will they reduce the storage/conveyance capacity, interfere with the operation of hydraulic structures or lead to oxygen-oversaturated or anaerobic water bodies?

8.4 Structural damage: Is there a danger of significant damage being caused to dams, embankments, canal banks or other components of the irrigation/drainage/flood control works through the action of plants and animals (including rodents and termites) favoured by the Project?

8.5 Animal imbalances Does the Project cause zoological imbalances (insects, rodents, birds and other wild animals) through habitat modification, additional food supply and shelter, extermination of predators, reduced competition or increased diseases?

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Annexure 7: Samples of List of Participants at the Public Consultation

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