DOCSLIB.ORG

Ebonyi State Government Nigeria Erosion and Watershed

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ebonyi State Government Nigeria Erosion and Watershed SFG1692 V12 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Iyiokwu International Market Flood Site (Second Draft Report) EBONYI STATE GOVERNMENT NIGERIA Public Disclosure Authorized EROSION AND WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PROJECT (NEWMAP) Public Disclosure Authorized ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP) FOR IYIOKWU- INTERNATIONAL MARKET FLOOD SITE IN ABAKALIKI Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized FINAL REPORT DECEMBER, 2016 Page | i Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Iyiokwu International Market Flood Site (Final Report) Table of Content Table of Content .............................................................................................................................................. ii LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................................................. iv LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................................................ v LIST OF ACRONYMS ........................................................................................................................................ vi EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................................................. vii CHAPTER ONE .................................................................................................................................................. 1 1.0 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background.......................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Description of the Proposed Intervention Site and Work ............................................................... 3 1.3 Objective of the Consultancy ............................................................................................................. 6 1.4 Tasks of the Consultant ...................................................................................................................... 6 1.5 Methodology and Project Approach ................................................................................................. 8 1.5.1 Task 1: Project Planning ................................................................................................................. 8 1.5.2 Task 2: Project Description and Literature Review ...................................................................... 9 1.5.3 Task 3: Field Survey ........................................................................................................................ 9 1.5.4 Task 4: Development of an ESMP to Mitigate Negative Impacts .............................................. 11 1.5.5 Task 5: Reporting Requirements ................................................................................................. 11 CHAPTER TWO ............................................................................................................................................... 13 2.0 POLICY, INSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ..... 13 2.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 13 2.2 Policy Framework.............................................................................................................................. 13 2.3 Regulatory Framework ..................................................................................................................... 13 2.3.1 Federal Legislation ........................................................................................................................ 13 2.3.2 Assessment of the Policy and Regulatory Framework ............................................................... 16 2.3.3 Institutional Framework ............................................................................................................... 17 2.3.4 International Environmental Agreements and Conventions ..................................................... 18 2.4 World Bank Safeguard Policies ........................................................................................................ 19 2.5 World Bank Safeguard and Policies Nigeria Environmental Policies ............................................ 20 CHAPTER THREE ............................................................................................................................................ 22 3.0 BIOPHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT .......................................................................................................... 22 3.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 22 3.2 Physical Environment ....................................................................................................................... 22 3.2 Biological Environment ..................................................................................................................... 35 CHAPTER FOUR .............................................................................................................................................. 37 4.0 SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS AND CONSULTATION WITH .............................................. 37 4.1 Socio-Economic Environment of Ebonyi State................................................................................ 37 4.2 Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Respondents in the Project Area ........................................... 39 4.2.1 Distribution of the respondents according to sex ............................................................................. 39 4.2.2 Distribution of the respondents according to age............................................................................. 40 4.2.3 Marital Status of the Respondents ............................................................................................. 40 4.2.4 Educational Status of the Respondents ...................................................................................... 41 4.2.5 Employment Status of the Respondents ............................................................................................ 41 4.2.6 Income Level of the Respondents ...................................................................................................... 42 4.2.7 Access to Credit Facilities .................................................................................................................... 43 4.2.8 Sources of Credit Facilities .................................................................................................................. 44 Page | ii Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Iyiokwu International Market Flood Site (Final Report) 4.2.9: Perception of the Respondents as Regards Social Infrastructural Facilities in the Communities 44 4.3 Consultation with Stakeholders ....................................................................................................... 58 4.4 Overview of Public Consultation Programme ................................................................................. 59 CHAPTER FIVE ................................................................................................................................................ 65 5.0 ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL ADVERSE IMPACTS AND ANALYSIS OF ............................................ 65 5.1 ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL ADVERSE IMPACTS ........................................................................... 65 5.1.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 65 5.1.3 Positive Environmental Impacts ................................................................................................. 67 5.1.3.1 Pre- Construction Phase .............................................................................................................. 67 5.1.3.2 Construction Phase ...................................................................................................................... 67 5.1.3.3 Operation Phase .......................................................................................................................... 67 5.1.4 Negative Environmental Impacts ............................................................................................... 68 5.1.4.1 Pre-Construction Phase ............................................................................................................... 68 5.1.4.2 Construction Phase ...................................................................................................................... 69 5.1.4.3 Operation Phase .......................................................................................................................... 70 5.1.5 Negative Social Impacts .............................................................................................................. 71 5.1.5.1 Construction Phase ...................................................................................................................... 71 5.1.5.2 Operation and Maintenance Phase ...........................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Do Pesticide Residues Have Enduring Negative Effect on Macroinvertebrates and Vertebrates in Fallow Rice Paddies?
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.07.06.451252; this version posted July 6, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Do pesticide residues have enduring negative effect on macroinvertebrates and vertebrates in fallow rice paddies? Jheng-Sin Song, Chi-Chien Kuo* Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan *Corresponding author: [email protected] 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.07.06.451252; this version posted July 6, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 Abstract 2 Rice is one of the most important staple food in the world, with irrigated rice paddies 3 largely converted from natural wetlands. The effectiveness of rice fields in help preserve 4 species depends partially on management practices, including the usage of pesticides. 5 However, related studies have focused predominately on the cultivation period, leaving the 6 effects of soil pesticide residues on aquatic invertebrates during the fallow periods little 7 explored; other animals, such as waterbirds, also rely on aquatic invertebrates in flooded 8 fallow fields for their survival. We therefore investigated vertebrates and macroinvertebrates 9 (terrestrial and aquatic) on rice stands and in flooded water during cultivation and fallow 10 periods in organic and conventional rice fields in Taiwan.
    [Show full text]
  • LYGAEOIDEA La Superfamila Lygaeoidea (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomomorpha) Es Una De Las Mayores Y Más Diver- Sas, Con Más De 4000 Especies, De Heteroptera
    | 421 Resumen LYGAEOIDEA La superfamila Lygaeoidea (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomomorpha) es una de las mayores y más diver- sas, con más de 4000 especies, de Heteroptera. Los hábitats de las especies del grupo son variados, hay grupos arbóreos, geófilos y laminófilos. La mayoría se alimentan de semillas maduras, aunque las Blissidae y algunas Lygaeidae son succionadoras de savia, los Geocoridae son principalmente depredadoras y las Cle- radini (Rhyparochromidae) se alimentan de sangre de vertebrados. Las ninfas viven en los mismos hábitats que los adultos y se alimentan generalmente de las mismas plantas. Actualmente en los Lygaeoidea se reconocen 15 familias, de las cuales 12 han sido registradas de la región Neotropical y 11 de la Argentina: Berytidae, Blissidae, Colobathristidae, Cymidae, Geocoridae, Lygaeidae, Ninidae, Oxycarenidae, Pachygronthidae, Piesmatidae y Rhyparochromidae. Se presenta una breve historia taxonómica, aspectos filogenéticos y de la clasificación actual de la superfamilia, bibliografía de referencia y una clave para la identificación de las familias de la Argentina. Para cada familia se presenta una diagnosis, principales trabajos, aspectos de la bio- logía y la diversidad a nivel mundial y en la Argentina, así como claves para la determinación de los géneros presentes en el pais. Además, se reseña la importancia agroeconómica del grupo. Se adjunta un listado de las 154 especies citadas de Argentina. Pablo Matías DELLAPÉ Abstract The superfamily Lygaeoidea (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: División Entomología, Museo de La Plata, Paseo del Pentatomomorpha) is one of the most diverse within the Bosque, 1900 La Plata, Argentina. Heteroptera, with more than 4000 species described. [email protected] The Lygaeoid habitats are diverse; there are arboreal, geophile and laminophile species.
    [Show full text]
  • T.Amb.B.Uea.3185
    UNIVERSIDAD ESTATAL AMAZÓNICA TESIS DE GRADO PREVIO A LA OBTENCIÓN DEL TÍTULO DE INGENIERÍA AMBIENTAL TEMA: “CARACTERIZACIÓN DE INSECTOS HEMIMETÁBOLOS DEL ORDEN HEMIPTERA COMO GRUPO BIOINDICADOR EN UN PROCESO DE RESTAURACIÓN ECOLÓGICA CON ENMIENDAS DE BIOCHAR EN EL CIPCA¨ AUTOR: CÓRDOVA MASHIANT JESSICA MARILÚ DIRECTOR DEL ´PROYECTO: RÍOS GUAYASAMÍN PEDRO DAMIAN PUYO-PASTAZA-ECUADOR 2019 DECLARACIÓN DE AUTORIA Y CESIÓN DE DERECHOS Yo, CÓRDOVA MASHIANT JESSICA MARILÚ con cédula de identidad 1400856900, declaro ante las autoridades educativas de la Universidad Estatal Amazónica, que el contenido del proyecto de Investigación titulado: “Caracterización de insectos hemimetábolos del orden Hemiptera como grupo bioindicador en un proceso de restauración ecológica con enmiendas de biochar en el CIPCA¨, es absolutamente original, auténtico y personal. Como también contenidos, ideas, conclusiones y propuestas son de exclusiva responsabilidad de la autora de este trabajo de grado. ____________________________ Córdova Mashiant Jessica Marilú 140085690 0 CERTIFICACIÓN DE CULMINACIÓN DEL PROYECTO DE INVESTIGACIÓN Yo, RÍOS GUAYASAMÍN PEDRO DAMIÁN, C.I. 1716132590 certifico que la egresada CÓRDOVA MASHIANT JESSICA MARILÚ, C.I. 1400856900 ha concluido el proyecto de investigación titulado: “Caracterización de insectos hemimetábolos del orden Hemiptera como grupo bioindicador en un proceso de restauración ecológica con enmiendas de biochar en el CIPCA¨. Dejo constancia que la elaboración y redacción del informe final fue desarrollado por la estudiante antes mencionada y dirigida por mi persona como lo disponen los requisitos establecidos por la Carrera de Ambiental de la Universidad Estatal Amazónica. En consideración de los requisitos cumplidos autorizo que esta investigación sea presentada a la Coordinadora de la Carrera para su proceso legal correspondiente.
    [Show full text]
  • An Investigation Into Australian Freshwater Zooplankton with Particular Reference to Ceriodaphnia Species (Cladocera: Daphniidae)
    An investigation into Australian freshwater zooplankton with particular reference to Ceriodaphnia species (Cladocera: Daphniidae) Pranay Sharma School of Earth and Environmental Sciences July 2014 Supervisors Dr Frederick Recknagel Dr John Jennings Dr Russell Shiel Dr Scott Mills Table of Contents Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... 3 Declaration ................................................................................................................................. 5 Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................... 6 Chapter 1: General Introduction .......................................................................................... 10 Molecular Taxonomy ..................................................................................................... 12 Cytochrome C Oxidase subunit I ................................................................................... 16 Traditional taxonomy and cataloguing biodiversity ....................................................... 20 Integrated taxonomy ....................................................................................................... 21 Taxonomic status of zooplankton in Australia ............................................................... 22 Thesis Aims/objectives ..................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Type Specimens of Insecta Housed at the Museo De Ciencias Naturales De Salta, Argentina
    ISSN 0373-5680 (impresa), ISSN 1851-7471 (en línea) Rev. Soc. Entomol. Argent. 68 (3-4): 253-262, 2009 253 Type specimens of Insecta housed at the Museo de Ciencias Naturales de Salta, Argentina VON ELLENRIEDER, Natalia Instituto de Bio y Geociencias (IbiGeo), Museo de Ciencias Naturales de Salta, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Argentina; e-mail: [email protected] Los tipos de Insecta depositados en el Museo de Ciencias Naturales de Salta, Argentina RESUMEN. Se proporciona una breve descripción de la colección entomológica del Museo de Ciencias Naturales de Salta, Argentina, y se incluye un listado de los ejemplares tipo (34 holotipos, 6 sintipos, 9 alotipos y 55 paratipos) que ésta alberga. PALABRAS CLAVE. Tipos. Colección. Salta. Argentina. ABSTRACT. A short description of the entomological collection of the Natural History Museum of Salta, Argentina, is provided, with a listing of the type specimens held here (34 holotypes, 6 syntypes, 9 allotypes, and 55 paratypes). KEY WORDS. Types. Collection. Salta. Argentina. INTRODUCTION Odonata, Orthoptera, Hemiptera, Neuroptera, Coleoptera, and Diptera. It In 1999 the Museo de Ciencias Naturales also includes over 15,000 specimens from de Salta inherited a large proportion of several orders and families, mainly from NW the Entomological collection that once Argentina and also from other regions of the belonged to the Instituto de Investigaciones country as well as neighboring countries Entomológicas de Salta (INESalt). That (Bolivia and Paraguay). Institute functioned from 1988 to 1995 in the city of Rosario de Lerma, and entomologists M. A. Fritz (specialist on Hymenoptera, MATERIAL AND METHODS Mutilidae), G. J. Williner (specialist on Neuroptera), and M.
    [Show full text]
  • Collembola Colleterial Glands Colletidae Collophore
    1008 C Collembola Department of Agriculture, Miscellaneous Publication No Colonization 1443, Washington, DC, 103 pp. Available Online at http:// www.sel.barc.usda.gov/Selhome/collpres/contents.htm The introduction and establishment of a species, usually a beneficial insect, in a new geographic Collembola area or habitat. An order of hexapods in the class Entognatha, and sometimes considered to be insects. They Colony commonly are called springtails. Springtails A group of individuals, other than a mated pair, which rears offspring in a cooperative manner, and may construct a nest. (contrast with aggregation) Colleterial Glands Female insects commonly secrete glue that Colony Fission attaches the egg to a substrate. Also secreted in some cases are jelly-like materials, oothecae, or pods Among social insects, the same as budding: multi- containing the individual eggs. The glands that plication of colonies by the departure from the secrete these are known by various names, including parental nest of one or more reproductive forms accessory, mucous, cement, and colleterial glands. accompanied by workers. Thus, the parental nest remains functional and new ones are founded. Colletidae Colony Odor A family of bees (order Hymenoptera, superfamily Apoidae). They commonly are known as plasterer The odor specific to a particular colony. This odor bees and yellow-faced bees. allows social insects to identify their nestmates Wasps, Ants, Bees and Sawflies among others of the same species. Bees Social Insect Pheromones Collophore Colorado Potato Beetle, A tube-like structure located ventrally on the first Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) abdominal segment of springtails (Collembola). (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) donaLd C. weBer Colobathristidae USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, USA A family of bugs (order Hemiptera, suborder Pentamorpha).
    [Show full text]
  • Brooklyn Nature Refuge Supplement
    BUSH BLITZ SPECIES DISCOVERY PROGRAM Brooklyn Nature Refuge Supplement Australian Biological Resources Study Contents Key Appendix A: Species Lists 3 ¤ = Previously recorded on the reserve and Fauna 4 found on this survey * = New record for this reserve Invertebrates 4 ^ = Exotic/Pest Butterflies 4 # = EPBC listed True Bugs 4 ~ = NCA listed Dragonflies and Damselflies 5 EPBC = Environment Protection and Biodiversity Spiders 5 Conservation Act 1999 (Commonwealth) Snails and Slugs 5 NCA = Nature Conservation Act 1992 (Queensland) Appendix B: Threatened Species 7 Colour coding for entries: Fauna 8 Black = Previously recorded on the reserve and Invertebrates 8 found on this survey Spiders 8 Brown = Putative new species Blue = Previously recorded on the reserve but not found on this survey 2 Bush Blitz survey report — Far North QLD 2010 Appendix A: Species Lists Nomenclature and taxonomy used in this appendix are consistent with that from the Australian Faunal Directory (AFD), the Australian Plant Name Index (APNI) and the Australian Plant Census (APC). Current at March 2013 Brooklyn Nature Refuge Supplement 3 Fauna Invertebrates Butterflies True Bugs Family Species Family Species Hesperiidae Arrhenes dschilus iris * Alydidae Leptocorisa acuta * Pelopidas lyelli lyelli * Mutusca brevicornis * Suniana sunias rectivitta * Riptortus sp. 14 * Lycaenidae Candalides erinus erinus * Anthocoridae Lyctocoris sp. 60 * Catochrysops panormus platissa * Orius sp. 58 * Euchrysops cnejus cnidus * Berytidae Metacanthus sp. 48 * Famegana alsulus alsulus * Colobathristidae Phaenacantha australiae * Jamides phaseli * Coreidae Acroelytrum muricatum * Philiris nitens nitens * Clavigralloides acantharis * Nymphalidae Danaus affinis affinis * Gralliclava australiensis * Euploea corinna * Gerridae Limnogonus luctuosus * Hypocysta adiante adiante * Hydrometridae Hydrometra jourama * Hypolimnas bolina nerina * Lygaeidae Graptostethus sp. 61 * Junonia hedonia zelima * Nysius caledoniae * Junonia orithya albicincta * Miridae Acrorrhinium sp.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to True Bugs (Heteroptera) of the Neotropics
    Chapter 1 Introduction to True Bugs (Heteroptera) of the Neotropics Antônio R. Panizzi and Jocêlia Grazia Abstract True bugs (Heteroptera) are a diverse and complex group of insects, particularly in the neotropics. The fauna ofthese bugs has been investigated through time, but our knowledge of the species living in the Neotropical Region is lirnited. ln this introductory chapter, we give a general view on true bugs c1assification and biogeography, with concise comments on their general characteristics and bioecology of each major taxon that comprise each of the seven infraorders of Heteroptera. 1.1 Introduction The true bugs (Heteroptera) constitute a very interesting widely distributed group of insects, which is greatly diversified in tropical zones. Considered the largest group of insects with incomplete metamorphosis, heteropterans have been studied on both basic and applied aspects worldwide. Along the years, several books have been published on Heteroptera, the majority on specific aspects, such as certain groups (taxa) of particular areas, and others on more general comprehensive issues. Of more broad interest, two books about the latter were published relatively recently. The first was dedicated to the c1assification and natural history of true bugs in particular, with insights on the history of the study of Heteroptera, how to collect and preserve true bugs, historical biogeogra- A.R. Panizzi (~) Laboratório de Entomologia, Embrapa Trigo, Caixa Postal 3081, Passo Fundo, RS 99001-970, Brazil e-mail: [email protected] J. Grazia Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, prédio 43435, Bairro Agronomia, Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brazil e-mail: [email protected] © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2015 3 A.R.
    [Show full text]
  • IUFRO World Series Vol. 19 Global Forest Decimal Classification
    International Union of Forest Research Organizations Union Internationale des Instituts de Recherches Forestières Internationaler Verband Forstlicher Forschungsanstalten Unión Internacional de Organizaciones de Investigación Forestal IUFRO World Series Vol. 19 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC) Globale Forstliche Dezimal- Klassifikation (GFDK) Editors: Barbara Holder Jarmo Saarikko Daryoush Voshmgir Prepared by IUFRO Working Party 6.03.03 Global Forest Decimal Classification ISSN 1016-3263 ISBN 3-901347-61-5 IUFRO, Vienna 2006 Recommended catalogue entry: Holder, B., Saarikko, J. and Voshmgir, D. 2006. Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC). IUFRO World Series Vol. 19. Vienna. 338 p. Classification: GFDC: 0--014, UDC: 025.45 Published by: IUFRO Headquarters, Vienna, Austria, 2006 © 2006 IUFRO IUFRO Headquarters c/o Mariabrunn (BFW) Hauptstrasse 7, A-1140 Vienna, Austria Tel.: +43-1-877 01 51-0; Fax: +43-1-877 01 51 -50 E-Mail: [email protected]; Internet: www.iufro.org Available from: IUFRO Headquarters (see above), and Library Austria Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape. Unit: Documentation, Publication & Library, Seckendorff-Gudent-Weg 8, A-1131 Vienna, Austria Tel.: +43-1-87838-1216; Fax: +43-1-87838-1215 E-Mail: [email protected]; Web: http://bfw.ac.at/ ISBN 3-901347-61-5 Price 35 Euro plus mailing costs Printed by: Austrian Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape (BFW) GFDC website: http://iufro.andornot.com/GFDCDefault.aspx Editors
    [Show full text]
  • Biodiversity Summary: Burnett Mary, Queensland
    Biodiversity Summary for NRM Regions Species List What is the summary for and where does it come from? This list has been produced by the Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities (SEWPC) for the Natural Resource Management Spatial Information System. The list was produced using the AustralianAustralian Natural Natural Heritage Heritage Assessment Assessment Tool Tool (ANHAT), which analyses data from a range of plant and animal surveys and collections from across Australia to automatically generate a report for each NRM region. Data sources (Appendix 2) include national and state herbaria, museums, state governments, CSIRO, Birds Australia and a range of surveys conducted by or for DEWHA. For each family of plant and animal covered by ANHAT (Appendix 1), this document gives the number of species in the country and how many of them are found in the region. It also identifies species listed as Vulnerable, Critically Endangered, Endangered or Conservation Dependent under the EPBC Act. A biodiversity summary for this region is also available. For more information please see: www.environment.gov.au/heritage/anhat/index.html Limitations • ANHAT currently contains information on the distribution of over 30,000 Australian taxa. This includes all mammals, birds, reptiles, frogs and fish, 137 families of vascular plants (over 15,000 species) and a range of invertebrate groups. Groups notnot yet yet covered covered in inANHAT ANHAT are notnot included included in in the the list. list. • The data used come from authoritative sources, but they are not perfect. All species names have been confirmed as valid species names, but it is not possible to confirm all species locations.
    [Show full text]
  • Morphology, Ontogeny, Reproduction, and Feeding of True Bugs
    Chapter 2 Morphology, Ontogeny, Reproduction, and Feeding of True Bugs Jocélía Grazia, Felipe L. Simões, and Antônio R. Panizzi Abstract In this chapter we present an overview of the morphology, ontogeny, reproduction, and feeding of the 28 higher-level categories (infraorder/superfamily/ family/subfamily) of true bugs occurring in the neotropical region, which are treated in greater detail in Sect. 2.2. 2.1 Introduction The Heteroptera can be diagnosed by the presence of mouthparts typically hemipteran with mandibular stylets concentric and surrounding maxillary stylets. The labium is inserted anteriorly on the head and a distinct gular area is always present, often closed behind to form a buccular bridge. Scent-gland structures are often paired, located and exiting ventrally in the metathoracic pleuron; nymphs with paired scent glands which are placed at the junction of one or more of the following abdominal terga: JIIIIV, IVN, VNl, and VINIL A detailed description of the adult morphology of heteropterous insects is found in Schuh and Slater (1995). The eggs may be elongate, cylindrical, curved, or barrel-shaped; they are inserted into a plant tissue, cemented to a substraturn, or laid free. A distinct operculum may be present, the same applying to a true egg burster. The cephalic pole of the egg of most bugs bears one or two micropy les or aero- rnicropyles (apparently with gaseous exchange function). Aero-micropylar processes omament the egg pole; in all bugs except Cirnicoidea, the sperm enters the egg during fertilization through the micropyles. There are ordinarily tive nymphal instars, which typically resemble adults and live in similar environments.
    [Show full text]
  • Northern Rivers, New South Wales
    Biodiversity Summary for NRM Regions Guide to Users Background What is the summary for and where does it come from? This summary has been produced by the Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities (SEWPC) for the Natural Resource Management Spatial Information System. It highlights important elements of the biodiversity of the region in two ways: • Listing species which may be significant for management because they are found only in the region, mainly in the region, or they have a conservation status such as endangered or vulnerable. • Comparing the region to other parts of Australia in terms of the composition and distribution of its species, to suggest components of its biodiversity which may be nationally significant. The summary was produced using the Australian Natural Natural Heritage Heritage Assessment Assessment Tool Tool (ANHAT), which analyses data from a range of plant and animal surveys and collections from across Australia to automatically generate a report for each NRM region. Data sources (Appendix 2) include national and state herbaria, museums, state governments, CSIRO, Birds Australia and a range of surveys conducted by or for DEWHA. Limitations • ANHAT currently contains information on the distribution of over 30,000 Australian taxa. This includes all mammals, birds, reptiles, frogs and fish, 137 families of vascular plants (over 15,000 species) and a range of invertebrate groups. The list of families covered in ANHAT is shown in Appendix 1. Groups notnot yet yet covered covered in inANHAT ANHAT are are not not included included in the in the summary. • The data used for this summary come from authoritative sources, but they are not perfect.
    [Show full text]