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The Capitol Dome THE CAPITOL DOME Washington’s Tomb Texas Legation History Architect of the Capitol Reflections Trumbull and the Rotunda Society News: 2017 Donors & Event Coverage A MAGAZINE OF HISTORY PUBLISHED BY THE UNITED STATES CAPITOL HISTORICAL SOCIETYVOLUME 54, NUMBER 1 2017 From the Editor’s Desk The Capitol’s history is steeped in stories sleuthing Resident Scholar on a journey back about efforts to create and maintain a repository almost two hundred years to Charles Bulfinch’s for national meaning. Those efforts are as distant in time, when the purpose and scope of the Capitol time as George Washington’s burial and as current Rotunda was not yet settled, literally, in stone. as the recent restoration of the Dome. Matthew Pam Scott brings her usual intrepidity and insight Costello’s article shows how George Washington’s into retrieving Bulfinch’s phantom designs for body became a commodity in protracted negotia- the most symbolic space in the Capitol. tions that, two hundred years later, still leave their Like the Busby print that inspired Scott’s mark as an empty tomb below the Capitol Crypt. article, the re-discovery of the Texas Legation At the other extreme—in chronology as well Papers after 150 years is the inspiration behind as vertical distance—is the Capitol Dome. Alan Kenneth Stevens’s article on a relatively Hantman’s first-person narrative recounts the unknown episode of federal government his- genesis of its most recent restoration, which was tory, when the future state of Texas was still completed and celebrated in a formal ceremony a recently-proclaimed republic, and the “Texas on 2 December 2016. Hantman is uniquely posi- Legation” was something between a foreign tioned to tell this story: as the 10th Architect embassy and a congressional delegation. of the Capitol, he led a federal agency whose Finally, we conclude with the return of a 2,200-person workforce is virtually invisible to feature that we will continue to revive periodi- the millions of Americans who see their handi- cally in these pages. Book reviews offer readers work—in person, in books and newspapers, or on a short-cut to the latest scholarship, which they TV—every day of the year. Between 1997 and can then choose to pursue at more length. Here, 2007, he was responsible for the architecture, we consider the recent biography of former Rep- engineering, renovation, new construction, resentative Homer Thornberry (TX) and invite historic preservation, and facilities manage- readers to recommend other books on congres- ment for the U.S. Capitol, the Supreme Court, sional or Capitol history for future reviews. We the Library of Congress, and all congressional are grateful to Bell Clement for her well-written office buildings. He oversaw the planning, and judicious review—as we are grateful to all design, and construction of the 580,000 square our authors for this issue of The Capitol Dome. foot Capitol Visitors Center, which is the build- ing’s largest increment of growth since George Washington selected the Capitol design in 1793. A local collector’s chance purchase of a William diGiacomantonio rare C.A. Busby print launched the Society’s USCHS BOARD OF TRUSTEES Mitch Bainwol Hon. Kenneth Bentsen, Jr. Hon. Roy Blunt Jean P. Bordewich Kenneth Bowling, Ph.D. UNITED STATES CAPITOL Marc Cadin ----------- Nicholas E. Calio HISTORICAL SOCIETY Sean Callinicos Donald G. Carlson (chair) Hon. Bob Casey Jeanne deCervens Joseph W. Dooley Andrew Durant Hon. Virginia Foxx Contents Mary Moore Hamrick Mark Hopkins Hon. John B. Larson Brett Loper Hon. Edward A. Pease Lorraine Miller American Sepulcher: George Washington’s Tomb in the Craig Purser United States Capitol Cokie Roberts Hon. Ron Sarasin by Matthew Costello...........................................................2 Anna Schneider Jan Schoonmaker Dome Reflections: An Architect of the Capitol’s Inside View Matthew Shay Dontai Smalls by Alan M. Hantman, FAIA…...................................12 William G. Sutton, CAE James Thurber, Ph.D. From “Hall of the People” to “Grand Vestibule for Great Connie Tipton (vice-chair) Public Occasions” Brig. Gen. Tim White Mike Zarrelli by Pamela Scott.................................................................26 Dennis Malloy (counsel) “Lone Star Diplomats: Representatives of the Republic of Texas in Washington” by Kenneth R. Stevens....................................................36 The Capitol Dome is a quarterly publication Capitol Bookshelf.........................................................................49 of the U.S. Capitol Historical Society, 200 Maryland, Ave., NE, Washington, DC 20002. 2016 Donor List.............................................................................51 P: (202) 543-8919 F: (202) 544-8244 Catalog Orders: (800) 887-9318 Society News.................................................................................55 email: [email protected] on the web: www.uschs.org Marketplace....................................................................................64 Editor and Chief Historian: William diGiacomantonio Managing Editor: Lauren Borchard Designer: Diana E. Wailes Printer: HBP Inc. All uncredited photos are courtesy of the U.S. Capitol Historical Society. Cover: The U.S. Capitol Historical Society The restoration of the Capitol Dome was nearing completion in August is a nonpartisan, nonprofit, 501(c)3 2016. This image shows one of the later painting phases, with some of educational organization. To help the upper scaffolding surrounding the Dome already removed. Courtesy support its public programming, visit www.uschs.org. of the Architect of the Capitol. American Sepulcher: George Washington’s Tomb in the United States Capitol by Matthew Costello, Ph.D. Fig. 1. Detail from The Apotheosis of Washington by Constantino Brumidi, 1865 2 THE CAPITOL DOME isitors to the United States Capitol often spend a the political contentiousness of our national past (fig. 2). Vfair amount of time in the Rotunda, admiring the A number of historians have explored the origins of massive paintings, Doric pilasters, and life-sized the tomb, debating whether or not Washington encour- statues of prominent Americans. As schoolchildren aged the idea of a tomb for himself. C.M. Harris argued and tour groups gaze upwards into the Dome they that Washington “recognized the political usefulness see Constantino Brumidi’s Apotheosis of Washington of his own, world famous image (and body) in fixing (1865) (fig. 1). Completed near the end of the American the location of the permanent capital and in establish- Civil War, this stunning fresco features a radiant George ing the ‘national faith’ of the new government.” Rubil Washington rising into the heavens, accompanied by the Morales-Vázquez contended that Washington supported female figures of Victory and Liberty. Surrounded by Dr. William Thornton’s idea and design for a tomb thirteen maidens and groups that represent the themes because “self-interest coincided with what he perceived of commerce, agriculture, war, science, mechanics, and to be the public good.” Karal Ann Marling countered the sea, Washington is visually enshrined as America’s greatest founder and hero. SEE NOTES FOR IMAGE CREDITS. But what many fail to realize is that long before Brumidi’s fresco, the Rotunda was designated to serve as a grandiose mauso- leum for the remains of George Washington. Two stories beneath the Rotunda floor, the tomb would safeguard the republic’s most revered citizen, resting at the center of the city that shared his name and symbolically lying at the legislative heart of the Ameri- can nation. The history of Washington’s tomb in the Capitol illuminates how American hero worship evolved and transformed during the nineteenth century. Federalists attempted to fuse European hero worship traditions with American republicanism, using Washington’s tomb to further their political agenda. Democratic-Republi- Fig. 2. Washington’s tomb at the Capitol, c. 1916 cans charged that this form of veneration smacked of regality and decadence. They branded it as antithetical to the ideals of the American that while Washington personally inspected all of the Revolution, contending that the people, not an individ- submitted plans for the new Capitol, there was no ual, secured independence for the nation. Washington’s tomb specifically mentioned in Thornton’s winning descendants ultimately ensured that his body would design. Architectural historian William C. Allen argued never lie beneath the Rotunda. Nonetheless political that while Thornton wished to place an equestrian statue parties, factions, and organizations battled each other of Washington in the “Grand Vestibule,” only after incessantly to claim George Washington for themselves. Washington’s death did he promote the idea of entomb- With so many different interpretations of Washington, ing him in the Capitol. The original Thornton plans are these groups believed that possession of the body gave long lost, but all of these scholars drew vastly differ- its owners the power to control the memory of Wash- ent conclusions from the same document: William ington for political, social, economic, and cultural rea- Thornton’s letter to the Commissioners of the District sons. The tomb is a testament to George Washington’s of Columbia in April 1793.1 significance to a young nation, but its emptiness speaks Thornton’s letter to the Commissioners describes the volumes about our rejection of Old World traditions and Capitol’s prominent features in great detail. He men- THE CAPITOL DOME
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