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King James Bible 4Oato 2010 The King James Bible 4oato Scripture, Statecraft, and the American Founding by Bernard M. Levinson and Joshua A. Berman The King James Bible is about to celebrate its 400th anniversary. While millions have sought spiri - tual and literary inspiration in it, an overlooked aspect of its history is its ongoing connection to national politics. Born in the first decade of the 17th century amid a controversy in England over the relationship between church and state, the King James Bible came to prominence in the 1660s with the restoration of the monarchy after the English Civil War. More than a century later and an ocean away, its role in national politics continued in the genesis of the United States of America. The Founders employed its rhetoric in writings to support the Revolution and drew upon ideas going back to the Bible to design the Constitution. Politics brought the King James Bible into being and established its popularity, and it in turn was used to help spawn a political revolution. he story begins with the Scotland. As King of Scotland, James formerly ascension of James Stuart, had a contentious relationship with the Scottish King of Scotland and son of church. Its leaders believed that a monarch is Mary, Queen of Scots, to the not the head of the church but subject to it, an throne of England in 1603. opinion that King James, for obvious reasons, T He inherited a divided did not share. He therefore saw this challenge to Church of England, with the his authority over the church as a potential reform-minded Puritans in one camp and the threat to the throne itself, especially if church conservative church establishment in the other. leaders should ever decide his actions as king The Puritans rejected as idolatrous or unbib - were incompatible with the will of God. lical many of the practices cherished by the con - Although King James wanted a unified Church servatives. In 1604 King James convened the of England, he wanted even more to avoid repeat - Hampton Court Conference to resolve these ing the too familiar conflict in the new realm. N O I conflicts, but despite the openness to reform Knowing the Puritans’ views resembled those of T C E L implied in holding the conference, he refused the Scottish church made King James understand - L O C R nearly every suggestion made by the Puritan ably wary of their proposals. The sole Puritan sug - E G N A delegation. The problem was that King James R gestion he championed was one that could serve G George Washington is sworn in as the first president; the same Bible was used by President George H.W. Bush. E H associated the Puritans with the Church of his own agenda: the request that there be a single T The History of the King James Bible and Its Impact upon the Founding of the United States 1517 152o 1526 1553 1558 156o 1568 Protestant Luther publishes The Appeal to the William Mary Tudor succeeds Mary Tudor is suc - The Geneva The Bishop’s Bible is Reformation begins German Nobility , arguing for church Tyndale Edward VI on the throne ceeded by Elizabeth Bible, an published. It becomes with Martin Luther reform, including translating the publishes his of England and imple - I, who rejects Roman English the official Bible of the posting his Ninety- Bible into the vernacular language. English trans - ments policies to rein - Catholicism and translation, Church of England, but Five Theses against The resulting German Lutherbibel lation of the state Roman Catholicism restores Protestant- is published. many continue to use the Catholic prac - (1522/23) paves the way for trans - New in England. Many ism to England. the Geneva Bible. tice of selling lations into other European lan - Testament. Protestants flee England indulgences. guages, including English. for other European cities. continued on page 8 2 3 Bible for the Church of England. Bibles also descended. Marginal notes, like those of the Geneva Quotes During the Reformation of the 16th and Bible, were forbidden in the new translation, except as a means 17th centuries, Protestants declared Scripture to clarify difficult words or to identify citations when one bibli - to be the primary conduit through which to cal text quoted another. on the Bible obtain knowledge of God. Christians were As each group completed its translation, they circulated their encouraged to study the Bible themselves, but work to the other committees for comment. In 1610, more “It is impossible to rightly govern a nation they quickly realized that it is not an easy read. than six years and 31,000 verses later, an editorial team con - without God and the Bible.” Thus, when a new English translation of the vened to finalize the manuscript. It was read aloud as scholars attributed to George Washington Bible was completed in Geneva in 1560, the in the room listened and consulted other translations for com - translators added marginal notes to explain the parison. The language of the translation attempted to mirror text for readers. The usefulness of the marginal the syntax of the original Greek and Hebrew, and was deliber - “The Bible is a boodk of faith, and a book of notes made the Geneva Bible very popular ately archaized to impress upon its audience the holiness and doctrine, and a book of morals, and a book of among the general population, but the content majesty of the Word. religion, of especial revelation from God.” of the notes created a political concern for Disagreements were discussed, and variations proposed, until Daniel Webster monarchs such as King James. They contained at last they had a manuscript on which all agreed. some interpretations that were sympathetic to The final manuscript was completed in the spring of 1611. the right of the oppressed to resist a tyrant, Unfortunately, the printing process was not as meticulous as “The book called thde Bible has been voted by and that raised questions about “the divine the translation process had been. The printed works were lit - men, and decreed by human laws to be the right of kings,” the doctrine that monarchs, as tered with typographical errors. In addition, it appears that word of God; and the disbelief of this is called rulers anointed by God, should rule without pages from two editions were intermixed, so that in a single accountability to any human institution, volume there were pages from each edition. The result? No two blasphemy.” Thomas Paine including the law and the church. copies of the original King James Bible were alike. At one point In 1583, in an attempt to limit the influ - during the 19th century, there were more than 24,000 varia - “The Bible is wortdh all the other books which ence of the Geneva Bible, the Bishops’ Bible of tions among the editions in circulation. According to Adam 1568, which had royalist leanings, was named Nicolson, in God’s Secretaries: The Making of the King James have ever been printed.” Patrick Henry the official Bible of the Church of England. Bible : “No one such thing as ‘The King James Bible’—agreed, Nevertheless, because the Geneva Bible was a consistent and whole—has ever existed.” “The Bible must bde considered as the great clearer translation, many in the church contin - The King James Bible was not initially successful. It was source of all the truth by which men are to be ued to use that more popular edition. criticized for its archaic language, for its apparent conservative guided in government as well as in all social Championing the Puritans’ request for a single, bias, and for its numerous printing errors. Even some of the official Bible gave King James the opportunity transactions.” translators themselves preferred to use other translations, espe - Noah Webster to rid the church of the Geneva Bible. He cially the Geneva Bible, in their ministry. Not even James’ made this intention clear by declaring, as 1616 prohibition against printing the Geneva Bible in “I have examined dall [religions], as well as noted by one witness, that “he could neuer, England could induce people to switch to the King James yet, see a Bible well translated in English; but my narrow sphere, my straightened means, Version. Instead, they imported Geneva Bibles from the the worst of all, his Maiestie thought the Netherlands. Only after the English Civil War and the and my busy life would allow; and the result Geneua to be.” A new translation was needed. Restoration of the monarchy in 1660 did the King James Bible is, that the Bible is the best Book in the Under the direction of Richard Bancroft, the finally achieve popularity. This belated popularity was driven world. It contains more of my philosophy Archbishop of Canterbury, the translation by a sense of nostalgia for the pre-war monarchy, as the King than all the libraries I have seen.” John Adams team, comprising 47 scholars distributed across James Version came to be regarded as a symbol of the nation’s six committees, was instructed to adhere closely united commitment to its king and its church. The English of to the Bishops’ Bible. Other translations could the King James Bible, once derided as archaic, began to have a “He who made alld men hath made the truths be used only in cases in which they better significant impact on the development of the English lan - necessary to human happiness obvious to all… agreed with the original Greek or Hebrew text. guage. Slowly but surely, it became the very model of “scrip - Our forefathers...opened the Bible to all...” In reality, the finished product had significant tural” language and polished rhetoric.
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