JUD AI CA Distribuzione CLU

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JUD AI CA Distribuzione CLU CO LL ANA JUD AI CA Distribuzione CLU I Edizione 2010 © ECIG - Edizioni Culturali Internazionali Genova s.a.s. di G.L. Blengino & C. Via Brignole De Ferrari, 9 - 16125 Genova ISBN 978-88-7544-203-3 MARCELLASIMONI- ARTUROMARZANO (ACURADI) “ROMA E GERUSALEMME” ISRAELENELLAVITAPOLITICAECULTURALEITALIANA (1949-2009) ECIG edizioni culturali internazionali genova Nella pagina a fianco: YAD Manina di argento che accompagna la lettura sinagogale del Rotolo della Bibbia Dalla Bibbia all’umorismo americano, dalla qabbalah all’illuminismo, dalla tradizione rabbinica ai miti della modernità, la cultura ebraica è da sempre un insieme complesso e sfaccettato, dalle inesauribili risorse. Al popolo ebraico si deve il libro che più ha se- gnato l’umanità: la Bibbia. Ed è intorno ad essa che si snoda il percorso millenario di una cultura che ha saputo trarre dalle Sacre Scritture continuo e nuovo alimento. Ma il mondo intellettuale ebraico non è soltanto un circuito intorno alla parola di Dio; viven- do infatti per duemila anni nella Diaspora, lontani dalla propria terra e fra le altre na- zioni, pur se emarginati quando non esclusi o perseguitati, gli ebrei hanno saputo assor- bire e rielaborare letterature, filosofie, sto- rie dei mondi che li circondavano. Per que- sto in un certo senso non esiste una cultura ebraica, ne esistono molte, legate da un uni- co filo rappresentato dalla tradizione e dalla lingua dei figli d’Israele. La collanaJ UDAICA si propone di esplorare la cultura ebraica di ieri e di oggi partendo dal presupposto che essa non costituisce un corpo monolitico, statico e u ni forme. Di fronte al crescente interesse e alla curiosi- tà che il pubblico italiano manifesta da qual- che tempo a questa parte verso il mondo ebraico (adeguandosi così a quanto succede da molti anni in altri paesi), il progetto della ECIG desidera offrire un panorama storico e intellettuale il più significativo possibile, presentando ogni anno alcuni titoli impe- gnativi e corposi e altri più agili e divulgativi. Oltre a orientamenti di vasto respiro, che spaziano dall’alchimia alla figura femminile in questa civiltà, dal ruolo ebraico nella sto- ria d’Europa alla conquista romana nell’an- tica Palestina, sono previsti periodici appro- fondimenti di tematiche specifiche - quali ad esempio l’ebraismo mitteleuropeo poco prima dello sterminio nazista - affrontate con una serie organica di volumi a regolare scadenza. Presentazione di Alberto Cavaglion 9 IntroduzioneSessanta ’anni di relazioni diplomatiche e culturali tra Italia e Israele Marcella Simoni – Arturo Marzano 15 1. Gli ebrei italiani e lo Stato di Israele: appunti per un ritratto di due generazioni (1948 e 1967) Marcella Simoni 47 2. Lo Stato di Israele nell’immaginario cinematografico italiano Asher Salah 75 3. «Terra Santa, Luoghi Santi, tali restano integralmente per il Cristianesimo». Lo Stato di Israele nella stampa cattolica italiana (1948-1967) Elena Mazzini 97 4. Vincere la guerra e perdere la pace. Israele e la Guerra dei Sei Giorni in tre riviste della sinistra italiana: «Il Ponte», «L’Astrolabio» e «Rinascita» Andrea Becherucci 117 5. I repubblicani, la stampa laica e il dibattito su Israele (1967-1994) Matteo Di Figlia 139 6. Attraverso il mare del canto. Le politiche della musica mediterranea tra Italia e Israele Francesco Spagnolo 163 7 L’immagine di Israele nella stampa quotidiana italiana: la guerra del Libano (settembre 1982) Marianna Scherini 177 8. Oltre Abraham B. Yehoshua, Amos Oz e David Grossman: quale narrativa israeliana in Italia? Emanuela Trevisan Semi 201 9. “Il migliore alleato in Europa”. Il governo Berlusconi e Israele: una svolta nella politica estera italiana in Medio Oriente? (2001-2006) Arturo Marzano 219 7 Bibliografia 245 Indice dei nomi 273 Abstract dei saggi 283 Gli autori 287 8 Prefazione Alberto Cavaglion Immaginiamo due studenti di Mantova, «due giovanotti sulla trentina» come i due loro predecessori, uno ebreo e uno cattolico, che nel 1904 ispirarono il piccolo capolavoro narrativo di Alberto Cantoni, il racconto Israele italiano. Immaginiamo che nei giorni in cui esplodeva il caso della “Freedom Flotilla per Gaza” i due giovani si siano dati appuntamento nella Sala dei Giganti, nel cuore del Palazzo del Te. Voltisi uno di qua e uno di là ai due cantucci diagonali, approfittando della meravigliosa acustica del luogo, con quali parole commenterebberol’ennesima tragedia mediorientale? Più che una serena discussione, come era stata quella del 1904, c’è da immaginarsi una colorita contrapposizione, puntellata di luoghi comuni. Così accade ormai da svariati decenni in Italia: ogni volta che la tragedia s’infiamma in Medio Oriente, le posizioni tendono ad estremizzarsi. Per capire quanto il panorama odierno sia lontano dallo scenario composto e solenne raccontato dallo scrittore mantovano, è sufficiente vedere che cosa si legge in rete: i blog sono una Sala dei Giganti, non vi è dubbio, inadatta al sorgere di un duetto come quello svoltosi nel salone «dei primi materialisti, subito fulminati da Giove ad esemplare ammonimento dei loro più tardi nipoti»1. Passati poco più di cent’anni, quei più tardi nipoti, ossia gli autori dei saggi che qui presentiamo, si sono posti le medesime domande di Alberto Cantoni: il sionismo e le sue idealità, il nesso fra identità ebraica e identità italiana, il persistere di pregiudizi antiebraici nell’Italia del secondo dopoguerra, l’antigiudaismo cattolico, il significato dell’eredità risorgimentale. A rafforzare l’affinità elettiva fra Roma e Gerusalemme, ribadita dai curatori nell’introduzione con il giusto rinvio all’opera di Moses Hess, Israele italiano di Cantoni aggiunge un ingrediente fondamentale, ossia il sogno di un’identità nazionale accarezzato invano per lungo tempo. Prima di diventare un progetto politico, l’unità d’Italia e il ritorno a Sion sono stati due miti poetici, due aspirazioni, due sogni accarezzati senza successo, e in esilio, da 9 ebrei e italiani (donde la popolarità del corso verdiano del Nabucco). Leggendo questi saggi non possiamo fingere di non vedere ciò che accade e ciò che s’ascolta fuori. Alzati gli occhi dal libro che presentiamo, appena usciti dalla nostra metaforica Sala dei Giganti, i fulmini dei media, non di Giove, hanno purtroppo trasformato, e come, il panorama irenico del 1904. Le turbolenze di oggi sono la conseguenza di diverse anomalie percepibili nei sessanta anni di relazioni diplomatiche e culturali tra Italia e Israele, che Marcella Simoni e Arturo Marzano ricostruiscono in questo libro. L’“Israele italiano” post-1945 è un concentrato di anomalie. Il povero Cantoni, l’autore del Re umorista che ispirò Pirandello, sarebbe capace di decifrare il caleidoscopio degli equivoci, delle rimozioni prima e dei fastosi recuperi dell’ultima ora? Anche quella specie di “adozione a distanza”, che la cultura italiana ha decretato per Oz, Grossmann e Yehoshua, nasconde in sé qualcosa di eccessivo, se raffrontata al periodo che precede il 1989, quando l’indimenticabile Giorgio Romano, corrispondente da Israele per «La Stampa», cercava con immensa fatica di rendere comprensibile ai lettori italiani la letteratura israeliana e di documentare al tempo stesso la presenza ebraica nella letteratura italiana. Mi è capitato di ripensare a lui leggendo alcuni dei saggi raccolti in questo volume ed anche sfogliando le cronache del recente viaggio di Roberto Saviano in Israele, dopo la traduzione ebraica di Gomorra. Le sofferte sue parole sulla difficoltà del vivere quotidiano, a Scampia come a Sderot, potrebbero essere considerate il simbolico punto di arrivo della ricerca a più mani che oggi presentiamo. La letteratura, però, non è tutto. Dai lavori che Simoni e Marzano hanno raccolto, emerge con chiarezza un dato storiografico di notevole rilievo. In proporzioni diverse lo possiamo osservare in tutti i movimenti politici laici, in parte anche nel cattolicesimo liberale: la documentazione prodotta consente infatti di allargare i nostri orizzonti e di osservare meglio che cosa ha significato la svolta del 1967 nella vita politica italiana. Ciò che la Guerra dei Sei Giorni ha incrinato è il cosiddetto “paradigma antifascista”. Questo dato, per molti versi drammatico, appariva già chiaro dopo la pubblicazione dei Diari di Giorgio 10 Agosti2. Come emerge dai contributi dedicati in questo volume, soprattutto nel mondo azionista, ma più in generale nei partiti del cosiddetto arco costituzionale, la crisi risulta chiara. Le scelte che talune personalità provenienti dal mondo dell’antifascismo storico avrebbero fatto dopo il 1967 sono state spesso sorprendentemente apodittiche, fino ai limiti di un dogmatismo aprioristico, che sacrifica il principio illuministico della critica, del dubbio; la rilettura che oggi facciamo di quelle prese di posizione consente di osservare i primi bagliori di una futura crisi. I valori che avevano reso possibile la pubblicazione del fascicolo monografico Israele della rivista “Il Ponte” nel dicembre del 1958 stavano esaurendosi: attribuire la causa di questa crisi a una repentina infatuazione per il nazionalismo arabo o agli orientamenti della politica internazionale sovietica sarebbe ingenuo. Negare che una percentuale non piccola del mutamento sia stata causata dalle decisioni prese dallo Stato d’Israele dopo il 1967 sarebbe altrettanto ingenuo, ma ciò che questo libro lascia trasparire con evidenza è la crisi identitaria dell’antifascismo italiano. Come si legge nell’Introduzione, «fino al 1967, Israele è stato visto da numerose forze politiche come un paese che fondava
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