LOVE IS STRONGER THAN HATE

(a remembrance of 1947)

KHUSHDEVA SINGH This is an intensely human story of a time when man's minds had been seized by savage, hatred and madness reigned everywhere. The year was 1947. Fierce communal rioting raged and two Punjabs lay soaked in blood. At the small hill-town of Dharampore, in the princely territory of Patiala, lived Dr Khushdeva Singh, the Medical Superintendent of Hardinge Sanatorium. He was a chest physician with an overtowering reputation and with a heart full of the milk of human kindness. He was an oasis of love and hope in that burning & crumbling world. He kept his sanity in those frenzied times, and made no distinction between Hindu, Sikh or Muslim. By his sweet persuasiveness, tact and resource, he saved many a critical situation—and many lives. From grateful survivors or their relations and patrons he received 317 letters written with the blood of their hearts. A few of these letters have been included in this book in facsimile as well as in English translation. The author has added personal account which is deeply touching in its simplicity and candour. Be­ sides its human value, the book documents for historians, a moving episode from our recent past. To read this book is to renew one's faith in humanity and to replenish one's own moral and spiritual reserves. I

LOVE IS STRONGER THAN HATE (A REMEMBRANCE 1947) #

i LOVE IS STRONGER THAN HATE (A REMEMBRANCE OF 1947)

Dr. KHUSHDEVA SINGH

GURU NANAK MISSION PATIALA December, 1973 No. 95

First Published December, 1973

ished by Sardar Narain Singh for the Guru Nanak Mission, Patiala., nd printed by Jagdish Mangla at the Phulkian Press, Patiala. FOREWORD

This booklet gives an insight of the dark days of 1947, when madness had overtaken people on both sides of the new partition line dividing our country into dominions of Pakistan and India. This madness of communal-phobia first raised its head during March 1947 in Rawalpindi Division, when, just overnight, Muslim population generally took up arms to kill their non-Muslim brethren and loot or burn their property simply because they were not Muslims. This phobia subsided a little during the following months, but it broke out in an uncontrolled form in the area which was to be West Pakistan just before 15th August, 1947. In this even the Muslim Army and Police took part. It spread in a virulent form soon after the partition of the country, and the non- Muslim population was forced to leave their hearths and homes, and even while so trying to migrate to India for safety, people were harrased, looted and butchered. Those, who were lucky to be alive, told their harrowing tales on their arrival in the East Punjab, and the contagion of madness spread here also, and innocent men, women, and children were killed in retaliation of what their Muslim brethren did on the other side of the border. A large number of saner people, however, did not develop this madness in a serious form and took no part in killing and looting. But only very few persons, who main­ tained their complete balance, actively practised the doctrine of 'Love' and gave help and refuge to the Muslim men, women and children, treating them as 'Human Beings' and as being the children of Almighty. One such great soul happened to be Dr Khushdeva Singh, who, following the example of Bhai Kanhaya during the battles fought by Guru Gobind Singh, 6 FOREWORD rendered selfless service to all, without any consideration of caste and creed. The brief account of the happenings at and around Dharampore during the fateful days following the partition of the country and the letters recieved from the grateful recipients of love and protection from Dr Khushdeva Singh give an insight into his real character. I am sure this booklet will inspire many a reader to try and emulate the great qualities of service of which Dr Khushdeva Singh seems to be an embodiment.

HARBANS SINGH, Chandigarh, Chief Justice, 28 June, 1973 Punjab & Haryana High Court ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This little book is owed entirely to the persuasion of my friends Dr Ganda Singh, the eminent historian, and Professor Harbans Singh of the Punjabi University, Patiala. They also helped with its production in a variety of ways. Professor Harbans Singh read the manuscript and Dr Ganda Singh rendered into English the Urdu letters included in this booklet. The latter also undertook the responsibility of seeing it through the press. I am grateful to both of them, and to the Guru Nanak Mission, Patiala, who are publishing it as one of their tracts. My thanks are also due to Justice Sardar Harbans Sirgh, Chief Justice of the Punjab and Haryana High Court, for writing the Foreword. I must render my respectful gratitude to Giani Zail Singh Ji, Chief Minister, Punjab and Maharani Mohinder Kaur Ji of Patiala for blessing this humble endeavour in the cause of commu­ nal harmony and integration.

KHUSHDEVA SINGH Patiala Diwali, October 26, 1973

CONTENTS

Foreward by Justice Sardar Harbans Singh 5 Acknowledgements 7 Love is Stronger than Hate 11 Appendix A - Some relevent letters from : I Syed Ashfaq Ali, Fefrozabad Sept. 2,194 7 43 69

II Dr F. Master, Dharampore „ 6 55 44 70

III Captain Dalip Singh, Guardian „ 6 55 44 71

IV Dr F. Master, Dharampore „ 7 5» 45 72

V Dr F. Master, Dharampore „ 7 55 45 73

VI Fazl-i-Ahmad ., 9 55 46 74

VII Abrar Ahmad, Dharampore „ 9 5 5 46 75 VIII Abrar Ahmad, Kalka — — — 47 76 IX Muhammad Umar — — 47 77

X A.S. Sadary, Bahrain „ 15 55 48 78

XI Dr Khushdeva Singh to A.S. Sadary „ 21 •5 48 79 XII J.F. Martine, Dagshai — — — 49 80 XIII Dr Khushdeva Singh to Nazim,

Kohistan » 21 55 49 81

XIV Muhammad Anwar, Gujrat „ 25 ) 5 50 82

XV Riazat Hussain, Karachi „ 27 55 51 84

XVI Muhammad Umar, Kalka Oct. 5 55 52 86

XVII Mrs Maimoona, Mughalpura „ 18 55 53 88 XVIII Syed Jamil Hussain, Mughalpura — — — 54 90

XIX Dr F. Master, Dharampore Dec. 20 55 55 92

XX Mehar Singh, Patiala, Poh 6 „ 21 55 56 94

XXI Dr F. Master, Dharampore „ 22 55 56 95 XXII Miss Abbasi, Mughalpura Jan. 18, 1948 57 97 XXIII Syed Jamil Hussain, Lahore ,, 29 „ 59 99 XXIV Wali Muhammad, Rawalpindi March 1, 1948 60 101 XXV M. Aizaz Ali, Dhaban Singh „ 7 „ 60 102 XXVI Dr Khushdeva Singh to M. Aizaz Ali - 61 104 XXVII Dr S.U. Khan, Rampur, U.P. Aug. 18 „ 62 106 XXVIII M. Abdul Aziz, Sialkot Jan. 27, 1949 63 108 XXIX Muhammad Taiyyib, Chancellor, Dar-ul-Ulum, Deoband April 2 „ 64 110 XXX May 3 „ 65 112 XXXI August 7 „ 66 113 XXXII Mrs Abdur Rehman Khan, Maler Kotla Oct., 20 „ 67 114 XXXIII M.A. Waheed Khan, Karachi Sept. 26, 1950 68 116 Appendix B— Facsimiles of the letters given in Appendix A 69 116 XXXIV Matlab to Usf ki chah se hai 117 LOYE IS STRONGER THAN HATE (A REMEMBRANCE OF 1947)

All that is narrated in the following pages is not of my deliberate doing. It was the Will of God which He in His extreme benevolence and grace exercised at a time when the storm of hatred and violence among different communities was at its highest in many parts of the country. I only happened to be an humble witness to what He chose to do at Dharampore at that time. The memory of events which occured more than twenty-five years ago is still as fresh in my mind as if they occurred only yesterday. Many a time as I sit alone, the whole sequence passes before my eyes like a silent movie. All the letters and other documents connected with these events had been treasured by me as sacred relics. Never in my mind had I the slightest intention to share this information with, or show the letters and documents connected with it to, anyone. It appears however that God willed it otherwise. A few weeks ago, I went to see a friend of mine in the Punjabi University. The talk ranged over several topics. One of these was the partition of the country. While on-this sub­ ject, I happened to mention that I had with me letters of some Muslim friends whom I had been able to help during those troubled days. He asked me if there were any Muslims living at that time in my street. He did not know that I was not then at Patiala but at Dharampore. A few days later I took some of the letters to him. I do not really know what prompted me to do so. However, he showed keen interest in those papers and I left them with him. When I met him again after a few days, he told me that he had gone through them with deep care. He had a sugges­ tion. He urged me strongly to write of those events.

e> 12 LOVE IS STRONGER THAN HATE

Another good friend joined him and gave the same advice. It was under their friendly pressure that I started writing this brief account. I was posted at Dharampore in 1947 and was working as the Medical Superintendent of the Hardinge Sanatorium, and as Tuberculosis Adviser to the Government of Patiala. I was also honorary Secretary of the Tuberculosis Association of Patiala. Other offices included Honrary Magistrate, Presi­ dent of the Small Town Committee, and Rationing Officer for the area. My main interest was Tuberculosis work in the state, and I wished to devote all of my time to my professional duty. I, therefore, submitted my resignation from all the non-professional assignments. But the resignation was not accepted and I had to carry on with these diverse duties. This position provided me with greater chances to come in close contact with the people of the area. This helped me deal with many a difficult situation which arose in the year 1947. DHARAMPORE Dharampore is a small town in the Simla Hills, situated at a distance of about 16 miles from Kalka on the Kalka- Simla road. It enjoys a central position as the roads from Kalka to Simla, Dagshai and Subathu pass through this town. The road from Kalka to Kasauli passes near the Police Sta­ tion at Dharampore. The town was well known all over the country on account of its sanatoria for the treatment of tuberculosis. There were three sanatoria in Dharampore itself. One out of these, the Hardinge Sanatorium, was run by the Patiala Government, and the other two, the King Edward Sanatorium and the Arcadia, were run by private societies. There were three other sanatoria which were situated near it on the Dharampore-Kasauli road. One of these, the Nenavati Sana­ torium, was about two miles, and the other, the Lady Irwin sanatorium at Sanawar, was about six miles from Dharampore. The third one, Lady Linlithgow Tuberculosis Sanatorium, was LOVE IS STRONGER THAN HATE 13 in Kasauli itself. Dharampore is surrounded by three can­ tonments, namely Dagshai, Subathu and Kasauli, which are situated in different directions and at a distance from it of four miles, eight miles, respectively. The population of the town fluctuated according to the season of the year. In winter it consisted mainly of the permanent residents who belonged to the two major communi­ ties, Hindu and Muslim. There were a few Sikhs also. In summer, however, its population increased owing to the influx of patients, their attendants, ex-patients, and some visitors who came to the hill station for reasons of health. There was always quietness and peace in the atmosphere. Complete communal harmony prevailed among the people. DIVISION OF THE COUNTRY With the announcement of the plan for the division of the country and the creation of the Muslim State of Pakistan, the non-Muslim refugees began pouring into the Indian Punjab in tens of thousands. The Government of India was caught unawares. They never expected forcible eviction of Hindus and Sikhs from western Punjab. They had, therefore, prepared no plans to receive and rehabilitate them, much less to feed them for months and provide them with other necessities of life. These people, who were now called refugees, were a few weeks earlier, respected and law-abiding citizens of the country. They had their secure homes, their vocations and business, their relatives and friends, with close associations with the people and places of their residence. Their only crime was that they were Non-Muslims and happened to be living in that part of the country which fell to the share of Pakistan. They were made to leave their hearths and homes and all that they possessed of the worldly belongings. Many of them had to lose their kith and kin, mercilessly killed before their very eyes. Their womenfolk were snatched away from them and retained in what had become Pakistan. They passed through an indescribable ordeal of terror and torture. 14 LOVE IS STRONGER THAN HATE

These homeless refugees, when they reached India, had no place of shelter. The future was uncertain. Dark was their world, without a ray of hope. It was at this time that Maharaja Yadavindra Singh of Patiala made the historic announcement welcoming the refugees to Patiala, offering to rehabilitate them to the best of his resources. This came as a Godsend to the bewildered refugees, who started coming to Patiala in the second week of March 1947. A camp was set up in the grounds behind Gurdwara Dukhnivaran Sahib and the number of immigrants soon approached twenty-five thousand. The figure rose much higher subsequently. Additional camps were opened at Bhatinda, Dhuri, Barnala, Sunam Pinjore, Mansa, Raman, Lehragaga and Narwana. The officials and the public of Patiala state, includ­ ing a large number of business associations and industrialists, generously responded to the call for donations which went a long way in alleviating the sufferings of the refugees. The organization set up by the Maharaja of Patiala for the relief and rehabilitation of the uprooted Punjabis was not only a source of hope and encouragement to the homeless and the afflicated, but it also gave time and inspiration to the Govern­ ment of the Punjab, and to the Government of India, to plan and organize the evacuation of Hindus and Sikhs from the dangerous areas in Pakistan and to set up machinery for their resettlement in India. There was overwhelming sympathy for the refugees from all quarters, and people had great desire to serve and help them in their time of need. We at Dharampore also wished to contribute our humble share in this humanitarian work. The beginning was made with a sum of Rs. 2500/- which I collected from amongst the people of Dharampore and sent to Sardar Mohan Singh, then Managing Director of the Bank of Patiala, who was in charge of one of the refugee camps at Patiala. A few days later, I collected another sum of Rs. 500/- from amongst my friends and sent it to the Indian Red Cross Society, Delhi, for the purchase of blankets for the refugees LOVE IS STRONGER THAN HATE 15

residing there. A little later, we learnt that a refugee camp had been started at Ambala, and there was a great need for food. I convened a meeting of a few friends to consider the question of collection of rations for the Ambala camp. Some of the members, however, felt that it would be much better if, in place of rations, we could take cooked food to the camp so that it could be used immediately. This plan was approved, and the necessary rations were collected. The next step was to prepare the food. The cooking of food in such a huge quantity was beyond the resources of a small town like Dharampore. The main problem was the making of chapatis on this large scale. We had to set up six centres for making chapatis alone. Two centres were started for the cooking of dal, sabzi, and some halva. The cooking began at 3 a. m. and it took full twelve hours before all the food was ready. A truck had already been engaged and the baskets full of chapatis, big degs full of dal and sabzi and a large pardt of halva were loaded into it. I with four people from Dharampore proceeded towards Ambala, and reached the refugee camp there by 5-30 p.m. I approached the officer in charge of the camp and told him that we had brought a truck-load of cooked food which we wanted to hand over to him for distribution among the inmates of the camp. He, however, suggested that it would be better if we could distribute the food ourselves. He promised that he would send word to the inmates about the arrival of the food. We agreed to his proposal and took our position in the rear of the truck. In a few minutes the refugees started coming and we started the distribution of the food. I, along with one helper, took up the distribution of chapatis, and the other two friends were to handle the dal, sabzi and halva. All went well for some time, but soon there was a great rush and the truck was besieged on all sides. We were finding it extremely difficult to distribute the food when every one wanted to be the first to get it. However, we managed it and 16 LOVE IS STRONGER THAN HATE

finished the distribution of food in about three hours. When it was over and the refugees had gone back into the camp, we felt completely exhausted. My hands bore marks of scrat­ ches, caused by the finger-nails of the refugees, some of whom had actually snatched chapatis out of my hands. These people were neither beggars nor paupers but had been reduc­ ed to this state of helplessness by the cruel turn of circums­ tances. The unending stream of refugees, and their harrowing tales of woe had an unpleasant reaction. There arose a spirit of retailiation. Thousands of people, who had been living for centuries as neighbours in homes and in professions, flew at one another's throats. Incidents of stabbing bcame a regular feature in many parts of the country. This had its effects on the public of Dharampore and the surrounding area as well. I thoght something should be done to cool tempers in Dharampore. With this end in view, I called a meeting of the citizens of Dharampore on July 1, 1947. It was held in the spacious ground in front of the Sanatorium and was attended by all sections of people in large numbers. I said a few words and stressed the importance of maintaining peace and sticking to the old traditions of communal harmony and brotherhood. Handbills emphasizing the same ideas were also distributed at that time. Everyone listened with care, but from their faces I could see that they were not convinced or converted. Later I learnt that the Muslims were feeling that it was not right for them to depend upon the Government which could let them down at any time. On the other hand, the Hindu population were of the view that when their non-Muslim brethren had been forcibly evicted from across the border, they could not allow the local Muslims to keep on staying here. After a few days a person named Shri Gopi Chand came to me and said that he had come from Rawalpindi with his wife and childern. His wife Kunti Devi was suffer­ ing from pulmonary tuberculosis, and he wanted me to LOVE IS STRONGER THAN HATE 17 admit her in to my sanatorium. He also wanted his three children to stay with their mother, while he wished to go back to Rawalpindi to bring some of his belongings, if he could. He promised that he would be back in two weeks, and added that if by any chance he failed to come, I was to look after his wife as my daughter. It was very difficult to accept such a responsibility in those conditions. Yet 1 could not help saying 'yes'. Fortunately, he came back after two weeks with some of his belongings. His wife got cured of her disease and was discharged from the hospital after about an year. Then the whole family shifted to Delhi to start their business of dry fruits. Shri Gopi Chand and his family never forgot what little I had done for them in their hour of need. Kunti Devi never failed to send me rdkhi and tikkd every year regularly like a good daughter. The visit of Shri Gopi Chand, and his one day's stay at Dharampore, during which he met the people and narrated stories about what was happening at Rawalpindi and other places in that part of the country, added to the existing tension and greatly enraged the Non-Muslim population of the town. A few days later, I learnt that a shopkeeper at Dharam­ pore had started manufacturing small daggers and was selling them for three to four rupees each. These daggers were in great demand and were purchased by many young men of both communities. The sale of unlicensed fire-arms flourished. These fire­ arms were primarily those which belonged to the British mili­ tary officers in the cantonments near Dharampore. They had collected these at different fronts during world War II and had kept them as souvenirs. Since these officers were to leave India for good in the near future, they thought it best to sell the arms and make some money. These arms were mostly rifles of Japanese make and their bore was different.from those used by the Indian Army. These were being sold for Rs. 700/- to Rs. 1000/- through a broker living at Sanawar. Many well-to- 18 LOVE IS STRONGER THAN HATE do people who had never handled a rifle in their lives pur­ chased these weapons. All these developments were creating more and more tension and mistrust. After a few days a batch of refugees arrived at Dharampore. They came to me and narrated the indescribable and inhuman cruelties they had suffered. Their plight was really pitiable. Some of them had nothing more than the clothes they were wearing. I listened to them with great patierjce and sympathy, and entered their names in a register so that I could have some idea about their numbers, the places from where they had come and the vocations they had been following there. They had many problems which required immediate attention. The first problem was of providing them with some shelter which I somehow managed satisfactorily. There was a mosque at Dharampore which was under construction. It had four rooms which had been given on rent by the management to some ex-patients and visitors. At that time seven women and five men were living there. Out of them two ladies, Miss Abbasi, and Miss Abida, and their brother were sent to Aligarh. I arranged to accommodate the remaining five women in my sanatorium, and four men in the Arcadia. In this way I got vacated all those rooms in the mosque and alloted them to the refugees. In addition to this, I tried to meet their other requirements, as much as was possi­ ble, with the help of my friends and the general public. I was informed that more refugees would be coming to Dharampore in a few days. I requisitioned all the available accommodation in and around the town. Small groups of refugees started arriving at Dharampore every day, and by the end of August 1947 the number of refugees, as entered in my register, was more than the total population of the permanent Muslim residents of the town. On September 1,1947, a batch of refugees arrived and came to me. They were seventy in number. Six among them looked different from the rest as each one of them was wearing long flowing yellow shirt, a kirpan, and a yellow LOVE IS STRONGER THAN HATE 19

turban. They called themselves Sevadars. I somehow learnt that they were Bhatras who had left their families at Patiala and were now out to try their hands at loot and arson, so that they could collect some booty and take it to Patiala. They put on a miserable appearance and had sorrow­ ful tales to tell. I listened to them patiently. Then I told them that I had not the least objection to their staying at Dharampore, but there was no roofed accommodation avail­ able in or around the town, as all the available accommodation had been given to those who had come earlier. I further told them that if they still wanted to stay there, I could hire some tents and get them pitched up in the spacious ground in front of the sanatorium. I, however, made it clear to them that the number of refugees who had already arrived and whose names had been recorded in my register was more than the total Muslim population of the town and that there was no chance of their being rehabilitated there permanently. I further advised them that it would be better for them if they visited the surrounding towns like Kasauli, Subathu, Dagshai, etc., to find out what accommodation was available there. In that way, they could decide among themselves how best to make three groups from among themselves for those three places. My advice seemed to have appealed to them, and after some consultation with the refugees then staying at Dharampore, they left the place. They came back on September 3, and reported that they had visited all those places, and that there was no acco­ mmodation for them anywhere, nor was there any industry or project at any of those places where they could work and earn their living. They had suffered terribly at the hands of the Muslims in the Western Panjab. Their patience had been exhausted. They had wandered from place to place. The winter season was fast approaching and they wanted some accommodation and means of living as soon as possible. They urged that unless I made the Muslim population at Dharampore move out from there, nothing could be done 20 LOVE IS STRONGER THAN HATE

for them. While this talk was going on, a few of them, who looked very bitter and revengeful, said that if I did not move them out immediately, they would finish them all in a day. I said that if such were their designs they should not have come to me. I told them that they could go and try to kill the Muslims. But this was something I must resist with whatever resources I had. I further said that I would have nothing to do with them and that they need not come to me again. The saner element among them intervened. They snubbed the more zealous among them. We resumed our talks. I told them that I would do my maximum to help them if they promised not to indulge in violence. At first, they did not seem pre­ pared to give such an assurance. After some discussion among, themselves, they however, assured me that they would not indulge in violence within the boundary of Dharampore town. In turn, I told them that I would soon do something to help them. After this, they all left. The Muslim population at Dharmpore, and in the nearby villages, was heterogeneous. It consisted of permanent residents of the town, ex-patients and visitors who had come to Dharampore from various parts of the country for rea­ sons of health and were now accommodated in the Hardinge Sanatorium and Arcadia, in addition to the patients suffer­ ing from pulmonary tuberculosis getting treatment in one sanatorium or the other. There were also a few government servants. These groups, in turn, posed different problems which were to be understood and faced with courage and tact. The permanent residents of the town were engaged in various vocations like general merchants, grocers, hospital and mili­ tary contractors, chemists, fruit-sellers, tonga-walas, coolies, and those engaged in agriculture. All of them had, however, one thing in common : they all owned some immovable property. These people were in the greatest danger of being killed and looted. The ex-patients and visitors who were staying at Dharam­ pore for reasons of health belonged to different parts of the LOVE IS STRONGER THAN HATE 21 country. Those who wanted to go to Pakistan had to be sent to transit camps, while others, who wanted to go to their homes in India, had to be retained and protected till their safe conduct to their homes could be arranged. The patients who were suffering from pulmonary tuberculosis were getting treatment as indoor patients either in the Hardinge Sanatorium, the King Edward Sanatorium or Arcadia, while others who had been staying in rented rooms had already been removed from there and accommodated in Arcadia. The patients had come from all parts of the country. This group was divided into two sub-groups, i.e , those whose relatives were in Pakistan, or were in some transit camp from where they had to be sent to Pakistan, and those whose relatives were staying in India and had chosen to remain there. Their problem was that some of them had to be sent to a transit camp from where they could proceed to Pakistan, while the rest had to be kept at Dharam­ pore till they got better or decided to go home. There were two Government employees from the Sani­ tation department who wanted to go to Pakistan and had to be provided with safe transport from Dharampore to Kalka. The cantonments at Dagshai, Subathu and Kasauli had sizeable Muslim populations. Some of them were permanent residents of the town,some were serving in the Military in differ­ ent departments, like the M.E.S. Stores,and the like. Some were contractors, while others were engaged in one vocation or another as bearers, butlers, butchers, bakers, barbers, etc. These people were in a slightly better position than those living at Dharampore, as they enjoyed protection from the military, which was however relative and temporary. It was relative in the sense that military could not directly inter­ fere in the law and order situation of the town without being asked by the Government, and temporary as all the regi­ ments posted in these cantonments had received orders of transfer and they had to leave these places within a few weeks. The safest course for the Muslim population living 22 LOVE IS STRONGER THAN HATE in those places was to evacuate before the military had left for good. The problem had been caused by the political leaders. The Muslims had to leave whether they were evicted by the refugees through arson, loot and killing, or were persuaded to evacuate peacefully without any loss of life or honour. I called the leaders of the Muslim community and informed them that, with the arrival of the refugees there, the situation had completely changed. The best thing for them was to leave the place as early as possible, or they would meet the same fate as those of the refugees who had been forcibly evicted from their hearths and homes in Pakistan. They felt naturally reluctant, and, after some thought, proposed that they could leave if they were allowed to sell their property or exchange it with some of the refugees now at Dharampore. The sale of property was not admissable under law, and the question of exchange did not arise because the properties of the refugees which had been left behind were now with the Government of Pakistan. It was with great difficulty that I made them under­ stand this point. After a long discussion, they promised to talk the matter over with the people of their community and let me know their final decision the next day. Next day they came and informed me that they had decided to leave their property,but that they should be allowed to carry their luggage and belongings with them. I told them that, as far as I was concerned, I had not the least objection to their doing so, but they should know that the luggage they tried to take with them would expose them to the danger of attack either at Dharampore itself or later during the course of their journey. Moreover, it would be very difficult for the Government to provide transport. On this they felt perturbed and, without giving any reply, they left. The tension was increasing every day. Sardar Chitwant Singh, who was posted at Dharampore as Sub-Inspector of Police, was an obedient, reliable and resourceful young man. Personally he had affection and regard for me. I had been controlling the situation with his LOVE IS STRONGER THAN HATE 23 help but, at this stage I felt that it would be impossible for me to control any eruption with the help of only a dozen const­ ables then posted at the police station at Dharampore. On the morning of September 6, 1947, therefore, I sent a telegram to the Nazim of Kohistan at Kandaghat requesting him to send a military guard immediately. I That very after-noon I received a letter from Dr F. Master, Medical Superintendent, King Edward Sanatorium, Dharampore, which read as follows : At 3.30 p. m. a batch of two persons, a Sikh and a beardless man, chased one Pir Bux residing near Hafiz Fazal Ahmed's house in Dharampore up the sanatorium road, near the entrance, and killed their victim who is lying in a drain near the Lady Reading Ward and the motor garage. The victim's four children are without their parents, and are stranded here. Will you please arrange for the disposal of the dead body and safe refuge to the orphan children. This was a shocking news. I reached the spot immedi­ ately and found that a crowd of people had already gathered there. I examined the dead body and found a number of sharp-edged wounds on it. I arranged for the burial of the dead body and took the orphan children to my sanatorium. The news about this murder spread like wild fire. For me, it was a warning signal to evacuate the Muslim population of Dharampore to safety as quickly as possible. In the evening, a guard of five people arrived. The officer-in-charge had brought this letter with him : Your wire to the Nazim. A guard of five military people is being sent for help. Please see that arrangements are made for their board and lodge. As sufficient police guard reaches you, then send back this military guard to Kandaghat. The arrival of the military guard at that time had a very salutary effect. 24 LOVE IS STRONGER THAN HATE

On the morning of September 7, I received the following letter from Dr F. Master : Since yesterday's afternoon occurrence, the Muslim inmates are begging for their safe transit arrangements up to Kalka. Thereafter, they will mind their own further onward journies. I am aware that both the routes, the cart road and the railway are very uncertain, but could it be arranged to send them along with any passing military convoy. I would very much appreciate your guidance in the matter as their departure would ease considerably the present tense local atmosphere, and the sanatorium inmates will find ease and peace of mind. I immediately sent a message to the commandant at Dagshai requesting that he might kindly send me a military truck to evacuate the Muslim inmates of the King Edward Sanatorium, Dharampore, who were feeling themselves in danger. The commandant not only sent the truck but also came himself with an armoured guard. I explained to him the whole situation and sent him to the sanatorium. He evacuated all the Muslim inmates of the sanatorium and took them to Dagshai, from where he transported them to the transit camp at Kalka. After the evacuation of the patients, Dr F. Master sent me a letter which said : Many thanks for your note of earlier in the day, and immense thanks and appreciation for such prompt and satisfactory action taken so kindly by you. The Commandant from Dagshai with an armoured guard reached the sanatorium entrance with a military truck for removal of all the Muslims inmates from the sanatorium. With the single exception of one Mr. Naziruddin Ahmad who is bed-ridden with much too advanced disease, every other patient, their relations, the two sanatorium Muslim employees, their wives and children have left for Dagshai at 6.45 p.m. This gave me a sigh of relief at least for the time being, for, after the evacuation of the Muslim patients from the King Edward Sanatorium, Dharampore, and their safe trans- LOVE JS STRONGER THAN HATE 25 port to the transit camp at Kalka, the problem of Dr F. Master was solved. But the bigger problem still remained and it required urgent attention and immediate solution. The killing of Pir Bux by two refugees was not meant to harrass the Muslim patients of the King Edward Sanatorium : it was a warning about the disaster that lay ahead. The Muslim residents of Dharampore had to be evacuated in the shortest possible time, or the refugees would start their campaign of mass- killing and looting. I called a meeting of the leaders of the refugees and assured them that I would try my level best to rehabilitate them as early as possible provided they promised that they would not indulge in violence for two days. I also promised them that I would evacuate all the Muslim residents of Dharampore the next day. They gave me the assurance that they would not resort to violence in Dharampore at least. II I then called a meeting of the leaders of the Muslim community and apprised them of the situation. They too had sensed the danger and said that they were willing to leave the next day, September 8, 1947, if I could arrange for two trucks to take them to a transit camp and for providing pro­ tection for their safety on the way. I agreed to their proposal, after which they all left. The date for their evacuation was set, but I was not sure yet as to whether these people were to be sent to Kalka where the Government had started a regular camp for Muslim evacuees of the hill area,or to Suba- thu where the Muslim population of that place and the surr­ ounding area had collected and started a camp of their own. After giving a serious thoght to this problem, I decided in favour of Subathu, as the distance between Dharampore and Subathu was half of tharbetween Dharampore and Kalka and the Muslims at Subathu had some sort of protection from the military regiment stationed there. I informed the 26 LOVE IS STRONGER THAN HATB leaders of the Muslim community about it. They also wel­ comed my decision and promised that they would be ready for the journey the following day by noon. Next day two trucks arrived at about ten o' clock in the morning. The Muslims were getting ready to leave. It appeared as if all would go well. But it was not to be. I got the disturbing information that some of the refugees and miscreants had blocked the road from Dharampore to Subathu at four different places with tree trunks and coaltar drums. Some refugees were also seen moving about near those blockades. I was further informed that the truck drivers had been bribed. All my plan was upset. I went home in great distress. I wept and I prayed to God to show me the way so that I could be helpful in saving the lives and honour of these people. For a time it all looked dark, and then a flash of thought came which gave me a ray of hope. Why not send them to Dagshai which was only four miles from Dharampore. It was situated in a different direction. There was a direct road between Dharampore and Dagshai, and there was no Muslim camp there. Nobody was thus likely to forestall the move. The other advantage was that Dagshai was a canton­ ment where their protection was more or less guaranteed. The tuck-drivers were also to be changed. I sent one of my trusted men to Dagshai, with a message to a friend that he might kindly send to me two truck-drivers in plain clothes immediately. The scheduled time for departure arrived. All were ready. The refugees were pressing me that I should ask the Muslims to get into the trucks. The Muslims were also getting a little suspicious as to why I was delaying their departure. But I was waiting for the new pair of truck- drivers. It was about 3 p.m. when the truck-drivers from Dagshai arrived. I sent the original truck-drivers to my hospital on some pretext. As soon as they were gone, I asked LOVE IS STRONGER THAN HATE 27 the Muslim residents to get into the trucks. And they all, men, women and children, got in within a few minutes. I then called the truck-drivers, who had come from Dagshai, and quietly told them to take their seats behind the driving wheels and take the trucks to Dagshai. As the trucks moved in that direction, everyone, including the Muslims in the trucks, were surprised as to what had happened. In this way, all the Muslim residents of Dharampore were transported to Dagshai without the loss of a single life. Some of the refugees, however, felt embittered and angry on this. After the departure of the Muslims, I went to my house. The Police Sub-Inspector Sardar Chitwant Singh returned to the police station. Hardly had we moved away from the place, when the refugees, and even some of the local residents, fell like hungry wolves on the shops of the Muslim evacuees. They broke open their locks and laid their hands on whatever was left there. If one was running away with a bag of rice, the other was removing a case of medicine, while still another was carrying a tin of ghee on his head. Chitwant Singh and myself reached the bazar again. We got all the shops locked and sealed and put the police on duty. The road was littered with all sorts of articles, sacks, empty cases, vegetables, and so on. It presented the picture of a recent loot. We got the bazar swept and tried to make things look orderly once again. After that I called a meeting of the refugees and told them that I had already promised them fullest help and support. I renewed that promise. My sole concern was that there should be no violence. Everyone realized the most painful experience they had passed through and the suffering and losses they had suffered. I assured them that everything possible would be done to resettle and rehabilitate them. This had a reassuring effect on the refugees and they reposed their full confidence in me. On September 9, 1947, I took stock of the situation 23 LOVE IS STRONGER THAN HATE

and found that all the Muslim inmates, the patients, their relatives and the sanatorium employees of the King Edward Sanatorium, and all the Muslim residents of Dharampore had been evacuated. There were, however, left some Muslim patients who were getting treatment in the Hardinge Sanato­ rium, and some in Arcadia. Some of these patients had their relatives with them. Besides, there were five ex-patients and visitors, and two Government employees. All these had to be safely evacuated. I had them all, patients and others, brou­ ght to Hardinge Sanatorium, as it was easier for me to provide them with medical help and safety there and it was also comparatively easier to evacuate them from one place. I then made enquiries and found that 21 persons— patients and their relatives—wanted to go to Pakistan. I made the necessary arrangements and evacuated twelve of them to the transit camp at Kalka. The two Government servants also wanted to go to Kalka, but they wanted to leave only when the Muslim residents now at Dagshai were evacuated from there to Kalka. These, along with nine remaining patients, were handed over to the military commandant on September 27, 1947, when he passed through Dharampore and were evacuated to Kalka. Now I was left with five women who were staying in Hardinge Sanatorium. These were ex-patients and had come there for reasons of health. Three of them were related to some of my close friends. Mrs. Maimoona Begum was closely related to Syed Jamil Hussain, an advocate of Sunam, who with his family was in the Samana Muslim Evacuee Camp. She wanted to be sent to Samana. Shamshad was related to Muhammad Ismail Khan, who was then staying at the Baha- durgarh Muslim Evacuee Camp. So, she wanted to go there. Miss Sayeeda, who was related to Dr Abdul Majid Khan, wanted to go to Aligarh, and the remaining two, Fatima and Chhoti, wanted to go to Kanpur. None of them was willing to leave the place unless I or my wife accompanied them. For a time we all stayed there. Then I took Maimoona and Sham- LOVE IS STRONGER THAN HATE 29 shad to Patiala, and from there I took Maimoona to Samana and left her with her family. I left Shamshad with my friend Muhammad Ismail Khan at Bahadurgarh Camp. The remain­ ing three stayed at Hardinge Sanatorium, Dharampore, for a few weeks, as they were afraid to travel alone in those days of disturbances. I too could not guarantee any protection during their journey to Delhi. However, when conditions became slightly better, I wrote to their relatives to come to Dharam­ pore. Nobody came. Then I decided to escort the ladies to Delhi myself. I informed their relatives of my programme and asked them to meet me at the train by which we were travelling. I felt greatly relieved to see them all at the rail­ way station and entrust my charge to them. It is not possible to describe in words how happy they all felt at this reunion. With this, the drama, which had suddenly erupted at Dharam­ pore more than two months ago, came to a—in that situation not an altogether unhappy—close.

Ill On September 9, 1947, some refugees and miscreants started looting Muslim shops at Kasauli. The situation was soon brought under control. But by this the Muslim commu­ nity at Kasauli realized that it was time for them also to leave. On the 10th, I got information that the Muslim popu­ lation at Kasauli had decided to leave with bag and baggage by trucks for Kalka. I learnt that they were doing so on the assurance from some quarter of protection being provided to them for this journey. I considered this an ill-advised plan. I sent one of my compounders to the leader of the party at Kasauli to tell him that it would be dangerous if the party travelled with their belongings. For safety's sake they should leave all their things in their homes. I also suggested that they should avoid travelling by road and should take instead the bridle-path from Kasauli to Kalka without letting anybody have the slightest notion about their plans. The sense of possession is far more strong in man than the sense of reason. In spite of the warning, those migrating 30 LOVE IS STRONGER THAN HATE

from Kasauli were not prepared to leave behind their belong­ ings. However, they made a slight modification in their pro­ gramme. They loaded the trucks with all they wanted to carry. These trucks were left under the charge of four elderly persons. The rest of them left Kasauli on foot by the bridle path. They all reached Kalka safely. The trucks moved soon after the Muslims had left Kasauli by the only road connecting the place with Kalka. Some of the refugees took up positions on strategic points, in the Bhagat State area, midway between Kasauli and Dharam- pore, and were eagerly waiting for their prey. These trucks were headed by a military truck. As the trucks reached the place where the refugees and some miscreants lay in wait, they started firing and made an attack. The military truck did not stop. It did not even care to find out what had hap­ pened and continued its onward journey. The truck drivers left their trucks and ran away to hide themselves in the bushes to save their lives. All the four Muslims in charge of the trucks were injured and the goods looted. I heard the firing and reached the spot. In the goods was found a trans­ mitter. This I brought to Dharampore and made it over to Sardar Birdevinder Singh, Superintendent of Police, who came to Dharampore the next day. I removed the injured persons from there and sent them to Dagshai Military Hospital for treatment. IV I had some friends in the Muslim evacuee camp at Subathu. On September 12, I got a message that all the Muslim population living in the camp at Subathu had decided to leave for Kalka on the 15th. They had planned to leave by trucks with their goods during night and wanted me to provide protection during their passage through Dharampore. I expressed my inability to guarantee any safety or protec­ tion in that unfavourable situation. I also told the messenger that they should not insist on taking their belongings with them and thus expose themselves to the risk of attack. The LOVE IS STRONGER THAN HATE 31 safest course for them would be to leave Subathu late in the evening on foot, and, after travelling for about four miles by road, they might take the footpath which diverted from the main road and reached Kalka directly. The path undoubtedly was narrow and difficult, but that was the only safe course. I also conveyed to them that their safety lay in keeping this plan of action a guarded secret. Rumours, however, spread that the Muslims at Subathu were going to Kalka on September 15. This became the talk of the town. If some were conjecturing that they would be going by trucks, the others thought that they would be going on foot. Some others thought that they might stay at Dharam- pore for the night and from there proceed to Kalka. These rumours had different effects on the various sections of the public. While the local residents of Dharam- pore felt panicky, fearing that the outgoing Muslims might cause some mischief passing through the town, some of the refugees felt that it was a good chance for them to waylay and loot them at some point outside Dharampore area. On 15th morning, a deputation of the residents of the town came to me and wanted that I should make arrangements and take precautions so that no mischief was caused by any member of the caravan. I promised that I would not only make all possible arrangements but would also stay with them till the caravan had passed. I requested them that they, on their part, might keep their shops closed that evening. To this they all agreed. However, some of the refugees went to a place two miles beyond Dharampore and took up positions at a curve near Cheel Chakar, waiting for the caravan there. Sardar Chitwant Singh and myself reached the bazar by 6 P-m. and found that there was a great excitment and fear among the people. At about 7.30 p. m. information came that the caravan had started. We had waited for over an hour when news came that the caravan had left the main road. Everyone was wondering as to what had happened. 32 LOVE IS STRONGER THAN HATE

The caravan had taken the direct footpath to Kalka. This change in plans saved the lives and honour of the evacuees from Subathu. V On September 27, the Dagshai contonment had to be vacated by the regiment stationed there. I got a message from the commandant on the 26th to this effect, fie had requested that the bazars at Kumar Hatti and Dharampore might be kept closed from 10 a.m. to 12 noon on that day so that the military convoy along with the Muslim residents of Dharampore and Dagshai could pass peacefully without any untoward incident. This was a reasonable request. I sent a message to the bazar chaudharis, both at Dharampore and Kumar Hatti, to keep the shops closed on the 27th from 10 a.m. to 12 noon. Everyone complied with my instructions except one person named Jai Parkash, who chose to keep his shop open. The convoy started from Dagshai exactly at 10 a.m. and when the first jeep heading the convoy reached Kumar Hatti bazar, they found that a shop was open. On this an officer got out of the jeep, kicked Jai Parkash, pushed him into his shop, and bolted the shop from outside. The convoy passed on peacefully and reached Dharampore. I met the Commandant and thanked him for his full co- peration and help in those difficult days. I also handed over to him two government servants and nine patients who were still with me and who wanted to go to Pakistan. I had then a sigh of relief. Soon after, Shri Jai Parkash along with a few other shopkeepers came to me. He was very much annoyed and angry because of his having been manhandled by a military officer. I listened to him with great patience and tried to pacify him as much as possible. He, however, would not listen to any of my arguments, and in great indignation sent a telegram to the Prime Minister of India. He also sent a leng­ thy letter to the same quarters in which he complained that a British officer had kicked him and insulted him, and that when LOVE IS STRONGER THAN HATE 33 he approached the local authorities, nobody had listened to him. His petition after passing through various departments reached me after a few months, and I was asked to enquire into this matter and submit my report. I called Shri Jai Parkash and told him that I had received his complaint, and that I had been asked to enquire into the matter. I asked him if he could give me the name of the British officer who had manhandled him or give me his address, so that I could con­ duct an enquiry against him. His reply was : "He was a monkey, and all monkeys look alike, so how could I recog­ nise one monkey from another, but I was sure that he was a monkey." We all laughed at this. By then he had also cooled down and he joined us in the laugh. I recorded his statement as given above and sent it back to the office from where his complaint had come. After this nothing was heard about it. VI Two Muslims, Abdul Hakim, a P.W.D. Overseer posted at Chail, and Nur Muhammad Khan, a railway gang-Jamadar, became Sikhs. Abdul Hakim desired that his children should be sent to Lahore while he would stay on in India. The evacuation of his children was duly arranged. Some months later he felt lonely and frustrated and left for Pakistan. At the request of Nur Muhammad Khan, his children were sent to Pakistan. He himself continued to stay in India. VII After the departure of the Muslims from Dharampore, I was asked to work as officer in charge of the Muslim evacuee property, till the Government appointed another person for the job. As such, I, with the help of the revenue officer, got prepared a complete and detailed list of the Muslim property like shops, stalls, houses, agricultural land, etc., at Dharampore and the surrounding area. A list of the names of the refugees who were staying at Dharampore was already with me as entered in the register at 34 LOVE IS STRONGER THAN HATE the time of their arrival. They were pressing for an early allot­ ment of houses and shops, and had submitted their applica­ tions for this purpose. On September 20, I wrote a letter to Sardar Durga Dhar Jayal, Nazim Kohistan, informing him that I had got prepared a complete list of the evacuee property, and requested him that he might pay a visit to Dharampore at an early date so that the seals of houses and shops might be broken in his pre­ sence, the goods contained therein auctioned and the work of allotment started. In response to my request the Nazim visited Dharampore on the afternoon of the 27th. I gave him the list of the evacuee property, the register containing the names of the refugees and their applications which they had submitted for the allotment of houses, shops, lands, etc. The seals of the shops and houses were got broken, and all the goods that had been left were taken out and auc­ tioned in his presence. I strongly urged that the refugees might be rehabilitated as early as possible to save them from further hardship. We discussed this matter and he explained that the real difficulty was that he was not authorized to make permanent allotment. He, however, offered to make allotments at that time but could do it on a temporary basis to which the refugees agreed. The work of allotment was started in the office of the Nazim at Kandaghat. All formalities of temporary allotment were com­ pleted in two or three weeks and the refugees were resettled as best as could be done in that situation. They were happy and grateful to have some place which they could call their own. I feel it my honest duty to say that all this was possible with the ungrudging co-operation of friends who were prompt­ ed by the same ideology and thinking which was at the back of my own action. VIII At the time of the attainment of independence by the country, the Punjab had to write its history with blood and tears of lacs of Punjabis who had to leave their hearths and LOVE IS STRONGER THAN HATE 35 homes and all that they possessed in the West Punjab that had fallen to the lot of Pakistan. Many of them had to sacrifice their kith and kin at the altar of freedom. About eight million people were displaced from what became Pakistan. They kept pouring in for months into the Indian territory in a ceaseless stream of human misery. About twenty-four lacs of them settled in the Punjab. This was about one-fifth of the total population. The absorption of such a vast number in the strained and limited economy of the State was no small matter. Apart from the expenditure it involved, it put the administrative machinery to severe test. Nobody knew how the State would recover from the shock. The Government made plans and provided budgets for them, but these could never have been implemented successfully had not the people in general, and the refugees in particular, displayed a spirit of co-operation and courage. The displaced persons had lost their homes, but not their hearts. They were hard working, enterprising and business-minded people. They mixed freely with the older population and began to plan their future without brooding over the past. There were fresh lands to conquer and fresh heights to scale. New farms, villages and townships sprang up. Industries, large, medium and small, and small crafts began to take shape. In brief, the dis­ placed persons gave ample proof of their native Punjabi resili­ ence and hardihood. The Punjab, which presented a scene of utter desolation in 1947, is now a progressive State, with the highest growth rate and highest per capita income in the nation. To this all-round development the displaced persons have made an invaluable contribution. The Punjab has not only recovered from the devastating effects of the partition but has also marched ahead. It would be no exaggeration to say that like Phoenix a new Punjab has arisen out of its ashes. IX This brief account will, perhaps, be incomplete if I do not mention what I received from my friends and well-wishers i n lieu of the humble efforts I made to discharge my duty as 36 LOVE IS STRONGER THAN HATE a human being towards fellow human beings. I have paid two visits to Pakistan. The first one was in 1949 when I visit­ ed Karachi on my way to London, and the other in 1968 when I visited Panja Sahib (Hasan Abdal), Nankana Sahib and Baoli Sahib at Lahore as the leader of a party of Sikhs from India who had gone there for pilgrimage. Here I will confine myself to my first visit as it was soon after partition and it was in my private capacity. In 1949, I was awarded a fellowship, under Norwegian Help to Europe Programme, for undergoing a course in Tuberculosis at Oslo, and to study the anti-tuberculosis work as conducted in the Sacandanavian countires. I made up my plans and decided that I would first go to London, stay there a week, and then go on to Oslo. I planned to go through Karachi so that I could meet some of my friends there. I informed them about my prog­ ramme and of the date and time of my arrival. I had to take my plane from Palam and reached there well in time. About fifteen minutes before the take-off, I heard an announcement over the public address system saying that Dr Khushdeva Singh should visit the police office at the airport. I was sur­ prised a bit. However, I went to the police office. There a gentleman asked me why I was going through Karachi. My reply was : "Is it forbidden to go through Karachi ?" He said it was not that, but all the same it was better if I could re­ consider my decision and go through Bombay. I in turn told him that I had already informed my friends at Karachi, and it would not be proper to disappoint them by changing my route. I left the office and moved onward to board my plane. It was a Dakota and there were only a few passengers. All of them were Europeans. The first halt was at Jodhpur where one passenger, a Muslim, boarded the plane, and occupied a seat near me. He was a complete stranger to me, and, without any introduc­ tion, began to say : "Sardarjl, gharon wddhoo hi ho jo Karachi noonja rahe ho ?" In English it would be : 'Sardarji, you must LOVE IS STRONGER THAN HATE 37 be an unwanted member of your family that you are going to Karachi." I was taken aback by this remark. Yet I gathered myself and said, "Yes, Sir, lam an unwanted member of my family, but you need not bother about me." I then sat quietly, but it set me thinking. Then the plane reached Karachi. There I saw a crowd of people, men and women, some of the latter in burqa waving their handkerchiefs at me. As I stepped out, the first man to greet me was Mr. Abdul Wakil Khan, Superintendent of Police, who was posted at the air­ port. He touched my feet and greeted me : "How are you, uncle ?" I took him in my embrace. In the meantime, the Muslim passenger, who had emplaned at Jodhpur, came out. The police constables pounced upon him as soon as he came out. I did not know what was happening. Abdul Wakil Khan told me : "Uncle, he is a smuggler and we are tired of him. Today, we will teach him a lesson." My friends took me to a room at the airport where we all sat down and talked and talked. Then we all had our lunch together. I had to travel from Karachi to London by a K.L.M. plane which was scheduled to arrive at 2-30 a. m. I had, therefore, to stay there for about twelve hours. We had our tea at about 5 p. m. and I told my friends that they had given me so generously of their time. I thought it would be too much for them having to wait the whole night and suggest­ ed that they must spare themselves the trouble. But nobody left until it was dinner time. We ate our dinner together. Then they said that they were leaving and that I must have a little rest before emplaning. I closed the door and went to sleep, but all of them, as I learnt later, had not gone anywhere. They only moved to the adjoining room and stayed there. I got up at about 1.45 a. m., and, when I opened the door, I saw that all of them were still there. They had retired only to give me the chance of having some sleep. They all accompanied me to the plane, and, before parting, presented me with a small bas­ ket of grapes. I had no words to express my gratitude for the overwhelming affection with which I was treated and happiness 38 LOVE IS STRONGER THAN HATE

this stop over had given me. For my return journey, I again chose the same route, and informed my friends at Karachi about the date and time of my departure from Oslo and arrival at Karachi. It was a bright sunny day—a thing unusual in the month of December for that part of the world—as I reached the Olso airport to catch my flight. The departure of the plane was announced and all the passengers hurried forward. Strangely, a cat appear­ ed from somewhere and passed across the runway in front of the plane. We went up the gangway and occupied our seats. I was tying my seat-belt when a gentleman sitting next to me looked behind and said in a low voice, "Oh, God help us." I was rather surprised to hear this, and enquired as to what was the matter. He said, "Didn't you see the cat crossing our path. And here are two clergymen travelling with us. Could there be anything more ominous than this ?" I felt as if I were in the Eastern hemisphere. The plane took off. The first scheduled landing was at Amsterdam. As the plane reached there, we found that the weather was very bad. Dense clouds and fog had reduced visibility to almost nil. The plane circled over the airport twice, but got word from the ground authorities that the weather was too bad for it to land. The pilot directed the plane towards Brussels. There the fog was even denser than at Amsterdam. The plane could not land there either. By now the passengers were becoming anxious. However, the pilot took the plane into the interior of the country and landed it safely at a military airport. The moment the plane landed, it was surrounded by military police. After a few minutes an officer arrived. According to the rules, the baggage of all the passengers was searched, and certain documents were got signed from the pilot. After this we were all free, and we moved on to a lounge, where drinks and snacks were served. The passengers were now in a mood of gay abandon. They sang and danced and laughed. I was wondering to myself how those people who were the very picture of panic and LOVE IS STRONGER THAN HATE 39 misery barely an hour previously had forgotten those tense moments of anxiety and given themselves up to gaiety. But that is how we human beings are built, I thought. After some time two buses arrived, and all the passen­ gers were loaded into these. We were provided with packages of food for the journey and the buses moved. For a time the occupants continued to be mirthful, but slowly all became quiet. Some of them started dozing in their seats. Others looked on blankly while some were snoring heavily. The journey continued till we arrived at Amsterdam, where we were accommodated in American Hotel for the night. Next day we all got up rather late. We had our breakfast in the Hotel, and from there we were taken to the airport. There too we had to wait for a few hours before resuming the journey, and the plane reached Karachi at 11.30 p. m. There was no friend to meet me as they had come the previous day and returned disappointed. Hardly had I stepped out of the plane when a group of journalists surrounded me. They started off like this: "Sardarji, where are you coming from ?" I replied that I was a doctor and was coming from Oslo after attending a Fellowship course there. Then they asked if I had come to Karachi on some mission ? My reply was, "Yes, 1 have come on a goodwill mission." On this they asked if I represented any society. My reply was that I was a member of the largest society in the world, the Society of Mankind. On this they all laughed, and became more inquisitive. They asked many question which I answered as best as I could. They took some notes, and kept me engaged for about half an hour, after which they left me with a shake of hands and Khuda Hafiz. From there I moved on to the customs counter to collect my baggage. There was a young man on duty. He asked me, "Sardarji, how have you come to Karachi ?" "Dear son," Said I, "I have come from Oslo, and am on my way to Delhi." The next question he asked me as to what I was carrying in my suit-case. My reply was : "Here are the 40 LOVE IS STRONGER THAN HATE keys; you may open it and search it." He said it was none of his business to open boxes, and I, in turn, politely said : "Dear son, I am an old man and I am tired. Couldn't you do even that much for me ?" He took the keys, opened my suit­ case, and closed it without making any search. He directed me to proceed to my room on the first floor where I had to spend the night, for my plane was to leave next morning. Emboldened by this change in his demeanour, I asked the officer if he could do me a little favour and send word to Mr Abdul Wahid Khan informing him of my stop-over. "Who is this Abdul Waheed Khan ?" he asked. I told him that he was the father of the Superintendent of Police posted at the airport. "You mean the father of Wakil Sahib," he said, and asked me how I know him. I told him that he was one of my dear friends. He gave me a porter who took my baggage to my room. I locked the room from inside and was just going to bed when there was a knock at the door. As I opened the door. I found that it was Abdul Waheed Khan waiting. I can­ not describe my happiness. We settled down to a long chat about good old days we had spent together. We continued till it was three in morning. He then left insisting that I must give myself some sleep. I was up again at 7-30 a.m. and was getting ready when I again heard a knock at the door. Waheed had come now with a breakfast basket. We had our breakfast and then came down to the lounge. We had hardly been there a few moments when a police constable came, saluted me and offered me betel. He asked me if I remembered him. Before I could speak, he told me that once he had accompanied me from Samana to Patran for postmortem examination. He was still there when another constable came, and after saluting me offered me a betel. I recognized him, for he had been at Sunam during my posting there. In this way, one after another, six constables came to me and I gratefully accepted betels from each one of them. It was now time for the take-off. I embraced Wahee d LOVE IS STRONGER THAN HATE 41

and took leave of him and proceeded towards the plane. The constables accompanied me right up to the plane, and, when I was about to enter the aircraft, all of them stood in a line and presented a salute. I acknowledged it with folded hands and tears dripping from eyes. I quietly went up the gangway and occupied my seat. As I was involuntarily fastening the seat belt my thought ran to those simple constables and their most charming gesture. Love is stronger than hatred, love is far stronger than hatred, love is far stronger than hatred at any time and anywhere. It was thousand times better to love and die, than to live and hate," I was repeating to myself. > APPENDICES Dr Khushdeva Singh had during this period received 317 letters from Muslim friends living in India and Pakistan whom he had been able to serve in some form or another. Out of these 33 have been included in Appendix A. Their facsimiles have been given in Appendix B for such o f the readers as may be interested in the originals, particularly of the Urdu letters. Publishers APPENDIX A 1 [Translation] Syed Ishtayaq Ali Ashfaq Ali & Co., Glass Bangle Merchants and Order Suppliers, Sadar Bazar, Ferozabad, Distt. Agra Dated September 2, 1947. Respected and Noble-hearted Doctor Sahib, After compliments. Having taken leave of you, I arrived at Ferozabad safe and sound. I did not write earlier as you had said that I should write only once a month and that you will not be able reply if I wrote oftener. With your blessings, I am feeling better. My fever con­ tinues to be 99. One complaint that I have developed now is bad cold. Otherwise, I have no other trouble. I feel a little less hungry. You have been extremely kind to me for which the whole of my family is grateful to you. Whenever I talk of your sympathy to the people, they feel very happy. My father says that they all pray for your family and children. May th; Holly Allah look after your welfare. We know (and remember) your kindness towards poor people. What else may I write ! My brother and father send Salaams. Kindly do reply. Yours Syed Ashfaq Ali Ferozabadi A* LOVE IS STRONGER THAN HATE

II Urgent K. E. Sanatorium, Dharampore, [September 6, 1947.] Major Khushdeva Singh, M.B.,B.S.,T.D.D., The S.H.O., Police Station, Dharampore. Dear Sirs, At 3.30 p. m. a batch two persons — a Sikh and a beardless man—chased one Pir Bux residing near Hafiz Fazal Ahmed's house in Dharampore up the sanatorium road near the entrance and killed their victim, who is lying in a drain near the Lady Reading Ward and the motor garage. The victim's four children are without their parents and are stranded here. Will you please arrange for the disposal of the dead body and the safe refuge of the orphan children. Thanking you in anticipation, Yours very truly, F. Master, L.M.S., Medical Superintendent III Kandaghat, 21. 5. 2004, 6. 9. 47. Time 4 P.M. Dear Dr Khushdeva Singh Ji, Your wire to the Nazim. A Guard of 5 Military people being sent for help. Please see that arrangements are made for the board and lodge. If sufficient Police Guard reaches you then send back this Military Guard to Kandaghat. N. C. O. will personally tell you what place they are being specially deputed for. Yours sincerely, Dalip Singh, Captain, Guardian LOVE IS STRONGER THAN HATE 45

IV Urgent King Edward Sanatorium, Simla Hills, Dharampore, R.S. 7th September, 1947. Dear Major Khushdeva Singh, Since yesterday afternoon's occurrence, the Muslim inmates are begging for their safe transit arrangement up to Kalka. Thereafter they will mind their own further onward journies. I am aware that both the routes — the cartroad and the Railway — are very uncertain, but could it be arranged to send them along with any passing Military convoy. I should very much appreciate your guidance in the matter, as their departure will ease very considerably the present tense local atmosphere and the Sanatorium inmates will find ease and peace of mind. Thanking you in aoticipation for your help and guidance, Yours sincerly, F. Master Urgent V K. E. Sanatorium, Dharampur, 7th September, 47. Dear Major Khushdeva Singh, Many thanks for your note of earlier in the day, and immense thanks and appreciation for such prompt and satisfactory action taken so kindly by you. The Commandant from Dagshai with an armed guard reached the San. enterance with a Military truck for removal of all the Muslim inmates from the San. With the single exception of one Mr Nazir-ud-din Ahmad, who is bed ridden with much too advanced disease, every other pt., their relatives the two San. Muslim employees and wife and children have left Dagshai at 6.45 p.m. With renewed thanks and appreciation. Yours very sincerely, F. Master P. S. Kindly inform the S. H. O., Police Stn., Dharampur. 46 LOVE IS STRONGER THAN HATE

VI [Translation] [September 9, 1947.] To The Most Bountiful Major Sahib, May your greatness be ever on the increase— After Compliments. I feel duty bound to thank you for the kindness you have shown to me, for which God alone can reward you. The amount of Rs. 18/-that I had paid to the Association for atta and which had not been taken by us, may be paid to the Patiala State Bank. It will be very kind of you. And, whatever cheques are received through you may also be paid to the Manager, the Patiala State Bank. Thanks for it. I am, Fazl-i-Ahmad September 9, 1947.

VII [Translation] Respected Doctor Sahib, [September 9, 1947.] With folded hands we request you to be kind to us for God's sake and for the sake of Guru Nanak and protect our lives. With trust and faith in you, I have not moved from here to any other place, and with trust in you, I have sent for my family from Kalka. For God's sake, help us, and God will help you. Kindly arrange, under police protection, to move us near yourself and then have us conveyed under mili­ tary protection to some safe place. With heart and soul we pray for your welfare. We remain, Your helpless and broken-hearted, Abrar Ahmad, No. 14, the Arcadia, September 9, 1947. LOVE IS STRONGER THAN HATE 47

VIII [Translation]

Kind and Beneficient Doctor Sahib, With humble compliments. I have arrived at Kalka safe and sound. 1 am a great admirer of your sympathy, affection and character. God will assuredly reward you for your great kindness. The prayer that comes out of the heart has its effect. Every hair of our body prays for you. I received no help from the Medical Officer and Police Officer of Panjaur to come to Kalka. With great difficulty I got a taxi and had to spend Rs. 12/- to come from Panjaur to Kalka. In my very presence, Bashir had made his own arrangement and had left for Nalagarh. The Medical Officer of Panjaur provided every kind of comfort. As long as we live, we shall remember you with prayers. Yours obediently, Abrar Ahmad, C/o Abdur Rashid Batt, Government Contractor, Kalka. IX [Translation] To Beneficient Major Sahib, With great humility I beg to state that I do not feel myself safe except under your protection. Therefore, in all kindness, be good enough to grant me a seat in your hospital.

Yours obediently, Muhammad Umar 48 LOVE IS STRONGER THAN HATE

X SADARY & SONS By Appointment to the Adviser to the Government of Bahrains. Cable Address : Bahrain (Persian Gulff), "Sadary" Bahrain Dated 15th Sept., 1947. The Medical Officer In-charge, Sanitorium, Dharampore. Sir, Would you kindly report on the health and progress of my wife (Mrs Sadary), Kothi No. 10, ARCADIA. I am enclosing herewith a stamped and addressed envel­ ope for a reply. Thanking you for an early reply, Yours faithfully, A.S. Sadary XI 21.9.47. Dear Mr Sadary Thanks for your note. Your wife was under my treat­ ment for about two months. She was making a very nice recovery and I was pretty sure of her recovery. In the mean­ time communal tension started in Punjab. I assured your wife in every possible way that she was absolutely safe in my hospi­ tal and she should not move but in spite of all my brotherly assurance, she left this place with Mr Shamasulzaman of Ferozabad. I am really sorry that she did not stay. Your child while here developed an attack of acute dip- theria, he was also treated and God saved his life also. You may write to Mr Shamasulzaman, Proprietor Qamar Glass works,Ferozabad, U.P. to enquire about your wife. May god give a better sense and sanity to the people of this place (Muslims, Hindus and Sikhs), so that the peace and happiness may be restored. I love Muslims as I love my own kith and kin, but am really sorry for the brutal acts which started under the sanction of the Pakistan Government, and are being paid back by the fools on this side. Yours sincerely, Khushdeva Singh LOVE IS STRONGER THAN HATE 49

XII Dagshai, Dear Major Khushdeva Singh, The Sub-Inspector of Police here tells me there are about 11 Muslims in your Hospital who wish to be evacuated. These must be the same people you spoke to me about on your last visit here. I shall not interfere in this matter. I am fully satisfied for you to deal as you think fit with' these people. But if they wish to go, you advise me I will send them when the Muslims from Dagshai are sent. Please tell me what you wish done. I would not bother you like this but the Sub-Insp. here has requested me to approach you. Yours sincerely, J.F. Martine XIII Hardinge Hospital, Dharampore, 21. 9. 47. Dear Sardar Durga Dhar Jayal, I have got the list of the property of the Muslim evacuees prepared, also the list of the persons who have applied for a shop, or a house, and also a list of those persons to whom the Muslim evacuees owed some money, with the amount owed. I am waiting for you since Friday evening. Please inform me as to when do you intend to come, so that the sealed shops may be opened, and the food articles contained therein may be sold by the government and made use of by the public. Please send words through phone or an early reply by post. Yours sincerely, Khushdeva Singh Sardar Durga Dhar Jayal, B. A., LL. B., Nazim Kohistan, Kandaghat. 50 LOVE IS STRONGER THAN HATE

XIV Gujrat (Pakistan), 25. 9. 47. Respected Doctor Sahib, No words can express the innermost feelings of gratitude and thankfulness which sprout from my grateful heart every moment, when 1 cast a look upon my children and wife who have actually escaped from the very brink of the other world; you are doubtlessly an angel doing humanitarian work which befits a true doctor. It is simply because of your profound sympathy and the grace of God that I have been able to see their faces once again, which I could never dream of. Would it that I had been present before your august person or I could find words enough to thank you. Take it that I can never forget what you have done for us. May I hope that you would very graciously take the trouble of droping a line or two in response to my this letter, and complete the very little remaining efforts you have been doing so long to save my wife's life by suggesting the names of the medicines, or a complete'perscription, so that I may be able to continue here treatment under your own paternal care. Kindly don't forget this servant of your's, who reposes his fullest faith in you and you alone.

• • • •«« • « • in Your's most gratefully, Mohd. Anwar, C/o Mr Mohd. Shaffi, Proprietor, Taj Furniture House, Railway Road, Gujrat (West Pakistan)

i LOVE IS STRONGER THAN HATE / 51

XV

Karachi Air Port, Aviation Sub-Division, C. P. W. D. 27. 9. 47. Respected Doctor Sahib, Abbaji has informed me in a letter from Aligarh that sister Maimoona Begam, who was living in New Masjid Quarters, is now staying with you and you have very kindly given her protection in these badly disturbed days. I have got no words to express my thanks to you for your noble act and I am extremely happy to see that even in these days when most of the people of all communities have become mad, there are noble persons like you who are still sticking to the golden principles of humanity and are above from communal feelings. It is understood that the journey by train or car is very dangerous these days so there is no other alternative for her to stay with you till the situation improves. She should in no case feel worried for other relatives because one has to face what is written in the fate and so many innocent people of all communities will suffer till the mad men do not give up the retaliation business. Let us pray that God should help us soon. I hope I will be able to hear about her every now and then, and thanking you again,

Yours faithfully, Riazat Hussain, Overseer, C. P. W. D., Karachi Air Port 52 LOVE IS STRONGER THAN HATE

XVI [Translation] Refugee Camp Kalka, October 5, 1947. Respected Father (Pitaji), May you ever be happy and cheerful, Sat Sri Akal. I am lying in the camp here since 23rd October [Septem­ ber], 1947. With ground as my bed, I have borne rain and sun. With great difficulty I have got a shelter constructed for me by some one. I am experiencing great hardship for food and drink. The food is very poor and is hardly sufficient for one time. I get no milk. Food also, I get through some one's kindness. The cloth wherein I had kept my money is stolen. I am now lying here in Kalka Camp without any money and am in great trouble. I, therefore, request you, father, to kindly arrange to have me sent to Ambala. I hope I will then be able to get to Lahore soon. May God—Sri Wahi- Guru Sahib—keep you always in full bloom and bestow upon you all happiness. I pray to God that all officers may be responsible gentlemen like you, kind in heart, and through their justice this world may live happily. May God keep you always in full rise. You are an example before the world for your kind heartedness, justice and compassion towards God's creation. Father, I had written a letter to you earlier also. I hope you will, in all kindness, extend a helping hand to me. My best regards. I am in great hardship without money. I have heard that a train is leaving on the 14th and also on October 20, 1947. There are still many days remaining. Yours, M. Umar, C/o Hafiz Abdullah Sapatuwala, Camp Kalka LOVE IS STRONGER THAN HATE 53

XVII [Translation] Room No. 9, Dharampur Hospital, October 18, 1947. Respected and kind Doctor Sahib, After Compliments. Kindly excuse me for addressing you as 'Doctor Sahib' by mistake. Otherwise, now that you have become my 'father', and my heart also wishes that I should always consider you as father, I should address you also as 'Abba Jan' or 'Papaji'. Abba Jan, whatever other suffering I have undergone, I do not wish to write about. But, I am really very sorry that I could not see you at the last time before my departure. I can not forget till eternity your natural sympathy, affection and kindness. Although as a punishment for my being a Muslim, the strong chains of Pakistan may remove me to immeasurable long distances and I may become an exile, the regard for you cannot be removed from my heart. As long as I live, I shall keep on writing to you and I hope you will favour me with your answers. Alas! the climate of Dharampur and your health- bestowing hand had the Christ-like healing effect upon me, and it is my misfortune that for all time to come I have been deprived of them. Patience alone can now help. With patience, one has to face helplessness. Whatever comes in the year to come will be seen. I have told the postman also and I request you as well that letters addressed to me may remain lying with you safe till I write to you about them. I am writing this letter in haste, as I have to do some packing. Now I take leave of you and offer my respects to others at home. Well, good by now. With best respects, Yours dispirited daughter, Maimoona, C/o Professor Syed Akmal Hussain, Engineering College, Mughalpura 54 LOVE IS STRONGER THAN HATE

XVIII [Translation] C/o Professor Syed Akmal Hussain, Engineering College, Mughalpura.

Respected and kind Doctor Sahib, Compliments. The letter that you had written to Ishtiaq, he sent to me today. I was very much pleased to read it. I thought, and I was sure, that this madness which has these days engulfed the people of India without distinction of caste and creed can have no effect upon good and gentle people like you. If there were no people like you, no human being could have escaped destruction. Not only I, but our several generations also can not repay you for the gratefulness under which you have placed me by having sent Maimoona safely to Samana. God will, however, reward you for it. I am also alive today through the kindness of a person like you. All kindness, of course, belongs to Him. To create men like you as the means for it, is also His work. In my thinking, that if good men like you are worshipped, it shall not be a wrong step. Now a days men like you can be counted on fingers. My family is at Samana and is under the protection of God. I have written to many Hindu and Sikh friends at Patiala, Sunam and Bhatinda, but have not received any reply from any one. I wrote two letters to you also, but had no reply. If your letter could come to Ishtiaq, it would certainly have come to me as well, if my letters had reached you. I am, therefore, convinced that my letters did not reach any friend. Now postal arrangement has improved. I am, therefore, writing this letter. May it reach you by God's grace. My house in Patiala must have been looted. I am not sorry for it. But if you go to Patiala, kindly do try to secure LOVE IS STRONGER THAN HATE 55 my library as, without it, I can not practise law here. People here also have tinted their hands (with loot and plunder. But I said to myself that when God has deprived me of lakhs of my money, what can I do by taking others' money. You will be glad to learn that other members of my family have also adopted the same attitude. May God so will that our family reaches here safe. He who created them will provide for their sustenance. I shall be obliged if you can give some more informa­ tion about my house. It will add further to my gratefulness if you can give any information about my family. With respectful salaams to Sardarni Sahiba and prayer for the young girl. Yours Syed Jamil Hussain XIX King Edward Sanatorium, Simla Hills, Dharampore, R.S. 20.12.47. Dear Major Khushdeva Singh, Now that through-train service is established, it is desired to send Mr. Naziruddin to Calcutta. May I please know what other arrangement you would suggest for his safe journey from here to Delhi station, and approximately when it would be possible. It will take at least 10/12 days for purchase [of] Rly. tickets and reservation to be effected for the pt. from Kalka to Howrah. Thanking you for a reply. Yours sincerely, F. Master 56 LOVE IS STRONGER THAN HATE

XX [Translation] Patiala, Respected Doctor Sahib, 6 Poh [21-12-1947.] Sat Sri Akal. At the time of departure from Patiala you had promised to send my daughter and two children to Lahore. I hope you have made arrangements for it. I am reminding your goodself to kindly arrange to send my daughter to Lahore at your ear­ liest so that I may feel relieved of this burden and responsi­ bility in this state of helplessness and poverty. Just as you sent my first daughter in all safety with your own responsibility, I hope you will, as your own responsibility, send this daughter also to Lahore in all sefety. God will immensely reward you for all these kind and benevolent acts. May God grant to all men the power to be good in the same way as he has bestowed upon you the nature of an angel and a kind soul. For all my life, I shall remain grateful to you. At present I am living in the military quarters of the Yadavindra Bhavan, but in three or four days I will shift to my own house in Kucha Suigaran, Sabzi Mandi, Dhakk Bazar. Yours obediently, Mehar Singh, Overseer, P.W.D. In case you have to write anything about them, you may send it to Babu Shamsher Singh, Overseer. XXI Dharampur, 22nd December, 47. Dear Major Khushdeva Singh, Thank s for your message for deputing a Police Constable up to Delhi with the Muslim patient. I shall inform you of the date of his departure and the time after purchase of the tickets and Rly. reservation. The Station Master informs me that I should apply for a permit from the District authorities for a permit for pur­ chase of tickets. May please have same from you for purchase of 3 II Class tickets from Kalka to Howrah and one II Class up to Delhi, in the name of Mr. Naziruddin and party available for the first night of January 48. Thanks. Yours sincerely, F. Master LOVE IS STRONGER THAN HATE 57

XXII [Translation] Mughalpura, Lahore, January 18, 1948. Respected Doctor Sahib, Compliments. Many day ago, your letter was received. Having been busy, I have not been able to reply. I beg your pardon for it. Doctor Sahib, you write that people alone spoiled the atmosphere and they alone have to set it right. I agree with it one hundred percent. But, father dear, the goodness of a few people does not affect all people. The greatest need is that our leaders should be good. It is a matter of great regret that in India there are only two such personalities—Gandhi ji and Pandit ji—who deserve respect. Without them, there is no other leader who may be praised and may be called 'broad- minded'. The same is the case of Pakistan as well. The persons like Gandhi ji, whose services are needed to the world the most, shall live long, and if his principles are followed, the situation can certainly return to normal soon. Well, we deserve no mention as we have no 'enemity towards anyone— Hindu, Muslim, Sikh or Christian, nor shall there be any. But the problem is of the people at large, who are all ignorant and cannot discriminate between good and bad. Whichever side they are instigated to, they turn blindly to that side. Here again the matter turns to leaders that they should be good. Instead of telling the people that their swords are unsheathed and their rifles are loaded, if they were to tell them that their arms are open to embrace one another, that their minds are clear and that all of us are brothers and sisters, it would be much better, and things would of themselves return to normal. I am really very sorry to leave Aligarh, but helplessly I had to do it. When I went to Aligarh from Dharampore, the refugees were pouring in there in large numbers. The situation was such that there was the likelihood of riots any moment. But as the Government there did not want any riots, there has been none so far in spite of efforts to the contrary. 58 LOVE IS STRONGER THAN HATE

During those days of tension, we, in common with Hindus, performed many dramas and other items of entertainment for the refugee-fund and collected many thousand rupees and gave them to the fund. Many Muslims did not wish their daugh­ ters to take part in them because most of the women taking part in this programme were Hindus and only a few were Muslims. We had placed this programme under the super­ vision of the Deputy Collector's wife who was a Hindu. With this we had the convenience of transport. The Deputy Collec­ tor's truck used to carry the Muslim and Hindu girls from their homes and took them back to their homes at about eleven or twelve o' clock at night. At this stage if I do not praise my parents, it shall not be proper. It was a matter of great cou­ rage to send their daughter to the city in care of a Hindu. As our minds were pure, the result was also good, and the prog­ ramme came to a satisfactory conclusion. The object was the collection of donations, and it presented an example of unity that Hindus and Muslims could live so close to one another without any harm from anyone. In the same way, even now, all my companion Muslim girls are working with the same spirit and enthusiasm in Aligarh and are collecting donations for the fund. This is called humanity in action. I am only sorry that my services to humanity can not be effective here. You can say that here too there is work for the refugees. This is true. But, Lahore is such a city and its atmosphere is such that here only people without pardah can do this work. More­ over, our acquaintance here is also limited. This humble person on her part is doing her very best for unity and har­ mony. May God 'bestow success on it. Amin. Apa, Maimoona came here a week ago. I hope you have received the letter that she wrote to you from Okara on the 10th. Do reply to it. Sister Maimoona was very glad to hear of our programme in Aligarh and also to know that there is unity amongst the Hindus and Muslims of that place even in these poisonous days. She prays that there may be harmony like that in all men and in all places. Amin. Salaams to every body at home. Compliments from Apa, mother, sisters and Ammdjan. Well, good bye now. Sayeda and others also send their Salaams.

I am Your daughter, Abbasi. Should there be any unpleasant word, kindly excuse. LOVE IS STRONGER THAN HATE 59

XXIII [Translation] 11, Fane Road, Lahore, January 29, 1948. Dear Brother Doctor Sahib, Compliments. Maimoona has arrived here and is with us. She is full of praise for you. I also hoped the same way. She has been worried. You know the cause of it. There is one thing. There used to be one person named Noor Muhammad, Railway Gang-Jamadar at Dharampur. His brother Muhammad Hussain from Ambala had left with him his wife Maryam and three children. He has come to Pakistan but his wife and children are with Noor Muhammad. It has come to our knowledge that Noor Muhammad has become a Sikh. If Noor Muhammad wishes to stay there, it is for him to decide. But Muhammad Hussain is very much worried about his wife Maryam and three sons Muhammad Muhsin, Muhammad Akram, and Muhammad Afzal. Mr. Wali Muham­ mad, father of Maryam, is very anxious about his daughter and grand-children. Kindly arrange to have them all sent to D.L.O., Ambala. At Ambala Siddiq Ahmad Khan is D.L.O. He will send them to Pakistan. I shall be obliged. It is hoped that all of you are quite well. My wife, after compliments, wishes to know if God has made an addi­ tion to your family. There has not been received any inform­ ation from yours. We have come to know from Maimoona that God was about to bestow happiness on you. Yours Syed Jamil Hussain 60 LOVE IS STRONGER THAN HATE

XXIV [Translation] [1-3-1948.] Respected Doctor Sahib, I beg to submit that I have written four or five letters to my brother Noor Muhammad who was a Gang-Jamadar in the Railway, but there has been no reply. I have heard that he has become a Sikh. Kindly let me know about his welfare and other circumstances. It will be very kind of you and I shall ever remain grateful to you (for it). Yours obediently, Wali Muhammad, Railway employee, House No. A/475, Mahalla Mohanpura, Rawalpindi City, 1-3-1948 XXV POST CARD Dhaban Singh, 7-3-48 Dear Sir, I happened to read your letter addressed to Mr. Muham­ mad Anwar, my colleague. Although this is surprising for me, but at the same time it is much delightful too. The sincerity towards a Muslim patient you have shown, and your noble words have captured my heart and I earnestly pray for your long life and increasing prosperity. Though the Sikhs have tortured the Muslims to an extent which has injured my heart beyond an expectation of healing, but the Sikh fellows whom I know I still remember them with love and respect. I pray for safety and prosperity of S. Diwan Singh, a manager of rice factory, Qilla Sattar Shah, and one Doctor Sahib of Khan- pur, a village near Qilla Sattar Shah. I wish I could know their addressess. Yours very sincerely, M. Aizaz Ali, S.M. Dr Khushdeva Singh Esqr., M.B.,B.S.,T.D.D., Sanatorium, Dharampur [Pb.] LOVE IS STRONGER THAN HATE 61

XXVI Dear brother, Thanks for your kind post card and the kind sentiment expressed therein. In this very post card you have praised me, and two of your other Sikh friends and at the same time felt that the Sikhs have tortured the Muslims to an extent beyond repair. How can both the things be true ? In my opinion we all, whether Hindus, Muslims or Sikhs, are the sons of the same One God, whom you call Allah, Hindus call Ram and Sikhs call Wahiguru. I respect Islam as much as my own religion because I know both are the same. I also believe that a true Muslim or", a true Sikh or a true Hindu would never have done what was quite common in the last communal riots. We all behaved worst than beasts. We are neither Muslims, nor Hindus nor Sikhs. We are Kafirs. May God guide us on truth. Were not the Muslims and the Sikhs" and the Hindus living together like good friends and brothers for centuries and could they not live in the same way in the Pakistan and India. My reply is, they could. It was very unlucky that Sikhs and Hindus were uprooted from N.W.F.P. and West Punjab under the authority and^the sanction of a few people in authority, and most beastly crimes were committed on them. It was only then that beastly activities were done on this side. I hate both the parties who fell low to do such heinous and gruesome bru­ talities, and felt it my duty to tell the same to everyone that we must start to love each other or we will loose every thing including India and Pakistan. People have been intentionally mixing the sanctity of religion with the dirt of politics to gain their ends but this must stop now. Let all Hindus and Sikhs be allowed back in Pakistan and all the Muslims return in Punjab or India. Let there be a Muslim majority rule in Pakistan and Hindu majority rule in India. There is no other solution. Yours brotherly, Khushdeva Singh 62 LOVE IS STRONGER THAN HATE

XXVII [Translation] The Tuberculosis Clinic, Tuberculosis Officer : Rampur State, U.P. Dr S.U. Khan, M.B.,B.S., T.D.D. (Madras) August 18, 1948. Jai Hind, Long Live Free India My dear Khushdev, May you be ever happy and cheerful. I did not know that you were so much thoughtful of me. I have received all your letters. Brother, the truth is that I am very much worried for the last one year. You know my elder brother used to live in New Delhi. The miseries that he had to under­ go cannot be described. I will only say that God may bestow wisdom on us and may He end this madness as early as possi­ ble. May God bring this period of insanity to an end soon, and may He relieve us of this communal torture soon. Innu­ merable innocent people have come to be ruined. Moreover, the relatives living in the states of Gwalior and Jaipur are in continuous worry. Independence came, it is very good. We are grateful to God lakhs of times. But may God save us from the events that followed it. May God so will that we may be wise even now. People got mad to such an extent that they forgot (the difference between) their own and others. The result was that our friends through whose efforts we had attained independence have been separated from us (Mahatma Gandhi). I feel that India needed him the most now so that we could progress in the light that was his. I once again thank you for your remembering me. Pray to God that we may be relieved of this madness as soon as possible.

Yours Shaukatullah LOVE IS STRONGER THAN HATE 63

XXVIII [Translation] Tele. Address : Modern Engineers M.A. Aziz, Ex. S.P..Director, The Pakistan Modern Engineers Ltd., Founders, Turners & Engineers Charan Das Road, Sialkot City, January 27, 1948. Respected Brother Dr Khushdeva Singh, Compliments. I was glad to receive your. From here I had gone to Sargodha. Accidently I was taking tea at a shop when there was a happy mention of you. There I read a letter wherein were mentioned some such things which shocked my heart. Brother, nothings happened of that sort through people like you and me. They were a different people who did that or had it done. The Government was not blind. If the two govern­ ments so wished, nothing could have happened. It were the two governments who did this. What are you and me ? What sort of humanity was it to make enemies of one another through fabricated heart-breaking stories. Where did Khuda, Wahi- guru or Rama [God of the Muslims, Sikhs and Hindus] teach such things ? You and I can not imagine the huge destruction in the world. The English had to show this day to the people of India, and they did so. A few days of life remain. These were not to be spent in our ancestral homes, and so they are not being spent there. All this will remain here. Nothing would go along with us. Neither has any one taken anything along with him, nor will any one do so. Truly has it been said : These plays of life will continue in the world, Alas ! we shall not be there. One day, all will have to go, whether our own, or some one else's. Nobody will accompany anybody. Every thing will remain here,we will go alone. The world is like a current in the ocean, the life of a drop is meaningless. Meeting with water it becomes water— the result is its transitoriness. I had come to know that Tara Singh Bijliwala was ill. How is he now and where is he ? Give my compliments to all those who enquire about me. These days, I am at Sialkot and doing my own business Please let me know if you know the ad­ dress of U.S. Gyani. Reply soon. Hope all is well at your home. Yours Abdul Aziz, Retd. S.P. 64 LOVE IS STRONGER THAN HATE

XXIX [Translation] Office of the Dar-ul-Ulum, Deoband, District Saharanpur Respected Sir, After compliments. You will remember I met you at the time of getting into railway train at Meerut. You talked of human love and affection. That pleased me very much. If there were men of such noble thinking and universal toleration among communities, there can then be no riots and disturbances. What gave me still greater pleasure was your search for religious truths. And it was that quest of yours which took you in the beginning of the years to Gandhiji's funeral place and then to the Fatehpuri mosque. Then you expre­ ssed to me your desire to have a translation of the Namaz. As promised I am sending to you a translation of the Namaz. This book is not well printed. But I have not been able to find another. I got a better printed one by the Taj Company, Lahore. But it does not contain full plan of the Namaz. Therefore, I am sending the same [old] one. I hope you are in the best of health and you will remember me occasionally. Deoband has an eighty-years-old religious university. People come to see it from great distances. I beg to extend an invitation to you as well to come to Deoband to see this university. If at any time you happen to travel from Meerut to Saharanpur, then do drop in for a few hours and visit this religious university. Also, inform me through a post card so that all arrangements for your rest and comfort may be made and some one may be sent to the Railway station to bring you to the University without any inconvenience. The best thing that you will find here is that you will not come accross anyone with a shaven beard. I hope you will accept my invitation. What else can I say beyond my anxiety tosee you ? Muhammad Taiyyib, Chancellor, Dar-ul-Ulum, Deoband, District Saharanpur, 3.6.68 al-Hijri [April 2, 1949] LOVE IS STRONGER THAN HATE 65

XXX [Translation] Office of the Dar-ul-Ulum, Deoband, District Saharanpur No. 1026 Respected Sir, [May 3, 1949.] After compliments. I had gone to Bombay during mid-April. On my return from that tour on May 1, I saw your letter of April, '49. I am thankful to you from the depth of my heart. Your sincre sentiments, truthfulness and feelings of human friendship pleased me very much. The truth is that symap- thetic and noble-hearted good people were to be born in all communities and were to do their best for the co-existence and protection of humankind in their own respective spheres, there is no reason why the feelings of discord and violence, which have spread in our country, should not disappear. I pray to the True Lord to grant strength to the noble lives and commendable actions of good people like you. Do write to me unhesitatingly if I can be of any service to you. I hope you are in the best of health. With Salaams, Muhammad Taiyyib, Chancellor, Dar-ul-Ulum, Deoband, 5-7-68 H. [3-5-1949] I was particularly happy at your promise of a visit. I shall be waiting for you in the winter season. 66 LOVE IS STRONGER THAN HATE

XXXI

Office of the Dar-ul-Ulum. Deoband, Distt. Saharnpur. No. 1926 [August 7, 1949.] Respected Sir, After compliments. A few days ago was received your precious letter. Yes­ terday were received the handbills, which you have printed and sent to people to inculcate the idea of mutual goodwill and unity. I have read these handbills with great interest and I was pleased that in these days of strifes and riots also there are such noble-minded truth-seeking and unity-loving people who realize the need of mutual love and friendship among men and try to work for the success of this noble object. I appreciate these lofty objectives and sentiments of yours and wish that the Most High God bestows such noble sentiments on one and all in our country and that the present period of mutual differ­ ences and violence come to an end as early as possible. I have distributed these handbills of yours in the Dar- ul-Ulum and to my friends outside, and all of them have app­ reciated the sentiments under which this handbill has been written. Hope you are in the best of health. Muhammad Taiyyib, Director, Dar-ul-Ulum, Deoband 11-10-68 al-Hijri LOVE IS STRONGER THAN HATE 67

XXXII [Translation] House of Lt. Khalil-ur-Rahman Khan, Near Juma Masjid, Maler Kotla, October 20, 1949 Respected Doctor Sahib, Many many Salaams, After taking leave of you, we arrived at home safe and sound the same evenig. I am very grateful to you for your sympathy and kindness. God granted recovery from disease to this humble person through your healing hand and I am extremely grateful for it. It is difficult to describe the happi­ ness of the little children to see me at home. This is all due to your favours. We all always join to express our gratitude in the presence of God for your kindnesses and keep on praying for your long life and advancement. In fact, your respect, like that due to own parents, have found a place in our humble hearts. Your treatment without any distinction of religion and community is the best of all things. Khalil has been moving about for his business and is still in the same state and, therefore, he has not been able to write a letter. It is hoped that you will, in all kindness of an elderman, excuse him. Now that many days have passed, I make bold to write this letter. Khalil says that he will also write to you a separate letter, and offers his best respects. Kindly be pleased to accept due greetings from myself, children and elder Khan Sahib. It will give us great pleasure if, at some time, you make a tour of this area, visit our town and give us an appor- tunity to pay our respects to you. Best regards. On my coming here I used to have a little rise in temperature at noon for some days due to hot weather and it used to return to normal in the evening. The rise used to be half a dgree above normal. But now the atmosphere is quite cool and I feel happy. May Wahiguru keep you always cheerful. My Sat Sri Akal to Bibiji and mother at home. May children be happy. My love to children. My weight is increasing by one pound every week, I am taking the tablets and having regular rest. Temperature is normal I close this letter with all respects. Yours Mrs Abdur Rahman Khan, C/o Lt. Khalil-ur-Rahman Khan, Near Juma Masjid, Maler Kotla 68 LOVE IS STRONGER THAN HATE

XXXIII Karachi, 26. 9. 50. My dear Doctor Sahib, Ever so many thanks for your kind and affectionate letter. I was so glad to receive the same and I am sorry too. You will ask why ? Because I won't be in Karachi on the date you arrive here. I am going on tour to Quetta on the 4th October, 50, in the morning. My programme to that place and other places has been sent and dates fixed by me for hearing appeals. If I had received your letter about two days before, I would have postponed my departure on tour by two days, the period I will miss you by. Believe me, Doctor Sahib, the disappointment of not being here to meet you will be very great to me. Wakil Khan and Inayat Khan will certainly meet you at the Air Port. In fact we live in this very area. How long will you be abroad ? I wonder if you will get this letter before your departure. With heaps of love and good wishes,

Yours sincerely, M. A. Waheed Khan Note To the members of the family of Doctor Sahib, with the request to forward this letter to Doctor Sahib to England or wherever he has gone to. M. A. W. Khan 26. 9. 50 LOVE IS STRONGER THAN HATE 69

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Dear Mijor Khushdeo Singh Since yesterday after* -noon's occurrence, the Muslim inmates are . begging for their safe transit arrangement up 'CarK'afeka. Thereafter they will mind their own • further onward journies. I am aware that both the routes -the cartroad and the Railway - are very uncertain, but could it be arranged to send them alongwith any passing Military convoy. I 6hould very much aj?~ .-preciate your guidance In the matter, as their departure will ease very considerably the pre- -Sent tense local atmosphere and the Sanatoriina inmates will find ease and peace of mind. Thanking • you in antioi- -p#tlon for your belp and guidance,

Yours sincerely,

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Yours faithfully*

Dwtcl ImporUrt 4 Dtaitrt m. Drapery, HUUntry, WotUen, Cotem * Silk Pitc+goaU - - -^ SPECIALISTS IN TAILORING A OUTFITTING LOVE IS STRONGER THAN HATE 79

XI

21.9.47

Dear Mr Sadry, , Thanks for your note.Your wife was under my tee&ai treatment for about two months.She was making a very nice recovw and I was pretty sure of her recovery.In the meantime communal tension started In Punjab.I assured your wife In every possible way that she was absolutely safe In my hospital,and she should not move,but lnsplte of all my brotherly assurances,she left this place with Mr Sbamashulzaroan of Terozabad.I am really sorry that she did not stay. Your child while here developed an attack of acute diptherla,he was also treated,and god saved his life also. You may write to,Mr Sharaash inzeraan.proprietor Qamar Glass Works ,Perozabad,U.P.. to enquire about your wife. May god give a better sense and ssnity to the people of this place(Muslims.Hindus,and Sikhs) ,so that the peace and happiness may be restored.I love MUslims as I love my own kith and kin, "but am really sorry for the brutal acts which started under the sanction of the Pakistan government,and are being paid back by the fools on this side. ' Your'8 sincefeJy, SO LOVE IS STRONGER THAN HATE

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XXVI

Dear brother, thanks for your kind poet card,arid'the kind~ sentiment expressed therein.In this very post card you have praised ce.and two of your other slkh friends,and at the same 'tiiae ffeel that the sikhs have tortured the muslins to? an extent beyond repair.How can both the things be true. In my opinion we all whether,Hindues.Muslims,or Sikhs are the 30ns of tne sans one god .whom you call AllAh,Hindues call Ram,and Sikhs Call Vtehguru.All the religions teach the same truth in different languages.! respect Islam as much as icy own religion because I know both are the sans. 1 also believe that a true Muslim,or 3 true Sikh,or. a trne Hindu, would never have dene what was quite common "in the last c communal riots.We all behaved worst than beasts.Ve are neither Muslims,nor Hindues nor Sikhs,v;a. are,- Kafirs.May god guide us on truth. , . Ware not the Muslims and the-.Sikhs and' Hindues,living togetner like good friends and brothers for^ centuries,and could they not live in the jape way In the Pakistan and India.My reply is they could. , It was very un- -lucky that Sikhs and Hindues were uprooted from N.w.F.P and west Punjab 'Under the authority and the sanction .of a fe\i people in authority,and most beastly crimes were, committed on tftera.lt was only then that beastly activities were done, LOVE IS STRONGER THAN HATE 105

on this side. •• . • I Kate "both the parties who fell 16W to' do such , henious and gruesojte brutalities',and feel it my fluty to tell the sawt to every one,that we must start to love each other: or we will loose everything including India and Pakistan., i People have been intentionally mixing thesanctity of* the religion with the dirt of politis .to g2in their ends' but this jnust stop now. Let all Hindues and Sikhs be allowed back .In- Pakistan,and all the Muslims return in* Punjab or. India.Let there be a Muslim majority rule j.n-Pakistan and a. Hindu" majorit rule in India.There is no otner solution Your's brothrly. . 106 LOVE IS STRONG ER THAN II AH

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Born on May 30, 1902, Dr Khushdeva Singh received his degree at the King Edward Medical College, Lahore in 1925. In 1 938 he wrote a thesis on Tuberculosis. His diploma in Tuberculosis (T.D.D.) he took from Madras in 1946, and attended Fellowship course in Tuberculosis in Europe in 1949. He joined service in Patiala State in 1926 and worked in various capacities. He started tak­ ing keen interest in Tuberculosis from 1938 and devoted himself to it with single-minded- ness and energy. He worked as Medical Supe­ rintendent Hardinge Sanatorium, Dharampore and later as Medical Superintendent of Tuber­ culosis Centre, Patiala. He was also Tuber­ culosis Advisor to the Government of PEPSU and Punjab. He is a promoter, founder and life member of a number of educational & scientific institutions, and is a member of a number of international bodies on Tuberculosis and Chest Diseases. He is an Emeritus Fellow of the American College of Chest Physicians (Chicago). He has received a number of awards and honours from the government important among these being Order of Merit Civil 1947, Padam Shri in 1956, Indian Red Cross Gold Medal in 1 964 and the "Tuberculosis Association of India Gold Medal" in 1973. He is a origional thinker and a prolofic writer on Tuberculosis, Leprosy and Social Welfare. He has to his credit a number of pamphlets and papers published in Indian and foreign journals. He also writes on religious and social subjects. — Harbans Singh