Meloidogyne Incognita
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Key to Phycomycetes Predaceous Or Parasitic in Nematodes Or Amoebae I
©Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Ges.m.b.H., Horn, Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at Key to Phycomycetes predaceous or parasitic in Nematodes or Amoebae I. Zoopagales By R. Dayal Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 210005 Summary A key to 10 recognised genera and 92 species of predaceous or parasi- tic fungi in nematodes or amoebae, belonging to the order Zoopagales, is given here. The key is intended primarily for those working in predaceous fungi. It is not phylogenetic but rather an arrangement for easy identification. No claim is made that these are all valid species; it will become evident as the key is used that further study must be made into some which are with difficulty separated from others, except by their host. The literature con- cerning these fungi has increased to such an extent that workers studying the group have for some time felt the need for a convenient aid to identi- fication. This can be overcome only by furnishing with as many tools as possible for identification or recognition of genera and species. This paper is intended as one of the tools. It is a collection of 10 recognized genera and 92 species, brought together so that this information may be more ea- sily available. Guide to the Key The measurements given in the key are those most frequently met within nematode infested cultures; in pure cultures traps are usally ab- sent. Conidial dimensions are usually smaller and the morphology of the conidiophore may also alter considerably. Chlamydospores are formed more frequently in older cultures, but not in all the species. -
Fungal Evolution: Major Ecological Adaptations and Evolutionary Transitions
Biol. Rev. (2019), pp. 000–000. 1 doi: 10.1111/brv.12510 Fungal evolution: major ecological adaptations and evolutionary transitions Miguel A. Naranjo-Ortiz1 and Toni Gabaldon´ 1,2,3∗ 1Department of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain 2 Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain 3ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain ABSTRACT Fungi are a highly diverse group of heterotrophic eukaryotes characterized by the absence of phagotrophy and the presence of a chitinous cell wall. While unicellular fungi are far from rare, part of the evolutionary success of the group resides in their ability to grow indefinitely as a cylindrical multinucleated cell (hypha). Armed with these morphological traits and with an extremely high metabolical diversity, fungi have conquered numerous ecological niches and have shaped a whole world of interactions with other living organisms. Herein we survey the main evolutionary and ecological processes that have guided fungal diversity. We will first review the ecology and evolution of the zoosporic lineages and the process of terrestrialization, as one of the major evolutionary transitions in this kingdom. Several plausible scenarios have been proposed for fungal terrestralization and we here propose a new scenario, which considers icy environments as a transitory niche between water and emerged land. We then focus on exploring the main ecological relationships of Fungi with other organisms (other fungi, protozoans, animals and plants), as well as the origin of adaptations to certain specialized ecological niches within the group (lichens, black fungi and yeasts). -
Thèse De Doctorat
AIX-MARSEILLE UNIVERSITÉ Ecole Doctorale Sciences de la Vie et de la Santé THÈSE DE DOCTORAT Spécialité: Génétique Presenté par: Le HE Pour obtenir le grade de docteur de l’Université Aix-Marseille Interactions hôte-pathogène entre Caenorhabditis elegans et le champignon Drechmeria coniospora Soutenue le 2 décembre 2016 devant le jury composé de: Dr. Dominique Ferrandon Rapporteur Dr. Hinrich Schulenburg Rapporteur Dr. Philippe Naquet Président Dr. Eric Record Invité Dr. Jonathan Ewbank Directeur de thèse I TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Figures ................................................................................................................ IV Table of Tables .................................................................................................................. V CHAPTER 1. Introduction............................................................................................ 1 1.1 Host-pathogen interactions ................................................................................... 1 1.1.1 C. elegans and its innate immunity ............................................................... 1 1.1.2 Nematophagous fungus ................................................................................. 5 1.1.3 Plant pathogenic fungi ................................................................................ 10 1.2 Fungal genetic modification ............................................................................... 17 1.2.1 Small RNA for Cross-species gene silencing ............................................ -
Metabolites from Nematophagous Fungi and Nematicidal Natural Products from Fungi As an Alternative for Biological Control
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol (2016) 100:3799–3812 DOI 10.1007/s00253-015-7233-6 MINI-REVIEW Metabolites from nematophagous fungi and nematicidal natural products from fungi as an alternative for biological control. Part I: metabolites from nematophagous ascomycetes Thomas Degenkolb1 & Andreas Vilcinskas1,2 Received: 4 October 2015 /Revised: 29 November 2015 /Accepted: 2 December 2015 /Published online: 29 December 2015 # The Author(s) 2015. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract Plant-parasitic nematodes are estimated to cause Keywords Phytoparasitic nematodes . Nematicides . global annual losses of more than US$ 100 billion. The num- Oligosporon-type antibiotics . Nematophagous fungi . ber of registered nematicides has declined substantially over Secondary metabolites . Biocontrol the last 25 years due to concerns about their non-specific mechanisms of action and hence their potential toxicity and likelihood to cause environmental damage. Environmentally Introduction beneficial and inexpensive alternatives to chemicals, which do not affect vertebrates, crops, and other non-target organisms, Nematodes as economically important crop pests are therefore urgently required. Nematophagous fungi are nat- ural antagonists of nematode parasites, and these offer an eco- Among more than 26,000 known species of nematodes, 8000 physiological source of novel biocontrol strategies. In this first are parasites of vertebrates (Hugot et al. 2001), whereas 4100 section of a two-part review article, we discuss 83 nematicidal are parasites of plants, mostly soil-borne root pathogens and non-nematicidal primary and secondary metabolites (Nicol et al. 2011). Approximately 100 species in this latter found in nematophagous ascomycetes. Some of these sub- group are considered economically important phytoparasites stances exhibit nematicidal activities, namely oligosporon, of crops. -
The Classification of Lower Organisms
The Classification of Lower Organisms Ernst Hkinrich Haickei, in 1874 From Rolschc (1906). By permission of Macrae Smith Company. C f3 The Classification of LOWER ORGANISMS By HERBERT FAULKNER COPELAND \ PACIFIC ^.,^,kfi^..^ BOOKS PALO ALTO, CALIFORNIA Copyright 1956 by Herbert F. Copeland Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 56-7944 Published by PACIFIC BOOKS Palo Alto, California Printed and bound in the United States of America CONTENTS Chapter Page I. Introduction 1 II. An Essay on Nomenclature 6 III. Kingdom Mychota 12 Phylum Archezoa 17 Class 1. Schizophyta 18 Order 1. Schizosporea 18 Order 2. Actinomycetalea 24 Order 3. Caulobacterialea 25 Class 2. Myxoschizomycetes 27 Order 1. Myxobactralea 27 Order 2. Spirochaetalea 28 Class 3. Archiplastidea 29 Order 1. Rhodobacteria 31 Order 2. Sphaerotilalea 33 Order 3. Coccogonea 33 Order 4. Gloiophycea 33 IV. Kingdom Protoctista 37 V. Phylum Rhodophyta 40 Class 1. Bangialea 41 Order Bangiacea 41 Class 2. Heterocarpea 44 Order 1. Cryptospermea 47 Order 2. Sphaerococcoidea 47 Order 3. Gelidialea 49 Order 4. Furccllariea 50 Order 5. Coeloblastea 51 Order 6. Floridea 51 VI. Phylum Phaeophyta 53 Class 1. Heterokonta 55 Order 1. Ochromonadalea 57 Order 2. Silicoflagellata 61 Order 3. Vaucheriacea 63 Order 4. Choanoflagellata 67 Order 5. Hyphochytrialea 69 Class 2. Bacillariacea 69 Order 1. Disciformia 73 Order 2. Diatomea 74 Class 3. Oomycetes 76 Order 1. Saprolegnina 77 Order 2. Peronosporina 80 Order 3. Lagenidialea 81 Class 4. Melanophycea 82 Order 1 . Phaeozoosporea 86 Order 2. Sphacelarialea 86 Order 3. Dictyotea 86 Order 4. Sporochnoidea 87 V ly Chapter Page Orders. Cutlerialea 88 Order 6. -
On Fungi in the Zoopagaceae and Cochlonemataceae
日菌報 52: 19-27. 2011 総 説 ゾウパーゲ科およびコクロネマ科菌類について 犀 川 政 稔 東京学芸大学環境科学分野,〒184‒8501 東京都小金井市貫井北町 4-1-1 On fungi in the Zoopagaceae and Cochlonemataceae Masatoshi SAIKAWA Department of Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Gakugei University, Nukuikita-machi, Koganei-shi, Tokyo 184-8501, Japan (Accepted for publication September 10 2010) Morphological characteristics of fungi in the Zoopagaceae and Cochlonemataceae are outlined with a key for 11 genera, 99 species and 5 varieties in the two families. Observation techniques of these fungi are also shown briefl y. (Japanese Journal of Mycology 52: 19-27, 2011) Key Words―amoeba; conidium; key; morphology; Zoopagales とシグモイデオマイセス科(Sigmoideomycetaceae)と, 緒 言 それにピプトセファリス科(Piptocephalidaceae)の 3 ゾウパーゲ科(Zoopagaceae)とコクロネマ科(Co- 科が追加されている.追加の理由はこれらの菌類がどれ chlonemataceae)は接合菌門(Zygomycota)のゾウパー も分節胞子嚢(merosporangium)を生じるためという ゲ亜門(Zoopagomycotina),ゾウパーゲ目(Zoopagales) のである(Benjamin, 1979).なお,現在ゾウパーゲ科 に所属する菌類である(Hibbett et al., 2007).現在まで は Acaulopage,Cystopage,Stylopage,Zoopage と Zooph- に命名,記載されたすべての種はアメーバやセンチュウ agus の 5 属を,また,コクロネマ科は Amoebophilus, などの微小動物に寄生する.ゾウパーゲ科の菌はいずれ Aplectosoma,Bdellospora,Cochlonema,Endocochlus と も捕食性で,培地上に伸びる栄養菌糸が動物を捕え,吸 Euryancale の 6 属を含んでいる(Kirk et al., 2008).こ 器を侵入して栄養を吸い取る(Fig. 1).それに対してコ の 2 科の 11 属を合わせるとこれまで 99 種と 5 変種が記 クロネマ科の各種は吸器を生じることはなく,動物の体 載されている.ここではこのゾウパーゲ科とコクロネマ 表に付着した分生子が発芽して体内に栄養菌糸を伸長す 科の観察法,分生子および接合胞子の形成と発芽につい る.すなわち内部寄生性である(Fig. 2).しかし,分生 て述べ,最後に 99 種と5変種を識別するための検索表 子が動物体表に付着した後,栄養菌糸ではなく吸器を生 を示す. じる着生性の数種(Fig. 3)も現在コクロネマ科に含ま れている. Ⅰ ゾウパーゲ科およびコクロネマ科菌類の観察 目の名前の「zoo」と「pagus」はそれぞれ「動物」 と「食う」という意味をもつ.かつてはこの動物寄生性 微小動物に寄生するこれら 2 科の菌類は,自然界では の 2 科だけを収容するゾウパーゲ目が存在したが(Dud- コケやよく湿った腐葉土に生息する.そこで腐葉土など dington, 1973),最近広く認められているゾウパーゲ目 の 1 つまみを直径 9 cm のシャーレ内の水寒天培地(WA; はこの 2 科にヘリコセファリス科(Helicocephalidaceae) water agar)に載せ,湿度を保つためにシャーレ全体を ―19― 犀 川 ポリ袋などで包み,室内の直射日光の当たらないところ うな分節胞子嚢内にできる胞子嚢胞子ではなく真性の分 に 2~3 週間も放置すれば菌が WA 上に現れる.WA は 生子である.しかも多核であることが多い(Saikawa, 栄養分のない培地で,水道水に寒天粉末を 2% 入れ,煮 1986, fig. -
Notizbuchartige Auswahlliste Zur Bestimmungsliteratur Für Unitunicate Pyrenomyceten, Saccharomycetales Und Taphrinales
Pilzgattungen Europas - Liste 9: Notizbuchartige Auswahlliste zur Bestimmungsliteratur für unitunicate Pyrenomyceten, Saccharomycetales und Taphrinales Bernhard Oertel INRES Universität Bonn Auf dem Hügel 6 D-53121 Bonn E-mail: [email protected] 24.06.2011 Zur Beachtung: Hier befinden sich auch die Ascomycota ohne Fruchtkörperbildung, selbst dann, wenn diese mit gewissen Discomyceten phylogenetisch verwandt sind. Gattungen 1) Hauptliste 2) Liste der heute nicht mehr gebräuchlichen Gattungsnamen (Anhang) 1) Hauptliste Acanthogymnomyces Udagawa & Uchiyama 2000 (ein Segregate von Spiromastix mit Verwandtschaft zu Shanorella) [Europa?]: Typus: A. terrestris Udagawa & Uchiyama Erstbeschr.: Udagawa, S.I. u. S. Uchiyama (2000), Acanthogymnomyces ..., Mycotaxon 76, 411-418 Acanthonitschkea s. Nitschkia Acanthosphaeria s. Trichosphaeria Actinodendron Orr & Kuehn 1963: Typus: A. verticillatum (A.L. Sm.) Orr & Kuehn (= Gymnoascus verticillatus A.L. Sm.) Erstbeschr.: Orr, G.F. u. H.H. Kuehn (1963), Mycopath. Mycol. Appl. 21, 212 Lit.: Apinis, A.E. (1964), Revision of British Gymnoascaceae, Mycol. Pap. 96 (56 S. u. Taf.) Mulenko, Majewski u. Ruszkiewicz-Michalska (2008), A preliminary checklist of micromycetes in Poland, 330 s. ferner in 1) Ajellomyces McDonough & A.L. Lewis 1968 (= Emmonsiella)/ Ajellomycetaceae: Lebensweise: Z.T. humanpathogen Typus: A. dermatitidis McDonough & A.L. Lewis [Anamorfe: Zymonema dermatitidis (Gilchrist & W.R. Stokes) C.W. Dodge; Synonym: Blastomyces dermatitidis Gilchrist & Stokes nom. inval.; Synanamorfe: Malbranchea-Stadium] Anamorfen-Formgattungen: Emmonsia, Histoplasma, Malbranchea u. Zymonema (= Blastomyces) Bestimm. d. Gatt.: Arx (1971), On Arachniotus and related genera ..., Persoonia 6(3), 371-380 (S. 379); Benny u. Kimbrough (1980), 20; Domsch, Gams u. Anderson (2007), 11; Fennell in Ainsworth et al. (1973), 61 Erstbeschr.: McDonough, E.S. u. A.L. -
Studies on the Genus Arthrobotrys
STUDIES ON THE GENUS ARTHROBOTRYS KAREN KAYE HAARD B. S., Iowa State University, 1962 A MASTER'S THESIS submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree MASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Botany and Plant Pathology KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY Manhattan, Kansas ACKNOWLEDGMENTS It is a sincere pleasure to acknowledge the assistance and en- couragment of Dr. C. L. Kramer, under whose careful aJid thoughtful guidance this thesis was prepared. I also acknowledge with special thanks the members of my ad- visory committee: Dr. S. M. Pady, Dr. D. J. Ameel,Dr. 0. J. Dickerson and Dr. C. L. Kramer. I also thank the Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Kansas State University for providing the facilities for this study. — —— —— ill TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION . 1 LITERATURE REVIEW 2 Taxonoraic Studies 2 Biological and Morphological Studies 10 METHODS AND MATERIALS 14 Isolation of Arthrobotrys — — _— —16 .Study of Isolates in Pure Culture 16 Study of Nematode Infested Cultures 18 9 Cytological Studies — —19 Photomicrographic Studies —20 RESULTS 20 PART I: THE GENUS ARTHROBOTRYS CORDA 20 Colony Characteristics — 20 Mycelium 22 Predaceous Organs '• 22 Conidiophores —— .... —...... 25 Conidiophore Development and Spore Formation 25 Conidia 26 Chlamydospores ————.....—-.- —30 PART II: TAX0N0MIC TREATMENT 30 Key to Species in Pure Culture — 31 Key to Species in Nematode Infested Culture . 33 Species of Arthrobotrys — 34 Excluded Species — ————— —— 75 DISCUSSION ! 86 CONCLUSIONS 91 SUMMARY tf 92 INDEX TO SPECIES — 94 LITERATURE CITED ! . 95 INTRODUCTION The genus Arthrobotrys Corda is found amid the predaceous Hyphomycetes of the Fungi Imperfecti. It is a small genus presently containing some twenty species some of which are apparently distributed worldwide. -
A Novel New Species of Syncephalis Richard K
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany Volume 11 | Issue 1 Article 2 1985 A Novel New Species of Syncephalis Richard K. Benjamin Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.claremont.edu/aliso Part of the Botany Commons Recommended Citation Benjamin, Richard K. (1985) "A Novel New Species of Syncephalis," Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany: Vol. 11: Iss. 1, Article 2. Available at: http://scholarship.claremont.edu/aliso/vol11/iss1/2 ALISO 11(1), 1985, pp. 1-15 A NOVEL NEW SPECIES OF SYNCEPHALIS (ZOOPAGALES: PIPTOCEPHALIDACEAE) FROM CALIFORNIA THAT FORMS HYPOGENOUS MEROSPORANGIA RICHARD K. BENJAMIN Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden Claremont, California 91 711 ABSTRACT Syncephalis hypogena, a new species isolated from soil collected in southern California is described from cultures on Mortierella bisporalis. Salient features of its vegetative development and reproduction, both sexual and asexual, are illustrated with photographs and line drawings. The species is distinguished from all other members of the genus in typically producing merosporangia from the lower rather than the upper hemisphere of the terminal ampulla of the sporangiophore. Key words: merosporangium, Mucorales, mycoparasite, Piptocephalidaceae, Syncephalis, Zoopagales, Zygomycetes, zygospore. INTRODUCfiON Species of Syncephalis van Tiegh. & Le Monn. (1873) are a common element of the fungal biota of soil and dung where, along with species of Piptocephalis de Bary (1865), they develop as haustoria! parasites of other fungi, mostly species of Mucorales. These genera have long constituted a separate family, Piptoceph alidaceae (Schroeter 1893; Migula 191 0; Fitzpatrick 1930), which has been in cluded in the Mucorales (Benjamin 1959; Hesseltine 1955; Zycha, Siepmann, and Linnemann 1969; Hesseltine and Ellis 1973). -
Occurrence of Nematode – Antagonistic Fungi And
1 Plant Archives Vol. 19, Supplement 2, 2019 pp. 780-787 e-ISSN:2581-6063 (online), ISSN:0972-5210 OCCURRENCE OF NEMATODE – ANTAGONISTIC FUNGI AND BACTERIA ASSOCIATED WITH PHYTONEMATODES IN THE RHIZOSPHERE OF WHEAT GROWN IN DIFFERENT GOVERNORATES OF EGYPT Korayem, A.M.; Mohamed, M.M.M.; *Noweer, E.M.A.; Abd-El-Khair, H. and Hammam, M.M.A. Plant Pathology Department, National Research Centre, El-Tharir Str., Dokki, Giza, Egypt *Corresponding Author: Ezzat Noweer (Phone: + 2 01223120249; Email: [email protected]) Abstract Survey of plant – parasitic nematodes and their fungal and bacterial antagonists in the rhizosphere of wheat was done in eight governorates, Egypt. A total of 467 soil sample were collected from 72 locations during 2017-2018 growing season. Samples contained eleven phytonematodes, four of them were more common in samples namely, Helicotylenchus spp., Heterodera spp., Pratylenchus spp., and Tylenchorhynchus spp. Fifteen nematode-antagonistic fungi were isolated / from the wheat rhizosphere, nine of them were nematophagous fungi viz. Arthrobotrys conoides, A.oligospora, Dactylaria brochopaga, D.thaumasia var . longa, Dactylella spp ., Monacrosporium spp ., Harposporium anguillulae, Meria spp ., Verticillium spp ., and six of them were fungi producing toxic substances viz. Alternaria spp ., Aspergillus spp ., A.niger, Fusarium spp ., Penicillium spp. and Trichoderma spp . Penicillium spp ., A. conoides, D. Thaumasia var longa, Asperigillus spp ., Verticillium spp . and Trichoderma spp . were the most frequent in samples, their % frequencies were 28.2%, 28.0%, 28.0%, 22.0%, 16.0% and 9.0%, respectively. Six rhizobacteria colonies, Bacillus (B sp1 , B sp2 , B sp3 ), Pseudomonas (P sP1 , P sp2 ) and Serratia sp. -
A Reevaluation of Predatory Orbiliaceous Fungi. II. a New Generic Concept
©Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Ges.m.b.H., Horn, Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at A reevaluation of predatory orbiliaceous fungi. II. A new generic concept Markus Scholler1, Gregor Hagedorn2 & A. Rubner1 Fachrichtung Biologie, Mykologisches Labor, Universität Greifswald, Jahn-Str. 15, 17487 Greifswald, Germany 2Institut für Pflanzenvirologie, Mikrobiologie und Biologische Sicherheit, Biologische Bundesanstalt für Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Königin-Luise-Str. 19, 14195 Berlin, Germany M. Scholler, G. Hagedorn & A. Rubner (1999). A reevaluation of predatory orbiliaceous fungi. II. A new generic concept. - Sydowia 51(1): 89-113. A new genus concept is proposed for predatory anamorphic Orbiliaceae in which the trapping device is the main morphological criterion for the delimitation of the genera. Molecular, ecological, physiological, biological, and further mor- phological features are taken into account as well. Following the groups identified by Hagedorn & Scholler (1999), these predatory fungi are divided into four genera: Arthrobotrys Corda forming adhesive networks, Drechslerella Subram. forming constricting rings, Dactylellina M. Morelet forming stalked adhesive knobs, and Gamsylella gen. nov. for species producing adhesive columns and unstalked knobs. Eighty-two species are accepted, for 51 of which new combinations are proposed. Keywords: Nematophagous fungi, Orbiliaceae, Arlhrobolrys, Daclylellina, Drechslerella, Gamsylella gen. nov, trapping devices, taxonomy. Present generic and phylogenetic concepts for predatory -
First Report of Basidiolum Fimbriatum Since 1861
Mycol. Res. 107 (2): 245–250 (February 2003). f The British Mycological Society 245 DOI: 10.1017/S0953756203007287 Printed in the United Kingdom. First report of Basidiolum fimbriatum since 1861, with comments on its development, occurrence, distribution and relationship with other fungi Merlin M. WHITE Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 66045-2106, USA. E-mail : [email protected] Received 1 October 2002; accepted 19 December 2002. An obscure parasitic fungus, Basidiolum fimbriatum, was found on Amoebidium parasiticum (Amoebidiales) associated with Caenis sp. (mayfly) nymphs, during a survey of gut fungi (Trichomycetes) from a small stream in northeastern Kansas, USA. The hindguts of the nymphs harboured a species of Legeriomycetaceae and Paramoebidium sp. This is the first report of the ectocommensal protozoan, A. parasiticum, associated with the gills of Caenidae (Ephemeroptera), and of B. fimbriatum in the 142 years since its original documentation from Wiesbaden, Germany. B. fimbriatum is recorded from two midwestern USA states (Kansas and Iowa) and the morphological and developmental features of the parasite on its host are compared with Cienkowski’s original observations and interpretation. B. fimbriatum is characterized as a parasitic fungus possessing merosporangia that form on a simple pyriform thallus that penetrates and consumes its host via a haustorial network. The hypothesis that B. fimbriatum is most closely related to members of the order Zoopagales sensu Benjamin (1979) is proposed. The importance of future collections and molecular-based phylogenetic approaches to place this parasitic fungus within a current system of classification are highlighted. INTRODUCTION (Zygomycota), more commonly known as gut fungi (Lichtwardt 1986).