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Gestion Parasitosis María Sol Arias ¿CÓMO ACTUAR FRENTE A LOS PARASITISMOS EN GANADERÍA ECOLÓGICA? Manresa, 13 de diciembre Dra. María Sol Arias Vázquez COPAR (Control Parasitario, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Facultad de Veterinaria, Lugo, España). E-mail: [email protected] PATOGENICIDAD DE LOS PARÁSITOS EN ANIMALES DE RENTA □ Ingestión reducida (↓ 25%, carga 200 ngi vacuno) □ Digestibilidad reducida (úlceras, gastroenteritis, diarreas sanguinolentas) □ Absorción disminuida (erosión mucosa, petequias, necrosis) Numerosos estudios □ Alteración del metabolismo de la energía y proteína - Reducción en la ganancia de peso □ Expoliación - Disminución de la función del SI - Descenso de la eficacia reproductiva □ Competencia - Limitación para adaptarse a nuevas situaciones de estrés □ Reproducción (retraso pubertad, índices de fertilidad) - Reducción en la producción láctea - Alteraciones en la capa (pelo y piel) - Infecciones secundarias - Muerte poco frecuente NECESIDAD DE UN CONTROL PARASITARIO EFICAZ Y ADECUADO ANÁLISIS DE LAS INFECCIONES PARASITARIAS EN VACUNO PORCENTAJE DE ANIMALES QUE ELIMINAN HUEVOS DE PAR ÁSITOS EN SUS HECES TIPO DE MANEJO % Coccidios % Cestodos % Trematodos % Nematodos Extensivo 4 (0, 8) 18 (11, 26) 25 (16, 33) 73 (65, 82) (N = 98) OR= 0,10 OR= 3,96 OR = 0,99 OR= 1,45 Semi-extensivo 16 (7, 25) 69 (57, 80) 94 (88, 100) 0 (N= 64) OR= 2,10 OR= 16,41 OR= 9,63 Intensivo 46 (37, 55) 2 (0, 4) 51 (42, 60) 0 (N= 122) OR= 33,1 OR= 0,02 OR= 0,23 X2 179,168 23,720 101,799 37,580 (Arias et al ., 2012) GANADERIA ECOLÓGICA = PASTOREO EXTENSIVO = BIENESTAR ANIMAL ≥ 60 % de la ración Pastoreo: ↑ posibilidades ingestión formas infectivas parasitarias Nematodos CICLO gastrointestinales L1 L3 L2 Entre los parásitos más importantes en ganado en pastoreo, por su frecuencia y los daños que provocan, se encuentran los nematodos gastrointestinales. Trematodosis parasitarias: Fasciola hepatica Dicrocoelium spp. Calicophoron daubneyi Cestodosis parasitarias: Moniezia… Fármacos antiparasitarios Nematodos Trematodos Gastrointestinales Broncopulmonares Bencimidazoles Lactonas macrocíclicas Sales de pirantel… Fármacos antiparasitarios Actúan sobre H.D. Residuos en alimentos Alteración de la de origen animal fertilización del suelo ¡ Alternativas! CONTROL PARASITARIO ALTERNATIVAS Necesidad actuar frente a formas parasitarias en el pasto: Control natural, clásico Rotación de praderas Roturación, arado, etc. Alternancia de especies animales en mismo pasto CONTROL PARASITARIO ALTERNATIVAS SOBRE EL H.I. Y SU HÁBITAT X (impedir su desarrollo y reducir su presencia al mínimo) • Antagonistas del HI Galba (Bacilus pinnutiis, hongos …)* • Depredadores del caracol (patos…) • Drenajes • Fermentación o compostaje del estiércol • Cercado de zonas encharcadas o contaminadas Muchos HI de Dicrocoelium , no está indicado el control frente a esas especies DIFERENTES ALTERNATIVAS Antiparasitarios naturales: derivados de plantas de ajo, artemisia o charcoa Adición a la ración de grano Artemisia - Mejora del tracto gastrointestinal Ajustar dosis - Toxicidad CONTROL DE ARTRÓPODOS CON EL USO DE PLANTAS PINO (Pinus pinaster ): repelente de Oestrus ovis y otras miasis LAVANDA (Lavandula officinalis ): insecticida, desinfectante, cicatrizante POLEO (Mentha pulegium ): garrapaticida ROMERO (Rosmarinus officinalis ): repelente de pulgas y garrapatas RAÍZ DE DERRIS (Derris elliptica ): insecticida (precaución por toxicidad) RÚSTICO (Monnina phytolacaefolia ): acaricida SALVIA AMARGA (Salvia officinalis ): afecciones micóticas de la piel, ectoparasiticida (pulgas). BARBASCO (Poligonum spp.): antiséptico, ictiocida, ranilla bovina, ectoparasiticida (pulgas y sarna). FIQUE (Fourcraea spp.): ectoparasiticida, antiinflamatorio, antiséptico local TROMPETO (Bocconia frutescens L. ): ectoparasiticida y curación de heridas TABACO (Nicotiana tabacum L.): acaricida, insecticida, funguicida VERBENA NEGRA (Verbena officinalis L.): garrapaticida Ácaros Insectos RUDA (Ruta graveolens L.): sarna y otros ectoparásitos ORTIGA (Urtica dioica L .): acaricida AJÍ (Capsicum spp.): insecticida y acaricida DIFERENTES ALTERNATIVAS Especies pratenses con elevado contenido en taninos: ¿precio semillas? FORRAJES BIOACTIVOS: Mederos et al. (2011 ) LOTUS Lotus pedunculatus Houdijk y Athanasiadou, 2003 LOTUS Lotus corniculatus TRÉBOL BLANCO Trifolium repens - Mejora de la respuesta inmunitaria EFECTO ESPARCETA Onobrychis INCONVENIENTES viciifolia Familia Fabaceae ACHICORIA Novobilsky et al . (2011) Cichorium intybus DIFERENTES ALTERNATIVAS Control moderno: CONTROL BIOLÓGICO Programas I+D HONGOS NEMATÓFAGOS Hongos nematófagos (Nordbring-Hertz et al., 2006) Estructura infectiva Especie Clasificación Redes adhesivas Arthrobotrys oligospora Deuteromycetes A. conoides; A. musiformis; A. superba Duddingtonia flagrans Ramas adhesivas Monacrosporium gephyropagum Deuteromycetes Botones adhesivos M. ellipsosporum Deuteromycetes M. haptotylum Anillos constrictores A. dactyloides Deuteromycetes A. brochopaga Botones y esporas adhesivos Nematoctonus concurrens Basidiomycetes Esporas adhesivas N. leiosporus Basidiomycetes Drechmeria coniospora Deuteromycetes Hirsutella rhossoliensis Esporas ingeridas Harposporium anguillulae Deuteromycetes Zooesporas Catenaria anguillulae Chytridiomycetes Haptoglossa dickii Oomycetes Hifas adhesivas Stylopage hadra Zygomycetes Cystopage cladospora Gotas tóxicas Pleurotus ostreatus Basidiomycetes Appresorium Pochonia chlamydosporia Deuteromycetes Arthrobotrys oligospora Duddingtonia flagrans Red tridimensional adhesiva Arthrobotrys dactyloides Anillos constrictores Pochonia chlamydosporia CONTROL DE PARÁSITOS: FÁRMACOS + MEDIDAS PREVENTIVAS Destrucción parásitos adultos Variedad de fármacos Precio / repetición de tratamientos Resistencias antihelmínticas 1. Prácticas clásicas (poco utilizadas) Desarrollo costoso de nuevas moléculas Manejo Combinación de fármacos / diferente actividad Residuos, ecotoxicidad, ¡ganadería ecológica! Formas parasitarias infectivas sobreviven en el pasto 1- Acción en el animal parasitado: - Antiparasitarios naturales - Pratenses con taninos: ¿precio? 2- Acción sobre las formas infectivas del medio: Alternativas: Hongos telúricos Componentes naturales, autóctonos Autorregulación CONTROL BIOLÓGICO Laboreo: destrucción microbiota telúrica Acción Acción Hongos larvicidas fases de vida libre Hongos ovicidas fasesparásitos de vida medio libre parásitos medio HONGOS NEMATÓFAGOS Aislado Clasificación División Clase Orden Familia Hongo Coatí Ascomycota Incertaesedis Plectospharellaceae Verticillium Muflón Ascomycota Leotiomycetes Helotiales Orbiliaceae Arthrobotrys flagrans HONGOS NEMATÓFAGOS: hongos capaces de atrapar y eliminar las larvas Arthrobotrys flagrans: % Reducción= 95-99% Formación de trampas o anillos donde las larvas se capturan y finalmente son destruidas Enzimas extracelulares L3 nematodo (ciatostomino) Aislado Clasificación División Clase Orden Familia Hongo Coatí Ascomycota Incertaesedis Plectospharellaceae Verticillium Muflón Ascomycota Sordariomycetes Hypocreales Nectriaceae Fusarium Oso y Coatí Ascomycota Sordariomycetes Hypocreales Hypocreaceae Trichoderma Mapache Zygomycota Zygomycetes Mucorales Mucoraceae Mucor circinelloides HONGOS ENDOPARASITICIDAS: Hongo capaz de colonizar y atravesar la cubierta del huevo Enzimas extracelulares Appresorium Trichoderma: % Reducción= 62% Mucor circinelloides : % Reducción= 90% Huevos de Calicophoron daubneyi Actividad lítica de Mucor sobre la cubierta de los huevos de C. daubneyi (Lýsek, 1982). Testigo II: rotura de la cubierta III: colonización del interior HONGOS ENDOPARASITICIDAS: Hongo capaz de colonizar y atravesar la cubierta del huevo Testigo II: Rotura de la cubierta III: Colonización del interior (Lýsek, 1982) Huevo viable Huevos viables de ANOVA Ascáridos Día 0 30 Control 1900 ± 203 1755 ± 197 % Reducción 7 ± 6 F= 11.505 Mc + Df 1900 ± 203 939 ± 135 P= 0.001 % Reducción 51 ± 6 HONGOS ENDOPARASITICIDAS: Hongo capaz de colonizar y atravesar la cubierta del huevo Huevos de nematodo (Trichuris spp.) VENTAJAS No residuos en alimentos de origen animal Reducción del número de tratamientos No ecotoxicidad fertilización del suelo Disminución de adecuada resistencias Relación coste/beneficio favorable Ganadería ecológica REDISTRIBUCIÓN DE ALGUNAS ESPECIES DE HONGOS VÍAS DE ADMINISTRACIÓN ESPORAS : • Oral (suspensión, granulado, piensos, minerales). Inocuos • Directamente sobre los pastos (con fertilizantes, siembra con semillas) Cultivo de M. circinelloides y D. flagrans en medio líquido COPFr* Piensos fabricados comercialmente Incorporación de la mezcla de hongos parasiticidas a la fabricación de piensos 1. Pruebas in vitro : Altas temperaturas 70°C 1-2 min - Secado Almacenaje Temperatura: 70ºC Intervalo Temperatura: 4ºC Crecimiento de tiempo Intervalos 0 ++++ Crecimiento de tiempo 10’’ ++++ 30 µm 30’’ ++++ 0 ++++ 1’ ++++ 12 h +++++ 2’ ++++ 24 h +++++ 2. Elaboración de pienso: 5’ ++++ 48 h +++++ 10’ + • Las esporas sobreviven al proceso de fabricación del concentrado y almacenaje, manteniendo sus actividad ovicida y/ o larvicida. Evaluación del efecto parasiticida de los hongos ovicidas Heces de vacuno con Calicophoron daubneyi (x= 481 hpg) Testigos: 24 cajas Dosis de esporas: 2,5 x 10 4, 5 x 10 4, 1·x 10 5, 2·x 10 5 y 4·x 10 5 / caja Cajas de plástico mantenidas en condiciones de campo D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 Control 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 %Viabilidad huevos %Viabilidad 10 0 0 12 17 21 33 46 52 días Evaluación del efecto parasiticida de hongos con diferente actividad Infecciones mixtas Heces ganado vacuno: Fasciola
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