Nematode-Destroying Fungi: Infection Structures, Interaction Mechanisms and Biocontrol
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Leptographium Wageneri
Leptographium wageneri back stain root disease Dutch elm disease and Scolytus multistriatus DED caused the death of millions of elms in Europe and North America from around 1920 through the present Dutch Elm Disease epidemics in North America Originally thought one species of Ophiostoma, O. ulmi with 3 different races Now two species are recognized, O. ulmi and O. novo-ulmi, and two subspecies of O. novo-ulmi Two nearly simultaneous introductions in North America and Europe 1920s O. ulmi introduced from Europe, spread throughout NA, but caused little damage to native elm trees either in NA or Europe 1950s, simultaneous introductions of O. novo-ulmi, Great Lakes area of US and Moldova-Ukraine area of Europe. North American and Europe subspecies are considered distinct. 1960 NA race introduced to Europe via Canada. By 1970s much damage to US/Canada elms killed throughout eastern and central USA O. novo-ulmi has gradually replaced O. ulmi in both North America and Europe more fit species replacing a less fit species O. novo-ulmi able to capture greater proportion of resource O. novo-ulmi probably more adapted to cooler climate than O. ulmi During replacement, O. ulmi and O. novo-ulmi occur in close proximity and can hybridize. Hybrids are not competitive, but may allow gene flow from O. ulmi to O. novo-ulmi by introgression: Backcrossing of hybrids of two plant populations to introduce new genes into a wild population Vegetative compatibility genes heterogenic incompatibility multiple loci prevents spread of cytoplasmic viruses O. novo-ulmi arrived as a single vc type, but rapidly acquired both new vc loci AND virus, probably from hybridizing with O. -
Distribution of Methionine Sulfoxide Reductases in Fungi and Conservation of the Free- 2 Methionine-R-Sulfoxide Reductase in Multicellular Eukaryotes
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.02.26.433065; this version posted February 27, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 Distribution of methionine sulfoxide reductases in fungi and conservation of the free- 2 methionine-R-sulfoxide reductase in multicellular eukaryotes 3 4 Hayat Hage1, Marie-Noëlle Rosso1, Lionel Tarrago1,* 5 6 From: 1Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, UMR1163, INRAE, Aix Marseille Université, 7 Marseille, France. 8 *Correspondence: Lionel Tarrago ([email protected]) 9 10 Running title: Methionine sulfoxide reductases in fungi 11 12 Keywords: fungi, genome, horizontal gene transfer, methionine sulfoxide, methionine sulfoxide 13 reductase, protein oxidation, thiol oxidoreductase. 14 15 Highlights: 16 • Free and protein-bound methionine can be oxidized into methionine sulfoxide (MetO). 17 • Methionine sulfoxide reductases (Msr) reduce MetO in most organisms. 18 • Sequence characterization and phylogenomics revealed strong conservation of Msr in fungi. 19 • fRMsr is widely conserved in unicellular and multicellular fungi. 20 • Some msr genes were acquired from bacteria via horizontal gene transfers. 21 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.02.26.433065; this version posted February 27, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. -
Thèse De Doctorat
AIX-MARSEILLE UNIVERSITÉ Ecole Doctorale Sciences de la Vie et de la Santé THÈSE DE DOCTORAT Spécialité: Génétique Presenté par: Le HE Pour obtenir le grade de docteur de l’Université Aix-Marseille Interactions hôte-pathogène entre Caenorhabditis elegans et le champignon Drechmeria coniospora Soutenue le 2 décembre 2016 devant le jury composé de: Dr. Dominique Ferrandon Rapporteur Dr. Hinrich Schulenburg Rapporteur Dr. Philippe Naquet Président Dr. Eric Record Invité Dr. Jonathan Ewbank Directeur de thèse I TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Figures ................................................................................................................ IV Table of Tables .................................................................................................................. V CHAPTER 1. Introduction............................................................................................ 1 1.1 Host-pathogen interactions ................................................................................... 1 1.1.1 C. elegans and its innate immunity ............................................................... 1 1.1.2 Nematophagous fungus ................................................................................. 5 1.1.3 Plant pathogenic fungi ................................................................................ 10 1.2 Fungal genetic modification ............................................................................... 17 1.2.1 Small RNA for Cross-species gene silencing ............................................ -
Nematode, Ditylenchus, Stem and Bulb, Meloidogyne, Root Knot
BIOLOGY AND CONTROL OF STEM AND ROOT KNOT NEMATODES r Becky B. Westerdahl1 Abstract: Plant parasitic nematodes are nonsegmented-microscopic roundworms which are frequently present in alfalfa fields. Although more than 10 different genera have been found in alfalfa fields in California, two (stem and bulb, and root knot) are most commonly associated with damage. A management plan to fit a particular growing situation should be developed using a combination of techniques including: planting site selection, certified seed, clean equipment, weed and irrigation management, resistant varieties, crop rotation, fallow, organic amendments and chemical nematicides. Ke~words nematode, Ditylenchus, stem and bulb, Meloidogyne, root knot, INTRODUCTION Plant parasitic nematodes are nonsegmented-microscopic roundworms which are frequently present in alfalfa fields. Whether or not alfalfa is to be planted in a nematode infested area, a grower should be knowledgeable about nematodes. If nematodes are present, both pre and postplant management strategies should be developed for pathogenic species. If an alfalfa field or a potential planting site is not infested, a grower should be aware of techniques available to prevent the introduction of harmful species. For growers to carry on a nematode pest management program they need to be familiar with (1) nematode biology; (2) symptoms and signs of nematode f damage; (3) how nematodes injure plants; (4) how to sample for nematodes; and (5) the principles underlying various management techniques including: planting site selection, the use of certified seed, the importance of using clean equipment and irrigation water, weed management, the use of resistant varieties, crop rotation, fallow, organic amendments, and chemical nematicides. -
Evolution of Nematode-Trapping Cells of Predatory Fungi of the Orbiliaceae Based on Evidence from Rrna-Encoding DNA and Multiprotein Sequences
Evolution of nematode-trapping cells of predatory fungi of the Orbiliaceae based on evidence from rRNA-encoding DNA and multiprotein sequences Ying Yang†‡, Ence Yang†‡, Zhiqiang An§, and Xingzhong Liu†¶ †Key Laboratory of Systematic Mycology and Lichenology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences 3A Datun Rd, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China; ‡Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; and §Merck Research Laboratories, WP26A-4000, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486-0004 Communicated by Joan Wennstrom Bennett, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, March 27, 2007 (received for review October 28, 2006) Among fungi, the basic life strategies are saprophytism, parasitism, These trapping devices all capture nematodes by means of an and predation. Fungi in Orbiliaceae (Ascomycota) prey on animals adhesive layer covering part or all of the device surfaces. The by means of specialized trapping structures. Five types of trapping constricting ring (CR), the fifth and most sophisticated trapping devices are recognized, but their evolutionary origins and diver- device (Fig. 1D) captures prey in a different way. When a gence are not well understood. Based on comprehensive phylo- nematode enters a CR, the three ring cells are triggered to swell genetic analysis of nucleotide sequences of three protein-coding rapidly inwards and firmly lasso the victim within 1–2 sec. genes (RNA polymerase II subunit gene, rpb2; elongation factor 1-␣ Phylogenetic analysis of ribosomal RNA gene sequences indi- ␣ gene, ef1- ; and ß tubulin gene, bt) and ribosomal DNA in the cates that fungi possessing the same trapping device are in the internal transcribed spacer region, we have demonstrated that the same clade (3, 8–11). -
Occurrence of Ditylenchus Destructorthorne, 1945 on a Sand
Journal of Plant Protection Research ISSN 1427-4345 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Occurrence of Ditylenchus destructor Thorne, 1945 on a sand dune of the Baltic Sea Renata Dobosz1*, Katarzyna Rybarczyk-Mydłowska2, Grażyna Winiszewska2 1 Entomology and Animal Pests, Institute of Plant Protection – National Research Institute, Poznan, Poland 2 Nematological Diagnostic and Training Centre, Museum and Institute of Zoology Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland Vol. 60, No. 1: 31–40, 2020 Abstract DOI: 10.24425/jppr.2020.132206 Ditylenchus destructor is a serious pest of numerous economically important plants world- wide. The population of this nematode species was isolated from the root zone of Ammo- Received: July 11, 2019 phila arenaria on a Baltic Sea sand dune. This population’s morphological and morphomet- Accepted: September 27, 2019 rical characteristics corresponded to D. destructor data provided so far, except for the stylet knobs’ height (2.1–2.9 vs 1.3–1.8) and their arrangement (laterally vs slightly posteriorly *Corresponding address: sloping), the length of a hyaline part on the tail end (0.8–1.8 vs 1–2.9), the pharyngeal gland [email protected] arrangement in relation to the intestine (dorsal or ventral vs dorsal, ventral or lateral) and the appearance of vulval lips (smooth vs annulated). Ribosomal DNA sequence analysis confirmed the identity of D. destructor from a coastal dune. Keywords: Ammophila arenaria, internal transcribed spacer (ITS), potato rot nematode, 18S, 28S rDNA Introduction Nematodes from the genus Ditylenchus Filipjev, 1936, arachis Zhang et al., 2014, both of which are pests of are found in soil, in the root zone of arable and wild- peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), Ditylenchus destruc- -growing plants, and occasionally in the tissues of un- tor Thorne, 1945 which feeds on potato (Solanum tu- derground or aboveground parts (Brzeski 1998). -
Examining New Phylogenetic Markers to Uncover The
Persoonia 30, 2013: 106–125 www.ingentaconnect.com/content/nhn/pimj RESEARCH ARTICLE http://dx.doi.org/10.3767/003158513X666394 Examining new phylogenetic markers to uncover the evolutionary history of early-diverging fungi: comparing MCM7, TSR1 and rRNA genes for single- and multi-gene analyses of the Kickxellomycotina E.D. Tretter1, E.M. Johnson1, Y. Wang1, P. Kandel1, M.M. White1 Key words Abstract The recently recognised protein-coding genes MCM7 and TSR1 have shown significant promise for phylo genetic resolution within the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, but have remained unexamined within other DNA replication licensing factor fungal groups (except for Mucorales). We designed and tested primers to amplify these genes across early-diverging Harpellales fungal clades, with emphasis on the Kickxellomycotina, zygomycetous fungi with characteristic flared septal walls Kickxellomycotina forming pores with lenticular plugs. Phylogenetic tree resolution and congruence with MCM7 and TSR1 were com- MCM7 pared against those inferred with nuclear small (SSU) and large subunit (LSU) rRNA genes. We also combined MS277 MCM7 and TSR1 data with the rDNA data to create 3- and 4-gene trees of the Kickxellomycotina that help to resolve MS456 evolutionary relationships among and within the core clades of this subphylum. Phylogenetic inference suggests ribosomal biogenesis protein that Barbatospora, Orphella, Ramicandelaber and Spiromyces may represent unique lineages. It is suggested that Trichomycetes these markers may be more broadly useful for phylogenetic studies among other groups of early-diverging fungi. TSR1 Zygomycota Article info Received: 27 June 2012; Accepted: 2 January 2013; Published: 20 March 2013. INTRODUCTION of Blastocladiomycota and Kickxellomycotina, as well as four species of Mucoromycotina have their genomes available The molecular revolution has transformed our understanding of (based on available online searches and the list at http://www. -
Biodiversity of Compost Mesofauna and Its Potential As an Indicator of the Composting Process Status
® Dynamic Soil, Dynamic Plant ©2011 Global Science Books Biodiversity of Compost Mesofauna and its Potential as an Indicator of the Composting Process Status Hanne Steel* • Wim Bert Nematology Unit, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium Corresponding author : * [email protected] ABSTRACT One of the key issues in compost research is to assess the quality and maturity of the compost. Biological parameters, especially based on mesofauna, have multiple advantages for monitoring a given system. The mesofauna of compost includes Isopoda, Myriapoda, Acari, Collembola, Oligochaeta, Tardigrada, Hexapoda, and Nematoda. This wide spectrum of organisms forms a complex and rapidly changing community. Up to the present, none of the dynamics, in relation to the composting process, of these taxa have been thoroughly investigated. However, from the mesofauna, only nematodes possess the necessary attributes to be potentially useful ecological indicators in compost. They occur in any compost pile that is investigated and in virtually all stages of the compost process. Compost nematodes can be placed into at least three functional or trophic groups. They occupy key positions in the compost food web and have a rapid respond to changes in the microbial activity that is translated in the proportion of functional (feeding) groups within a nematode community. Further- more, there is a clear relationship between structure and function: the feeding behavior is easily deduced from the structure of the mouth cavity and pharynx. Thus, evaluation and interpretation of the abundance and function of nematode faunal assemblages or community structures offers an in situ assessment of the compost process. -
Orbilia Fimicola, a Nematophagous Discomycete and Its Arthrobotrys Anamorph
Mycologia, 86(3), 1994, pp. 451-453. ? 1994, by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY 10458-5126 Orbilia fimicola, a nematophagous discomycete and its Arthrobotrys anamorph Donald H. Pfister range of fungi observed. In field studies, Angel and Farlow Reference Library and Herbarium, Harvard Wicklow (1983), for example, showed the presence of University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 coprophilous fungi for as long as 54 months. Deer dung was placed in a moist chamber 1 day after it was collected. The moist chamber was main? Abstract: Cultures derived from a collection of Orbilia tained at room temperature and in natural light. It fimicola produced an Arthrobotrys anamorph. This ana? underwent periodic drying. Cultures were derived from morph was identified as A. superba. A discomycete ascospores gathered by fastening ascomata to the in? agreeing closely with 0. fimicola was previously re?side of a petri plate lid which contained corn meal ported to be associated with a culture of A. superba agar (BBL). Germination of deposited ascospores was but no definitive connection was made. In the present observed through the bottom of the petri plate. Cul? study, traps were formed in the Arthrobotrys cultures tures were kept at room temperature in natural light. when nematodes were added. The hypothesis is put Ascomata from the moist chamber collection are de? forth that other Orbilia species might be predators posited of in FH. nematodes or invertebrates based on their ascospore The specimen of Orbilia fimicola was studied and and conidial form. compared with the original description. The mor? Key Words: Arthrobotrys, nematophagy, Orbilia phology of the Massachusetts collection agrees with the original description; diagnostic features are shown in Figs. -
Diversity of Nematode Destroying Fungi and Nematode
DIVERSITY OF NEMATODE DESTROYING FUNGI AND NEMATODE COMMUNITY IN SELECTED VEGETABLE GROWING AREAS IN KENYA Juliana Mwende Muindi, BEd.Sc, Catholic University of Eastern Africa REG No: 156/64095/2010 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of Master of Science degree in Microbiology SCHOOL OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI 2013 DECLARATION This is my original work and has not been presented for a degree in this or any other university. Signature………………………. Date……………………………….. ……… Ms. Juliana Mwende Muindi This thesis has been submitted with our approval as the university supervisors. Signature………………………. Date……………………………………… 1. DR. P.M.WACHIRA SCHOOL OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI Signature………………………. Date……………………………………… 2. PROF.SHEILA OKOTH SCHOOL OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI i DEDICATION I dedicate this study to my parents; Mr. Jackson Muindi and Mrs. Florence Kanini who have been a source of inspiration and for their love, moral and financial support throughout my study. May God always bless you. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I express my gratitude and appreciation to my dad and mum for their love, encouragement and financial support. My brothers, especially Daniel Muindi and my only sister Margaret Muindi who have always been there to lend a helping hand during my study. I also wish to thank my supervisors; Dr. Peter Wachira and Prof. Sheila Okoth who have tireless guided me through the whole exercise and the moral support accorded to me in the course of carrying out this research was a great inspirational. Above all I thank the Almighty God for His guidance and love that has enabled me to go through with my study despite trying moments. -
Molecular Characteristics and Adhesion Activity of a Novel Protein ADP1 of Arthrobotrys Oligospora to Nematodes
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE & BIOLOGY ISSN Print: 1560–8530; ISSN Online: 1814–9596 20–1468/2021/25–6–1249–1254 DOI: 10.17957/IJAB/15.1786 http://www.fspublishers.org Full Length Article Molecular Characteristics and Adhesion Activity of a Novel Protein ADP1 of Arthrobotrys oligospora to Nematodes Li Jie1†, Chen Shuangqing1†, Li Zhiyuan1†, Wang Lixia1, Shang Yunxia1, Gong Shasha1, Xiao Chencheng1, Zhang Kai1, Zhang Xingxing2, Cai Xuepeng3, Qiao Jun1 and Meng Qingling1* 1College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003, P. R. China 2Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Research, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Science, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003, P. R. China 3State Key Lab of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, P. R. China *For correspondence: [email protected] †Contributed equally to this work and are co-first authors Received 15 October 2020; Accepted 02 March 2021; Published 10 May 2021 Abstract Adhesion is a crucial step for nematode-trapping fungi (NTF) predating nematodes. To investigate the function of a novel protein ADP1 in nematode-trapping process, ADP1 gene of a representative NTF-Arthrobotrys oligospora was cloned and the molecular characteristics of this protein were analyzed. Then, the GFP chimeric ADP1 (ADP1-GFP) was generated in a GFP expression vector and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) and the recombinant ADP1-GFP (reADP1-GFP) was purified. Incubation of reADP1-GFP with J3 larvae of Caenorhabditis elegans and Haemonchus contortus showed that reADP1-GFP could adhere nematodes with the strongest adhesion ability at 25°C, while the reADP1-GFP treated by trypsin completely lost the adhesion ability. -
Observations on the Genus Doronchus Andrássy
Vol. 20, No. 1, pp.91-98 International Journal of Nematology June, 2010 Occurrence and distribution of nematodes in Idaho crops Saad L. Hafez*, P. Sundararaj*, Zafar A. Handoo** and M. Rafiq Siddiqi*** *University of Idaho, 29603 U of I Lane, Parma, Idaho 83660, USA **USDA-ARS-Nematology Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA ***Nematode Taxonomy Laboratory, 24 Brantwood Road, Luton, LU1 1JJ, England, UK E-mail: [email protected] Abstract. Surveys were conducted in Idaho, USA during the 2000-2006 cropping seasons to study the occurrence, population density, host association and distribution of plant-parasitic nematodes associated with major crops, grasses and weeds. Eighty-four species and 43 genera of plant-parasitic nematodes were recorded in soil samples from 29 crops in 20 counties in Idaho. Among them, 36 species are new records in this region. The highest number of species belonged to the genus Pratylenchus; P. neglectus was the predominant species among all species of the identified genera. Among the endoparasitic nematodes, the highest percentage of occurrence was Pratylenchus (29.7) followed by Meloidogyne (4.4) and Heterodera (3.4). Among the ectoparasitic nematodes, Helicotylenchus was predominant (8.3) followed by Mesocriconema (5.0) and Tylenchorhynchus (4.8). Keywords. Distribution, Helicotylenchus, Heterodera, Idaho, Meloidogyne, Mesocriconema, population density, potato, Pratylenchus, survey, Tylenchorhynchus, USA. INTRODUCTION and cropping systems in Idaho are highly conducive for nematode multiplication. Information concerning the revious reports have described the association of occurrence and distribution of nematodes in Idaho is plant-parasitic nematode species associated with important to assess their potential to cause economic damage P several crops in the Pacific Northwest (Golden et al., to many crop plants.