A UNITED STATE3 PAVILION

FOR THE 1970 ~lORLDS EXPOSITION

OSAKA JAPAN

PROGRAI·!

Terrance .J. Bro','Tn Architecture 422 Texas Technological College January 20, 1969 NORTI-!

· .1 7 ( -.: L .. - t - . •.

I Table of Contents

page .. I • BASIC DATA . • • • • • • • • • 1

A. Expo 70 Data. • • • • • • • • • • 2

1 . Bac};:ground . • • • • • • • • • • • 2

2 . Location. • • • • • • • • • • • • 3

3· Environment e.nd ~nvirons . • • 3

4. Site. • • • • • • • • .. • 4

5· Appropriations. • • • • • • • • • • • l.j.

~ B. Hi story of Expositions. • • • • j

c. The Need fo=r Expositions . • • .1J

D. raster Plan for Grounds of Expo 70. • • • . 1-5 1. Basic Concept of the YTastel' Fla.:n . .1 - .c-_,

2 . Plan for Space ?or!na ti on. • • .20

3· Plan for LanC.sc::~.pin; . • • • .2J

4· . Plan for Transportation ?2.cili ties . • 2l~

s. Plan for raster ?acilities . • .29 t. u o Plan for Su ~~Jl~r and ProcessinG

Facilities. • • • . JJ 7. Plan for Artif5.cia l Control of

Environment • • • • .;4

II. D~SIG r ~ C:i.IT~~IA . • • • • • . 37

A. Scope • • • • • • . )8

B. Pavilion Func.tion 9::-:.d Activities. • • • • . 39

1. Public .Activities • • • • • . J9 a . Lunar Exploration • • • • • · 39

b. Fol k Arts • • • • • • • • · 39

c . Architecture. • • • • • • • • • • • q.Q

d. I mages of Ameri ca • • • • • • • • • q.Q

e . Re cree.tion. • • • • • • • L~o

f . Oceanography. • • • • • • • . 40

g . The Arts. • • • • • • • • • . . • q-1

h . Paperback Bookstore • • • . l-J-1

i . Fil m Presentati on • • • • • • .h1 j. Special Events and Performing

Arts . • • • • • • • . 42

2. Priva te Ac tivities. • • • • • • . '-~ 3

a . Administrative. • • • • • , 4J

b . Employees Lounge . • • • • • • . 43 c . Loc1mr Area • • • • .43

d . Rest Roo:Ds . • • • • • . q-J

e . Storage • • • • . 43

.&' l. • Cl,lstodian Activity. • • . . . • • LJ. 3

g . Parkin: • • • • • • • • . 43

h. Trash Disposal. • • • • • • . l~ 3

c. Engineering Criteria . • • • . l~ 5

1. Struct,lral. • • • • • • • .45

2. Utilities • • • • . 46 3· Air Condltioning. . h?

4. Electrical Po:•;er. • • • • • • • • . 50

III. STATE:,IEN ·r OF CHt,B.~.C'l' l::rt . • • • • · 53

IV. APPENDIX . • • • 5h A. t·1ap : Plan of Expo 70 • • • • • • • • • • . . B. Correspondence •••••••••••••••• • 56 V. FOOTNOTES

VI. BIBLIOG~~PHY I. BASIC DATA 2

A. EXPO 70 DATA 1. Baclcground The Japan World Exposition (Expo 70) is scheduled to be held in the northeast suburbs of Osaka from Sunday, i'-1?-.rch 15, 1970, to Sunday, September 13, 1970. Expo 70 received offi­ cial approval from the International Bureau of Exhibitions as a· "general exhibition of the first category" on !'Iay t1, 1966. It will be the first universal and international exhi- bition ever to be held in Asia~ ExPo 70 is the world's fourth "general exhibition of the first category," earlier ones hav- ing been Montrial's 3xpo 67, the Brussels Universal Exposition of 1958; and the Paris Exhibition of 1937. The central theme of the exposition is "Progress and

Harmony for ~t;ankind." This theme, in turn, has been divided. into four subthemes: "To~·;ard Fuller Enjoy:nent o-f' Life,"

"Tm·rard Nore Bountiful Fruits fror1 ?~ature," "To~·;ard Fuller

Engineering of Our Living Environment," an::l 11 'I'o~·ra:r·:i 3 8 t ter Understanding of Each Other."

The Jap9.n Association fo::.." the 1970 ~·/orld 3xposi tion estimates that the total nu~ber of visitors to SX?O 70 will approximate 30 million, including 1 :ni1.lion from ab:ro,•:J.• "The Ja:)aYJ.cse govern'Tient, the offic1.a1 sponsol' of :::cpo 70, has fo~~ally invited 126 coun~ries and 21 international o~gan- izations to p~rticipate in ~xpo 70, and expects that 70 cou~­ tries 1·rill. respond favorably. 111

In Aug~st, 1966, the United States was invite1 by the 3 was accepted on November 17, 196.6, subject to the appropria­ tion of fund's by the Congress. General_ authority for participation in international fairs is provided in $eCtion 102 (a) (3). of the Mutual Edu­ cational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961 (22 u.s.c. 2452) .• · The u.s. Information Agency has been given responsibility for United States participation in international expositions abro·ad under Executive Order 11034, section 2(c).

2. Location The Expo ·site is an 867 acre plot of land situated in the

Senri Hills, about thre~ miles north of the _center of the town of Osaka, Japan.

3. Environment and Environs a) Terrain-- From the extremely green Senri Hills, which are 98 to 280 feet abQve sea ·level, one is offered a fine view of Osaka Bay and the eastern extreme of the Rol~~o moun­ tain range r;sing in ·the background opposite the bay. The

hills a.re a vast rolling e:;~panse of green, with many valleys extending from the point where the eastern edge of the site

comes· in contact with the Mei-Shin (Nagoya~Kobe) superhighway. The exposition site is hilly ,.,ith conifers, shrubs and some bamboo groves; and the valleys bet,.;een the hills have a feu paddy fields • . b) Heather-- The climate of Osaka is generally mild, ,.,ith .· many fine days and comparatively fe-r.v r~iny days. The yearly mean air temperature is about 61°F, but the four seasons are 4 clearly distinguishable. The average temperature in February, 0 0 . the coldest month, is 43 F; and 82 F is average in Au~ust, the warmest month. The average temperature in Iv1arch, the month Expo 70 opens, is 50°F, with an average of 79°F in September, the month the Fair closes.2 The precipitation throughout the year totals around 50 inches; rainfall is plentiful in June ·and September, and very rare in winter. 4. Site Tne configuration of the site resembles that of a giant dish, with smaller pavilions located on the base level, l'Thile larger pavilions are to be built along the upper rim. Of the 830 acres, 171 acres have been allocated to the general e~hibition area, with the balance reserved for plazas, ponds, roads, parking lots, and green belts. a) Plan for final landscaping--Please refer to page 23. The site for the u.s. Pa:vilion is located on Lot 920 , which is on the outer ring of pavilions and west of the Festival Plaza, which is in the center of the site along the north- south axis. Refer to the map in the appendix for exact orienta- tion of site. 5. Appropriations The House and Senate Conference CO!!'J!1.i ttee conferred and agreed o!1 the sum of $10,000,000 as the total appropriation for the u.s. Pavilion at Expo 70. $4,800,000 of the total sum will be used for the construction of the Pavilion and Exhibits. 5

B. ijistory of Expositions_ .The exact starting point of the present day Exposition is not very clearly defined, but it may fairly be .stated that the Great E?Jiibition of 1851, held in London's Hyde Park, marks a definite start in the development of the later-day type of National Exhibition. The Americans very soon followed the new fashion. Araong those who visited the Hyde Park exhibition ~vas a party of

New York businessmen ~Y"ho 'Hent ~orne and advocated that a similar exhibition should be held in their mvn city. 11 The New York exhibition of 1853 which resulted resembled its original, not only in its international character, but also in its building, which was a cruciform Crystal Palace sunnounted by a great glass and iron dome 168 feet high. But, although the organizers succeeded in attracting plenty of foreign e~~~ibie tors, they were not able to make the project pay and the receipts amounted to little more than half the expenditure. 113

.The next expo~ition of . merit \·7as the Paris Exposition of 1855, which was very similar to London's Great Exposition in 1851, and the only important change was the inclusion of all the fine arts, including painting , the absence of Y7hich, from the English exhibition, ha d always b~ e 11 deplored by the French. Another ne\v feature, small but interesting , \·ms a gallery devoted to inexpensive, everyday objects of practical use to ordinary visitors. Disappointments over the los ses on the Paris exposition of 1851 gave Napoleon food for !lluch serious thought, and 6 after the exhibition he compiled. a memorandu.tn in which he made a number of far-sighted recommendations for the future. Among the points he brought out were:

11 1. Only 'special' exhibitions of limited scope would be preferable to 'universal' eY~ibi­ tions, as-being less costly, easier to study and capable of being more complete 2. Non Government organized but organized by private enterprise with official backing 3. In every case temporary, specially designed buildings should be employed

4. Abolish juries because their task '~as impossible to perform satisfactorily" 4 History has shovm ho\·7 subsequent events proved the truth of most, if not all, of these conclusions and how a suggestion which Napoleon made for the arrangement of the exhibits 'Has the basis of more than one future eY..hibition. The ·next major exposition 't·7as the Paris Exposition of 1867, \vhich gained some advancement from the previous exposi- tions by various improvements and novel attractions 'tvhich resulted in? great incr~ase in the number of visitors. 5 No other ex_l-libition of the first order, hmv-ever, took place until the tirne ca...-ne round again for the next Paris Exhibition •. This exhibition, held in 1889, is perhaps the best known of all these events because, like the first great English exhi- bition, it left behind it a famous -building, the Eiffel ToHer. The 1889 exhibition, although it did not mark the zenith of the French series, 'tv as the point at 't\'hich the Frer.c h had - to yield the lead, at least as far as size is concerned. · They had the consolation, ho,·:ever, of l:J1ouing that the ex..'rlibition 7 which outstripped their efforts tvas the fruit of their o-;·m, for it '\vas the impression made on many A1nericans by the 1889 exhibition 'Hhich led to the orga nization of the Horld's Columbian Exposition. The Coll.hubian exhibition, hO'i·Tevers provided a great contrast to the one from 'tvhich it sprang; for whereas the Parisians· had temporarily transformed the heart. of their city 't·Tith their exciting and e~~otic exhibition architecture, the Arnericans, in organizing this next e)~ibi- tion, held at Chicago in 1893, created a truly ne\·7 city on the shores of Lake Hichigan. 6 Hith this exposition came the introduction of the abun- dance of space, large scale pavilio21s, and ffii~Chanical amuse- ments Hh.ich are by no't·7 seeming ly necessary in3redient:s to fo~n popular e}~ibitions of today. The second half-century in the history of internati011al exhibitiOj_1 S has been very different froin the first. 0\ving very considerably, but by no·means entirely, to the interven- tion of tuo \·:orld v7ars, their steady gro\·jth and cvol·ution, which v:as so notable a fea ture during the nine t eenth cent t.1ry, has not been conti:med. In Paris, the scene of such an inc:.Jm- parable series of great displays, no ~portant international exhibition took pla ce for a quarter of a c e ntur-y and then it

~1as on a much modified scale, Hhi le n early forty years passed before the glories of its grea t ninet0enth Century ex..ilibitio:1s 'tvere fully revived. In &uerica, 'Hhere the l argest displays of all too:( place, there Has an interval of about thirty years after the firs t grea t e x..i1. ibition of the tHentieth century, 8 held at St. Louis, in 1904, before another exhibition of the same size ~vas held.

The NevT Yodk. \·lorld' s Fair in 1939 brought the sluggish world of expositions up to claim itself to be the greatest exhibitim.1. ever, although t:he attendance \·las still lagging as it did during many other e~::hibitions. 7 Today, man's '·7orld is no longer the \·lorld of the biplane; it is that of the supersonic jet and so is today's exposition. The 1966 Seattle Horld's Fair .and Expo 67 at Montreal both exhibited a great exuberance of man's "tomorrow·. 11 NeH tech- nology and man's inventive genius has placed us in a totaly neH and e~~citing realm. of '\vorld fairs. As the Horld has changed, hmvever, expositions have shifted their emphasis from industry to \vorld understanding through cultural displnys revealing the neH creative and tech...'Ylical advances of ee1.ch.

The buildings of an e~~~ibition tend to g ive it its physi- cal make-up. "Ex..hibitions are the architects 1 playgroun<.1. , and '\vhat fun some of ther11 have had in it. The t e:nporary nature of the buildings and the general e::tpbasis on sho•·::nanship invite them to be darin3 , and novelty and an 'occasiona l dash of inconsequence' are after all prope r ingredients of an exhibition r:li=;:ture. 118 The e YJ1ibition building s of today ere beginnin:s to gain a longer life span but are still e.~ gay and as public as possible, e..nd consequently the influence of ex...llib:i..tion architecture on the sty le e.nd t he fashions of permanent bu5.1dh1[;S has some time s been f a r .,.rc.:!.ching .

But before ue co:·~a to the fun ue nust: re~e:nber the b~Js:Lnc s s 9

of exhibition buildings 't•:rhich is to house the m~h:i.bits, and here vJe may note a fundamental difference betHeen the grea t international exhibitions of the last century and those of the present day. Nowadays '\·7e expect to find a larg e number of separate pavilions, some of them concerned v7ith particular subjects or groups of industries and others "t·:rith the exhibits of particular foreign nations, fiJ:ms, or manufacturers. In 1851, hoHever, it never seems to have occured to anyone to do othel.~·7 ise than house all the exhibits together under the same roof, and up to the end of the century it remained the accepted practice. There '\,7as a certain convenience as '\·?ell in this arrange­ ment. Const1.-uction speed could be an advantage as in the Crystal Pale.ce vihich standardized dimensions thus paving the \vay of prefab:.:ication of parts to enable rapid erection of the structure.

Probably the ne ~{ t most im:)orte.n t . exposition Has t he

Brussels HorJ..c'i's Fair in 1958. Its it-nportc.nce can be me~sured in its popularity as well as cultu~al and technolos ical exchm.1ges. Ogden Tanne r said in the June, 19 53 ~l1i tectu_£

The Brussels Fair set the pace of today's expositions by boosting the "atomic age" to a high level of excitement, causing people to want to learn about things to come. Nowadays the most nume.rous types of individual buildings are the national pavilions, the history of which goes back to the Paris exhibition of 1867. It was not, how·ever, until changes took place in the form of the main exhibition that the foreign pavilions really began to serve their present purpose. vlhen the main exhibition i•ias divided into a number of separate pavilions, the participating countries Nere allotted space in each of these buildings and the exhibits of a single country were therefore to be found scattered at various points throughout the exhibition. This placed an inconvenience upon the visitors and reduced the effectiveness of the exhibits. The ans\'rer to this i•Tas for foreign countries Ttli th substantia.l numbers of exhibits to shoN t~e~ collectively in their national pavilions. The status of national pavilions is, now, such that their presence or absence is the criterion by which inter­ national exhibitions are classified.

But noH ~IJ'e coree to the "fun" of exhibition buildings, for beside the various types "Tt!hich are required for specific pur­ poses, many exhibitions conta in at least one structure "\'those purpose lies almost entirely in itself as a piece of pure exhibitionis:n.

Today, the exhibitionis~ is only one major facet of the design of ~ world fair. Urban renewal is entering into t he picture, as in San Antonio' s Hemisfair in which the fair and 11

site are actually part of an urban renewal project for the city. Expo 67 at Montreal l'ras built on man-made islands in the St. Laurence River, thus eliminating the necessity to clear out a section of the city for the site, lowering the total cost considerably, and enabling the surrounding Nater to act as a design feature. Since their inception in 1851, world fairs and expositions have traditionally been memorable for their display of the increasing cultural, scientific, and technical accomplish- ments of man. Occasionally, they have also been remember ed for their buildings. Paxton's Crystal Palace, Eiffel' s Tower, t-Hes' s Barcelona Pavilion, and U.S. Steel's Unisphere all made architectural history. To the designer, the 1·rhy and 1·rherefore of fair buildings is tangible evidence of the architectural thinking of hls time. 9 The thinking, whlch was once v~ry fo~~al in the design and layout, has gradually progressed to a see~ingly endless exciting wonderlahd, as seen at its oeak at ~xpo 67 in Hontreal. Techniques of building are often as indicatlve of the future o~ architecture as are the finished buildings.

Paxton's methods of prefabrication an1 erection ha1 ~ore effect on the future o~ architecture than the i~pression o~ his finished building standing in Hyde Park. Today, as the world is shrinking in size, man is gradually becoming able to c O!nm'unica te ¥ii th people fro!!i all p9.rts of the world. World Fairs offer a meeting place for this 12 communication. The gains from the communication of people ·from all nations will help to bring a stronger understanding between nations and cultures. This is one of the aids to ending the cold war. The influences of the cold war were not as evident in the past expositions as in those of today, especially Osaka's Expo 70. America has been trying for the last few years to bring a period of bitterly unfriendly diplomatic relations to one of more friendly relationships with mahy of the Oriental people. The u.s. Pavilion at Expo 70 offers the people of the Eastern World a chance to experience first hand the lives of the American people and their way of life. 13

C. THE ~illED FOR EXPOSITIONS The folloNing is a short discussion of the development of the need for world fairs. A.mong the seasonal games. and pastimes 1-rhich used to follow· one another so regularly round the calander of

American school children was one kno~m as the backyard circus . The children used to raid their homes for old curios and pieces of bric-a-brac and old dresses Mom wore back in the "old days." This material Nas brought out and displayed. on the street pavement and in backyards in ~ecorative settings of flowers and shells. They then sat expectantly by their shows hoping that they would catch a glance--and possibJy even a coin--from passing pedestrians and friends. The "organizers" undoubtedly found a lot of fun in this. There '1'Tas the ·fun of planning the exhibition, of deciding what to display and l'lhere; the fun of getting t he exhibits together and arranging them in a way that gave pleasure; and finally, ~rhen the display was conple te, there "t·Tas t he satisfaction of exhibiting t heir handy1-10rk e.nd the adventure of l'laiting to see who \'l'ould come and look at them and ~lith what results. Hm•rever trivial, therefore, the actual exhibits mi ght have been, the process of exhibiting the~ provided plenty of amusement, and it was in fact the activity of shov.ring, not the things show·n, that rea lly mattered. And it is very similar with the r eal thing. "Exhibitior:.s are not just collections of interesting objects brought together at a certain place and time. They are hunan 14

activities, human enterprises, and some of them very great an"d courageous enterprises, undertaken for definite reasons and in o·rder to achieve certa in specific results. They are a form of human intercourse, w·here the promoters and exhi bi­ ters on the one hand communicate with the visitors on the other. And their results can be told in terms of further human .thought and activity."10 Probably the utmost reason for many exhibittons is the need to "show off." This is the avowed object of one of the earliest exhibitions (broadly speaking) of which we have any record. 11 In the Biblical book of Ester, we read that "Xerxes 'shewed the riches of his glorious kingdom and the honour of his excellent majesty !Ilany days, even an hundred and four-score days.' His purpose 'I'Tas to i mpress 'the nobles and princes of the provinces, being before him'; and one can imagine the show, with brilliant carpets, tapestries and other textiles , richly ornamented court furn1 t•_tre, gleaming gold and silver plate, and many other kinds of

exhibits, set out, perhaps, amid the rainbow-~ued flowers of a Persian garden."12

Xerxes's exhibition has had many modern counterp~~ts in shows whose avowed object has been to set out the glory of some great nation; but is is also probably true to say that no exhibition is entirely without some trace of s elf-display, unless it is ih cases where its place is taken by the parallel motive of self-interest. Usually, whatever the outward nature of the exhibition, there lurks at the front of the 15

promoters'. minds, and often consumes 1 t entirely, a desire to draw attention to themselves or their organization. Indeed; a "good shmman" has come to mean one who knows ho't'T, in an acceptable way, to display himself; and if an exhibi­ tion were entirely devoid of the same exciting spirit, it would probably be a bore. This is perhaps one reason w·hy museums seem inevitably less attractive and arresting in their display; and without this element of boosting we may never have had an Eiffel To"Vrer--nor even a Crystal Palace. On the other hand, display by itself w-ithout a total awareness of its surroundings cannot possibly form the basis

of good exhibition, and its effect ~ould be not merely boring but repelling. Closely allied to this motive of self-display in an exhibition is an intention to advance the material interests of the promoter or exhibitor. "Easily the most numerous class of exhibitors in the world is shopkeepers; and all of us have, at some time or another, fallen victim to the clever display on the shop counter or in the shop window of some article which 't'Te had no previous intention of buying. u13 In addition, displays of this type, in which the primary

object is to sell goods, ~rean important element in almost all public exhibitions of every type. Lastly, it is often one of the main purposes of the promoters of an exhibition that it shall provide a stimulus to the exhibitors by compar­ ison, which it so fore 1 bly creates behreen one exhi bit and another. This is a purpose which applies equally to art 16 exhibitions and trade fairs, and to all exhibitions in which a number of exhibitors take part. But we .must not forget the visitors, for they have their purposes to serve as well as the exhibitors. Many of them, for example, go to exhibitions, at least to the great popular ones, in search of amusement; and the organizers see that they get it. But amusement is not the real purpose of any exhibition; and the serious aims, as far as the visitors are concerned, may be summarized as cultural pleasure (in the case of art exhibitions) and instruction. It is obvious that any large exhibition must conta in a vast quantity of informative material. But so does any public library, and the special value of exhibitions in imparting instruction is twofold. In the first place many types of information r~quire the display of three-dimens ional objects to ma.1~e them r.eally clear. Scientific appa ratus , for example, and ne"l'T or improved types of machinery can often be satisfactorily explained only by showing actual machines or models. More often, hoHever, and particularly with the more popular types of exhibitions, the instructional value lie$ rather in their ability to de~onstrate t hi ngs more impressively than in the need to clarify what cannot be adequately explained in words.

It is fro~ this power of the exhibition to i mpress the visitor that the most recent use has been found for it. Of late years it has been discovered that the exhibition can be a most pm,rerful instruT.ent of propaganda , not merely personal 17 propaganda, but for some particular idea~ 14 "World Expositions help to produce a world understanding through the use of cultural displays. An American philosopher once said, 'Man's importance is in how he changes the environ­ ment for the next generation.'"i5 Many of the buildings in the expositions do just that. They often l a y the founda tion for other creations. This is seen quite clearly in Buckminster Fuller's dome and Frei Otto's environmental solutions for Expo 67 in Montreal, Canada. This, in itself, is evidence of man's continuing research into the social problems of the

Such, ver"jr briefly, and simply by '\'Ta y of introduction, are some of the purposes co~~ on to all types of exhibitions, from 0 grottos" to vlorld Fairs. 18 D. NASTER .PLAN .FOR GROUNDS OF EXPO 70

BASIC CONCEPT OF THE MASTER PLAN

a. The theme of the Exposition will be clearly expressed by the space formation of the Exposition site. That is, the "Sym­ ·bol area" situated in the centre of the site which is designed for visitors to get together, signifies the major theme of the Exposition, "Progress and Ha_rmony for Mankind." Further, sub-themes are. planned to be signified along the mechanized pedestrian ·ways extending from there into four directions. b. A pei·fect network ·of facilities will be laid out to or- ganize the whole area of .the Exposition site into harmony and order. 'While the central space (Omatsuri Plaza designed for festivals) and the mechanized pedestriari ways, leading to the respective gates arc the main arteries of the site, they play the role of organically combining all of the pavilions scattered throughout the site. Hence, the details of the plan can be summarized as follows: (Refer to the attached "Master Plan") I) To facilitate the approach of visitors to the site, four gates are to be installed in addition to the main gate along the ciret1mfcrential road. 2) All the facilities· of inner area .of the site are to be ar­ ranged compactly to provide more intense activities therein. 3) The sites for small paviliot1s are to be proYided around the artificial lake situated in the centre. In order to stress the conical configuration of the topography, large-scale pavilions arc to be placed on the outer ridges in order to effect uniform flow of visitors. 4) A symbol area is planned with "Omatsuri Plaza" (Festival Plaza) in the centre of the site along the north-south axis arid, from there, four mechanized pedestrian ways lead to the res­ pectiYe gates of east, west, south and north. They will serve as main arteries for the efficient flow of visitors and for the maintenance of internal order. 5) The Omatsuri Plaza (Fcsti\'al Plaza), which has an art­ ificial lake incorporated in it, will have a huge roof, and various audience-participating performances are to be giYen. This space will be a symbolic monument of the Exposition site. On the south side of this symbol area, a tmrcr is to be erected as a land-mark. 6) To proyide for the severe heat and much rain fall during part . of the Exposition period, the Omatsuri Plaza and mechanized pedestrian ways leading to . the gates arc to be roofed, thereby facilitating. outdoor moYemcnts.

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7) A district cooling system is to be adopted at the Exposition site to air-condition pavilions, utility facilities, Omatsuri Plaza, mechanized pedestrian ways, etc. to· provide an excellent environment. artificially. 20

P LAN FOR SPACE FORMATION

PLAN FOR LAND UTILIZATION a. The Exposition site will be divided by the circumferential roads into two sections: the inner part of 165.7 hectare (not including the circumferential roads), and the outer part of 164.3 hectare (including the circumferential roads and ChuB 1 Loop \ Vay). The land areas utilizGd by each of these are as shmm in the following table. (Chua Loop. ·way: the central loop way)

Symbol area ll.8 ha. Exhibition areas Exhibition area net 48.6 ,, Plaza and sidewalks 36.2 ,, Automobile roads 9.3 " Recreation area 39.0 " Conse_rved green areas 6.1 ,, Artificial lakes 10.1 " Others 4.6 ,, Sub total, (inner area) 165.7 ,, Parking lots 57.0 ,, Gates 17.1 , Recreation area 8.6 , Conserved green areas 16.0 ,, General roads 17.3 ,, Central loop way 16.0 " Processing plants, warehouses 3.6 , Others 28.7 , Sub total, (outer area) 164.3 " Grand total 330.0 - " b. The Symbol Area covers an area of 900 metres by 150 meters. It is intersected at right angles by Chuo Loop " 'ay and comprises the :i\Jain Gate. T he Fcsti,·al Plaza will be situated in the centre of the Sym­ bol Area. A theater, an art gallery, a "Theme Hall", an outdoor display are

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tower which will serve ;:ts a landmark. c. The general display area will be arranged around the arti- ficial lake, ·which extends to the east and west, and also along the land on the southern side of Chuo Loop Vvay. d. The recreation area will consist of a scenic park and a playground. Allocated land will include the area along the valley on the north side of the site and the land on ·the boundary on the south side. · e. The parking lots ·will be arranged in strips on the eastern and ·western sides of the Exposition site. They will be able to accommodate about 20,000 parked cars. f. In addition to the ai·eas mentioned above, a power sub- station will be located at the intersection between the · cir, cumferential. road on the west side and the Chuo Loop "Way. A cooling tower will be located on the north side of the circumferential road. A processing plant will be located in­ side the parking lot on the south side, which has the lowest elevation of any place inside the Exposition site. Besides, ware­ houses will be built at two places on Lhc north and south ad­ jacent to the circumferential road.

SYSTEM OF ALLOCATING THE GROUNDS

Category I Area j Number of Lots Total Area I I A 38,400 1 38,400 mz B 16,000 2 32,000 ,, c 12,800 3 38,400 h D 9,600 5 48,000 ,, E 7,200 6 43,200 " }t' 4,800 13 62,400 ,, G 3,200 32 102,400 ,, H 1,600 42 67,200 ,, I 800 34 27,200 " I Total I I 138 I 459,200 ,, I -4- 22

~. The maximum gradient of the roads inside the grounds is about 5%. Consequently, in certain places there will be a difference in elevation of 1.0-2.0 m between the level of the pavilion lots and the road level. The problem presented by this difference in elevation will be solved on the smaller sized pavilion lots by building some retaining walls around the lots, or by providing an inclined slope. d. As a general rule in this plan, the lots are allocated ac- cording to size, and zoning is not done according to the nature of pavilions.

GREEN AREAS AND RECREATION AREAS a. The recreation area on the north side of the site is a scenic garden incorpoi·ating the artificial lake and utilizing the features of traditional Japanese gardens, including a born- boo gTove. · b. In the scenic garden there will be lawn plazas, and resting places for the visitors. In the bamboo garden, the chief fea­ ture of the garden landscape w111 be a bamboo grove, and there will also be a pavilion for the mani1facture, display, and sale of bamboo ware. c. In the recreation area on the south side of the site will be a playgTotmd consisting chiefly of recreation facilities. d. Various kinds of noYcl recreation facilities will be collected in the playground, creating an enjoyable atmosphere primarily for children during the daytime, and for adults at night. e. In the green areas in the southern part of the site and inside the parking lots, e\·crything possible will be done to preserYe the natural flora intact.

Name of I Name of Arca1 . J Size of Area Description Facility I Re creation I Scenic 27.0 ha. (in- Bamboo grove, Area garden eludes part of lawn for res.t- I the lake) ing, plaza, rest-! ~ng place, var- Playground 14.6 ha. lOllS recrea- tional facilities, i1 j swimming pool ----- nscn-cd I I ha. ern Areas 22.1 i I

-5- 23

PLAN ·FOR LANDSCAPING

PLAN FOR FINAL LANDSCAPING a. The finished surface of the inner area of the site, with the exception of the roads, will consist. of the following main categories: Soft finished areas (lawns, shrubbery, trees, etc.) Hard finished areas Type A (Paved with stones, tile, concrete, etc.) Type B (Paved with sin1ple paving, gravd, etc.) Water (artificial lake) b. -:fhe bu~ roads of the inner area will run parallel to the sidewalks. Trees will be planted at appropriate intervals along the sidewalks so that there ·will be plenty· of shade. c. Along the promenades leading in· from the east, west, south, and north gates, suitable shrubbery and lawns will be planted in such manner that the field of vision will not be impaired. d. High trees will not be planted around the sidewalks parallel to the mechanized pedestrian ways. The surface of these areas will consist of pavement, cobblestones, la-\,rns, or shrubbci:y. e. Surrounding the pavilion lots, sloped lawns or retaining walls will be provided with due consideration to the relation between them and the lot sites. It will be careful to provide for rhythmical landscaping from the sidewalk side. f. The conditions at the site are not necessarily· favourable .for growing plants. Therefore, automatic-irrigation equipment will be used. 24

PLAN FOR TRANSPORTATION FACILI!1'!ES

PLAN FOR CIRCUMFERENTIAL APPROACHES a. Transportation ·Plant The total number of visitors through the entire period of the Exposition is expected to be approximately 30,000,000. The number of visitors on holidays will a\'erage 421,000 per day. The rate of concentration of visitors during peak hours is expected to be· about 1f 3. In transporting the visitors to the circumference of the site, it is planned to utilize the following mea·ns of transport: Plan No. 3 I Privately owned passenger cars 77,000 persons per day I - Buses 84,000 persons per day Railways 260,000 persons per day - Rate of Concentration I 1/3 Note: The figure for buses is the total including both charter buses .(62,000 persons) and regularly scheduled buses (22,000 persons) The total of 260,000 persons tr:msported by railways . also includes visitors brought in by shuttle buses and taxis.

TRANSPORTATION PLAN FOR OUTER AREA OF THE SITE, PARKING LOTS AND TERMINALS a. Number of automobiles needing parking space The following is a table of the average number of automobiles that are expected to arrive at the Exposition site on a holiday or Sunday.

1 . I Avercwe No. I . IDa tl. y average Hourly ayer- I 0 1 Type of vehicle ; f h' 1 f \ ' . I of Passengers 1 ·o ve 1c1 e ·,age o c1 11c 1 e h' · ! l I per Ve lC1 C ,_P asseng~;.- car -r--24,000- : 7,600 · -~--· · 3.2 Pers-;~,~ Chartered bus 1,2•10 j 360 I 50 Route bus 555 j 185 I 40 I

Shuttle bus 780 I' 260 ,I 80 Taxi 2,330 780 3.0

Note: Among the above listed vehicles, p:ISSenger cars and chartered buses require large parking lots.

Due to topo3nphical limit;~tions, it would be difficult to proYide a number of parking lots ,\·ithin the Exposition site. But this master plan is being formulated on the premise that

- 7 - 25

· parking lots will be constructed to accommodate following number of cars, by taking into consideration the question of road traffic in areas surrounding the Exposition site:

Passenger cars Chartered bus Turnover rate 20,000 1,000 1.2 b. Plan for Circumferential Roads 1) Plans ·will be mapped out for the constructiOI1 of a road circling the Exposition site designed to serve as a cushion to solve the question of unbalance in vehicular traffic caused by vehicles arriving at the Exposition site from various direc­ tions. This i·oad will diYide the Exposition site into outer and inner areas, as well as regulating unba1ance caused by auto­ mobiles entering parking lots, linking routes between gates or fulfilling other functions. 2) Sub-stations, ·which will be set up at gates along in­ coming routes or at parking areas, will relay information on vehicular traffic to the central office and control the net­ work of traffic signals intsallecl along routes circling the Ex­ position site. c. Plan for Distribution of Parking Lots 1) · Parking lots will be built, one on the east side and the other on the west side. 2) To avoid confusion, plans ·will be mapped out so that passenger cars are parked as near to each en trance route as possible. The motorists on their return trips ·can thus leave the Exposition site through the same route. 3) The major parking lots and entrance routes ·are as follows: · East Parking Lot: Chi.w Loop \Vay (East). Part of Chuo Loop vVay (\Vest). Maximum capacity: About 13,700 cars. vVest Parking Lot: North Entrance Route, \Vest Entrance Route, Chuo Loop \Vay (\Vest). Maximum capacity: About 7,800 cars. d. Transportation to the Gates (Parking bus) As some parking lots will be located at a considerable dis­ tance from the Exposition gates, parking bus will shuttle visitors between the parking lots and the gates. Visitors as a rule arc assumed to return to the parking lot by the parking bus. e. Plan for Terminals I) In addition to passenger cars, chartered buses, route buses, taxis and shuttle buses from nearby railway stations will arrive through routes surrounding the Exposition site. The vehicles will be accommodated in termin::ds on the side of the 1-.Jain Gate and each sub-gate of cast, west, south and north.

-8- 26

2) Each terminal will .be divided into exclusi','e areas such as a plaza for chartered buses, berths for buses and shuttle buses and taxi ·bays, and plans will be mapped out for the prevention of congestion in traffic lines. Space in the form of plaza also will be set aside for berths to accommodate parking buses and berths (on the Exposition site) for buses linking various points at the Exposition site. 3) Since under some circumstances all chartered buses may not be accommodated at the plaza within a terminal, auxiliary parking lots directly linked to the terminal will be built for this purpose.

TRANSPORTATION PLAN FOR INNER AREA OF THE SITE

a. Traffic Network for Inner Area 1) Plan will be made for the completion of a traffic network within the Exposition site for the purpose of promoting the smoo~h flow of in-coming visitors, avoiding and for local con­ gestions. The flow of visitors will be determined largely by the network of exclusive roads for pedestrians and various transportation systems within the Exposition site and by the distriqution of various events. The circulation of visitors is caused as the visitors walk about in search· of new. attractions: ·This type of attraction or point of absorption . force will be cal1cd an "Event." · Various Events may be presented according to their chat:­ acter (such as exhibition, plaza, etc.) . and the difference in absorption force. When a network of evenly-distributed transportation routes and events with equivalent attraction are distributed on the Exposition site, it is apparent that the circulation of visitors will concentrate on the geometrical point, ·whereby the plans for the Exposition site, as a ·whole, ·'1\'ill become less attractive because it will be lacking in motivations to make the visitors wish to see the next point of attraction. 2) Under this master· plan, examination will be made of the methods of distribution of the events and various ·patterns· for the net"·ork of trafli.c routes, so as to promote diffusion of visitors, to giYe a close-up vie·w of the entire ·Exposition site and to form an easy-to-understand picture of the site. b. Patterr1 of Flow The network of transportation facilities on the Exposition site incorporates the adYantageous poitits of both loop and axial patterns. It will be in the form of a mass transportation network embodying a medium-speed mass loop transportation syst~m and an axi:l.l belt-type low-speed mass transportation system.

- 9 - 27

c. Various Transportation F ac ~li ties in the· Exposition Site 1) In addition to the above-mentioned medium and low­ speed mass transportation facilities, plans have been made for the installation of a rope-way ride and facilities for bi­ cycles. 2) Visi tors may freely get on or off the mechanized pedes­ trian way whose directions may be changed according to changes in the flow of human traffic. 3) Stops for medium-speed mass transportation earners will be located at every 200-300 meters.

Type of ·Transportation ISpeed and Capacity! Length I I I Low-speed m·ass transportation media (moving sidewalks) Installed along mechanized 2 Km/ h-4 Km/h 3.2 KmX2 pedestrian way. · A conveyor-type system to 20,000 passengers be installed in straight lines. /h (round trip) Medium-speed mass trans­ portation carriers Low-floor type; easy to get I 15,000 passen­ 5.5Km on and off; loop-type route. ; gers/h ------1-- --·- - - ·1--- Rope-way Ride i I Elevated stations will be ! 7,300 passen- 3.3 Km buift at the south, east and ! gersjh 1' west gates. l I • } • . I 1 L ow-spec d s1g useemg earners :- ----,-' Light vehicl ~s such as bicy- : j des £01 wluch five rental stations will be built on Exposition compounds.

· d. Pedestrian Roads The mass transportation facilities are designed to facilitate the smooth flow of \'isitors through the spacious exposition site, but l!lost of the flo\\' of visitors will be done by walking. In contrast to the point-to-point movements of the medium­ speed transport faciliti~s , the pedestrian routes are designed: I) To ict pedestrians enjoy the atmosphere of the ex­ position site at their o\\·n pace, allo,,·ing sufficient space for· them to move freely or stop at will. 2) To help visitors gain an o\·crall picture of the site, since the most important pedestrian road is the promenade running from cast to "·est and terminating at the respective gates. As a result, visitors "·ill be able to acf} uaint themselves

- 10 - 28

with the conical lerrain and enjoy the "vista" o( the artificial lake and the Symbol Area. 3) The network of pedeslrian roads will cover all the ex­ hibition areas. To achieve this, the network of pedestrian roads will spread through the entire Exposition site. In order to spotlight and give a variety of rhythms to the Exposition site, some plazas will be prepared. . 4) To link the pedestrian roads with plazas of various types, some of the plazas will be paved, others planted with shrubbery. In each case, construction ·will be carried out to emphasize the scenery and view around the pedestrian roads. e. Service Roads · Exclusive service roads will be built alongside the circum­ ferential road . . In addition, such roads will be planned in such a· manner as to give visitors easy access to them by locating them parallel 'to bus routes ·within the Exposition site, to mechanized pedestrian ways and to pedestrian roads around the artificial lake. 29

PLAN FOR l\1ASTER FACiLITIES

The network of main facilities of the Exposition will be situ­ ated between Omatsuri Plaza (Festival Plaza) and the central main gate, linked with the four gates (East, \Vest, South and · North) and sub-plazas at strategic points through mechanized pedestrian ·ways. Let us call this "the master facilities" of EXPO '70. The simple pattern of the network should prove useful in giving visitors an overall view of the entire Exhibition site. In the exhibition areas of EXPO '70, colourful and varied pavilions a1:e expected to incorporated unique ideas and devices, and the above-mentioned "master facilities" will be designed to link such pavilions and enable them to maintain order and harmony among the pavilions. Further, such "master facilities" will represent the character of EXPO '70 and are expected to have a pronounced inter­ national flavour. They are expected to better realize the EXPO '70 theme o( "Progress and Harmony for Mankind."

OMATSURI PLAZA (FESTIVAL PLAZA)

Omatsuri Plaza combines features of a J apanese festival ground an d a western " p 1aza. .. This is where people exchange good wishes and participate in or enjoy various performances. a. There is a central plaza extending over both banks of the artificial lake. The total area and space extending from the central plaza into sub-plazas and roads · arc comprehensively called "Omatsuri Plaza.:· b. This plaza will have a huge roo£ structure designed to prevent direct exposure to rain or sunshine. It will consist of the Main Theme Pavilion, a theater, a viewing stand, an art museum, outdoor art saloons, aquatic stage, a shopping centre which .,,·ill include an arcade with stands by world famous shops and catering facilities representing world famous res· tam·ants. c. Omatsuri Plaza with its huge roof structure is expected to become a symbolic monument of "progress and harmony" through the various types of performances presented there and the people participating therein.

SUB-PLAZAS a. Appropriate sub-plazas ,,·ill be distributed 111 the Exposi- tion Areas. b. The sub-pbzas will be primarily linked ,,·ith the mech· anized pedestrian ways. In addition, they "·ill be located at

- 12 - 30

strategic points that ensure a fine vista or by the lake, thereby giving harmohy and order to the distribution of the pavilions. c. The sub-plazas will vary in type according to their topo- graphic features. The major plazas where EXPO service faci­ lities will be located ·arc; the plaza set up from the 'Vest Gate to the promenade leading to the artificial lakes; the plaza which affords a fine vista of a valley; a plaza designed to serve as highlight for a green-belt area which links the Recreation Areas in the south and north; a high-plateau plaza that over­ looks the artificial lake; and a lakeside plaza between the mechanized pedestrian ways and the Green Area. d. Promenades linking the East, ' 'Vest, South and North gates with the cen~ral part of the- Exhibition area are planned. Especially, a plan is being made so that the east-west pro­ menade will extend to the lakeside along the conical terrain, by taking into consideration the scenery in that part of the Exposition site.

l\JECHANIZED PEDESTRIAN '.YAY a. Four mechanized pedestrian ways, centering around Omatsuri Plaza, ,.,rill link the East, vVest, South and North gates. b. These routes will become the main arteries of the Exposi- tion site and "·ill consist of the follo,\·ing facilities: 1) Environm·ental controls 1)- 1 lighting l )- 2 roof I )- 3 air curtain 1) - 4 cooling ventilation 2) Transportation equipment 2)-1 sidewalk · 2)-2 horizontal conveyor ·3) Communication equipment 3)- 1 telephone 3)- 2 telegTaph 3)- 3 closed circuit TV 3)-4 sign boards 4) Utility & sewer facilities 4)- 1 ·watenrorks 4)- 2 sewerage 4)-3 electricity 4)- 4 gas 4)-5 cold water 4)- 6 hot '\\:ater 5) Display of EXPO theme 6) EXPO ser\'icc facilities 7) Plazas 8) Transfer stations c. EXPO Service Facilities (sec following items) will be se t up at the transfer stations along the mechanized pcdestri~n ways and sub-plazas will be provided at imponanl points.

- 13 - EXPO SERVICE FACILITIES Ai\D GATES a. Five types of EXPO Sen·icc f acilities "·ill be systematical- ly distributed throughout the Exhibition site. These f;~cili ties are designed to ensure safety and comfort o[ the visitors. b. The service facilities ,,·ill be broken down as follo,,·s: U 1: A facility of this type \\·ill be located at the main gate and the E

EXPO SERVICE FACILITIES

-----, --u~--, u ~ I u3 I u:--l- u-5--i Restaurants i ---~---~-- ~ * ~ ----T --- -·- · Co IT cc---~ h ops -- :----r---;--1----;:----,- * -- -r·----. ----- ,- -- , - I I Lounges · I * : * 1 * * * ------j .T ------··- ~ Sta1~d s ______!_ _~ _ _! ___ * ___.L _* __ .L·-·-·-, - ~avatori~--~--~--~ * ~- ~~ ---- - ! --* ---'·--- * ..... ,~I Information l .. ! •. I .. j I ~- Centres I ~ I ::- I ::- I ,. ------·-·------,- - - -" 1 -Rcn~~lSt:1nds * J * I J 1 _! - Gu:1rds.. __ _ __ * --i'-;-1---;----1 1----;- I - - - ·------·.·---· 1 -----, Counsding * I I j 1 ------'- ·---'------Lockers * I * I . J I I - Fir s~ -ai~l-- - -- , --~- -f ...... --,---- ~ ----- ,------1 ~~atl?._r~~------_1. ______;______!_ .. ___ .... ______-- -- -... - --.. ----- __I --- ~·~;,1~~ - -+-~~-- ~------1----j-- -- -j-- -- ...... ------·------r a~)t~~t ·: --~~:o-:~ J-~1~-~ ;t. ~- a b ~~;~ T~~-1~ ~-:l~--~ 1 OOO· 2! 1,900 rn-. SOOrn- : GOrn- . 80m· : I 3' . 'n . ' ~ 1 ' ------. ----· - ___ ..,:. _ ·------·------· --- -· - ·- 32

DISPLAY OF EXPO THEl'vlE

It is the basic policy of this. master plan to display the EXPO theme throughout the Exposition site. a. Therefore, the main theme will be developed in the Symbol Area, while the sub-themes will be displayed in such a manner that they will be recalled at various places .along the mechanized pedestrian ways which extend into four directioi)s from the Symbol Area. b. The Theme Hall located in the Symbol Area is expected to manifest the main EXPO theme of "Progress and Harmony for Mankind." c. In contrast, the mechanized pedestrian ways ·will be in- stalled in a manner they will pass by the sub-themes. The space for display purposes will be formed so that the visitors may understand the meaning of the sub-themes while being transported on the mechanized pedestrian ways. 33

PLAN FOP~ SUPPLY PROCESSING FACILITIES

PLAN FOR WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE FACILITIES a. The required volume of water on the Exposition site will be supplied by the Osaka Prefectural Government, at a rate of 100,000m3 fday. The volume of water supply and sewerage required will be computed at the esti_mated peak population of 600,000 per day. b. According to their functions, the ·artificial lakes will be broadly divided into two categories. The southern half of the main lake on the north side of the Exposition site and the small lake on the south side of the Exposition site will contain high-quality water for dynamic, multiple purposes. The north- . ern half of the main lake will contain less pure .water but will be used for static purposes only such as offering it pri­ marily for visual enjoyment. However, studies are being made to purify part of the western portion of the northern half of the main lake for use as a swimming pool.

PLAN FOR l'viAIN PO\VER AND GAS LINES a. The electrical facilities will have a capacity of 150,000 KVA and the pmrer-receiving and transformer facilities will be located in the energy centre under the Symbol Area. At 7·0,000 V of power-receiving voltage and at 20,000-6,000 V of supply voltage, power will be distributed to all the pavilions. b. City gas High-pressure gas gm·ernors will be installed within the lot of gas companies located outside the Exposition site. Through medium-pressure pipes, gas will be led to the energy plan un­ der the Symbol Area. Both electrici"ty and ·gas are ·also being considered as cooling energy sources. Both or either of the two will be used depending upon determination of the most economical method. PLAN FOR ARTIFICIAl., CONTROL OF ENVIRONMENT

DISTRICT COOLING

District cooling is defined as a fon1lllla whereby cold water, processed at a refrigerating plant, is supplied throughout a region. This formula is already being put to use at Kennedy Airport in New York and in the City of Hartford, Conn. \Vhen this formula is adopted for the Exposition, it will be the largest air-conditioning system of its kind in the world. Studies haYe been made to explore the possibilities of utiliz­ ing this type district cooling, system on the Exposition site. Realization of this system is being carefully examined in vie·w of the fact it has been confirmed that the system has many advantageous points and will ensure economical operation. Its advantages: a. Under this district cooling system, installation of refriger- ating machines or circulating pumps in each pavilion on the Exposition site will become unnecessary. The refrigerating machine room also will be unnecessary, resulling in decreased operation and personnel outlays. b. Unlike ordering a refrigerating machine for each paviliou, central management of district cooling will become a reality. Specifications of such district cooling system will be uniform, enabling easier resale of the plants after the Exposition, while helping to keep dmm the lease rates. · The reduced outlays will enable purchase of enough · cold water pipes for installation throughout the Exposition site. c. Through the centralized district cooling system, costs of distributing wires for electricity or pipes for gas and other energy and power-receiving and transformation facilities will be reduced. d. Through the centralized and concentrated district cooling formula, the rate of simultaneous utilization of the system will become lower, resulting in a saving in construction cost and operating expenses. e. Scattering of refrigerating towers or chimneys at various places on the Exposition si(c can be pre,·cnted - a [a,·ourable factpr from the scenery point of Yiew. f. 'Vater in the artificial lake (130m X 50m X 2m) within "Omatsuri Plaza" \\·ill be cooled to I 0-20 degrees C. through night-time operation of the refrigerating machinery. By making use of the jets of cool \\·ater of the lake, a cooling effect can be produced for the plaza. It will h;we about 5,000 tons of refrigerating capacity. Following is an outline of the district cooling formula 110\\. under consid.eration: The central refrigerating plant \\·ill be inst::lllecl under the Symbol Area and \\·ill haYe. an estimated cap:1city of about

-17- 35

36,500 tons rdrigerating·capacity (3,320 kcaljrefrigerating tons). Scores of refrigerating machines in the easy-to-resell range of 200-1,000 refrigerating tons will be installed for the large­ capacity refrigerating plant. These machines will produce 5 degree. C cold water which will be distributed by circulating pumps to air regulating machines in various pavilions, for man-made weather purposes for semi-outdoor areas such as "Omatsuri Plaza" and the mechanized pedestrian ways and cooling parasols. · Of the cold water required to produce 36,500 refrigerating tons (volume of cold water: 455m3 / minutes), 30,000 refriger­ ating tons will be processed by the forced ventilated copling tower, while about 6,500 refrigerating tons will come fro.iTI natural cooling of the artificial lakes and of the fountain. Thus, maximum utilization of the water of artificial lakes will be made as a cooling reservoir.

MAN-MADE \VEATHER

The peak period of EXPO' 70 will fall during the rainy season and mid-summer. Rainy and sultry weather is typical of Japan. In order to make the Exposition an enjoyable and pleasant place, a plan is being considered to place a roof over. the "Omatsuri Plaza" and the mechanized pedestrian ways (with no side walls), and to create man-made ,\·cather control along these areas. a. As a man-made weather device, plazas and the mechanized pedestrian ways will be shut off from the outside ·with horizontal or vertical air curtains. The interior will be equipped with pleasant central cooling system at relatively low cost. vVhen appropriate, artificial wind, cold wind, cold mist, various scents, artificial rain, thunder or man-made wea­ ther phenomena are being planned. In ·addition, the display of electronic ice pillars by thermo elements and man-made ice towers made with brine water and cold-water fOtintains which would giYe viewers a refreshed feeling is being con­ templated._

ARTIFICIAL LAKE AND FOUP:Tr\IN a. An artificial lake with a capacity of 240,000m3 (10 hec- tares in size and an aYcrage depth of 1.5m) ,\·ill be built on the Exposition site to gi,·e the EXPO more charm. b. Especially in the Symbol Area centering around the "Omatsuri Plaza," plans ·will be finalized so as to enhance the viewing effect of the fountain, rainbo\\·, acquatic stage, under­ ground \•iewing room and other facilities. c. The main fountain will be large and of the screen type. It will measure 50 m high, 200 m wide and with ,\·ater Yolume of water, 360 m:t J minute. Illumination. projection, controlling

-18- 36

its height and synchronizing the water jets with sound .will be undertaken by an electronic computer. At the same time, this fountain will provide about 3,000 refrigerating tons of water as a cooling medium for district cooling purposes.

OUTDOOR ARTIFICIAL ILLUJviiNATION

a. As special illumination, white colour sources of light such as high-voltage natrium lamps and iodide mercury lamps and search lights stich as xenon lamps and pulsed light sources are being considered. b. As for illumination of the towers, fountain, lake, "Omatsuri Plaza" and the mechanized pedestrian ways, con­ sideration is being given to the beauty of combining in particular reflection, colour, brightness and sources of light.

Note: The master plan from pages 18 to 36 was prepared by the Japan Association for the 1970 Worlds Exposition.

-19- II. DSSIGN GRITE~IA 38

A. SCOPE The American Pavilion is intended to provide a completely American environment. The visitors to the Pavilion must be able to identify themselves id th the structure but at the same time relate to the total design of Expo 70. The pavilion should be a human environment, where people of all cultures and nationalities may come together to experi­ ence with their senses the diversity and creativity character­ istic of the American spirit. The visitor should be able to learn l'Tho Americans are, where and how they live, and w·ha t they create in the way of culture, science, and technology. The American Pavilion must provide an environment tha t is so comprehensive,unique, and interesting that va st numbers of people will gain a great deal of knowl edge and understanding of American life from the displays. In effectt the pavil ion '\'lould "sell" America. The exhibits are also intended to tell ·Nhy the AMericans act and live as they do rather than just t ell wha t they do. ·39

B. PAVILION FUNCTIONS AND AC'fiVITIES 1. Public activities The public areas in and around the United States Pavilion are composed of approxi ma t~ly 85~ of the total site. Nithin these areas , great support of the theme characterizing u.s. participation will be displayed. According to the u.s. Informa tion Agency, the range of activity topics listed below, from a through j, shall be included. a) Lunar exploration--a visualization of the Apollo progr am featuring retrieved comp onents from space, such.. as the Apollo command· module and , if possible, actual samples of the l unar l andscape. There shall be in addition to this vertica l d i splay space for photogra phs of the luna r surface and of the ear th as seen from the moon . A mode l of what a lunar city ~ay look like and displqys of h o~-v rr.an mi ght 11 ve on the noon sh9.ll be i nclu:ied. in this a ctivity.

A planetE>. rium, -::·rhich 1-rill accomodate JOO pe ople e'~rery ten minutes , she.ll be provided. This activity I·Ji:!. l place the per son in an j_'11agined f eeling of ;He i ghtl essness bJ the use of filrr. s.

The aucl.i ence ~·!i ll be taken on a simulated tl' i p i n to the !;eP, vens and on".;o other planets.

0 b) l.'!;'lo l-!\ ' · a·r.._s- ll• __ t,;~ ·_,.,_,ample- :.... .;::, of'- ~'Y'V - ar..,U._ t1· onP• - l ~~11d ur.ic'!.l._ j. _ - l'._.r ...,....,,.,.....-.. •• : ..... ~ .,L .....,.. =-:,.~...., ... .1. crafts fro~ the Smithsonian Institute and other collections.

Included here shall be vertical ·display space for the dis~lay of hand ~a1e quil ts , buffalo rugs , clothing and other cra fts of utilitarian value used throughout A~eric a n hist ory. 40

c) Architecture--illustrations of style characteristic of contemp orary Ame rica n architecture as well as planninG of new towns and r edevelopment of existing areas. To facilitate this activity, there should be ten models, each no larger than 5' x 20 '. A full scale interior of a typical American kitchen shall be employed here as well as vertical space for photos of American architecture and design. d) Images of Amer i ca --depiction of our land and i ts people. Vertical display space shall be available for the d i splay of such i t erns as rr: ount Rushmore, Ne -;'i York, Yosemite, .Nel·T Orleans , factory worlcers, physicians , house"V-iives, farme rs, baller inas , cm·rboys, and miners. Indian dancing will pl ay a lg,rge part in this activity, which should support an are~ for 20 dancers .

e) Recreation--baseball, m ount ~ in climb ing, archery, skiing , ca r r acing, photography , boat r ac ing , boxing, dancing, camp ­ ing , bowling , football, and others shall be displayed on vert i­ cal and horizontal display areas using photographs and actual sports equipment . A reotlon picture area for 100 people stani­ ing shall be provided for. Sel ected short subjects and high­ lights of these sports events sha ll be shown . f) Oceanography--utilization of the food resources of the shoreline shall be shown in actua l display of the finished product. Marine engi neering techniques i nvolving deep sea subn er sible s and under sea cables , and devic.es used. to locate mineral deposits below the oceah floors shall be displayed by use of photographs and actua l equipment u sed on vertical dis­ play a r eas. Space for a 9' x 25 ' cut- away model o~ a future 41 under water. habitat for human living and research and its surrounding environs shall be provided to exhibit the exciting world of undersea living and exploration. g) The arts--Vertical and horizontal space shall be made available for exhibiting such art works as contemporary fashions, using diverse materials such as vinyle, neon, metallic mirror, paper and electric lights. Also displayed will be furniture made of foam, cardboard, canvas, plastic and forced air. Sculpture and .Paintings ranging fro:n the Colonial Period through "today" shall be accommodated by ver­ tical and horizontal display space.

h) Paperback bookstore-~A bookstore 1-rhere American paper­

backs 1•Tould be sold shall be provided for. Vertical boo 1~ racks 't·rhich contain 3, 000 volumes shall be provided fo::r- as Ttrell · a·s a storage space for bulk storage of books in supply. Included ·would. be books on the humanities , arts, l anguage, music, philosophy, religion, science, biology, eneineering, mathemntics, education, history, political science, sociology. Along Hith the books listed above, there shall be books and pamphle ts s.bout the common things in life such as info::r-mation

on how to ~ake one's everyday life easier and more enjoyable, thus hG1ping to create mo::r-e leisure time. 1) Film nresentations--Another- imnortant- eleme nt of the U.s. Pa vilion Ttrould be a mul tiscreen f ilrr.. presentation depict­ ing the motion in everyday huma n life. '!'his major fil::'. presen­ tation would be so time sequenced as to allow an alreost uninter­ rupted traffic flow of 2,000 persons per hour into the 42 audi to:t"ium movie space. A projection room and three projectors shall be i n this space. Four people will w·ork in the projection room. Three

20 ' x 50' movie screens will be u sed for the projections. j) Specia l events and performing arts--A further demon- stra tion of the diversity and crea tivity theme underlying u.s. participation would be the presentation of live pe rfor~ances by American artists both inside and outside t he Pavilj.on. In an effort to provide some form of inf orn:>.a ti •;e enter- tainme nt for the lines of visitors waiting to enter the Pavilion proper, · it is proposed that a stage complex , l arge enough to accornmo1::t te a 200 member band , fea tur:i ng c onti nuous special events, be cons tructed on the sit e near the Pavilion, ~ i th i n easy vle-:·r of the Na i ting lines. Perforrr. ers ;·:oul d. include folk singers, rock a nd roll groups , ma rching ban1s , and fol k dance erouns . 16

The at?osphere created a~ ong the p~bl ic activiti es listei above should be that of motion . Motion plays a v er y i ~porta nt part in the r eal m of man . Pe.n, equipped ~·ri t~-~ his r espiratory system and life cycle is in constant motion with his surround- ings . ~e is now the individual searching for himsel f , the egocentric ~~10 finds it is difficult to b$ a war e of his total surroul ~ in gs and this constant motion, except l~en it affects him personally. With the beauty of'na ture a nd ~a~ in motio~ , one ·cannot help noticin~ all the ~any thril ls of life in ~ot io ~ .

But, a!.'l S , the sB.n;e rnoti on ·Nhich one e s tlsula ted us is no-;·r boring b e c~use of repetition. True motion will en li ~ht ~n us because of its beauty and change. 2. Private activities

a) Administrative--The administrative area should pro~ide a public waiting space for six people, a receptionist, Hho serves as a secretary, and an office for the manager and deputy of pavilion operations. Office space should also be provided for the Commissioner of the u.s. Pavilion, his deputy, and five group directors w·ho assist in the support and manage­ ment of the u.s. Pavilion. A conference room . seating 20 people should also be provided. b) Employees lounge--The lounge should have dining facili- . ties for 30 people including a coffee bar and vending ·machines. c) Locker area--Tl-Tenty-fi ve lockers should be provided for the storage of personal belongings of the employees. d) Rest !'ooms--A men's and "'·romen' s rest room shall be

provided. for the ereployees and staff t 30 'i'lOI!len and 20 :>en. e) Storage--A general storage area shall be provided for office supplies, inforn!s.tion pamphlets, .coffee bar and r est room supplies, and other bulk storage.

f) Custodian activity--Sp~ce shall be made available for jani to:"ia l equipment, such as a sink, mops, buckets, floor

buffers and pol~shers, and storage for cleaning equipnent, such as rags, brushes, and cleansers. g) Parking--Parking spaces for all personnel are located in the south parking lot. Shuttle-buses will transport the personnel fro:7! the parking lots to the south gate. h) Trash disposal--The main t rash disposal area shall be large enough to conta in a 4• x 5' . trash container. This will be us~d by the custodians. 45

C. ENGINEERI NG CRIT~RIA 1. Structura l a) The Nationa l Building Code shall be adher ed to in t he construction of the project. b ) Ear thquake s . Field observati ons emphasize the i mpor­ tance of several considerations in earthquake r esistant design. They are as follows : 1. Structural members--Structura l members must have ductil ity a s we ll as strength. Deformation beyond the e l astic range will occur in a strong earthquake , even though the structure is designed in full compliance with the provisions of Nationa l 3uilding Code , and due tili ty !E9.Y me~1n the d iffer­ ence between r epair able damage or catastrophic damage . There­ fore a rig id steel structural system could best resist the stra ins .

2. Stress reversal - - The fra~ ing cembe~s ~ust be able to withste~d stress reversals. The be~ding moments produced in the frn~ i n; members by an earthquake will be gr9atest at the end s o:: the merobe;.-s, and will alter!"l.e.te , goi ng· from a :"'.axir:·u :-:> positi~ s ~o~en t to ~ maximum negat ive moment and back again as the motion continues . A framing rrember which can resist bending moment in only one s e nse will fail when the ~o~e~t is r ever-sci.

J. Structural Co~ti!"luit y -- Structural con t i ~ uity i~ essential to provi de a secon1 l ine of seismic r esist&nce.

Failure of one rne~ber or c onnection will r esult i n e ~odistri - bution of forc2.s amonr; the rer:•ainlng r esistins el c~r, ~r.ts if n 46 continuity is provided; but if its continuity is lRcking,

failure at a single location ~ ay result i n collapse . 4. Connection De t a ils--Connection details r equire special attention. The connec tion.s must be designed to tra ns:d t the maximum forces and moments that can be imposed upon them by the earthquake. To take advantage of the energy absorbing capacity of the structural members, connections should be designed so that the first f ailure would occur in a member rather than in the connection.

5· Structura l damage--Structura l and ~onstructural dam-

a~e can be expected in a strong earthquake. Although the

building cod.e imposes no repairability r equ ir eme ~ts the inter est

of the owner is greatly affe~ted by the safety of the occu- pants. 2. Utilities

All utilities ar e avail able on the site and und~rground .

a) ~a ter--~ater to be su9ulied will be potabl e and ma y b2 used for sundry uses es well a s for fi~e extingui shing. Its pressure at the terminal poi ~ t of the supply pi~e will rra in­ tain more than 5#/in . 2 A booster pump will be requ irad if the water is used at a l t i t udes higher t han 33 feet above ground level. A volume of 100,000 tons per day will be supplied. from the Osa ka Prefectural Hater CleaninG 3ed loc8.te2. at rur Rno, about seven miles east of the ex~osit ion site . There will be a r eservoir of 10,000 tons capa city at the northwest c orner of the ~es t parking area for the ~ur~ose of odju~t ·i .,.., ·">' ~ ·',-, .,_ dPmgnd~ t-l~c ~1l"'.,.... l y Gi. .:J -· - ~0 V:H.: "")UC""U'"'tjnn..!. • v .:;I.. • 0 · . ...:.-.. ~ ·- "- 0"'.;...... •\'-.-.tor: :..4 - -- . ~.1 •• 47

b) Sew~ge--Rain 1-rater and sew·age ~·rill be disposed of through the - ~e1-rage system. The se'!Jrage v1ill be dischar~ed t'o an interceptor box located at the northeast corner of the site and then to an eight-inch main which leads to a seNage system. The sewagi will be treated at the central sewage disposal plant located at the Aji River basin and discharged. 17 The rain w·ater will be directed into the rain 1-:ater boxes from which it will be discharged into the sewage system. Excess rain water l'lill be direc_ted through a 15-inch concrete pipe which runs on the north border _of the site at a slope of

0.80~ to the joining place on the grounds and discharged into Taisho River. c) Gas--Gas to be supplied will be the city gas r efined througl! the burning of heayy oil. The cap<:>.ci ty of the supply is 231~000 cubic meters a day to the Sxpo site. The gas will be supplied from a storage tank nea r the west gnte to the Pavilion site through a 2-inch main which enters the site at the southeast corner. The consume r will use the gas by reducing its pressure with a pr~ ssure adjuster.

d) Teleuhone--Teleuhone- . c~bles will enter the site at the northe~st corner. J. Air conditioning

a) Dust and odor rem oval--~xhaust fans shall be located in the rest roo~ areas as well ~s in the exhibit ion an1 &ud i- torium a reas. Due to the fact that- a l arge number of people will be moving through this pa vilion, dust will be kept in c onst ant 4·8 circulation through the air. The control of odor and dust in the exhibition and auditorium areas is one of the priMe mech- anical considerations in this pavilion.

b) Outdoor ~ir intake--The air intake shall be provided on the exterior of the building in such a manner as noi to be offensive to the visual aspect of the building. "The r ecorii - men~ed and maximum duct velocities for the air intakes in the pavilion shall be sao feet per minute."18 c) Heating--Heating of the building is through fin-tuqe conv&ctors which depend on gr a vity convection to move the air which has been warmed in passing over the fins that attach to the ceiling radiaht panel . Air that is warmed by this pa nel remains in contact with the ceiling because it cannot drop unless it cools. The c e iling , of course , does its job of hee.ting in an effective manner, but le.rgely by the princ.iple of the transfer of radiant ener gy.

The warm air shall be delivered at loc a tio ~~ of greatest hea t loss ( z: l .~ss areas) and. in a direction that l east ~u sturbs the occu-pa nts. d) Humidifying--Heating the air frequently reduces its relati7e hureidity to a point below .40{, which is gener a lly consid ~red ~ ini ro um for comfort. ~oisture shall be add~d by bleed i1 :_: s tE:r:-,rr. fro!n the h eating system into the cd.r s trea:n .... . after i t p~ss2s the hot coil. A humidistat supplies 8.8. ~.-l S - factory r esul ts. e) Sterilization-- Air sterilization removes the threat of airborne inf~ction in the pavilion. "The principal- is the :maintenance of a germi- cidal vapor (triethylene or propylene glycol about 501 concen-

I trated) in the air. The quantity of glycol necessary is bnly one ounce per. hour per 3, 000 CFI•1 of all\. Since gl ycol d.eco!!l- poses at temperatures below its boiling po~nt, vaporlzing must be accompli shed at a temperature held ~ithin two or three degrees. Glyc.ol vapor is introduced into the ai.rstreE\.!'!1 by a small pr essure drop~ About 20 CF!1 pass through the v-e. ~)o ri zor , w·hich :i.s located ln a plenum before the fan or outside the duct ahead of the fan. Vaporizing equipment must be electroni- cally interlocked ~ith the f an motor since it only operat es when the ventilating system is in usec 111 9 f) Fan--The fan ke eps the air circulating throughout the building . It shall not be placed within 20 feet of a return grille. A quiet motor and cushioned mountings ~ust be selected to reduce the transm issio~ of noise and vibra tion. The connection or contact of con~uits br water piping ~ith the fan housinG must not be permitted to prevent· t he conduction of noise. g ) Ducts--Silence is a major factor in the ducts . A canvas- asbes tos connection between the bonnet and ductwork shall be insta lled to reduce conduction 'of noise. The velocities shall be 1,000-1,500 FP ~ for the main ducts , 600-900 FPY for t he 20 branch ducts and 600-700 FP?•1 for the bra nch rise:rs . Input grilles mu st be artistica lly placed and designed to a s sure appro p~ia t e d istributi on of a ir. Tha t i s , no drefts . 50

h) Circulation--Supply registers shall be equipped ~ith dampers and shall have their vanes arranged to disperse the air and to reduce its velocity as soon as possible after entering the space. This w·ill be done by providing vanes which divert the air half to the right and half to the· left, independently of' whether the register location is high or lo..r. 1) Control--The burner is started or stopped by a thermo­ stat which is placed in or near the space being he~ted at a thermally stable location that is protected from cold drafts, direct sunlight, and the warming effects of nearby warm air registers. A cut-in temperature of 85°F shall be· used for the fan swith in the furnace bonnet.

4. Electrical poltler from. • •

the north power s~bstations will be supplied to the pavilion at 22,000 volts, 60 cycles. The Pavilion will re6eive • its po~-Ter from one of two different electric distributio!l lines. Even in the event of an accident, there will be no power failure. Lighting levels in general office space should be 100 foot-candles maintained. The general display area should have a minimum of 30 foot­ candles. Statuary will require 100 foot-candles . 21 In some cases, illumination of two or three times as much will be required. Dark paintings with fine detail or delicate statuary may require this rise in lighting leveJ.. The illumination level in the auditorium should be as follows : During intermission--S foot-candles; during performance or presentation--0.1 foot-candles; foyer--5 foot­ candles; entrance lobby-~2 ·0 foot-candles. 22 III. STATEi(ENT OF C H.ltR.~ CTER 53

When one approaches the American pavilion, his firs t impression should be that of 't·rarmth. The building mus t express this f~eling of 't·Tarmth from ·all vie~

SCHOOL OF AHCHITECJ'U2E FAYEi('..VEIITHER HALL . CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA. 22901

26 June 1968

Mr. Terrance Brown 2419 13th Street Apartment 41=4 Lubbo.ck, Texas 79409

Dear Mr. Brown:

I am pleased by your interest in kinetic architecture, as its potentials for new concepts in architecture, and even urban planning are fantastic. Enclosed is a copy of a partial list of references on the subject. The field is so new that current events cause such a list to expand almost every day. We have sponsored research here now that should add materially to this subject. Also underway is a book I am writing to define and suggest directions pertaining to kinetic structures and kinetic architecture.

Good luck on your thesis; and when you come up with something, please let me know.

Sincerely, ....._._ t \' - , . 7 . l ,_. ·~ \....\... ·-·. .- -. - . .?..... -·-·- ·k - /-~ ....._ : William Zuk Professor of Architecture In Charge of Structural Engineering

WZ:sw

DICTATED BY DOCTOR ZUK BUT SIGNED IN HIS ABSENCE. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE OFFICE OF ADMINISTRATION FOR. DOMESTIC AND INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS U . S. EXPOSITIONS STAFF

October 24, 1968

Mr. T. Brown 306 Gordon Hall Texas Tech Lubbock, Texas

Dear Mr. Brown:

Enclosed is a Press Kit containing press releases and photographs which relate to the concept, devel­ opment and completion of our Pavilion at HemisFair 1 68.

We hope that the enclosed information will assist you in developing your thesis. When your thesis is completed we would be interested in receiving a copy, if possible, for our research files.

Good Luck!

Sincerely yours, . - . - ./ ..::;::---:: .-

<...... - :~./- . / ~·...... ~ _·,.._: _..,_ . ;_·_ _ .. ·- ., ..·, ..,. '-(··\ ::.··: ...... : ...... -·( . .. VITO A. PASSEMANTE Deputy Operations Manager

VAP:sp Enclosures

U .S. PAVILION . HEMISFAIR ' 66 P.O. BOX 999 SAN ANTONIO. TEXAS 78206 TEL: CAP I TOL 3-3 171 R. BUCKMINSTER FULLER BOX 909 CARBONDALE, ILLINOIS 62901, U. S. A . 616 - 457-8064

November 11, 1968

Dear Mr. Brown:

In Dr. Fuller's absence, we are forwarding your letter to

his partner, Mr. Shoji Sadao, 96 Mt. Auburn Street, Cambridge,

Massachusetts, for reply.

Sincerely,

Mrs. Naomi Wallace, Administrative Secretary

Terrance· Brown 306 Gordon Hall Texas Tech Lubbock, Texas 79406

NW:cs UNITED STATES INFORMATION AGENCY WASHINGTON 20547

OFFICE OF THE DIRECTOR November 13, 1968

Dear Mr. Brown:

Your letter of November 4 addressed to Mr. Orchard has been forwarded to this office for reply.

We are pleased to learn that you have chosen the topic of the United States Pavilion at Osaka's Expo '70 as the subject for your architectural thesis.

To help you in the preparation of your thesis, I attaching a batch of information related to the United States effort in Expo 170 which you may find of consequence.

If you should ever find yourself in Washington, I would be delighted to talk with you about expositions m general and the function of architecture therein.

Good luck in your project. l~;2 / j/ .... .,V Jack Masey Director of Planning and Design United States Exhibition Japan World Exposition Osaka, 1970

Enclosures: 1. Fact sheets 2. Hearings

Mr. Terrance Brown 306 Gordon Hall Texas Tech Lubbock, Texas 79406 Offices in: East St. Louis, Illinois San Francisco, California

Hellmuth, Obata & Kassabaum, Inc. Architects 1430 Olive Street, St. Louis, Missouri 63103 Telephone: 314 421 0343

November 21, 1968

Mr. Terrance Brown 306 Gordon HaJI Texas Tech Lubbock, Texas 79406

Dear Mr. Brown:

I am e~·telosing some of the information for the United Stal·es Pavillion for Expo 70. I hope that it will be useful to you.

If I can be of any he Ip in the future 1 pi ease do not hesitate to call me.

Sincerely yours,

Chih-Chen Jen

Vice President 1 Design l \/ ,. _;) .!.- t ~· q .. c~ ··:~ .- ~ -- C [ ,'. ' t ' t<~ . CCJ/Ikb R. BUCKMINSTER FULLER, HON. A.I.A. SHOJI SADAO, A . I.A.

FULLER AND SADAO, INCORPORATED

96 MT. AUBURN STREET, CAM B Rl DG E, MASSACHUSETTS 02138/ TEL. (617)· 491-4799

25 November 1968

Mr. Terrance Brown 306 Gordon Hall Texas Tech Lubbock, Texas 79406

Dear Mr. Brown:

Thank you for your letter of 1 November. I am Mr. Fuller's partner and am answer­ ing on his behalf.

I think your best bet is to write to Jack Masey who is Director of Planning and Design. He is right where the action is. You should also contact Davis and Brody, who are the architects for the U.S. Pavilion. Their addresses are:

Jack Masey Director of Planning and Design United States Exhibition Japan World Exposition, Osaka 1970 United States Information Agency Washington, D. C. 20547

Davis, Brody & Associates 12 East 53rd Street New York, New York 10022

Wishing you success with your thesis.

Sincerely yours, FULLER AND SADAO, IN CORPORA TED

,, (' /1 ~VI/" S@ Sadao

SS:ch !I! ROBERTS • A L L E N • H E L M K E • A R C H I T E C T S

Dec. 19, I 968

Mr. Terrance Brown 306 Gordon Hall Texas Technilogical College Lubbock, Texas 79406

Dear Mr. Brown :

Please excuse my de lay in answering your letter with regard to your thesis work on the worlds fair buildings. Our office was involved in several projects at the recent HemisFair and I would be very glad to try to give you any information which may be he.lpful to you. Th e nature of t his work, being rather involved, makes it difficult to answer any general questions. If you could be more specific with your questions, or wo uld have the opportunity to visit for a discussion of the subject, I feel that we could be of some help to you.

Please feel free to write or to come by and visit with us.

Very truly yours,

/ / / . , .. . , VERNON L. HELMKE

H/t

R E GINA L D ROBERTS FAIA C RAIG ALLEN Al A VERNON HELM K E AlA H ARO LD SIMON AlA

M cC ULLOU G H S A N A NT ON I O T E X A S DAVIS, BRODY &ASSOCIATES ARCHITECTS

12 EAST 53 STREET NEW YORK CITY 10022 TEL. 421-7766

LEWIS DAVIS, AlA SAMUEL BRODY, AlA December 24, 1968 ALAN SCHWARTZMAN, AlA

Mr. Terrance Brown 306 Gordon Hall Texas Tech Lubbock, Texas 79406

Dear Mr. Brown:

The information you are inquiring about with respect to the U.S. Pavilion at Expo '70 Osaka covers several tons of material accumulated in the past year. I would not think that you need be that literal in the program for your thesis, but in any case, we would be glad to have you look it over if you were able to come here and make whatever copies you think would be pertinent.

The time is very short for the design and construction of the pavilion because of the late start and constant budget changes, so you will appre­ ciate our own rushed schedule and understand our inability to help you more directly. Another source might be the U. S.I. A. in Washington, D. C., who are the sponsoring agency.

Very truly yours, UNITED STATES INFORMATION AGENCY WASHINGTON 20547

OFFICE OF THE DIRECTOR

January 9, 1969

·near Mr. Brown:

Your letter of December 6, 1968, to Mr. Charles E . Noel has been forwarded to this office for. reply.

May we call to your attention that on November 13, 1968, we answered a similar inquiry from you and enclosed the following information sheets: Basic Data, Bureau of International Exhibitions, Theme, Foreig;n and Domestic Participation, Osaka 1 70 Advisory Members, Structural Data and Hearings.

We trust that this information has been helpful to you.

J,ac}{, Masey Deputy Commissioner General for Planning and Design United States Exhibition Japan World Exposition Osaka, 1970

Mr. Terrance Brown 306 Gordon Hall • Texas Tech Lubbock, Texas 79406 V. FOOTNOTES 1Japan Association f or the 1970 World Exposition, p. 3 . 2 Ibid., P• 5· 3Kenneth vl . Tuckhurst, The Story of Exposi ttons, p . 117 . 4 Ibid., p . 129. 5~.!..t p. 132 . 6Ibid., p . 142. 7 . Ibid., p. 163. 8 Ibid., p . 188. 9Kharkov Ukrania, Tools of Understanding , p . 78. 10Tuckhur st, on. cit., p . 9 . 11Ibid. 12Ibj.d.

13Ibich_, p . 10.

14Ibid . , p. 11.

15ukra nla , on. c i t . ·, p. 14. 16 Depa rtment of State Bulleti n 57:827, p . 87 .

17Jana n Association for the 1970 11/orld Ezposit3.on , oD . cit., p . 26 . -

18r.:cGuinness , Stein, Gay , and Fa~v cett , !~ echanic a l and. El ectrica l Sauiu2ent of Build~ , p . 204 . 19N ick Ogura, J a uanese Cultura l and Co~m erci a l Cent e r ~ p . 99. 20r,: cGuinr!ess , Stein, Gay, and Fa\·rc e tt, ou. cit.

21Ibicl ., p . J 34 .

22 Ib~~' p . 386. VI. · BIBLIOGa~PHY Bach, Hareus. The Pm•rer of Perception. Garden City , New 1 06f.) Yorl::: Doubleday and Company, In:-;.-, .. / ... . Boing, Edwin G. The !?hysical l)im".!nsions of Ccnscicusnc::ss. Ne'i1T York and. Lon~fon : --TheCentl.i):y Company1933:- - --

Cralty, Bryant J . l\! 0\rement '38hn.vi or and I1 otor Learni r..S2_. Philaclelphla: Lea and -Febiger-, - 1964.

Carmel, J ames H. Exhibition=~;..._;,;~ , ~-Techniaues.-__...______New York: Reinhoi d Publishing Corporation, 19o2.

Depart~ · 1. e11 t. "Punct"I.U'ed 3alloon: Plans for a u. s. Pavil ion at Expo 70n Tine. 92 : 42 (August 23 , 1968) .

Jackson, George. \·lol'ld Fairs . 19 ·JcJ.-----

Japan Associ ation for the 1970 HorJ.d. Exposi tlon. " The :·:aster Plnn of the Japan Horld Exposi ti011 Os&}:e. 1970." I":a;r, 1968.

Kreen, Do~a ld. Livin~ Jan~n . Garden City, New York: Doubleday ard Co:::: ·9 0.:n~,r , Inc. -;-19 ~?r:

Lu ckhul'St , :·~en!'l o th H. '['he Story of E:·:hibitions. Lonc1.o!1 c?.!'td Ne·,·r Yo:rl-: : The Studio Fuolfcaticns , 1951.

!>~ ajor , _r:," " 11 3chind the Fun at Fairs" F.ol~.S:£2!. 42 : 29 ( Nove~be r, · 1967 ).

Ogura, ~ac:·: . ·Jau8.:'1ese Cu1tu_l~ a J. and Cot!".me rc.ie.l Cer.ter . 1967.

" President Issue s ~ze~utive Orders on Inter~atlo~al F'·9.irs Progra~:: " De"Jar';;:n~ nt of State BnlJ.jt}.n 57 :827 (Decei.':.ber 13 , 1967 ).

Schultz , D,J.ane P . Sensory ~= s tric tion. Ne~·~ York and Lond on : Ac fdeT:Ji c ?ress , 1 95").- Smitrl , c. "The Archits c'..:s :2:xpo" 48:127 (June , 1967) 4

Ukrania , ?::!')arkov. " Tools of Understandir~g 11 Ti"!:e 83 : 29 (August 19, 1966).

Zi nsser, -:.,1 . !< . " 'I'h e !~ e 1~! Joy : u. s. Pavilion at Szpo'' 32 : 8 (Janu~ry 9, 1968 ). TEXA S TECHNOLOGJC~L 00I~EGE JJu bbcck 1· Te;.~ a8

UNITED STATES PAVILION

JAPAN VIOI\J.D EXPOS I'DON OSAKA, JAPAN 1970

lf'err;::rwe Brl"_, ~·: n Spr·:i.ng, 19G9 TBble of Contents

Introduction . • ~ ~ ~ • • • • 1

Concept • • 0 • • • • • • 2

Spacial Arr~. nge m. ents . • ~ ~ • 5

List of Activity Are8. S. • • • • • • 1. 0

Revis:lons of t1"!2 Pror;ra:n. • • • • • 12

Materi al S el e ctiqn~ • 1)_!·

S t::cuc turaJ , • 17

A f'> I":echanice.l . e ~ .!. 0

Electrical. • o e . 19 Outline Specifications

Outline Buil c.ing Codas '70. 1~he sit0 is

ing .:1 t GO :::1ph .:Is '\\'e ll as . ,, . ·' .. ~ ...... •. J. ·.;~ ~~ :'·. ~ : .. \ .:.: ::_:-: _:__ ·:.: ~: ·.:..:I.:

. ' -· - (' (, ~ ~ ~· ; ~- ...: l'l ~. ~ 3.~ .-.: ·:; ·. : ~- ·_; :.;_ ·_) ·. . - c ;_} :.'. }_ ..: . . ' . 2

Concep·t- ~t·1an in ~iot ion

The total idea behind my co-ncept is man in 1noti.on, both physically and mentally. Each person sees his environment in a slightly different -.;.;ay. His backgroun d, f eii':iliarity uith the place, purposet mode of travel or role \vithin can make the Sa.I'.,e situation unreco·gnizable. Time, tra ffic, and climate impart their ovm variations to t he· scene. Yet the:c·c a r e bro·aa are-as o.f perceptual agreement. This is c a lled motion a't;areness.

The. observer .:;elect:!=; anc1 organizes the perpetual 'vor. l d throu 3h his senses for purposes of orientation or stimul a tion. He often finds hi.Inself ent'tvinecl in motion Hith t h e use of h i s senses. Not only that, but the ap!Jar e nt motion of h~ . s environ- ment: ·will send mass, space, light , surface and de.tail by in a contin~ous transforma tion by a simple mqve of rhe observer.

~iotion through ~pa ce l eaves an ever s tr o!t~er i mpression on the observer. Confinement usually induce s .a b.~:i ghtening o f experiential intensity ; openne!:ls conv0y:; a se r~.se of s:;;renity .

This ha s a t:!:"eme.ndous eff(:!Ct o f spact::> t~·~-<"lr). sitions .

The real motion of environment is oft en the most exc iting.

I feel people are n1.ore a-vmre of t his ·type o f ~~otion bec ause they c al) act:unlly see , fc81.) .;u~d !::c-:1r this n-:.o tion , such as •;ree:;.s

'Thus, · the stationery ,obse1.-ver, the ona who !. :ts his eyes do. the \-Talking , ge t~· his aesthetic kicks · fro:n a kind of implied

!.!.. ·~ n.:... : ~...· c·" n"",::. E'.. ' hut f J7om the a I.:oldinf!; ·Kell.

~-J.~::> " ·~ ':""',lot·-i ,-.·n p:.~"'v ·.i_c1c_, G' o~•1 h .• ~ -1 -i ·,-, ..; . -~c~--,- Tl1 \,-... - ..a..- -<>ls·o- ~ • - ...c.....J _._, • ..Y c::· t L) '.. ~ J...-\.-~~-4·1 f :, r "'..;;. I..;... "- '-'- ...... C- ..~ .:. , .. •L... ~.• ~

. n eeded. to b:d.:ng li1'e . Spaces scaled to a li'~ O. l1 • S

.,l..• ''')C r•p 1 O"" " ''l'~ 1- ' "" C th "" i .... ''l , •. • ~ •.• , .- , . ,.,.\ ., •., ' - -~ ... - · ou· ' ' ,, ...,, . ._ , thv r sh, o .;_ ' \,...... ~ -· - ' c...l. \,...... , c··· .,...· t·U.!.. ~ J.:.•.;:, .,..,.!. .. L .. . ~ .!. u :.~· :.:>':.· : . ...:.. ;..:.. \.- ·'- .l l • .; ~- _ .._ _ .. · . _ ... •·· · . .. '

""'! ...... A ,..t"'\ ~., -t"'\ ,..,t:' __ ""' 1 1 <=--~· · .... • _.. - ...... -_.... ;...... f or creating a choreogr aphy of motion . s atisfy not only t h e dancers but the ~udi sn ce , the CJ: iti c , th?

point a c:co ss.

b 8C

both in body 2nd spirit.

1 the DC i: :j_ \ 5.· t;;r {\.=: C Cl S 4

.: ~ :- i.: ~· .. - .... ::: 5 ·.· . ... -: ... f' . !, -=. : ... ·; ; easily to tl:.e co~cept of 111-'Ian i n Hotion.n It is ( -.• -.p the motion of man that w·e have been .:1ble to build a beT.i:or life fo:..~ ourselves nnc1 othere, not only in the physical prope:~:·t:i.Gs , r:e~c~~ as . c\~crything from indoor plumbing to lasm: bedri'lS, but c.J.so :i.11 discovering more about man and his mental capacities. The

·pro ~~l'e~~s of 1nan ha.s beer1 greatly incresscd becattse of !1i.s contirruing search for methods of ~vorld peace. One mcthcd is

.c • ' ., th.:.tt of com.r:mnication. The ever Hide:n:l.ng cl1a;:1ne l s 0.!. C:t!:"Ctu_a ... tion are br·eal:ing through to all people of the 'tW!.~ld and to th~;~ most remote areas 0!1 thz earth.

Horld E-;::posit:i.o;.1s are <:m e :: ~tension of this conui'ttE'l:i.. c a tJ.on

't-Jhich allm·7s people frOI11 a ll countries of t he 'Ho:cld to mGet

exhibits their reaso::-iS for thit1k :i.ng ~nd acting a s tb.G: y cio .

Hith t his in r.1i:nd , the architect can ct z:v·o t:e h1.s tiu·~ a.nd

as a rneetin .~ ~ p l a c e for- the p~op l c of the , .;o~c ld.

To clesig ~:1 the U.S . Pavilion, one must or.g:u:d.z e th8 c:: Zp B~(· - iences of t h0 specta tor in such a nlart::J:~ r: . tion in t:he shor'cest D.moun t of tiE1'.3 . .')

\h'lVS ·'

This p laza bo~l~G t0 sot

what is com~n3 no~t .

'i:0J.1t .

_; :. :·· :( -~:. C: :1. :~_- 1" _: :. ~--

: 4·...... ~ .. .. ·:.: : ..,_ ~-~ .·.. .· . '· . .. . 6

s emi-dc.l:t'k...'"'le~ :J above . i..:pon la.nding , or ree..ching t:he top, one

. . ·and ·its }.~.eavenly bodies fro:n \·iha.t appears ~o be the s~rface of the mool'l. The moc·n 1 s surface can be vi~tvcd ir. all :i.ts splendo:L~ by. all visitors '\vho, at the sa.n1e 'time, v ie~.. 7 the star- pc:l.tterns, com£- ts, end space e::-:ploration co;;-Jpono :Tt:~ overhead on .:1 l~rge planetar-ium scr:een. Light empha:::is on the lune.r surface is of utrnos·t it!lportance as t;rell as the sound produCE:;d by t apes co:n- trolled by electonic equipment.· This is do ~1.e t:o b:;:-ing out: th8 highlights as \·:rell as emphetsize areas of intor.:·est und Cl.i.:'ouse the spectato=st interest. The ul t :L."l'lf'. te c::;:perien.C•3 in this .:·.r ca ~-s that one should feel he is standing on ·the :nooi1 r s :::ur:E.2ce lo:;l:i;:;.c; off into spaC8 in t:he di:i::'!~C tio n of E!OJ:''i:ll. 'JJ::d s first-h.:>.:c'l.d · loo';. at earti.1 fr·or:'.. such C~. distance r.nay help r;;an t :!J rea.lize the:~~ 11~•. . !> plc.met i:;; 1~ot as big; a~ he thou ~h:i: and may e::.1. cour~.g.e hir:t ·to t::·~ ..~

to 1:1.vc :i.::..1. a l esr:; hos til<-)

T).1G Llez:i: area of . interest is a s ettinr:; of r.1m.1 r s :i. Tib.a b:i.'c&tion on the moon. The flavor of Arthm:· Clm-:lzt:, ' s spaco sto ~c i c::r; .shc1. 1. 1 /

visi.t c,1~ s.

tion. on it.

, . .. ··. 'i 1 ·;_.:.· :··, :_ .... ;~ - ~ .. . ~ ~ ..; ~ -~ .. ' . ·'

, .1'1·· . ,-...... -·- -·l .., : ' ~- . . :. ~ ·- ...... '- ~ .. ,.·.: .··.: : . . . ~~- ~-. .. . :. \ : ·. .Upon the visitors' m:-ri.val on tho bottom of . the occ.c-.:.!,

glass b;.:.bble

ment of tho HQ.UB.:n.:n.. ttG.

are see11. f.l.ro-._1nc1 ·the outside of ~che bubble. the· inc ide of th ·~ bJ.bbJ.e lool;;::i.ng Ol~t .

'"l •• -· • ~·. (. J•• t.• ,: ._. "t:o rncnki.no.•

bubble . r• • 1 It is a p roj 8 Cti o~ o.c ·;..:rlC

.,. '"; '• -:-""i, l·~ '"l ... , .. ____ ,. .. t:, t,!;,-_ ,..,..., ,.~,·-~ ... 1'.~ ·~ l.. - .)l:" ..... ~ ., ...... ,...... , .' .':.. ~ · · ·,. 1"""1.._.~-~~·!.·.·.!_;.._·,, ._·1_ ::.• -.' ,·'·, '(•... .._._.·: .·.. ' .·.'- ..... - .;· ...- '- •> t:'. . ~. ;,;,;-. .. ;. , ,·.'.;; ·'·· ~ t... '..J .;: , l~ &.- !. ; " '·' · -!., . .;:_; _t i: \:.~ ... t_.·.:·.. .. ~ .L .. ~ .- ., .. c. _ • ~ ,

...... J"\. ' r• 1 ~ ,:~ ·:- ,-..·. :. .·. '... ·. '··' -·- :-··· ~--

D1_J5.. ::·i t:; i.lX.'.( ~ 11 r.::~-7 lC;

space e-.:q;Slorat:ion 20% elev.:1to::s 10 '~ lunar landscape 50 s p ace c::;:.ploration e'}d1.ibit:s 30 ge~ni n:L cap sule su~veyor space-craft 1r..ar-iner IV c.pollo Cc!".p oulc n'lOdels of lt.m~r city actua l seats from c apsul es equipment used by asi ~:orw.ut:s space cr·aft 10

t"'\ C'."tt! ocea nography t.. :.> "/o dis p l .:.~ys of aquanauts mining ,.. . :r a:z:1n:tng drillins oil occa.nogra.phy res0.::.1.rch ecology tourism e:>:nlo;:-ation diving t ank 15 tmderv;a·cer habitat 5 underground habitat concentra t ed housing 100 i mages of f-.r:-te=cica 3.5% pr:eh:ts·to:c:."Lc rt:. an 2 colon:i.ai 2 earLy I:;:JdiEn 2 'i '· 2

Gr·t: s C:t !: C ~~ !. ~- ·i: 8 C ·t: 'l~:r: (! E10Vic t;.li.:::xt::-c a cc ·!l:t_.n1. ~: t::ce:·t:L011 public · ~·:·a.~. ti :n:~ c.po. c <:) 5 receptionist see:,:c t.:n:y- office space . . . , . pa.v~ ...... ~ o:i."l. ma.nager p.:l.Vi.J.ion comrnission8r group director rest r·ooms · 5 employee's lounge 20 cining facilities for 50 coffee be.r vending machines locker ar:ea--70 lockers (tall) 15 res ·t rooms 5 storage 10 bulk prunphl ets (2,000,000 copies) cleaning equipment office material custodian 10 each· leval loading docl~ 5

,_;f other scaces 5 r> f irst aid stations mech. an :i.c.:~l s p.:w0 el e c ~rical substa tions 2ir co ~d itio n in s 0quip2ent n;a:i.ntei1ancc shops 12

1.. Jttln1' Presentations--the rnotion picture film presentations

gepicting the motion in everyday ht.r.mm life has been :t' Gt~oved

and .:::. large poly-vision. cupolo takes its pl8.ce. The dome

fer the v:i.e-.vi.ng of motion pictures and slides :i.s locatod

in the . exhibit area of America Tomorro'i·J . This ch.:-mg e v78.s

made to ease congestion of traffic and offer 8. rr.ore fJ_exible

vie'·7ing arrangement of the s l.ides and 1~ovies . 200 peop le

can stand or si·t qn the carpet to viev7 the attractions on

the domed screen above. . This area se~ves as a rest and

relief area· as 'ivell as a mediura of expressior:. of the lives

of Americans toda.y and tomorro~-r . 2. Ac1E1inistra'cive Area--Revised offic e s p aces shn ll be a s

folloHs:

a. 'l'uo 12' x 10 1 o ffice space s sh.::l.l J. be provided. fCir t l1e

manager· of pavilion operations an.d the Corn..rni DfJiOJ.1C:r of the U.S. Pavilion. These tuo people Hill not have deputies.

b. A 12' x 10' office shall a lso be provided for the D~s -

ple.y Director. This space shrrll bt~ loca t ed

·co t he emp lo:>' ees ' lounge to offer ea~c: of .Gccess t o t:I1.c

\..:~_! .L"!---_ i ... :=:.'l-.,.·_o·_.. .. o ·J-=• "':l,""t•, ___ ,:;~. .., )~"' . ;... v- .... ; li- o·1.... The si:aff o f 60 J!CDp lc -.; ·ri ll

r .r. (' po~:-:toc1 ·J .\.. v ~. .: .. .:; _, · ~· '~· .: . .:.. : . . . -._: ~· ;::..· ~· · c , sc

l...... ,~ ._,-:, · .c:... 1!;.

Material Selection

13eosntse·. of its transitory nature, emphasis should be placecl

on d,e·v.eloping a lightw·eight exhi.bi tion cnclosnre, s imple to fabricate and erectable provtding for optill1urr.. exhibit flE-:xi­ bility within the enveloped space. The materials used in the construction of the U.S. pe.vtlion

shall. be varied, depending on the function of the space enclosed and the visual experienc-e the designer l·Tishes to express.

The enclosure used to form the 200' ciia.:rn8 tel~ disc surround ... ing the space exploration exhibits shall be aluminum tub1ng, fiberglass paneJs, and concretee The alumtnum tubing shall form the structure of the geodesic dome covering this area. This is used because of its lightness of v:eight e.s compared to the weight ·of concrete beams. Steel would require a greater expen.&e becc;.use of the cuT·ved form :l t wou~t.d. be :req_u:~:r.c:::d to take.

The two floors in this area are constructed of steel joists.

Weight of the members is also the controlling factor here ns well as the thickness of the ms.terial section. Covering the geodesic dome with the use of fiberglass panels helps to smooth the surface thus cre~ting a ~ore st~aa~- lined appearance of the disc. This 5ivca on9 the feelinG tta t it is floating in air or lightly r e sting on t~ s concrete cu vuort~. Supp o~ts f or t h i s structure are constructed of c ~s t-tn -

place c oncrete. Casting in plac~ i s done bcce~se of the sizs

of members .

frm'l e Hhich cover s :three oth8r d i spl a ~{ 8l'e8. s of t he ·p::'.v llion .

Th e space frame was sel ected bec ause of its spanni ng capabil i -

ties . In tr..e · d.isplay arens , l

to emphasi ze t he exhi1)j_ts of a lJ. SJ.:c:es and shapes , and to l~· e.'-.'8

SDae:e for J. a:re;e amounts of pedestrian t raffic .

An acrylic ski n i s att ached to t he outer layer of th8 sp2. ce

frame a n d forrns a bubble wi t h t he triangul e. r b.::1. se G 'l'he s1-:·5_n

is moulded f r om sheet s of a c ryllc o The J.eng th of each s i de

of the triangular sheets i s 9 feet, 6 J.ncnes.

'rhe y a r e of t inted a c :ryl ic plastic t o d j_ f·o.::-;c thf~ lJ.c:;ht 011 th:.:. d i spl a y areas below. a r eas where natural light i s undesirable .

expressed on the t op of the fl~an:.c 8.. •s s een from o.bo1.re . A

d o8s t h!:.~ :tndi vi cJ. u. ~-.. 1 "!)F:.ncl .

This enabl es e a se of pro~_uc~im1. Th~ b ol te1

0 ... ,:" ..!. - · ·' ' . · 16 fa b1•ir;cl ted fl'Om li t'l·;ro - ply neoprcne-·coa ted f abr:i.c . This en c.losu~r-e c·onsists of s. due.l-wall skin r anging from 3 t o 5 fee·~. bet'.•;ec i:~ the double ~·ralls . These wall diaphrams , both inner and. oute)r ·: a r e di-v j.ded into cells connect ed. by :tn te:cuaJ. fab:-ric 1·;e b s .

Each 't-1:3.. 11 , when inflated, b e con!e s an a i!' beo.m, resilic~nt b'~.-1t stab l e . 1 I ' ~- (

Fi7cd ~w l Cond ition (bea m)

21 \.\/!= 55

Colurr.r

K VALUE= .8 r· s-117

FJ..om: J'oist

..-:1-0 I 1E

f>'lec hanical

I figured the mecha~1ical system for the space explora­

tion to:He r. This system is as listed bel.m·r:

· Air Conditioning..-

::::3.1,400 CFM 1~. 3 TOi-..JS I UNIT

1:3TUI-I = CFM ~ .. i.C0 )( At S, '2?j'b CfVt /UNIT

=" .311 400.>(1: 08 X '2.7

= 95.5 I 678 BTU~~ '

TONS::: bTUH/1'2?'0.

: 955:,078/IWO

.:;:; "1':=t. 7 TON?

OP-' eo TO~l S

Hbt and Cold .Wa t er

Gl?lv1 X 5ao·x·4t ==-· !?TUH' ·

Gf'IVI x500 . 'l< 2.3 At=- '1551 G7S

G PM :~ 455 1 0 78 /11 1 500 := 8::J Gt"tv1

11 eoGP't ·v'l ::-.: 4 MAIN f\IS::=r;~ ( . i~I li-.l 12·/lcc:> 1 LE.N G·TH Ff\l:".:i Jo:-.: t.r.:;s:=:;) €D/ b ~: 24 .GPivl/ UN lT I ~ 11 Bi~.NC H ( .15 */ 1 1'~'2 /toe) L:::~::;.;Tr-: FR IC. 0.?:"5·::'• ) capaci ty to d irect lieht j_n one d lre ~t~ on.