Unsettling Expo 67: Developmentalism & Colonial Humanism at Montreal’S World Exhibition

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Unsettling Expo 67: Developmentalism & Colonial Humanism at Montreal’S World Exhibition Université de Montréal Unsettling Expo 67: Developmentalism & Colonial Humanism At Montreal’s World Exhibition Par Romney Copeman Département d’histoire Faculté des arts et des sciences Mémoire présenté en vue de l’obtention du grade de Maître ès art (M.A.) en histoire Juillet 2017 © Romney Copeman, 2017 Résumé Lors d’Expo 67, l'événement phare des célébrations du centenaire de la Confédération canadienne, trois différents sites exposant plusieurs aspects des héritages du colonialisme ont été inaugurés. Premier site à l'étude, le Pavillon des Indiens du Canada débordait des messages autochtones anticoloniaux, du vol des territoires aux critiques des pensionnats. Pourtant, le Pavillon du Canada, le deuxième site de l’étude, présentait un discours colonial qui incluait des représentations canadiennes et autochtones au sein d’un discours d’humanisme mondial. Au Pavillon Canadien, les représentations des peuples autochtones ont été utilisées en juxtaposition avec celles d’une société de colons présentée comme supérieure et mieux développée. Le troisième site à l’étude, l'auditorium Du Pont du Canada, a accueilli, lors des conférences Noranda et des Conférences internationales Maclean-Hunter, une cohorte internationale de délégués provenant d’une intelligentsia active à l’échelle mondiale. Les deux séries de conférences présentaient des discours néocoloniaux sur la meilleure façon de réorganiser les sociétés, les peuples et les cultures locales, nationales et internationales. Sur ces sites, les arguments coloniaux et néocoloniaux sur le « développement » s’opposaient à la rhétorique anticoloniale du pavillon des Indiens du Canada et des conférenciers tels que Karl Myrdal et Gabriel-Marie D'Arboussier. L’analyse de ces trois sites à travers le prisme dichotomique colonial/anticolonial démontre qu’Expo 67 était un lieu de discours localisé de l'humanisme colonial et du développementalisme. Les pavillons et les intervenants ont intégré leur propre perception du colonialisme et du développement à un éventail plus large de discours interconnectés sur la valeur des êtres humains. Mots-clés : Expo 67, anticolonialisme, colonialisme, néocolonialisme, autochtones, Canada, humanisme, développementalisme, mondialisation Abstract ii At Expo 67, Canada’s Centennial Celebrations marquee event held in Montreal, three different sites grappled with the legacies of colonialism from multiple perspectives. The first site under study is the Indians of Canada Pavilion, which was replete with anticolonial messages about Canadian land theft to criticism of residential schools and Indian agents. At the opposite end of the Canada Complex stood the Canadian Pavilion, which retained a colonial discourse of reimagining Canadian and Indigenous representations within a wider discourse of global humanism. Canadian Pavilion representations of Indigenous peoples were continually used as a backdrop to a supposedly superior, more ‘developed’ settler society. The third site, the Du Pont of Canada Auditorium, played host to members of an international cohort of global intelligentsia during the Noranda Lectures and the Maclean-Hunter International Forum. The two speakers series featured articulations of western neocolonial ambitions on how best to reorganize local, national, and international societies, peoples, and cultures. At these three Expo 67 sites, colonial and neocolonial views on ‘development’ contrasted sharply with the anticolonial rhetoric of the Indians of Canada Pavilion and speakers such as Karl Gunnar Myrdal, Kushwant Singh, and Gabriel-Marie D’Arboussier. Analysing the three sites along the colonial/anticolonial dichotomy demonstrates how Expo 67 served as a site of localized discourse of colonial humanism and developmentalism in which each participating pavilion and presenter added their own perception of colonialism and development to a wider array of interlocking discourses on the value of human beings in globalizing societies. Keywords: Expo 67, anticolonialism, colonialism, neocolonialism, Indigenous peoples, Canada, humanism, developmentalism, globalization iii Table of Contents Résumé ............................................................................................................................................ ii Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... ii List of Abbreviations ...................................................................................................................... v Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................ vi Preface .......................................................................................................................................... vii Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Canadian Colonial Compulsions at Expo 67 .................................................................................. 1 Chapter I - Le choc de l’Expo: Truth-telling and Indigenous Self-Representation ...................... 13 The Inuit Presence ................................................................................................................. 17 Negotiating Indigenous Representations ............................................................................... 18 The Indians of Canada Pavilion ............................................................................................. 26 Reception and Criticism......................................................................................................... 34 The Indians of Canada Day, August 4th, 1967 ....................................................................... 40 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 43 Chapter II - Humanity 1967: Colonial Humanism at the Canadian Pavilion ............................... 48 Euro-Canadian Identity & Indigenous Culture ...................................................................... 53 Land, Territory, and Canada’s National Project .................................................................... 65 Modernization and Development........................................................................................... 69 Humanity 67: Universality and the Making of Global Humanists ........................................ 74 Conclusion: The Making of Canadian Colonial Humanists .................................................. 80 Chapter III - Man’s New Dimension: Postcolonial & Neocolonial Developmentalism at Expo Speakers Series ............................................................................................................................. 83 ‘Universal Planning’ & Western Interdependence ................................................................ 88 The Neocolonial Gaze on the ‘Underdeveloped’ .................................................................. 92 Decolonizing Western Knowledge ........................................................................................ 99 Programmes of Postcolonial Developmental ....................................................................... 102 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 107 Conclusion - Our Two Masks: .................................................................................................... 111 Colonial Humanism and the Legacy of Expo 67 ........................................................................ 111 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................... 120 Annex .......................................................................................................................................... 127 iv List of Abbreviations MHIF – Maclean-Hunter International Forum NL – Noranda Lectures v Acknowledgements Sometimes what goes without saying must be said. La communauté des étudiants en histoire à l’Université de Montréal m’a apporté des leçons fondamentales quant à l’importance de sortir de sa petite communauté linguistique montréalaise. Parmi toutes les perspectives enrichissantes de mes collègues, celles de Mélissa Bureau Capuano, Jérémie Deschenes, David Cadieux, Yanick Turcotte et Benjamin Brouillet étaient particulièrement enrichissantes. It is empowering to know how many of us are beginning to listen to Indigenous voices as we take steps towards the various projects of decolonization outlined by Indigenous leaders across Turtle Island. Mni Wiconi. Both Concordia University and Université de Montréal’s history faculties and students provided fertile ground for intellectual and personal growth. At Concordia, I would like to thank Professors Gavin Taylor, Shannon McSheffrey, and particularly Peter Gossage, whose invaluable guidance and wisdom set me on my present path. At UdeM, I would like to thank Professors Michèle Dagenais, Denyse Baillargeon, and Thomas Wien for sharing their expertise and teachings. Above all, I would like to thank Professor David Meren, whose deep intellectual grooves bear the hallmarks of the best academia has to offer. It was a privilege to learn about the vast intellectual forest that was all too easy to get lost in as he pointed earnestly to
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