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Assessment of Metop-A Advanced Very High Resolution This article was downloaded by: [M. K. Rama Varma Raja] On: 27 February 2012, At: 11:09 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK International Journal of Remote Sensing Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tres20 Assessment of MetOp-A Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) short-wave infrared channel measurements using Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) observations and line-by-line radiative transfer model simulations M. K. Rama Varma Raja a , Xiangqian Wu b & Fangfang Yu c a NPP OMPS Science Operations Center, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Science Systems and Applications, Lanham, MD, 20706, USA b Sensor Physics Branch, NOAA/NESDIS/STAR, Camp Springs, MD, 20746-4304, USA c Sensor Physics Branch, ERT Systems, Inc.@NOAA/NESDIS/STAR, Camp Springs, MD, 20746-4304, USA Available online: 24 Feb 2012 To cite this article: M. K. Rama Varma Raja, Xiangqian Wu & Fangfang Yu (2012): Assessment of MetOp-A Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) short-wave infrared channel measurements using Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) observations and line- by-line radiative transfer model simulations, International Journal of Remote Sensing, 33:16, 5240-5250 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2012.656766 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-and- conditions This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae, and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand, or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material. Downloaded by [M. K. Rama Varma Raja] at 11:09 27 February 2012 International Journal of Remote Sensing Vol. 33, No. 16, 20 August 2012, 5240–5250 Assessment of MetOp-A Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) short-wave infrared channel measurements using Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) observations and line-by-line radiative transfer model simulations M. K. RAMA VARMA RAJA∗†, XIANGQIAN WU‡ and FANGFANG YU§ †NPP OMPS Science Operations Center, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Science Systems and Applications, Lanham, MD 20706, USA ‡Sensor Physics Branch, NOAA/NESDIS/STAR, Camp Springs, MD 20746-4304, USA §Sensor Physics Branch, ERT Systems, Inc.@NOAA/NESDIS/STAR, Camp Springs, MD 20746-4304, USA (Received 27 June 2011; in final form 1 January 2012) MetOp-A satellite-based hyper-spectral Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) observations are used to evaluate the accuracy of the broadband short-wave infrared (SWIR) atmospheric window channel (channel 3B) centred at 3.74 µm of the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) carried on the same platform. To complement the partial spectral coverage of IASI, line-by-line radiative transfer model (LBLRTM)-simulated IASI spectra are used. The comparisons result in significant negative AVHRR minus IASI bias in radiance (∼–0.04 mW m–2 sr–1 cm–1) with scene temperature depen- dency in which the absolute value of the bias linearly increases with increasing temperature. It is demonstrated that the negative bias and the scene temperature dependency of the bias are the results of significant absorption in the portion of AVHRR spectral band not seen by IASI, leading to the conclusion that MetOp-A AVHRR channel 3B is not purely an ‘atmospheric window’ channel. 1. Introduction Space-based observations of the Earth’s atmosphere, land surface and ocean are becoming key ingredients of operational weather forecasting, climate monitoring and Downloaded by [M. K. Rama Varma Raja] at 11:09 27 February 2012 research. For observations from Earth observation sensors to be used as climate data records (CDRs), the continuity and quality of observations must be ensured to be opti- mal. The long-term data sets of spectrally resolved Earth radiances from Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometers (AVHRRs) flown since 1970 are potential CDRs provided they meet the stringent accuracy-level requirements. For example, for tem- perature CDRs the required accuracy is about 0.1 K year–1 (Ohring et al. 2005, Mittaz et al. 2009). In this context, to realize the potential use of AVHRR-based long-term infrared radiance data sets as CDRs at first the measurement uncertainties, in partic- ular the calibration uncertainties, need to be investigated, characterized and resolved. In addition, it is important to understand the consistencies and inconsistencies *Corresponding author. Email: [email protected] International Journal of Remote Sensing ISSN 0143-1161 print/ISSN 1366-5901 online © 2012 Taylor & Francis http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2012.656766 Comparison of AVHRR channel 3B and IASI 5241 between corresponding infrared spectral bands of different space-based instruments to create links between various successive multispectral instruments for long-term climate change detection. The hyper-spectral measurements of radiance from the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) are known to be superiorly calibrated and IASI has been used as an on-orbit reference radiometer for studies linked to space- based infrared measurements of Earth radiances (Wang and Cao 2008, Wang et al. 2010). Thus, with their demonstrated capability and accuracy used as a reference standard, IASI hyper-spectral measurements offer a unique opportunity to evaluate and characterize the uncertainties of spectrally overlapping broadband radiometric measurements. The AVHRR 3.74 µm channel (channel 3B) is known to be an ‘atmospheric win- dow channel’, and the data from this channel are used for a variety of purposes such as cloud detection, fire pixel detection, snow/ice differentiation, measuring surface thermal emissivity, sea surface temperature estimation and night-time land surface temperature estimation (Reynolds and Smith 1993, Ellrod 1995, 2006, Qin and Karnieli 1999, Li et al. 2001, Trischenko et al. 2002, Heidinger et al. 2004, Sun et al. 2004, Dash and Ignatov 2008, Liu et al. 2009). Most of the products derived from measurements in AVHRR channel 3B crucially rely on its ‘atmospheric window’ nature. For example, Liu et al. (2009) states that ‘AVHRR channel 3B centered at 3.7 µm is the most transparent IR band of AVHRR and it is instrumental for SST retrievals and radiance assimilation at night’. Thus, the atmospheric window nature of this AVHRR channel needs to be ensured for optimal accuracy for the derived prod- ucts. The recent advances in hyper-spectral radiance measurements make it possible to perform such an evaluation. In this study, an attempt is made to evaluate the uncertainties in the measurements of the AVHRR 3.74 µm channel on MetOp-A using hyper-spectral measurements from IASI on the same platform. In a previous study, Wang and Cao (2008) evalu- ated the MetOp-A AVHRR channels 4 (centred at 11 µm) and 5 (centred at 12 µm) using hyper-spectral measurements from IASI. However, channel 3B measurements were not investigated by Wang and Cao (2008) because of the limitation imposed by the partial spectral coverage of IASI over this AVHRR band. In this study, to com- plement the IASI observations for complete spectral coverage, line-by-line radiative transfer model (LBLRTM)-simulated IASI spectra are used. The combination of the incomplete nature of the IASI spectral coverage, the high-resolution nature of the IASI measurements and the complementary LBLRTM-generated IASI spectra provides Downloaded by [M. K. Rama Varma Raja] at 11:09 27 February 2012 a unique opportunity to investigate from a space-based perspective the within-band radiative influences on AVHRR channel 3B observations. This study combines IASI hyper-spectral observations with LBLRTM model simulations of IASI spectra to investigate the within-band effects on MetOp-A AVHRR channel 3B observations. 2. The data, instruments, LBLRTM model and method of analysis The following sections describe, respectively, the data sets used, the instruments, the radiative transfer model and the methodology adopted for the analysis. 2.1 Data sets used One day’s worth of IASI data (∼480 granules) are selected from each month in the year 2009, and these approximately represent the median observations in the corresponding 5242 M. K. R. V. Raja et al. 320 1.0 300 0.8 280 (K) 0.6 b T 260 0.4 IASI 240 0.2 220 200 0.0 response function Spectral 2000 2500 3000 3500 Wave number (cm–1) Figure 1. A typical example of line-by-line radiative transfer model (LBLRTM)-simulated IASI brightness temperature spectra versus wave numbers for the covered portion of the AVHRR channel 3B band (black) and for the AVHRR band portion with no IASI coverage (magenta). The spectral response function (SRF) of AVHRR channel 3B is plotted in blue and the green vertical indicates the cut-off wave number for IASI observations. month. The days selected are 16 January, 14 February, 16 March, 15 April, 16 May, 15 June, 16 July, 16 August, 15 September, 16 October, 15 November and 16 December. In addition to the level 1C data, simulated IASI spectral data corresponding to the entire bandwidth of AVHRR channel 3B are used in this study. The requirement for LBLRTM-simulated data originates from the incomplete spectral coverage of IASI as mentioned in the previous section and illustrated clearly in figure 1. In figure 1, the LBLRTM-simulated IASI brightness temperature spectra versus wave numbers are plotted in black and magenta demarcated by a green vertical line.
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