DOCSLIB.ORG

Switzerland of the Anti-Doping Convention

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Switzerland of the Anti-Doping Convention Strasbourg, 9 July 2004 T-DO (2004) 6 Final Anti-Doping Convention (T-DO) Project on compliance with commitments Respect by Switzerland of the Anti-Doping Convention Report by: - Switzerland - the evaluation team T-DO (2004) 6 Final 2 Contents A. Report by Switzerland ........................................................................................................ 4 1. Introduction and overview .................................................................................................. 4 2. Method ................................................................................................................................ 5 3. Sports and anti-doping policy in Switzerland – an overview ............................................. 7 3.1. The organisational structure of Swiss sport.................................................................. 7 3.2. A chronology of anti-doping efforts in Switzerland................................................... 10 4. Evaluation of the Swiss anti-doping efforts against the background of the Council of Europe’s convention ................................................................................. 13 5. Summary: Strengths and limitations of the Swiss anti-doping strategy ........................... 37 6. Outlook: Towards a National Anti-Doping Agency? ....................................................... 45 References............................................................................................................................. 46 Appendix 1 The doping regulations in the Federal law on the promotion of gymnastics and sports.................................................................................. 47 Appendix 2 The FBDK’s educational activities and instruments for different target groups.................................................................................................. 48 Appendix 3 List of participants in the expert interviews.................................................. 49 Appendix 4 Questionnaire on the state of doping prevention and anti-doping measures in Swiss sport associations and in Switzerland. ...................... 50 B. Report on the Evaluation visit.......................................................................................... 54 Article 1 ................................................................................................................................ 54 Article 2 ................................................................................................................................ 56 Article 3................................................................................................................................. 57 Article 4................................................................................................................................. 59 Article 5................................................................................................................................. 62 Article 6................................................................................................................................. 63 Article 7................................................................................................................................. 67 Article 8................................................................................................................................. 71 Article 9................................................................................................................................. 73 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................. 75 SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS .......................................................................... 76 Composition of the Evaluation team..................................................................................... 77 Programme of the visit.......................................................................................................... 77 C. Comments from Switzerland............................................................................................ 79 3 T-DO (2004) 6 Final Abbreviations ADC European Convention Against Doping of the Council of Europe of 1989, “Anti-Doping-Convention” ADS Anti-Doping Switzerland (Anti-Doping Schweiz), referring to a planned national anti-doping agency ANADO Association of National Anti-Doping Organisations CAS Court of Arbitration for Sport (Court of Arbitration for Sport) CoE Council of Europe DFSC Drug Free Sport Consortium, consisting of the national anti-doping agencies of Norway, Canada and Australia and entrusted with the co- ordination of the WADA's own doping controls until the end of 2003 DK Disciplinary Chamber for Doping Offences of the Swiss Olympic Association DUK Doping Fact-Finding Commission (Doping-Untersuchungskommission) FBDK Anti-Doping Section of the FOSPO FDB Anti-Doping Commission of the SOA FDDCS Federal Department for Defence, Civil Protection and Sports (Eidgenössisches Departement für Verteidigung, Bevölkerungsschutz und Sport) FLPGS Federal Law on the Promotion of Gymnastics and Sport (Bundesgesetz zur Förderung von Turnen und Sport) FOPH Swiss Federal Office of Public Health (Bundesamt für Gesundheit) FOSPO Federal Office for Sport (Bundesamt für Sport); the term FOSPO is also used for earlier names of the same organisation such as Federal School for Gymnastics and Sport (Eidgenössische Turn- und Sportschule, ETS) and Federal Sports School (Eidgenösssiche Sportschule Magglingen, ESSM). FSC Federal Sports Commission (Eidgenössische Sportkommission, senior body of control and co-ordination of the federal sports involvement) IOC International Olympic Committee IPT International Project Team ISS Institute of sport sciences at the FOSPO LAD Swiss Anti-Doping Laboratory (Laboratoire Suisse d'Analyse du Dopage) SOA Swiss Olympic Association, umbrella organisation of the Swiss sports associations, currently including 82 member associations. The SOA has undergone several name changes during the past few decades. To avoid confusion these earlier names – such as Schweizerischer Landesverband für Leibesübungen (SLL), Schweizerischer Landesverband für Sport (SLS) and Schweizerischer Olympischer Verband (SOV) – are not being used in this study. WADA World Anti-Doping Agency T-DO (2004) 6 Final 4 A. Report by Switzerland 1. Introduction and overview This study focuses on Switzerland’s compliance with the Anti-Doping Convention (ADC) of the Council of Europe (CoE) about ten years after it has become effective in Switzerland (January 1, 1993). In 19 articles the convention lists a number of measures to be taken by the signatory states to fight and prevent doping in a comprehensive way. In 2000 an additional protocol regarding international co-operation and the evaluation of national efforts by the CoE was accepted and was subsequently signed by Switzerland (on February 28, 2002). As it is most likely that the Swiss National Assembly will ratify this additional protocol in early 2004, it will also be examined in this study. When the Federal Office for Sport (FOSPO) decided in mid-2003 to contract a team of external experts to examine Switzerland’s compliance with the ADC, it was clear that the results of the evaluation study would not only be of interest for the CoE but also for the Swiss actors involved in anti-doping even if they do not have a direct interest in the ADC. In fact, as the study offers an up-to-date assessment of the state of anti-doping efforts in Switzerland, it was believed that it could also serve as a basis for the optimisation of current and the planning of future strategies. Against this background, the initial mandate of evaluating Switzerland’s compliance with the ADC was extended to include a more general assessment of the problems and development perspectives of anti-doping affairs in Switzerland. As a result, the present report contains a number or additional considerations regarding the structure and the quality of the co-operation between different organisations and actors in Switzerland, which may serve as a basis for assessing problems and planning future anti-doping strategies in Switzerland. The report is divided into the following sections: After a brief overview of the methodology used in the study (chapter 2), chapter 3 offers a general description of the organisational framework in which anti-doping efforts takes place in Switzerland, as well as a historical overview of Swiss anti-doping measures from the 1960s to the present. The main section, chapter 4, contains a detailed evaluation of current anti-doping efforts with regard to the provisions of the ADC and its additional protocol. It is important to note, however, that the evaluation only takes into account articles containing effective requirements regarding national anti-doping policy (i.e. articles 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 of the ADC as well as article 1 of the additional protocol), whereas the articles referring to legal and organisational procedures in handling the ADC and the relationship between signatory states shall not be discussed. Against the background of the analysis in chapter 4, the two remaining chapters offer a brief summary of the main results (chapter 5) and an outlook focussing on the planned creation of a National Anti-Doping Agency. Finally, some additional information is provided in a number of appendices. 5 T-DO (2004) 6 Final 2. Method The evaluation of Swiss anti-doping efforts was based on the combination of methods,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Canton of Basel-Stadt
    Canton of Basel-Stadt Welcome. VARIED CITY OF THE ARTS Basel’s innumerable historical buildings form a picturesque setting for its vibrant cultural scene, which is surprisingly rich for THRIVING BUSINESS LOCATION CENTRE OF EUROPE, TRINATIONAL such a small canton: around 40 museums, AND COSMOPOLITAN some of them world-renowned, such as the Basel is Switzerland’s most dynamic busi- Fondation Beyeler and the Kunstmuseum ness centre. The city built its success on There is a point in Basel, in the Swiss Rhine Basel, the Theater Basel, where opera, the global achievements of its pharmaceut- Ports, where the borders of Switzerland, drama and ballet are performed, as well as ical and chemical companies. Roche, No- France and Germany meet. Basel works 25 smaller theatres, a musical stage, and vartis, Syngenta, Lonza Group, Clariant and closely together with its neighbours Ger- countless galleries and cinemas. The city others have raised Basel’s profile around many and France in the fields of educa- ranks with the European elite in the field of the world. Thanks to the extensive logis- tion, culture, transport and the environment. fine arts, and hosts the world’s leading con- tics know-how that has been established Residents of Basel enjoy the superb recre- temporary art fair, Art Basel. In addition to over the centuries, a number of leading in- ational opportunities in French Alsace as its prominent classical orchestras and over ternational logistics service providers are well as in Germany’s Black Forest. And the 1000 concerts per year, numerous high- also based here. Basel is a successful ex- trinational EuroAirport Basel-Mulhouse- profile events make Basel a veritable city hibition and congress city, profiting from an Freiburg is a key transport hub, linking the of the arts.
    [Show full text]
  • Injuries in Swiss Non-Professional Soccer: Characteristics, Causes, Costs, and Prevention
    Injuries in Swiss non-professional soccer: characteristics, causes, costs, and prevention Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung der Würde eines Dr. sc. med. vorgelegt der Medizinischen Fakultät der Universität Basel von Angela Gebert aus Rapperswil SG Basel, 2018 Originaldokument gespeichert auf dem Dokumentenserver der Universität Basel edoc.unibas.ch Genehmigt von der Medizinischen Fakultät auf Antrag von Fakultätsverantwortlicher Prof. Dr. Uwe Pühse Dissertationsleitung Prof. Dr. Uwe Pühse Korreferent Prof. Dr. Markus Gerber Externer Experte PD Dr. Kai-Uwe Schmitt Basel, den 17.12.2018 Dekan Prof. Dr. Primo Schär Table of contents TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................... 6 Summary ........................................................................................................................... 8 Common abbreviations ................................................................................................... 11 1 Introduction and background ............................................................................... 13 1.1 Non-professional soccer – at once healthy and harmful ..................................... 14 1.2 Soccer-related accidents in Switzerland .............................................................. 15 1.3 Costs associated with soccer-related injuries in Switzerland .............................. 19 1.4 Characteristics, aetiology and risk factors of soccer injuries ..............................
    [Show full text]
  • The Coronavirus Pandemic: Its Economic Impact on Sport in Switzerland | Sportsandtaxation.Com
    5/5/2020 The Coronavirus Pandemic: Its economic impact on Sport in Switzerland | SportsAndTaxation.com SportsAndTaxation.com The International Resource to the Taxation of Sportsmen and Sportswomen The Coronavirus Pandemic: Its economic impact on Sport in Switzerland This entry was posted on 04 May 2020 10:14, in Free, Sports And Taxation. By Lucien W. Valloni, FRORIEP, Zurich, Switzerland Switzerland was hit soon after Italy by the COVID-19 Pandemic (Coronavirus), especially in the southern part of Switzerland at the border with Italy, as well as the western part of Switzerland, Geneva. When the Coronavirus started in Switzerland in February/March 2020, there was a lot of uncertainty in Switzerland regarding what kind of precautionary measures should be taken, especially in the field of sport. But, at that time, the financial impact was not visible. The Swiss Players Union (SAFP) was the first to look after the health of the players and elaborated, on 8 March 2020, rules of conduct for players and clubs, because the Coronavirus situation was not taken so seriously in the sports sector at that time. (http://safp.ch/sites/default/files/article_attachment/code_of_conduct_for_players_clubs.pdf). When the Coronavirus situation became worse, the Federal Council of Switzerland declared, on 16 March 2020, a state of emergency for Switzerland. That declaration allowed the Federal Council to take control of the legislative power in Switzerland from Parliament. And the Federal Council used this power extensively by introducing certain prohibitions and new laws and amendments of laws that had an effect also on the whole of the sports sector in Switzerland.
    [Show full text]
  • Survival Booklet 2021
    Survival Booklet 2021 Survival Booklet 2021 1 Dear student, Congratulations! You have been accepted for an internship in Switzerland. To make your transition as smooth as possible, we have collected some information in this «Survival Booklet». Please read it carefully before you leave your country. If your question has not been answered, please get in touch with us. We are looking forward to meeting you soon in Switzerland! The IAESTE Switzerland team Survival Booklet 2021 2 Contents 1 IAESTE ........................................................................................................................................... 3 IAESTE INTERNATIONAL .......................................................................................................... 3 IAESTE SWITZERLAND............................................................................................................. 3 2 SWITZERLAND – FACTS AND FIGURES .................................................................................... 4 3 WHAT TO THINK ABOUT – INTERNSHIP TIMELINE ................................................................. 6 4 BEFORE DEPARTURE.................................................................................................................. 7 WORK / RESIDENCY PERMIT ..................................................................................................... 7 ACCOMMODATION AND TUTORING ............................................................................................. 8 INSURANCES AND TAXES ..........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Des Réseaux Et Des Hommes
    (DIR.) GRÉGORY QUIN Grégory Quin est maître d’ensei- Gianni Infantino, président de la FIFA, ou son prédécesseur, QUIN PHILIPPE VONNARD gnement et de recherche à l’Institut OUD CHRISTOPHE JACCOUD (DIR.) des Sciences du Sport de l’Univer- international. Comme d’autres avant eux, ils incarnent VONNARD CC sité de Lausanne (ISSUL). Il poursuit l’action importante des dirigeants sportifs suisses dans GRÉGORY actuellement de nombreux projets l’internationalisation des sports. JA de recherche sur l’histoire du sport en PHILIPPE Cet ouvrage propose d’analyser la genèse et les développe- Suisse. Il est l’auteur de nombreuses ments de ce processus en mettant l’accent sur les actions, publications de références et cherche individuelles et collectives, de plusieurs dirigeants qui CHRISTOPHE notamment avec passion à placer l’his- occupent de hautes fonctions dans les fédérations sportives toire du sport dans le débat public. internationales entre la première décennie du siècle dernier Philippe Vonnard est docteur en sportif : marqués par de nombreuses tensions politiques sciences du sport et de l’éducation et confrontés à la médiatisation et à la démocratisation physique de l’Université de Lausanne. croissante des sports, les dirigeants sportifs internatio- naux cherchent à créer une communauté originale, dont université, il est spécialisé dans l’étude les échanges transcendent parfois le contexte géopolitique. de l’internationalisation des sports. Il a déjà publié plusieurs articles scienti- sur ce sujet . particulièrement favorable à l’organisation de nombreuses compétitions internationales et à l’établissement des orga- nisations sportives internationales, ainsi qu’un espace dans Christophe Jaccoud est professeur lequel se forgent de nombreuses pratiques sportives.
    [Show full text]
  • Measuring Access to Social Activities with a Field Experiment
    Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2019 What’s in a Name? Measuring Access to Social Activities with a Field Experiment Dietl, Helmut ; Nesseler, Cornel ; Gomez Gonzalez, Carlos Abstract: Today’s societies increasingly consist of members who migrated from other countries and regions, and their functioning depends heavily on integrating their diverse members. Interactions with the local population through social activities enhance integration. Despite its relevance, however, previous research has largely overlooked the role of the local population in social integration. This paper introduces an objective method for analyzing access to social activities. Switzerland includes diverse native groups, who differ in culture and language, and a high percentage of foreigners. Applications were sent byemail to amateur Swiss football clubs, asking if it is possible to join a training session. The applications differed only in the contact name. Individuals with foreign names, as well as individuals with Swiss names from some other native groups, received significantly fewer responses. The findings are relevant for governing institutions and policy-makers. Researchers who study social integration may find the novel method used here of considerable interest. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-019-0372-0 Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-180949 Journal Article Published Version The following work is licensed under a Creative Commons: Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License. Originally published at: Dietl, Helmut; Nesseler, Cornel; Gomez Gonzalez, Carlos (2019). What’s in a Name? Measuring Access to Social Activities with a Field Experiment.
    [Show full text]
  • Schweizerkirche
    Schweizerkirche Objekttyp: Group Zeitschrift: The Swiss observer : the journal of the Federation of Swiss Societies in the UK Band (Jahr): - (1939) Heft 895 PDF erstellt am: 28.09.2021 Nutzungsbedingungen Die ETH-Bibliothek ist Anbieterin der digitalisierten Zeitschriften. Sie besitzt keine Urheberrechte an den Inhalten der Zeitschriften. Die Rechte liegen in der Regel bei den Herausgebern. Die auf der Plattform e-periodica veröffentlichten Dokumente stehen für nicht-kommerzielle Zwecke in Lehre und Forschung sowie für die private Nutzung frei zur Verfügung. Einzelne Dateien oder Ausdrucke aus diesem Angebot können zusammen mit diesen Nutzungsbedingungen und den korrekten Herkunftsbezeichnungen weitergegeben werden. Das Veröffentlichen von Bildern in Print- und Online-Publikationen ist nur mit vorheriger Genehmigung der Rechteinhaber erlaubt. Die systematische Speicherung von Teilen des elektronischen Angebots auf anderen Servern bedarf ebenfalls des schriftlichen Einverständnisses der Rechteinhaber. Haftungsausschluss Alle Angaben erfolgen ohne Gewähr für Vollständigkeit oder Richtigkeit. Es wird keine Haftung übernommen für Schäden durch die Verwendung von Informationen aus diesem Online-Angebot oder durch das Fehlen von Informationen. Dies gilt auch für Inhalte Dritter, die über dieses Angebot zugänglich sind. Ein Dienst der ETH-Bibliothek ETH Zürich, Rämistrasse 101, 8092 Zürich, Schweiz, www.library.ethz.ch http://www.e-periodica.ch 2580 THE SWISS OBSERVEE. .January 7th, 1939. dividual visitor valuable information on all that and the distinguished Kandahar Races at Murren Switzerland offers for the satisfaction of his per- on the 18th and 19th. wishes and : kind of BANK sonal requirements every In Switzerland mountain ski-lifts SWISS CORPORATION, climate, form of sports, sanatoria, and spas, railways, every and eliminate strenuous Company Zimited «STiar« incorporated in «SMtwrZand) her centres and methods of education, means cable-sleighs ascents, all skiers several extra of and modes of II will en- enabling to enjoy downhill, 99, GRESHAM STREET, E.C.2.
    [Show full text]
  • EU CITIES of SPORT ACES Europe’S Official Magazine EU CITIES of SPORT 2020 Promoting European Values
    EU CITIES OF SPORT ACES Europe’s official magazine EU CITIES OF SPORT 2020 Promoting European values CONNECTING THROUGH SPORT through sport at municipal level • CREATING NETWORKS OF CITIES, TOWN AND COMMUNITIES • BRINGING LOCAL AND EUROPEAN LEVELS TOGETHER • PAN-EUROPEAN COOPERATION 2020 ACES Europe’s official magazine New Members of the ACES Europe family From Andorra to Ukraine The European Vital Cities Challenge Dust off your running shoes or bike! Guadalajara, Mexico World Capital of Sport 2020 Euro-Mediterranean City of Sport Dakhla in Morocco Co-funded by the European Union #BeActive « Erasmus+ « The legacy of Tibor Navracsics « Grand Motor Trail 2019 ACES AMONG THE MOST ACTIVE PARTNERS OF THE EU CAMPAIGN As a result of its online presence and its awarded cities’ activities, ACES has been recognized among the most active partners of the European Commission’s initiative, #BeActive. The announcement was made during the Gala held in Budapest on October 18, with the presence of EU Commission Tibor Navracsics, as well as with the attendance of the partners of the European Week of Sport. During the event, the European Commission awarded projects and individuals dedicated to the promotion of sport and physical activity across Europe. Following his presentation of the European sport awards, the Secretary General of ACES Hugo Alonso highlighted the importance of this recognition, reassuring that ACES will be com- mitted in promoting the value sport and physical at local level. SWIM CITY.indd 48 27-11-2019 13:24 2020 EU CITIES OF SPORT Foreword ACES growing to be worldwide has been a year In 2019 we expanded our network in new full of work, countries, including municipalities in Estonia, 2019many proposals, Cyprus, Ukraine, Morocco and Mexico.
    [Show full text]
  • The Swiss Way of Accountability for International Sports Organisations
    THE SWISS REGULATORY FRAMEWORK AND INTERNATIONAL SPORTS ORGANISATIONS MICHAEL MRKONJIC, PHD CANDIDATE AGGIS SESSION, EASM 2012, AALBORG 1. SWITZERLAND AS HOST COUNTRY OF INTERNATIONAL SPORT 1.Switzerland is the “Queen of Sport” (de Coubertin, 1906) 1. It hosts the IOC since 1915 (perpetual “military” neutrality of Switzerland) 2. It hosts 36 International and European Olympic sports federations (ISOs) (SwissOlympic, 2011) 1. 50 % of International Olympic sports federations (FIFA, FIVB, FIBA, …) 2. 25 % of European Olympic sports federations (UEFA, EAA, …) 2. Legal status : associations 1. Swiss Civil Code (arts. 60ss.) 1. Non profit + Statutes (art. 60) 2. Annual General Assembly (art. 64) 1. Voting rights and majority (art. 67) 2. Deprivation of voting rights (art. 68) 3. Executive body (art. 69) 4. Conditional external annual audit (art. 69b) 1. Results : 10 mio CHF 2. Revenues : 20 mio CHF 3. Staff : 50 employees 2. THE IOC TAX EXEMPTION CASE 1. Between 1915 and 1981 1. The IOC has no legal personality and fights for an “international status”. 2. Sporadic agreements on personal tax exemptions (members and staff). 2. Between 1981 and 1998 1. The Swiss Federal Government recognises unilaterally that the IOC is a non governmental organisation having the status of an association under Swiss law. 2. It recognises the unique nature of the IOC as an international institution. 3. Arguments (Ogi, 1981) 1. International prestige for Switzerland 2. Important for Swiss sportsmen and sportswomen 3. International / universal dimension of the IOC 4. International pressure to host the IOC 4. Decision 1. Direct Federal Tax exemption 5. Legal basis 1. The Swiss Federal Constitution (art.
    [Show full text]
  • Alpine Footballers in the New World: Swiss Influence on Soccer in the United States
    Swiss American Historical Society Review Volume 49 Number 1 Article 4 2-2013 Alpine Footballers in the New World: Swiss Influence on Soccer in the United States Robert Sherwood Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/sahs_review Part of the European History Commons, and the European Languages and Societies Commons Recommended Citation Sherwood, Robert (2013) "Alpine Footballers in the New World: Swiss Influence on Soccer in the United States," Swiss American Historical Society Review: Vol. 49 : No. 1 , Article 4. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/sahs_review/vol49/iss1/4 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Swiss American Historical Society Review by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Sherwood: Alpine Footballers in the New World Alpine Footballers in the Ne-w World: Swiss Influence on Soccer in the United States by Robert Sherwood When one thinks of Swiss sports, soccer is not the first to come to mind. Images of Roger Federer or Martina Hingis holding aloft a Grand Slam of tennis trophy cross the mind or perhaps Fabian Can­ cellara, the most dominant Time Trialist in the professional cycling peleton today. Maybe Simmon Amman, the Swiss ski jumper who was dubbed "Swiss Miss" by Bob Costas of NBC Sports during the Winter Olympics where he was so successful. It is even possible that some will say one of the notable skiers from the Alpine nation, Dider Couche, or Carlos Janka to name only a few of the most recent crop.
    [Show full text]
  • Crowdfunding Monitoring Switzerland 2016
    In cooperation with Institute of Financial Services Zug IFZ Crowdfunding Monitoring Switzerland 2016 www.hslu.ch/crowdfunding Prof. Dr. Andreas Dietrich, Simon Amrein We are grateful to the following platforms for support- ing this study by providing data: Key results In 2015, CHF 27.3 million (+73%) was raised for 1,342 campaigns in Switzerland, Crowdlending posted the highest growth from 2014 to 2015 (+127%, to CHF 7.9m), followed by reward-based crowdfunding and crowddonating (+60%, to CHF 12.3m) and crowdinvesting (+54%, to CHF 7.1m). CHF 65 million was raised within six years through crowdfunding in Switzerland. More than 90,000 people backed crowdfunding projects in Switzerland in 2015. In the reward-based crowdfunding and crowddonating segment, 1,059 campaigns were funded in 2015 out of a total of 1,639 launched, This corresponds to a success rate of 64.6 percent. Around 40 crowdfunding platforms were operating in Switzerland as of the end of April 2016. We are expecting 2016 to see at least a doubling of sums raised in the Swiss crowdfunding market – driven, in particular, by lending to SMEs and real estate crowdfunding. In Switzerland, reward-based crowdfunding tends to be a local phenomenon: the median distance between project initiators and backers is just 12 kilometres. Foreword Crowdfunding Monitoring 2016 Foreword Crowdfunding is an alternative way of raising capital that uses online platforms. The funds can be used for all kinds of projects, such as consumer loans, participating in a business start-up, acquiring a property or publishing a photo book. Although crowdfunding projects cover a wide range of genres, they all have one thing in common: generally a large number of people provide an amount that is often small to enable the project to be realised.
    [Show full text]
  • VOLUME No . 4, No. 4 HELVETIA HERALD for MAY-JUNE, 1973
    VOLUME No . 4, No . 4 HELVETIA HERALD FOR MAY-JUNE, 1973 PAGE I It is a pleasure to extend a warm welcome to the following new members who are listed below, with their names and addresses, in case you'd care to correspond with them . VOLUME No . 4, No . 4 HELVETIA HERALD FOR MAY-JUNE 1973 PAGE 2 ANOTHER WAY OF COLLECTING STAMPS, PART II Many famous philatelists have made elabo- 14. Envelopes with stamps printed on rate studies of a particular stamp or series 15. Cards with stamps printed on of stamps, mostly stamps from 1843 until and including the "Strubli's ." These studies 16. Newspaper and magazine wrappers with require patience, a lot of time, a great stamps printed on amount of books and other study material and 17. Stamps in special issued commemorative last but not least, a tremendous amount of sheets dollars, francs, roubles or whatever monetary system is used in the collector's specific 18. Stamps with paper differences country . Especially the last ingredient of 19. Stamps with color differences the above grouping leaves us, the average col- lector, in the cold to do such an elaborate 20. Stamps with different watermarks job, right? No, only half right! We all have 21. Stamps with double impression a particular stamp we favor over others, pref- erably in a lower price range, like the number 22. Stamps with minor or major misprints. series of 1882, the standing Helvetia, the Helvetia with sword, son of Tell, Tell, Moun- Not all stamps or series fall into the above tain-scenes, or any other of the many Swiss categories, it is up to the individual to issues .
    [Show full text]