December 19, 1975 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 42329 U.S. INTERVENES IN IPresident Kennedy selected FNLA leader In July Vance and Deputy Assistant Sec- STRIFE as a man to back for the retary for Africa Edward Mulcahy discussed future, since Portugal could not be expected t he package with several Senators and Con- to retain Angola indefinitely. Support waned g;ressmen, hoping that a low-key approach HON. SHIRLEY CHISHOLM in 1969 but the CIA reactivated its Roberto vould gain their acquiescence while avoid- connections last spring, in light of the up- i OF NEW YORK ng publicity. Reaction on the Hill to State's surge in liberation activities following the sapproach was decidedly negative. Although IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Portuguese coup. tthe Ex-Im Bank and Food for Peace portions Thursday, December 18, 1975 The CIA interest in UNITA is much more r require no specific Congressional approval, recent. Gelb's report on this connection fol- Senators Clark and Humphrey insisted that Mrs. CHISHOLM. Mr. Speaker, cer- lowed a few days after an announcement by t;he Security Supporting Assistance be fully tainly all of us are apprised of the cur- UNITA President Savimbi that he is receiv- scrutinized. Closed hearings on this part of rent crisis in Angola, the involvement of ing armaments from "anti-Communist West- the package are to be held in the near future. the U.S. Government in that conflict, ern nations and their allies" (according to In short, the Administration is seeking to and the potential for more unilateral Africa News). , who heads underwrite the finances of the Mobutu gov- UNITA, is avowedly anti-communist conflict that situation poses because of and ernment with a quantum leap in its level of anti-MPLA-two reasons for the CIA's inter- aid. Since Mobutu is actively involved in the the forces bearing down in that small est in him. He may also be emerging as a and is the conduit for U.S. African country. more realistic possibility than Roberto as a involvement, this move seems to have con- The Black Caucus has uniformly de- future contender for leadership of Angola. siderable implications for the Angolan scen- plored all intervention in the war in Savimbi is a magnetic figure with consider- ario. Angola not only because of the covert able popular support from the rural peasan- More evidence of increasing Administra- manner of U.S. involvement, but also be- try of central and southern Angola, and is tion interference in Angola has emerged in cause the CIA has defied the mandate of personally attractive to some progressive the revelation that Nathaniel Davis-accord- the Organization of African Unity op- African leaders in other countries. ing to news reports of September 1-plans U.S. aid to the two movements is being to resign shortly from his post as Assistant posing all foreign intervention. disbursed largely through President Mobutu Secretary for African Affairs. The ostensible Like the War in Indochina, U.S. in- Sese Seko of Zaire. Indeed, it is impossible reason is his inability to establish good rela- volvement in the initial stages has relied to approach the subject of Angola and U.S. tions with African states and their leaders, on an information "black out". We are intervention there without examining Zaire's as his problem with Mobutu demonstrates. only learning now of money already relationship with both Angola and the United A high-ranking source in the State Depart- spent and of actions already taken be- States. Zaire shares a long border with An- ment, however, contends that the immediate cause of State Department decisions to gola; the BaKongo people, who comprise the reason for Davis' departure is his disagree- interfere to counter actions taken by the bulk of FNLA's supporters, straddle this bor- ment with over Angola- der. Holden Roberto of FNLA i.e., Davis balked at Kissinger's proposals for . is Mobutu's brother-in-law. It is not surprising, then, stepped-up intervention there. Davis may I would like to submit for review of my that Mobutu's Zaire government has long have resisted because he feared yet another colleagues an in depth analysis of the been an open supporter of FNLA. Mobutu's CIA blot on his record, which would confirm situation in Angola and the role of the support for UNITA is much less solid, and what was predicted by his opponents at the United States in it. The history of our seems primarily based on UNITA's shared time of his nomination. Many observers ex- covert activity is important in under- opposition to FNLA's main enemy, MPLA. pect Davis' successor to be Sheldon Vance. standing why it is essential that no more An instance of U.S.-Zaire connection with Whether or not Davis objected to Angolan aid be approved for any actions in An- UNITA was reported by an expert eye-witness intervention, he surely could not implement gola. The following was prepared by the recently. He saw a Hercules transport plane it effectively if he could not work with the offloading arms at Silva Porto, UNITA's head- other major actors in the Angolan arena. Washington Office on Africa, an invalu- quarters. The French-speaking crew was On another front, when Senators Clark able source for information on the topic: smoking Zairean cigarettes; the U.S. sold the and Brooke proposed an amendment to this U.S. INTERVENES IN ANGOLAN STRIFE Hercules aircraft to Zaire last year. year's foreign economic aid bill which would Since the Portuguese coup of April, 1974, Establishing and maintaining the stabil- specify $30 million for assisting the former the process of decolonization In Angola has ity of Mobutu's staunchly pro-western rule Portuguese territories, the Agency for In- proven far more tortuous and complex than in Zaire has, of course, been a cornerstone ternational Development suggested that $25 in the former sister territories of Mozam- of U.S. policy in Africa since the General million of this be earmarked for resettle- bique and Guinea-Bissau. In the latter two seized power in 1965. The CIA has long had ment of black Angolan refugees. Most such colonies, power was transferred to single, re- a principal Africa station in Zaire. U.S.-Zaire refugees are Bakongo returning to Angola latively unified liberation movements which relations received a jolt in June of this year from Zaire. But the Senators caught the acceded to independence and sovereignty in when Mobutu expelled U.S. Ambassador political implications of the language and orderly fashion. In Angola, the presence of Deane Hinton, accusing him and the CIA of specified in the report accompanying the bill three movements divided on political, ideo- complicity in a coup plot. Nathaniel Davis, that no aid should go toward "refugee or logical and geographic and ethnic lines has the Assistant Secretary of State for African economic assistance that would constitute prevented a simple transition from colony Affairs who was travelling in Africa at the political support for any one of the liberation to independence. These divisions, together time, tried to go to Zaire to repair relations, movements in Angola." with strategic considerations and Angola's but was refused entry. (Mobutu had earlier A further complication in the Angolan tur- wealth in natural resources, have invited in- in the year opposed Davis' nomination to his moil revolves around Cabinda, the tiny ex- tervention in the decolonization process by post, precisely because of Davis' implication clave of Angola separated from the rest of external powers. The United States has been in CIA activities in .) the country by a strip of Zairean territory. prominent among these outside forces, and The task of patching up things with Mobu- Cabinda is where Gulf Oil produces 100,000 recent evidence has provided a clearer, tu fell to Sheldon Vance, a former ambas- barrels of oil a day. MPLA currently controls though still very incomplete, picture of the sador to Zaire, now a senior aide to Kissinger. the area, and all the Angolan liberation nature of U.S. intervention. Vance made two trips to Zaire, and then be- movements favor keeping Cabinda part of In a front page New York Times article of gan to put together a new package of U.S. Angela. But a Cabindan separatist organiza- September 25, Leslie Gelb revealed that the aid for Mobutu. The package totals $60 mil- tion, FLEC, has recently emerged into the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency has been lion--4 times the 1975 level, 7 times the 1974 limelight. FLEC is presently located in and buying arms for two liberation movements, level, and $20 million higher than the an- is heavily backed by Zaire, which is known FNLA and UNITA, in an effort to offset the nual average of U.S. aid during the peak to have an interest in the oil; some experts military success of the third movement, years of U.S. assistance in the crisis period predict Zairean attempts to dominate or even MPLA, which has received significant arms of the 1960's. It is divided into $20 million annex Cabinda in the future. Clearly Cabinda support from the Soviet Union. The Times in Export-Import Bank loans; $20 million in is also a focus of external interests, both story states that the CIA operations have private and governmental. Food for Peace credit, and $20 million for been approved by President Ford and are The United States is not, of course, the "Security Supporting Assistance"-which ex- being carried out, as prescribed by law, with only external power involved in Angola. The ists to "support or promote economic or the knowledge of several Congressional com- Soviet political stability." The State Department Union has given considerable sup- mittees. These include the Senate and House port, especially in arms, to MPLA. China has rationale for the package has been Zaire's Armed Forces and Appropriations Commit- provided some assistance to FNLA, including balance of payments problems stemming tees, and the Senate Foreign Relations and military advice. Numerous indications and frcm a drop in price of its copper House International Relations Committees. exports allegations of intervention have been aired In each case CIA oversight has been dele- and a rise in import costs, especially for oil. concerning other countries such as France, gated to subcommittees dominated by con- Vance and other State Department officials Tunisia, Zambia and South Africa. servatives, or to individual ranking members. have also approached U.S. private creditors The Soviet Union's arms deliveries to CIA support for FNLA has a long history: to assist in the rescheduling of Zaire's con- MPLA make opposition to U.S. intervention according to Gelb, in 1962 the Agency and siderable foreign debt. more difficult. It can be cogently argued that 42330 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS December 19, 1975 a "Soviet-engineered takeover" of the An- A LESSON IN QUESTIONNAIRE- other kind (suspended sentences or proba- golan government is no more desirable than MANSHIP tion) are merely threats to sentence at a a similar CIA effort. The problem, however, later date, under certain conditions. is that any Soviet presence in a particular I do not use probation, which merely re- country is so often exaggerated, and used as HON. ABNER J. MIKVA quires the convicted accused to slip on his Sunday britches and come justification for significant American sub- OP ILLINOIS to the Depart- version of the internal political process. ment and tell a few concocted fibs about Furthermore, warnings of dangerous Soviet IN THE-HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES what he did during the interim of visits. On intervention from American officials should Thursday, December 18, 1975 two occasions I gave a suspended sentence hardly be taken at face value, when accom- (on condition of no future penal violation) panied by pious denials of U.S. interference. Mr. MIKVA. Mr. Speaker, the first when the State petitioned me to do so upon In a major Africa policy statement on Sep- lesson which every new Member of verified showing that the accused had effec- tember 23, Secretary Kissinger stated that Congress must learn is to carefully scru- tively and truthfully aided authorities in one of the three major U.S. concerns was tinize their list of constituents for the meeting criminals more highly placed. Other- "that the continent be free of great power names of any former Members of Con- wise, everyone convicted, before me, has been rivalry or conflict." He added a "cautionary gress. The second lesson is to omit those given an executed sentence, within the pre- are scription of the word" specifically about Angola: "We the list of recipients of law. Studies have revealed most alarmed at the Interference of extra- names from that supervised parolees do not better than continental powers who do not wish Africa questionnaires, because ex-Members of the unsupervised. Unfortunately, neither do well, and whose involvement is inconsistent Congress invariably respond with more too well. with the promise of true independence." information than you expected. I would Experience also shows that certain, and One task, then, is to judge the degree of like to demonstrate the dangers of fail- better still, prompt punishment reduces Soviet support for, and control over, the ing to master these lessons by inserting crime, especially crimes of profit. movement they are backing-MPLA. Soviet the response to Congressman DAVE This is a rough business, and no place for arms have been used to some extent by MPLA EVANS' questionnaire submitted by Judge the faint-hearted. several years; but according to the re- 4. Do you believe juvenile for Andrew Jacobs, Sr., a former Member of delinquents who spected British journalist David Martin, the are either repeat or first time offenders principal arms shipments came last spring, this House of Congress. The depth and should be tried as adults provided the crime in response to a massive movement of FNLA lucidity of Judge Jacobs' response should involves bodily harm, I.e. assault, rape, mur- troops from Zaire to Angola. It is notable come as no surprise to those of us who der? Yes-No- that MPLA has sought good relations with have witnessed the sagacity of his son, Tentatively, yes. But I would prefer that China (despite the latter's moderate support our colleague, Congressman ANDREW the original court be empowered to impose for PNLA) by sending two top level MPLA JAcoBS, JR., or to those fortunate enough appropriate sentencing without such trans- delegations for visits: hardly the behavior enough to remember the dis- fers. Almost without exception when I read expected from a Soviet puppet. MPLA also and senior one pre-sentence report I Congressman An- re-read what I have is maintaining good relations with Gulf Oil, tinguished service of previously read, with monotonous regular- and has recently softened its position on drew Jacobs, Sr. ity; early and constantly repeated criminal post-independence nationalization. The questionnaire follows: conduct with no punishment. The evidence, then, that MPLA is com- INDIANAPOLIS, IND., Recently, as I was sentencing a convicted pletely under the Soviet thumb is uncon- December 1, 1975. accused with such a juvenile record, I asked vincing. Such a figure as Senator Dick Clark, Re Crime Poll. him if he thought he would have committed Chairman of the Africa Subcommittee of the Congressman DAVE EVANS, the crime of which he then stood convicted Senate Foreign Relations Committee, who Congress of the United States, House of Rep- if the juvenile court had actually punished visited Angola and met with the presidents resentatives, Washington, D.C. him for his earlier transgressions. of all three movements in August, came away DEAR CONGRESSMAN EVANS: Interrogatories He replied that he thought it quite unlike- firmly convinced that nothing in the situa- never afford built-in space for adequate an- ly. I recently received a letter from a young tion justifies U.S. intervention. The problem swers. Hence I will comment upon yours man I had sentenced to prison for a year. may be best expressed by one of Leslie Gelb's seriatim: He thanked me, saying that had I released government sources: "It's just that we can't 1. Do you favor any type of strict gun con- him upon an unexecuted sentence, he would keep our hands out of anything." trol legislation? Yes-No-Please explain.-- be doing the same thing again, but that he In general, we feel any effort to stop U.S. Every firearm should be registered with had learned his lesson and was resolved to intervention in Angola should be supported. identifying ballistics data and other indicia. go straight hereafter. I receive many such Several amendments are being considered This is a proper subject for Federal juris- letters, which always before had closed ask- to the military aid bill, which the Admin- diction, although penal enforcement could ing that, since they had learned their les- istration has yet to submit and which Con- be concurrent with State Courts as a clear sons, would I now order them released. But gress will probably pass on by mid-November. exception provided to 18 U.S. Code 3231. But not this one. He resolved to finish his sen- Specifically, the Security Supporting Assist- constitutionally, I believe, enforcement must tence without infraction of institutional ance to Zaire should be opposed, since there be optional, not mandatory upon State rules and go straight, no favors asked. His is too much possibility that Angola move- Courts. Licensing, to carry guns, thusly reg- battle is half won. I wrote him to come and ments will be the beneficiaries of it. We istered, intra-state, should be left to states, see me when he is released. I intend to try should support an amendment which Clark while carrying beyond the registrant's state to help him find employment, if he does as may propose stipulating that no aid should would have to be by Federal authorities. No he promised. go "directly or indirectly" to the liberation distinction between "Saturday Night Spe- 5. Should parents be held financially re- movements in Angola. Another possibility is cials" and better guns has any validity. One sponsible for crimes committed by their ju- to back a possible Clark "sense of Congress" Is as deadly as the other. Possession of an venile delinquent children? Yes- No- resolution urging negotiations with the So- unregistered firearm should carry a penalty Only where their knowing and under- viet Union on mutual restraint in Angola. of imprisonment with mandatory destruc- standingly negligent conduct was clearly a An aide to Congressman Diggs has suggested tion of the unregistered weapon. When and proximate cause. I could not favor holding that such negotiations include not only the if we have recovered virtually all illegally the parents of teenagers too strictly respon- major powers of East and West but those on held weapons, and experience affords a sible when the governing institutions shrink the African continent as well. method of preventing replenishment, we from effective law enforcement, especially in There is a persisting doubt, however, that might consider gun abolition. the drug culture of this era. Beware of such steps such as these will affect only the pro- 2. Should first time purchasers of any type pat remedies. of the iceberg" of U.S. policy in verbial "tip of firearm be required to participate In a 6. Should "hard-core" drug addicts who central and southern Africa. Significant pol- firearm training course? Yes-No- commit crimes receive medical treatment as icy operations have proceeded and are pro- I have serious doubts. Before instituting part of the legal process? Yes- No- Please ceeding covertly under the rubric: "CIA". such a program we should await the ex- explain. --.-- _--_-__--_-______...... The American people have not been informed perience afforded by the registering and li- Such helpful treatment, if any, should be of these actions and have, in fact, been de- censing program. Eventually such training available to such criminals in the prisons liberately been misled concerning them. The might prove wise. I am undecided at this to which they are committed. I am opposed whole range of policy, covert and overt, ap- time. Generally, I oppose creation of new to the "King's X" laws whereby the accused pears to amount to an unwarranted and public jobs. says: immoral intrusion to guarantee a govern- 3. Should there be mandatory sentencing "Yes, Judge, I did it, but, King's X. I also ment friendly to the U.S. interests. But it for offenders who commit a crime with a violated the drug laws, and I want to be sent will be impossible to debate U.S. policy, and firearm? Yes-No- to the drug program instead of prison." to propose effective alternatives to it, when I think you refer to what is euphemisti- and the judge must engage in that charade. so much remains hidden from public view. cally called an "executed sentence." The fact Occasionally a convict may fit into the In a situation so murky we need your ideas that you ask this question (vis a vis fire- prescriptions stated under No. 3 above. If and analyses concerning these issues. We arms) manifests the debasement of our lan- "bigger fish" can thusly be netted, I am welcome your response. guage regarding criminal jurisprudence. The willing to evaluate possibilities, with due