US Covert Actions in Chile, 1971-73 by Nathaniel Davis

The Foreign Service Wives’ Rebellion of 1978 by Jane Beckman

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AFSA Scholarship Programs Editorial 4 LEE MIDTHUN The Bookshelf 29 Letters to the Editor 40 Journal AFSA News 41 SHIRLEY R. NEWHALL, Editor Amendments to the Bylaws 45 MARCI NADLER, Editorial Assistant Ballot 49 MclVER ART & PUBLICATIONS, INC., Art Direction Advertising Representatives JAMES C. SASMOR ASSOCIATES, 521 Fifth Ave., Suite 1700, New York, N.Y. 10017 (212) 683-3421 ALBERT D. SHONK CO., 681 Market St., San Francisco, Calif. Cover: Woodcut by Marie Skora 94105 (415) 392-7144 JOSHUA B. POWERS, LTD., 46 Keyes House, Dolphin Sq., London SW1 01-834-8023/9. International Representatives.

The FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL is the journal of professionals in with incomes over $15,000; $20 annually for less than $15,000. Associate foreign affairs, published twelve times a year by the American Foreign Members—Dues are $20 annually. All dues payments include $5.00 allo¬ Service Association, a non-profit organization. cation for the Journal and AFSA News, per AFSA Bylaws. Material appearing herein represents the opinions of the writers and is For subscription to the JOURNAL, one year (12 issues): $7.50; two years, not intended to indicate the official views of the Department of State, the $12.00. For subscriptions going abroad, except Canada, add $1.00 annu¬ International Communication Agency, the Agency for International De¬ ally for overseas postage. velopment or the United States Government as a whole. Articles appearing in this journal are abstracted and indexed in Historical While the Editorial Board of the JOURNAL is responsible for its general Abstracts and/or America: History and Life. content, statements concerning the policy and administration of AFSA as Microfilm copies of current as well as of back issues of the FOREIGN employee representative under Executive Order 11636 on the editorial SERVICE JOURNAL are available through the University Microfilm Library page and in the AFSA News, and all communications relating to these, are Services, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 under a contract signed October 30, the responsibility of the AFSA Governing Board. 1967. Membership in the American Foreign Service Association is open to the ® American Foreign Service Association, 1978. The Foreign Service Jour¬ professionals in foreign affairs overseas or in Washington, as well as to nal is published twelve times a year by the American Foreign Service persons having an active interest in, or close association with foreign Association, 2101 E Street, N.W., Washington D.C. 20037. Telephone (202) affairs. 338-4045 Membership dues are: Active Members—Dues range from $39 to $65 Second-class postage paid at Washington, D.C. and at additional post annually. Retired Active Members—Dues are $35 annually for members office. Department of State, which may provide the basis for AR^A EDITORIAL Foreign Service pay improvements. AFSA is happy to have collaborated with the Thomas Legal Defense Fund in support of the suit to establish the Dear Pete: tax-deductibility of home leave expenses, as we men¬ I received your letter about joining AFSA and after tioned in our June 30 annual report published in the Au¬ reading I felt I had to respond. gust Foreign Service Journal. AFSA is prepared to sell Your letter seems to claim that AFSA is responsible advertising in the Journal to the Thomas Fund in the for the current legislated grievance system for the future, as we have in the past. However, we regret that Foreign Service. As far as I know, we can thank Cynthia the Thomas Fund, presently controlled by AFGE, has Thomas for that. She is the one that got Senator Bayh supported an attack on Foreign Service mandatory re¬ interested, and kept after the matter for five years while tirement in the Bradley case. The case is the principal Wayne Hays blocked the bill in the House every year. cause of low promotions this year in State and ICA. The Every year, that is, until Elizabeth Ray. Where was Thomas Fund’s participation in the case gave the District AFSA? AFSA originally opposed Cynthia’s efforts. Court the mistaken impression that there is widespread AFSA wanted to go along with management and the support in the Foreign Service for abolishing mandatory interim grievance “system.” Now apparently AFSA has retirement. In our amicus curiae brief to the Supreme changed its politics. But perhaps a little honesty is in Court, we have corrected that impression. order. Cynthia Chard, backed by AAFSW and WAO (but Grievance counseling: if AFSA now provides griev¬ not, as you tacitly admit, by AFGE) deserves credit for ance counseling for all Foreign Service employees, then her efforts on the skills bank and the Family Liaison that too is a change in policy. For several years 1 handled Office. In 1977 we made a proposal on jobs for family grievance cases in which the opening remark of the griev- members overseas to management who claimed it was ant was that he/she had tried AFSA but they advised non-consultable. Thereafter, we supported legislation her/him that he/she had no grievance. As a matter of fact, (Section 413 of the FY 1978 Foreign Relations Authori¬ when these grievances moved forward, most of the griev- zation Act) which does increase job opportunities for ants were successful. Maybe AFSA has now decided to family members overseas, but also protects career get on the grievance bandwagon—some years late. Foreign Service positions. This year we’ve initiated a I doubt if AFSA can get us better pay. If any organiza¬ proposal, which is Section 401 of the FY 1979 Authoriza¬ tion can, it will be AFGE. tion Bill, which permits family members to take some Litigation of tax deductibility: Have you forgotten that FSL positions. this was a case jointly sponsored by AFSA and the In contrast to our vigorous efforts, your own organiza¬ Thomas Fund? No mention of that. However, we do tion, AFGE, has been ineffective, and sometimes remember that when the Thomas Fund started, AFSA counter-productive, in defending the interests of the refused advertising space in the Foreign Service Journal. Foreign Service people you represent: Not for free, but for a fee. Has AFSA now changed its • AFGE’s support of the attack on mandatory retire¬ policy with regard to the Thomas Fund? ment was the principal cause of low promotions this Job opportunities for family members overseas: Come year. In your testimony to the Senate Foreign Rela¬ now, we all know that was Cynthia Chard, backed by tions Committee last spring, you tried to explain away WAO and AAFSW. Cynthia did the original skills bank. the bad promotions as a sudden consequence of provid¬ Cynthia lobbied on the Hill to get the Family Liaison ing cover for the CIA. Office into the State authorization bill. 1 am not aware •The principal thrust of your testimony on the reor¬ that AFSA did anything about this. But it is good to see ganization of public diplomacy was that a labor repre¬ AFSA climbing on the bandwagon, again. sentative should be appointed to the ICA Advisory Better late than never? Perhaps, but then there is also a Commission. season for a little honesty and candor, at least among •AFGE did not even show up at the House-Senate colleagues. Conference on the Foreign Relations Authorization Best regards, Act. As a result, Senator Pell was constrained to re¬ John A. Anderegg, cede in his support for an AFGE-initiated measure to make former Binational Center employees eligible for Dear John: Foreign Service retirement. I welcome your invitation to honesty and candor • AFGE did not even know that the Civil Service Re¬ among colleagues. form Act included the Foreign Service, and thus has AFSA, along with Cynthia Thomas and others, sup¬ taken no role in AFSA’s successful efforts to keep the ported the Bayh Bill for many years. And it was AFSA, Foreign Service out of the Act. in 1975 before the fall of Wayne Hays, who negotiated •AFGE has done nothing to support the “High-One” and supported the bargain which enabled passage of retirement incentive initiated by AFSA to cope with grievance legislation. As you well know, AFSA has for the adverse impact of the AFGE-Thomas Fund attack several years provided more and better grievance coun¬ on mandatory retirement. In fact, AFGE pronounced seling for individual Foreign Service people than anyone it dead just one week before it passed the House- else. Senate Conference. We regret that neither AFSA or AFGE has been able Honesty and candor compel me to say that AFSA has to raise the 5.5 percent ceiling on this year’s federal pay done, and is doing, more for the Foreign Service than increase. The Foreign Relations Authorization Act, at AFGE has done to the Foreign Service. AFSA’s urging and with no help from AFGE, requires a Sincerely yours, report by January 20 on staffing and compensation in the Peter Wolcott 4 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, November. 1978 COMPLETELY NEW FOR 1979... AND DIPLOMATICALLY DISCOUNTED BY FORD.

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COUNTRY- All over the Soviet Union the scaffolding is going up capital city seems to confirm that in 1980 the Soviets will for Soviet officialdom’s biggest clambake ever— attempt to project an image of their national life far dif¬ hosting the world for the XXII Olympiad to be held in ferent from that of 1977. Moscow in the summer of 1980. The very air of this In 1977 full effort went into portraying the Revolution—billed as “the greatest event of the 20th century”—in terms of social and economic advancement Stephen N. Sestanovich retired from the Foreign Service in 1971 after of the masses. Most of those who came to the Soviet 30 years of assignments in embassies from Singapore to Helsinki. He now lives in Moraga, California with his wife and together they follow Union for that anniversary were canonical adherents and an active schedule of writing, traveling and public service. He has had well-wishers from developing countries like Hungary, several previous appearances in the Journal. Cuba, Afghanistan and Vietnam—and they were im-

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8 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, November, 1978 Marc Chagall’s paintings, murals, ceramics and cos¬ steps to end World War II, is being readied to add more tumes, shown in several museums in 1973 when he vis¬ rooms to public view, including Roosevelt’s private ited his Soviet birthplace, have not been put on exhibition apartment. since, but there are indications they are being readied for British guests may be permitted easier access to the old showing again in 1980. Vorontsov estate, whose main building is a replica of a Some “modern” masters, such as Filinov and Tudor castle, and which served as Churchill’s residence Malevich, have not been shown since “Khrushchev’s during the conference. Spring,” but may be seen in 1980, perhaps at a small hall This emphasis on artistic patrimony clearly unmasks like the Artist’s Union. chronic weaknesses in the Soviet economy. Soviet lead¬ Bustling activity, dramatized by forests of scaffolding, ers are painfully aware that most of their country’s is seen everywhere. Tons of gilt and pale tints are being production—particularly in the areas of food, clothing, applied to cathedral-museums like St. Isaac’s in Lenin¬ housing and household furnishings—does not measure up grad, St. Sofia’s in Kiev, and Holy Redeemer in Mos¬ to standards attained by small neighboring nations. Espe¬ cow. Fragile old crystal chandeliers are hauled out of cially annoying to them is that Finland produces far storage, repaired, polished and positioned in galleries like better-designed textiles, that Czechoslovakian crystal is the already splendid Hermitage, the Tretiakov, and sold successfully in the world market place whereas smaller repositories from Minsk to Archangel. theirs is not, that tiny Denmark offers its citizens a wide Organs, never popular with Russian liturgical compos¬ variety of fresh fruits and vegetables whereas they can¬ ers, are being imported and installed to introduce a new not, that Poland produces icons and other art reprod¬ dimension of sound to the beauties of ecclesiastical envi¬ uctions of high quality that they cannot, that Swedish ronments. furniture and automobiles compete aggressively and suc¬ The spacious paneled interior of Petrodvorets, Peter cessfully around the world whereas Soviet cars and the Great’s gem of a summer palace, still gutted from house furnishings do not. World War II, is undergoing extensive restoration to Many interpretations are given for the poor quality and make it as lovely and inviting inside as its already re¬ scarcity of food and other consumer goods in the Soviet stored exterior walls and gardens. Union. Russian workers explain them by relating an old Livadia palace in Yalta, where the “Crimean proverb: If the commissars pretend that they are paying Decree”—a document of a magnitude in Soviet history us, we'll pretend that we are working. Fyodor is a comparable to the Magna Carta for the British—was bricklayer on a construction site near Moscow stadium, signed, and where President Roosevelt, Prime Minister where the summer Olympics will take place. When asked Churchill and Premier Stalin met in 1945 to confer on Continued on page 35 Picasso Stayed Here* If we wanted to name drop, our insurance department we could boggle your mind. through its Annual Govern¬ Because for decades, Security ment Service Floater. Storage has been Washington’s Decades of this kind of favorite place to store valu¬ efficient, personal service, and ables. And when it comes to a dedication to quality, have FSO valuables, the Govern¬ made Security an FSO moving ment will cover all expenses, and storage expert. And that’s providing special arrangements why anytime you need depend¬ are made in advance with your able service, it’s good to know transportation officer. Security is there. Silver, jewels, stamp and coin collections, and rare books are protected in Security’s vault. Temperature controlled areas are available for ^rrurito jStoranf (Jompanp maximum protection and preservation of furs and off-season wardrobes. And paintings in our Art Room of UJashington MAIN OFFICE: receive the same storage treatment as paintings in 1701 Florida Avenue. N.W., Washington, D.C. 20009 (2021 234-5600 MARYLAND: one of Washington’s largest museums. Bethesda-Chevy Chase, Marlow Heights, White Oak In addition, hundreds of your colleagues use VIRGINIA: Alexandria, McLean

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, November, 1978 9 “All civilization has from time to time become a thin crust over a volcano of revolution."—Havelock Ellis

US Covert Actions in Chile 1971-1973

NATHANIEL DAVIS

“Never defend yourself: your l refrain from discussing Chilean At the other end of the time friends do not need it, and your events prior to my arrival in San¬ frame of this article. 1 left Chile a enemies will not believe it." Henry tiago in October, 1971, and shall few weeks after the coup—in a M. Wriston once aphorized. Hav¬ leave to others any comment on the transfer already envisaged for rea¬ ing been US Ambassador to Chile 1970 elections, the Viaux-Valen- sons unrelated to it—and I have not from October, I97l to October, zuela plot against Chilean Army been involved in Chilean matters or 1973, and having kept this rule with commander-in-Chief Schneider, US policy toward Chile since that respect to all Chilean matters for a “Track II,” (described by the Sen¬ time. The US established diploma¬ number of years, I am about to ate Select Committee as a CIA at¬ tic contact with the military gov¬ break it. Even now, I half expect to tempt in September-October, 1970 ernment on September 24: my end up like the man in the restau¬ to foment a military coup by pass¬ transfer was announced on Oc¬ rant who turned his sad eyes up ing weapons and giving assurances tober 12, and I departed Santiago from the soup to the waiter and of support to military and police October 31. On the question of said: “I’m sorry I stirred it.” plotters), and other questions relat¬ human rights, in the weeks before ing to that period discussed in re¬ my departure I expressed serious Nathaniel Davis is presently serving as ports by Senator Church’s Select US concerns to the new Chilean State Department Adviser at the Naval War Committee on US Intelligence Ac¬ government, as Assistant Secre¬ College. He has served at Prague. Flor¬ tivities. I first became aware of tary Kubisch testified in Congress. ence, Rome. Moscow, the Soviet Desk. I shall also leave to others, how¬ Caracas, the Peace Corps, Sofia, the Na¬ these matters w'hen the Committee tional Security Council Staff, Guatemala, Staff questioned me about them in ever, the opportunity to evaluate Chile. MIDG. AF and Bern. 1975. and explain US policy toward the 10 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, November, Pinochet government and the made by the Allende government to de¬ any such support because of the in¬ human rights question during the stroy opposition news media, both the creasingly high level of tension in months and years since October, writing press as well as the electronic Chile, and because the groups were 1973. press. And to destroy opposition politi¬ known to hope for military interven¬ cal parties. We are surrounded by fables tion.* And the effort that was made in this about what the United States did The Chilean military themselves case was to help and assist the preser¬ and did not do in Chile during the vation of opposition newspapers and have expressed contempt for the Allende time, particularly in terms idea that they might have launched of covert action. It is believed that the coup with American help or in¬ the United States “destabilized" spiration. For example, C. L. the Chilean government, made “I believe that the last Sulzberger, writing in the New common cause with rightist sub¬ thing our authorities York Times of November 30, 1975, versives, fomented demonstrations after a 1975 visit to Chile, quoted and strikes, strangled the economy, would do if the CIA General Pinochet, president of the and supported military subversion. were really plotting a military government, as follows: Perhaps it would be useful to de¬ I never had any kind of contact with scribe what the United States gov¬ coup would be to call anyone from the CIA or with any am¬ ernment clearly did do, and try to the US ambassador bassador. US or otherwise. 1 wanted to explain what the legends are and be free of any obligation to anybody. how they came about. It might then back to plan it in person And of course I wanted to protect be useful to discuss a few of the my intentions by total discretion. Why, with the secretary-of afterward, even my family asked what arguments for and against the US state-designate the kind of help 1 received from the United course of action and offer some ex¬ States. 1 told them: "Not even good planation of why I believe the coup weekend before, and will". . . actually did come when it did. 1 be¬ Sulzberger continues, saying that lieve there were four main fac¬ then send him once Pinochet tors—the Allende government's again to his post before . . . discussed his intentions with economic policies, its relations the event.” only a handful of high army officers, with the opposition, relations never telling anyone in the air force, within the ruling leftist coalition, navy or constabulary because he felt and the government's relations these had already been dangerously in¬ with the military. 1 do not list electronic media and to preserve op¬ filtrated by pro-Allende men. . . position political parties." American actions among these four General Pinochet decided to act on I believe the foregoing is a rea¬ principal causes. Perhaps it is our September 14. 1973—four days before sonable rough description of US besetting ethnocentrism which in¬ an independence day parade. This covert action when 1 was in Chile.* would allow him to bring military units duces Americans—often on both The Church Committee, which into Santiago for the customary proces¬ sides of a question—to exaggerate had access to the CIA's and the sion and billet them in concentric rings our role and influence over events US government's most closely around the city. in other parts of the world. guarded files, concluded: But on September 9, air force gen¬ As a last note of introduction, I Was the United States directly in¬ eral Gustavo Leigh and an admiral rep¬ should add that the time and ener¬ volved. covertly in the 1973 coup in resenting the navy commander. Admi¬ gies of my embassy colleagues and Chile? The Committee has found no ral Jose Merino, visited General myself were principally devoted to evidence that it was. . . Pinochet on his daughter's birthday. Leigh, Merino and the national police questions and activities with which There is no hard evidence of direct commander, General Cesar Mendoza, this article does not deal—the cop¬ US assistance to the coup, despite fre¬ now form the four-man ruling junta that per nationalizations and other ex¬ quent allegations of such aid. . . Various proposals for supporting Pinochet dominates. They asked propriation and compensation Pinochet to take action and he agreed questions; political, economic, private sector groups were examined in the context [of increasing unrest in to move up his D-day to September 11. consular, administrative, military, But he never disclosed details of his 1973), but the ambassador and the De¬ agricultural, US1A, AID, NASA partment of State remained opposed to operational plan. and other problems; and negotia¬ What about prior US knowledge tions, analysis and reporting. *The presidential statement quoted above of coup plotting? We did receive does not describe US government policy ominous intelligence reports, as Covert Action and and actions daring 1970. If one reads care¬ Assistant Secretary Kubisch read¬ The Coup Itself fully, the president's reference was to the period when President Allende had already ily acknowledged in Congressional What did the United States do? taken office and was moving against opposi¬ testimony. In fact, we were receiv¬ On September 16, 1974, President tion news media. I doubt that the CIA. ing reports of coup plotting for which had obviously briefed the president in Ford answered a newsman’s ques¬ preparation for his statement, would have months before the coup—as were tion at the White House with the provided false information for the president all of the Western news corre- following: to volunteer publicly six weeks after his as¬ ... as I understand it. and there's no sumption of office. Bureaucrats are not like * Staff Report of the Select Committee to doubt in my mind, our government had that, and I believe the CIA does have a spe¬ Study Governmental Operations with Re¬ cial feeling about its responsibilities to the spect to Intelligence Activities. United no involvement in any way whatsoever president himself. Actually, Mr. Colby's States Senate, Frank Church, Chairman, in the coup itself. own public statement on this issue makes a Covert Action in Chile. 1963-1973 (Wash¬ In a period of time, three or four clear distinction between 1970 and the later ington. US Govt. Printing Office. 1975) p. years ago. there was an effort being period, q.v. i

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, November, 1978 II spondents in Santiago. The Myths to take notes. His subsequent ef¬ My trip to Washington over the forts to move his Congressional What are the myths about US colleagues to action are well weekend before the coup has been covert policy and action? Hun¬ adduced as evidence of planning known. He wrote a letter to his dreds of them were floated in fringe chairman, Mr. Morgan, which was for a coup. In actuality, it should be publications, including the false al¬ recognized as the opposite. The leaked and published. Mr. Har¬ legation that US pilots bombed the rington's letter recounted sums au¬ facts are these. In preparation for Moneda palace of government in his assumption of the secre¬ thorized for political action in the coup, the false allegation that Chile—action not essentially dif¬ taryship, Henry Kissinger carried US intelligence officers were out a talent-hunt for his new team ferent from the activities President aboard Chilean naval vessels at the Ford acknowledged publicly on at the State Department, calling time of the coup, and so forth. envoys back from a dozen capitals September 16, 1974—and asserted However, three important “revela¬ that Mr. Colby had outlined a to be interviewed. This was re¬ tions” published in the responsible ported in the New York Times on strategy to “destabilize" the Al¬ US press in September, 1974, form lende Government, as published in August 28, 1973. I was asked to the serious basis, I believe, for the come for a meeting on the weekend the New York Times of September misunderstandings that have since 8, 1974. of September 8-9. While given the gained wide currency. These are: chance to request a postponement, On September 18, 1974. a per¬ 1) the letter of Congressman sonal letter from Director Colby I concluded that an absence from Michael J. Harrington on “de- Santiago of a couple of days was appeared on the editorial page of stabilization” of the Allende re¬ the New York Times saying: about as bad at one time as the gime, published by the New York next, and perhaps better in early [When Congressman Harrington’s Times’ s investigative reporter, letter was published.] I reexamined the September than during the Sep¬ Seymour M. Hersh, on September transcript of the testimony and deter¬ tember 18 Chilean National Holi¬ 8, 1974; 2) Mr. Hersh’s September mined that the word “destabilize" in day period which everybody in the 19 report that the CIA had sup¬ whatever grammatical form, does not city expected to be a time of high ported the Chilean truckers and appear. tension. Besides, one does not other strikers; and 3) Mr. Hersh's I so informed your representative at lightly tell the secretary-of-state- article of September 23 asserting that time, and 1 so stated publicly on designate that an interview with that there had been a United States September 13 at a public meeting, at¬ him is inconvenient. government decision in October, tended by Representative Harrington, I believe that the last thing our 1971 to “get rougher.” which was fully covered by your repre¬ sentative. To insure that no mere dif¬ authorities would do if the CIA The difficulty of countering these ference in semantics is involved. I were really plotting a coup would misunderstandings is that one must added that “this term especially is not a be to call the US ambassador back try to show that something did not fair description of our national policy to plan it in person with the happen. It is worse than Sherlock from 1971 on of encouraging the con¬ secretary-of-state-designate on the Holmes's dog that failed to bark in tinued existence of democratic forces weekend before, and then send him the night. That dog at least was si¬ looking toward future elections.” once again to his post before the lent because of what did occur. The Although I have not been given event. 1 realize this observation task of showing that alleged actions access to Mr. Colby’s testimony, I runs against the “conspiracy did not happen, “the task of prov¬ believe his letter.* It is probable theory of government”; but I have ing nothing,” is even harder. But that Mr. Harrington, who did not the feeling that coincidence, disar¬ one must at least try. ticulation, conflicting priorities and So far as I can make out, the his¬ * David A. Phillips, Chief of CIA Latin necessarily unintegrated impera¬ tory of Mr. Harrington’s letter is as American Operations when Colby testified tives more often explain events before the Nedzi Committee, gives some follows; Director William E. Colby added testimony in support of Colby. He within government than outside briefed the Nedzi Intelligence says he was present when Colby testified, critics sometimes recognize. Oversight Subcommittee of the that the term "destabilization" was never I believe Sulzberger was proba¬ House Armed Services Committee used, that the CIA did not encourage the Chilean plotters, nor fund the strikers before bly right when he reported that the on Chilean operations in the spring the coup. The New York l imes May 22 and final decision to launch the coup on of 1974. His report was said to be 25, 1975. September 11 was probably made complete, detailed, and downright Daniel Schorr, in Clearing the Air I Bos¬ on Sunday, September 9 (when I clinical in tone. It had been the ton, Houghton Mifflin Co.. 1977) pp. 130- practice when the previous direc¬ 133, describes how he came to be given ac¬ was in Washington). Such indica¬ cess to Top-Secret US government staffing tions and stories I have heard since tor, Richard Helms, briefed the papers on covert CIA operations in Chile. the coup tend to confirm that deci¬ Nedzi Committee on sensitive sub¬ Recommendations in 1970 included bribing sion date. Apparently, the officers jects that the CIA director would members of Parliament to vote against Sal¬ involved were deeply influenced by ask the stenotypist to stop tran¬ vador Allende’s election, subsidizing oppo¬ sition parties, and working with the Chilean the abortive naval mutiny or¬ scribing. When Mr. Colby tes¬ military toward a possible coup. So far as ganized in the preceding days in tified, the stenographic record ap¬ the 1973 period is concerned, however, Valparaiso by Socialist Party Chief parently was not stopped. Sub¬ Schorr has reviewed his notes taken when Altamirano, and by Altamirano’s sequently Mr. Harrington asked to examining the Top-Secret papers and has subsequent insurrectionary speech see that transcript, basing his re¬ written me that recommendations were for a "sustaining operation to keep opposition carried on the radio, in which he quest on his membership on the going until 1976 elections." Nothing in the openly acknowledged his role in House Foreign Affairs Committee. recommendations went beyond this general the mutinous plot. He was allowed to read it, but not framework and intent.

12 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, November, 1978 have the benefit of any notes, and United States Mission in Chile port addresses the same question who had the deepest commitment supported the truckers, shopkeep¬ as follows: of conviction and emotion in the ers and taxi-drivers. In August 1973, the [Forty] Commit¬ Chilean question, did in fact coin Mr. Harrington's own leaked let¬ tee authorized support for private sec¬ tor groups, but with disbursement con¬ the word “destabilize” and charac¬ ter states that the Forty Committee tingent on the agreement of the Ambas¬ terize US policy and objectives (the White House review commit¬ sador and State Department. That through the prism of his own be¬ tee for covert action plans) rejected agreement was not forthcoming.* liefs. The word “destabilization,” support for the truckers.* On the which has entered the English lan¬ question of the truckers’ strike in Later the Report says: guage, would be his, and the policy While these deliberations were tak¬ ing place, the CIA Station [in Chile] perception would be his. asked Headquarters to take soundings The foregoing does not mean [in the Washington bureaucracy] to de¬ that I thought or think that at¬ “Honesty requires an termine whether maximum support titudes in Washington toward Sal¬ acknowledgment that, could be provided to the opposition, in¬ vador Allende's Chile were uni¬ cluding groups like the truck owners. formly benign. I don't. Former overall, the reactions of The ambassador agreed that these President Nixon described his view the international soundings should be taken but opposed a specific proposal for $25,000 of sup¬ of Salvador Allende's Government banking institutions port to the strikers. [1 opposed all such in his recent memoirs. Dr. Kis¬ support, but agreed to refer the ques¬ singer has addressed the subject on were unhelpful to the tion to Washington for resolution by a number of occasions. Tad Szulc Allende government; higher authority in view of the Station's in The Illusion of Peace, states he and my differing views.] There was a did (and it may be true that Mr. but Chile did receive CIA recommendation for support to Colby, as an intelligence officer, more in disbursements the truck owners, but it is unclear did) express judgments and views whether or not that proposal came be¬ about our purposes in Chile, in se¬ from public fore the Forty Committee. On August 25—16 days before the coup— cret congressional testimony, with international sources Headquarters advised the Station that which I would not agree. I am writ¬ during the United soundings were being taken, but the ing about information which CIA Station's proposal was never ap¬ reached me—things said to me, pol¬ Popular government proved. icy guidance given me, instruc¬ than in any other The pattern of US deliberations tions, etc. I realize that I cannot suggests a careful distinction between present the Washington picture, comparable period in supporting the opposition parties and but I do believe the picture from Chilean history.” funding private sector groups trying to Santiago is worth having. bring about a military coup. However, The second major Chile story of given turbulent conditions in Chile, the interconnections among the CIA- September, 1974, was Mr. Hersh's supported political parties, the various 1973, the Church Committee piece of September 19 which ap¬ militant trade associations (gremios) peared in the New York Times on states: and paramilitary groups prone to ter¬ September 20. In it Mr. Hersh as¬ . . . On August 20, the Forty Com¬ rorism and violent disruption were serted that intelligence sources had mittee approved a proposal granting $1 many. The CIA was aware that links revealed to him that the CIA had million to opposition parties and pri¬ between these groups and the political used most of “more than $7 million vate sector groups, with passage of the parties made clear distinctions difficult. funds contingent on the concurrence of authorized for clandestine CIA ac¬ the Ambassador, Nathaniel Davis, and The most prominent of the right-wing tivities in Chile ... in 1972 and the Department of State. None of these paramilitary groups was Patria y l.ibcr- 1973 to provide strike benefits and funds were passed to private sector other means of support for anti- groups before the military coup three *Staff Report of the Select Committee, Op. Allende strikers and work¬ weeks later. Cit., p. 30. So far as my overall role is con¬ ers . . . Among those heavily sub¬ In its summary “Range of cerned, Senator Frank Church has charac¬ sidized. the sources said, were the terized it as follows: "As chairman of the Covert Action" section, the Re- Senate Committees which investigated the organizers of a nationwide truck Chilean affair, / wish to state for the record strike that lasted 26 days in the fall * The New York Times, Sept. 8. 1974. Two that Nathaniel Davis never appeared to of 1972 . . . Direct subsidies, the points might he clarified. There were two have actively engaged in covert efforts to sources said, also were provided major trackers' strikes, the first in late 1972 subvert the elected government of Chile. for a strike of middleclass shop¬ and the second in mid-1973. So far as I Rather, the available evidence suggested know, subsidizing the 1972 strike was not that Davis opposed such a conspiracy and keepers and a taxi strike, among proposed, either to me or in the Forty sought to maintain a correct relationship others, that disrupted the capital Committee. Subsidizing the 1973 strike was with the Chilean regime. ' city of Santiago in the summer of proposed to me and / opposed it. Mr. 1973. . Hersh's reports published Sept. 8 and 20 in¬ See also statement of Gregory F. Trever- dicate that the Forty Committee sub¬ ton, professional staff member of the Senate My own knowledge and experi¬ sequently rejected the CIA proposal Isap- Select Committee, Intelligence Activities. ence lead me to conclude that the porting my position). According to the Senate Resolution 21. Hearings before the foregoing story was not correct. So Church Committee, however, it was "un¬ Select Committee to Study Governmental does research in depth on this mat¬ clear" whether the proposal ever actually Operations with Respect to Intelligence Ac¬ came before the Forty Committee. In any tivities of the U.S. Senate, Ninety Fourth ter in Congress and by others. I am case, it was never approved tsee report fol¬ Congress, First Session, Vol. 7, Covert Ac¬ confident that no element of the lowing). tion, Dec. 4 and 5, 1975. p. 16. FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, November, 1978 13 tad (Fatherland and Liberty), which contributed to those needs could CIA nor any other US agency was formed following Allende's September contribute to the truckers. But that involved in the “march of the 4 election [in 1970], during so-called is not the same thing as the party empty pots.” In fact, the Station Track 11. The CIA provided Patria y acting as a conduit. And it is not so Chief expressed chagrin to me at Libertad with $38,500 through a third difficult to tell if money given to a the time that his organization had party during the Track II period, in an political party for electoral posters not had better and earlier in¬ effort to create tension and a possible pretext for intervention by the Chilean or advertisements, for example, is telligence about the likelihood of military. After Allende took office, the being used for that purpose. The the march. Mr. Hersh is correct in CIA occasionally provided the group CIA has been paying monies in saying that he called me before small sums through third parties for foreign countries ever since the publishing the story and did not re¬ demonstrations or specific propaganda Agency was formed, and has de¬ ceive a comment for the record. 1 activity. These disbursements, about veloped techniques of some effec¬ was not authorized to make com¬ seven thousand dollars in total, ended tiveness for determining whether ments for the record on clandestine in 1971. its monies are being used for the operations, and told Mr. Hersh so. To my knowledge, no monies or purposes authorized and in¬ I also told him at the same time on support of any kind were passed to tended.* a personal basis for his information Patria y Libcrtacl during my in¬ The third major story on Chile and background,that the story Was cumbency. which appeared in September, not true. Why did the September 19, 1974 1974, carried assertions about my I have wondered how the forego¬ New York Times article contain own role, and I know they were not ing story could have originated. inaccurate information? While I accurate. The September 23 story There is no reflection of anything am, of course, not informed of the by Seymour Hersh in the New like this in the Church Report. The talks between the reporter and his York Times of September 24 says: one thing 1 do know is that no such sources, 1 believe one element of The Nixon Administration, in what orders were sent to me, and I did explanation is now clear. An im¬ amounted to a change of its clandestine not take the actions attributed to policies toward the regime of President me. portant source for Mr. Hersh's Salvador Allende Gossen(s) of Chile, story was subsequently revealed to officially authorized the Central In¬ have been Mr. Ray S. Cline, Di¬ telligence Agency to begin supplying rector of Intelligence of the State Before going on to discuss the ar¬ financial and other aid to anti-Allende guments for and against US Department until late 1973. The factions in mid-October. 1971. highly covert support for the opposition, I New York Times directly quoted reliable intelligence sources said today. Mr. Cline to this effect on October The administration directive, charac¬ should like to touch briefly on two 17, 1974, and Mr. Cline has told terized by one insider as an order to other themes: 1) the allegation that others the same thing. What 1 think "get a little rougher." resulted in direct the United States successfully CIA involvement six weeks later in the brought down the Allende regime happened was that Mr. Cline mis- first large-scale, middle class demon¬ recalled what had transpired. through economic strangulation; strations against the Allende re¬ and 2) the allegation that continuing After the publication of the Sep¬ gime . . . military cooperation and sales rep¬ tember 19, 1974 article, Mr. The street demonstrations, known as resented an instigation of the mili¬ Cline—who had been out of Gov¬ the “march of the empty pots," led to a series of violent clashes. tary to overthrow the president. ernment for the better part of a Both these questions were more year—requested and received the According to an administration source with first-hand knowledge, the Washington-focused than em¬ opportunity to review his own clas¬ change in American clandestine bassy-oriented, and I speak with sified INR files and refresh his policies toward the Allende Govern¬ less authority, being less directly memory. Having done so. he ob¬ ment was communicated to Mr. Davis involved. Nevertheless, 1 believe I jected strongly to the New York shortly after arrival in Chile on October can make some relevant com¬ Times story of October 17 which 13. 1971. Mr. Davis who was reas¬ ments. quoted him by name as saying there signed to the .State Department late last During the time that I was con¬ had been direct support to the year refused to comment today . . . cerned with Chilean matters, the strikers. On October 22 the New One administration official with first-hand knowledge of the events in first controversy over purported York Times published a correction “economic reprisals” was the quoting Mr. Cline as actually say¬ Chile summarized the message sent to Ambassador Davis as saying, in effect, Export-Import Bank/LAN Chile ing that trade groups and labor "from now on you may aid the opposi¬ affair. Actually the incident took unions, including truckers, “had tion by any means possible." Another place before I had any Chilean re¬ benefited indirectly from CIA fi¬ source said simply that the ambassador sponsibilities, but it affected the nancial aid to political parties.” had been told to "get a little political atmosphere at the time of This, in turn, raises another rougher" . . . my confirmation hearings. The question. Was there in fact a large- Another source confirmed Ambas¬ issue concerned a request by the sador Davis's direct involvement .... Chilean civil airline for an Ex-Im scale seepage of funds to the truck¬ I received no such message or ers as the corrected New York Bank loan and guarantee of $21 mil¬ Times story would imply? I have order. So far as I know neither the lion to buy passenger aircraft from not seen evidence of such large- * There was, in fact, a diversion of $2,800 to Boeing. Technically, the Ex-Im scale leakage. Obviously, if one the truckers in November, 1972 (see Staff Bank never turned down the Chil¬ Report of the Select Committee, p. 31). ean request, but asked the Chilean gives a political party money to While this represented a breach, the inci¬ meet its needs, somebody or some dent speaks well for the CIA's ability to dis¬ government for answers to several group which otherwise might have cover diversions when they occur. Continued on page 38 14 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL. November, 1978 A word, once sent abroad, flies irrevocably.”—Horace ing random selection of Ingliano words demonstrates: baby-sitter dumping flashback pot-boiler Let’s Speak bulldozer cracker twist pewter jury Inglfono pace-maker prime-rate script-girl detective ROBERT DEVEREUX charter party plum pudding In recent years, much has been out the world to acquire a working chewing gum written about French efforts to knowledge of English. One inevit¬ offset stem the growth of Franglais and able result has been the incorpora¬ hobby even, if possible, to eradicate it tion of a host of English words, cantilever completely. More recently, a de¬ either integrally or as phonetic sinking-fund scendant of Belgian statesman adaptations, into the vocabularies best-seller Paul-Henri Spaak has launched a of other languages. establishment movement to secure enactment by There is perhaps no country pullover the Belgian parliament of a law that where these factors have been, and jam session would make it a legal offense for still are, more at play and where so sexy any Belgian to use, by accident or many English words and expres¬ blizzard design, a Franglais (i.e., English) sions have entered the local lan¬ yacht word in speech or writing. From guage than Italy. Although very lit¬ boom time to time one also encounters ar¬ tle has thus far been said or written computer ticles written by journalists as¬ about Ingliano (not a recognized identikit signed to Moscow that discuss the term but rather one coined by the slogan various English words which have writer from inglese in italiano), this blazer entered the Russian language and does not reflect any paucity of In¬ jazz that comment on Soviet concern gliano words but rather the tolerant outboard over how to halt the process. attitude that Italians take toward ice-berg Similar concern over the growing the phenomenon. Unlike the whipcord use of English words and expres¬ French, for example, who are sions in local languages exists in loudly stuffy about Franglais, the The most widely used Ingliano many other countries as well. For Italians refuse to regard Ingliano as term is perhaps leader (to use a bad although the English language is far a problem. Members of the Crusca pun. the Ingliano leader is leader), from achieving universal accep¬ Academy1 and such individual used primarily to denote a political tance as the recognized medium for writers as Luciano Satta, Vincenzo leader but applicable to any indi¬ international communication, it is Cepellini and Franco Fochi may vidual or product in any field, just certainly closer at present to that deplore the existence and continu¬ as in English (leadership is also status than any of its possible ri¬ ing growth of Ingliano, but Italians good Ingliano but is used much less vals. It is, for example, the com¬ in general, including most writers frequently), followed by weekend mon language of international avia¬ and journalists, clearly do not care. and bar (the latter can denote either tion, banking and finance and for In fact, a constant reader of Italian a bar in the American sense of es¬ many fields of technology. Ameri¬ newspapers, periodicals and books tablishment that serves drinks but can preeminence in these fields, the is likely to conclude that Italian primarily dispenses coffee; snack¬ influence of American and British writers are actually competing bar is also not infrequent, at least in media (TV, movies, etc.), the pres¬ among themselves to see who can areas where American tourists ence of US troops in many corners use the most Ingliano terms. abound). Both leader and week¬ of the world, the annual waves of The existing Ingliano vocabulary end, incidentally, have perfectly American tourists, and other simi¬ covers virtually every aspect of Ita¬ good Italian equivalents—capo and lar factors have all combined to lian life and society, as the follow- fine di settimana— although the make it useful and profitable, even latter do not have quite the same if not absolutely necessary, for I The Crusca Academy or. more correctly, Accademia della Crusca is comparable in connotations as the English (and people in all walks of life through- many respects to France's Academie Fran- Ingliano) terms, which presumably caise. For information on the Academy and accounts for the Italian preference Dr. Robert Devereux who has often con¬ its work, see Robert Devereux, "The tributed to the Journal says this article re¬ Crusca Academy and Its Vocabulario,” Ita¬ for the Ingliano terms. sults from a five year tour at the Embassay lian Quarterly, Vol. XI, No. 44 (Spring, Although Ingliano has grown in Rome. 1968), pp. 67-86. apace since the end of World War FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, November, 1978 15 II, it is by no means a post-WWII field of language almost every gen¬ fans, and so on. Moreover, some phenomenon. The process has eral rule/observation that can be Italian dictionaries show the regu¬ been under way for several cen¬ formulated will have a host of ex¬ lar English plurals of some of the turies. The only differences in the ceptions and, in this respect, In¬ Ingliano nouns they include: dan¬ process in the post-WWII period gliano is no different. The above dies, ladies, lords, rallies, rangers, have been the pace of growth and observations, for the most part, re¬ stars, thrillers and yankees are only the fact that most new Ingliano flect merely general patterns, with a few such examples the writer has terms have come from American emphasis on the general. Some found in Italian dictionaries. English rather than from British clarifying comments are therefore 5. While Observation No. 5 is English, as was the case before in order: true in most instances, there are WWII. The British origin of some 1. Observation No. 1 is abso¬ undeniably a good many excep¬ Ingliano words is quite apparent in lutely without exception since by tions. For example, since the onset their spellings, for example, (the writer’s) definition, Ingliano of the energy crisis and resulting glamour, labour and parlour. does not include Italianized bor¬ austerity program imposed by the rowings. In other words, as soon as Italian government—a program Ingliano is not, of course, a dis¬ there is any tampering with its spel¬ now largely ignored—the Italian tinct language and hence does ling, a word ceases to be Ingliano. press has shown a marked ten¬ not display all the complex (The subject of Italianized borrow¬ dency to use the Ingliano austerity grammatical and syntactical rules ings from English is treated later). instead of the Italian austeritci, and rigidities characteristic of fully 2. Writers will sometimes call at¬ with both words sometimes appear¬ developed languages. Neverthe¬ tention to an Ingliano term by hav¬ ing in the same article. Since au¬ less, there are certain obser¬ ing it printed in italics or by setting sterity has absolutely the same vations—some could almost be it off in quotation marks. On rare meaning as austeritci, the former is termed rules—that one can make occasions, a writer will follow an obviously a pleonasm. A list of about Ingliano and its usage: Ingliano word with its Italian other Ingliano words that would appear to violate Observation No. 1. All equivalent/translation.Ingliano words and ex¬ In one 5 and to owe their existence to pressions, however the Italians case—and this reflects the perva¬ snobbery rather than to linguistic may pronounce them, retain their sive influence and standing of In¬ need would have to include such original English spellings and, with gliano— the writer encountered an words as (Italian equivalents a few minor exceptions, their origi¬ article on soccer (calcio in Italian) shown in parentheses) taxi (tassi), nal English meanings. in which Italian terms were defined hotel (albergo), deficit (disavanzo), 2. Users byassume Ingliano the meanings ones (“ofFuorigioco fan (tifoso), coupon (tagliando or the Ingliano terms they use will be (offside) e calcio di rigore (penalty) 2 buono, depending on what kind of known to their listeners/readers. sono .... ” ). coupon is involved). Indeed, some 3. Most Ingliano3. While terms the andIngliano ex¬ lexicon Italian writers, most notably Cepel- pressions are nouns. does contain some adjectives, ad¬ 3 4. All Inglianoverbs, interjections,terms are inde¬ etc., more lini , argue that all Ingliano terms clinable, having the same form than 95 percent of all Ingliano are redundant and that good Italian whether singular or plural, mas¬ terms and expressions are nouns. equivalents exist for all of them. culine or feminine, with number In a survey of 1,241 Ingliano terms 6. By its very nature, the validity and gender being indicated by the and expressions, the writer found of Observation No. 6 is not disput¬ forms of the accompanying Italian only 62 that were listed as being able. The problem is in trying to articles, adjectives and verbs. other than nouns; and according to determine the criteria that govern 5. Inglianothe twoterms dictionaries are accepted involved, even the dropping of one element of a into Italian to fill definite needs, 19 of these 62 do double duty as compound term as opposed to re¬ that is, either Italian lacks preceise nouns. taining the term intact. Italian dic¬ equivalents or the dictionary 4. Observation No. 4 is techni¬ tionaries, for example, list holding equivalents do not convey exactly cally correct as stated, in that all company, night club and cocktail the same nuances, as in the case of Ingliano words can be and gener¬ party in those forms, but in usage the aforementioned leader and ally are so treated other than those they are generally reduced to sim¬ 4 weekend. such as cameraman, sportswoman, ply holding, night and cocktail. In 6. Compoundyeoman, Englishetc., for termswhich the cor¬ some cases, the second element is sometimes lose one of their com¬ rect English plurals—men and never borrowed in the first place, a ponents upon becoming Ingliano. women — are invariably used. prime example being big, which is 7. EveryNonetheless, Ingliano noun some is con¬writers, pre¬ the Ingliano version of big shot. sidered to be either masculine or sumably those completely fluent in Ice-berg and ice field entered, and feminine, just as in the case of Ita¬ English, add the plural s where it are used in, Ingliano in those lian nouns, but no native English- would be appropriate in English. forms, but their companions ice speaker can possibly predict accu¬ Thus, the writer has encountered le pack and pack ice became Ingliano rately the proper gender of every hostess and le hostesses, gli ste¬ Ingliano noun encountered for the ward and gli stewards, i film and i first time. films, i pub and i pubs, i fan and i 3 See liis Dizionario grammaticale per il 8. Ingliano terms frequently buon uso della lingua italinana, 6th ed., Novara, 1972. spawn Italian derivatives. 4 Cocktail is also used to denote a drink, It is a well-known truism that in the 2 Panorama, May 22, 1975, p. 156. such as a martini, as in English. 16 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, November. 1978 simply as pack. Another example is In addition to the Ingliano lexi¬ indeed. His survey of two current mask, which is the Ingliano version con, modern Italian also includes Italian dictionaries7 revealed, re¬ of masked ball. a large number of Italglese terms, spectively, 739 and 840 Ingliano en¬ 7. It is not difficult to understand that is, English words that have tries, which, after duplications why such Ingliano terms as cow¬ been accepted into Italian in an were allowed for, accounted for boy, boy-friend and policeman are Italianized version. (Like Ingliano, 1,241 different Ingliano words and masculine an such terms as first Italglese is not a recognized term, expressions. His survey of another lady, cover girl, pin-up girl, spins¬ having been coined by the writer by dozen dictionaries and linguistic ter and vamp are feminine. In other analogy to Franglais.) Such bor¬ works and of several issues of a cases, the proper gender simply rowings have been going on since major Italian weekly news must be learned, although Italian the 18th century, when Italian ac¬ magazine added another 1,239 lexicographers do not always agree cepted such anglolatinisms as terms for a total of 2,480. A survey on the gender of a particular In¬ esibizione, insurrezione, inoculare, of all existing Italian dictionaries gliano noun, nor is the gender, once costituzionale, legislatura, impar- would certainly add others. assigned, necessarily immutable ziale, etc. The most recent exam¬ Moreover, a careful reader can (film, for example, began its In¬ ples known to the writer are spon- usually spot additional Ingliano gliano life as feminine but is today sorizzare and sponsorizzazione, terms in virtually every issue of recognized as being masculine). which were used in a sports article every major Italian daily newspa¬ Fortunately, the task of learning that appeared in the October 6, per and periodical, although many the proper gender of Ingliano 1977 issue of the Milan daily Cor- of these many never achieve suffi¬ nouns is facilitated by an innate Ita¬ riere della Sera. cient general acceptance to find lian tendency to assign the mas¬ In most cases, the English origin their way into an Italian dictionary. culine gender to such nouns: in a of Italglese terms is quite recogniz¬ Finally, it may be noted that the survey of 1,198 Ingliano nouns, the able: boycott in boicottare and many Ingliano terms and the lesser, writer found only 140 (11.7%) to be boicottaggio, sheriff in sceriffo, but still sizable, number of Italglese feminine. macadam in macadamizzare, etc. terms constitute only part of the 8. As in the case of Observation In other cases, the English origin is vocabulary shared by native No. 6, the nature of Observation much less apparent or even com¬ speakers of English and Italian. No. 8 makes its validity unargu¬ pletely obscured: puddling in pud- There are also what the writer will able. Most Italian derivatives of dellaggio, steerage in osteriggio, call, for lack of a better term, Ingliano terms are verbs— gate (a laboratory term) in gattare, pseudo or defective Ingliano, that bypassare from bypass, fiirtare shoeshine in sciuscia, ten in ten- is, all those words which both En¬ from flirt, handicappare from tetto. glish and Italian have borrowed in handicap, quizzare from quiz, and Most Italglese terms have en¬ identical form from other lan¬ stressare from stress are only a few tered Italian directly from English, guages. The writer found 1,152 of the many examples that the wri¬ but some have passed through the such words in the DLI along. Sec¬ ter could cite. But such derivatives filter of French6 and have been dis¬ ondly, there are the Italian words can also be other nouns or adjec¬ torted in the process: redingote that English has borrowed in un¬ tives, for example, handicappato (initially redengotta or rodengotta) changed form from Italian (reverse from handicap; flippatore, flip- from the French redingote from the Ingliano, one might say), of which pomania and flipperite from flip¬ English riding coat; pacchebota the writer found 1,029 examples in per; revolverata from revolver; from the French paquebot from the the DLI. Thirdly and finally, there splenico and splenetico from English packet boat; contraddanza are all the internationally recog¬ spleen. Even an English acronym, from the French contredanse from nized, Latin-based technical terms upon becoming an Ingliano term, the English country dance. common to the entire Western can spawn Italian derivatives, for Some Italglese words are merely world. In short, speakers of En¬ example, UFO (unidentified flying phonetic variations of recognized glish and Italian share a common object), which has given rise to Ingliano words. These include such vocabulary of well in excess of ufologia, ufologo and ufologico.5 words as (Ingliano versions are 4,500 words and expressions, an VIP is another example. On the given in parentheses) bistecca impressive number indeed when basis of VIP and the parade of hit (beefsteak), bovindo (bow win¬ one remembers that the Basic En¬ parade, the weekly news magazine dow), nailon (nylon), fotofinish glish vocabulary numbers only 850. Panorama coined VIP Parade as (photo finish), budino (pudding), Unfortunately, this extensively the title of one of its regular weekly raion (rayon), rosbif (rOast beef), shared vocabulary will not permit sections (discontinued in late 1974), scatter (schooner). an English speaker who knows no in which were listed by name the Italian to converse with an Italian ten individuals most frequently Since Italian lexicographers have who knows no English, or vice cited during the previous week in not yet produced a dictionary of versa. Ay, there’s the rub, to quote eight of Italy’s leading daily news¬ Ingliano words and expressions, the Bard. papers. the writer cannot say exactly how large the Ingliano lexicon is. But one thing is certain: it is very large 5 The English equivalents would be ufology, 7 Giacomo Devoto and Gian Carlo OH. Di- ufologist and ufologic/ufological. Ufolo- 6 Some Ingliano terms have also entered zionario della lingua italiana, Firenze, 1971, gicamente (ufologically) would also be pos¬ Italian via French rather than directly, for cited hereafter as DU, and Carlo Battisti sible, although the writer has yet to en¬ example, express, groom, pony, pullman, and Giovanni Alessio, Dizionario etimo- counter it. punch and stand, to cite only a few. logico italiano, 5 vols., Firenze, 1965. FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, November, 1978 17 JANE BECKMAN THE FOREIGN SERVICE

It would be unfair to say Missy It was actually Missy’s visit to country of Kotobey to run the Barber was responsible for the her friend Carol's home that appliances in Carol's house. Foreign Service Wives’ Rebellion. brought to a head the dissatisfac¬ “You know, Missy,” said Carol But when they dug down to the tion with her way of life that had during lunch, “I thought you would roots of all that transpired, it all been growing within her. Missy’s come back from Africa looking like came back to Missy and Missy’s real name was Ellen, and as south¬ an ad for suntan oil.” trip to the States that July. ern families have a way of bestow¬ “Well, it’s the rainy season Missy was the wife of the eco¬ ing nicknames, so southern women now,” Missy said. “Six months of nomic officer at the American em¬ have a way of being strong. Missy rain all day, every day. You don’t bassy in Kotobey. And, as you could cope with the little envies get much tan in that.” know, under State Department that came each time she returned to Carol herself was tan and sleek, regulations, compassionate leave is the United States, the envy of her just back from a vacation in Florida granted on the death of a step¬ friends and family who lived in a (Ken had some sort of tax- parent as well as a parent. And so, country where filling stations had deductible convention there). Tell¬ when the bureaucracy churned out restrooms, where shortages of ing Missy about the trip she added, a round-trip ticket to Atlanta on the basic food commodities were virtu¬ “Ken's mother is such an angel to death of Missy's mother’s third ally unknown, shopping centers come and stay with the children husband, Missy who had only met provided the basics of life such as when we want to go someplace.” the man once briefly, did not pro¬ sneakers and bathtub stoppers, and Missy heard a note of envy in her test. Nobody protests a free ticket water could be drunk without boil¬ voice she hadn't meant to be there out of West Africa in the rainy sea¬ ing. After all, Foreign Service life when she answered. “It must be son. had advantages that made up for nice to have grandparents so Now, undoubtedly, it also the lack of these conveniences—at near.” played its part that the immediate least it had when Missy began the “But you," Carol said, “you live telegram informing Missy of her Foreign Service life. in all those exotic places. Gosh, stepparent’s death was misrouted After Missy went to visit Carol. how I'd love to see the Dungbo and (sent to Ouagadougou in Upper Missy wasn't sure any more. those funny huts they live in, and Volta instead of Odungpoo, the Missy could remember when she all those weird ceremonies. You're capital of Kotobey) and with the and Fred went overseas on their right there seeing them all the time, time it takes to make airline reser¬ first assignment, how her letters and all I’ve ever seen is a television vations in Kotobey and only one telling of their spacious home, the documentary.” flight out a week, by the time Missy four (!) servants, rounds of social Missy agreed the fabled people arrived in the States, the funeral functions had brought responses of of Dungbo did live within the geo¬ was long over and stepfather virtu¬ envy from Carol, then living in a graphical boundaries of Kotobey. ally forgotten. Mama, being a prac¬ one-bedroom apartment while her “But it's a three-day trip by Land tical woman of matrimonial ten¬ husband Ken finished law school. Rover from the capital. A lot of dencies, was busy prospecting for And now seeing Carol's beautifully Americans used to go there, but number four. Without the pres¬ decorated home on five acres, now the area is restricted and the sures of home leave shopping and Missy thought of her own poorly government doesn’t give passes to medicals, the hassles of a family designed and difficult to clean Americans. There's rumored to be (Missy’s children had remained in house in Odungpoo that one sullen Soviet-built military installations in Odungpoo with their father); freed and basically incompetent house- the area.” from solemnities of the funeral. boy helped her keep. And the “The narrator did say something Missy, for the first time in ten plumbing that was constantly de¬ about all sorts of special permis¬ years, had an opportunity to take a manding repairs. sion. And the film was done by the careful look at life in her own coun¬ Missy marveled as Carol pulled a French, wasn’t it?” Carol said. try. And there were sown the first casserole from the refrigerator, and “But you get to travel to all those seeds of rebellion. in barely the time it took to set the other fantastic places.” table, the microwave oven pre¬ They had traveled a lot in those early days in the Foreign Service. June Beckman is a freelance writer whose pared lunch. Missy could imagine short stories and articles have appeared in trying to use a microwave oven in But lately it seemed each time they Fllery Queen's Mystery Magazine. Baby Odungpoo. She had once put her planned a trip, it had to be can¬ Talk, FSJ and newspaper Sunday supple¬ neighborhood in darkness three celled because Fred's presence ments. She is currently completing a hook hours one Sunday night plugging in was required at a conference, or manuscript on foreign service women. Ms. Beckman lives in Tunis where her husband her waffle iron. There wasn’t there was a report, or TDYers is USAID Program Officer. enough electricity in the whole coming in, or some problem with

18 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL. November. 1978 WIVES’ REBELLION OF 1978

terrorists—or something. With re¬ “Because I’m tired and I don’t That’s enough. I said you didn't gret Missy realized that Carol, in want to.” have to go. I’ll tell people you’re her convenient, comfortable home, “Look, Missy, I know you’ve sick.” He turned to go upstairs to had access to exotic places, by vir¬ had a rough day. And I know you shower. tue of her educational television are bored by these receptions, and Missy, bucket in hand, her bare station, that Missy herself, living you don’t think they are really im¬ feet in the water yelled after him. thousands of miles closer, was de¬ portant. But they are important, “I AM NOT SICK!” nied. and we just have to show up. It’s Missy’s absence from the So Missy was not, to say the part of the job.” Kotobey National Day celebration least, extremely enthusiastic about “Part of your job,” Missy cor¬ was noticed—by the other embassy Foreign Service life by the time rected. “You are the Foreign Ser¬ wives who did not believe for one she, returning to Kotobey, stepped vice officer. Not me. You seem to minute Fred’s explanation of ill¬ off the plane into the muggy forget the Policy on Wives of ness, and who furthermore did not twilight of Odungpoo. Foreign Service Employees.” tolerate well one of their number The euphoria of homecoming “Now, Missy, don’t start that escaping the dreary affair. As far as and seeing her husband and chil¬ Policy on Wives business again. the members of the government of dren carried her through the first It's a nice theory, but it just doesn't Kotobey were concerned, they several days. It was not until work in practice. People expect didn't care at all. The president, in Thursday that her first act of rebell¬ you to go to things. And if you particular, always left his wives at ion came. A totally personal action aren't at this reception, everyone home—all seven of them—and done with no thought to the furor in will be asking ‘Where’s Missy? Is could never understand why the the whole Foreign Service to which she sick? Is one of the children Americans always insisted on she was giving birth. sick?’ What am I supposed to say dragging theirs around with them. When Missy’s husband Fred re¬ to people when they ask why you And while her disgruntled sisters turned from the embassy a little be¬ aren't there?” stood on aching feet and made po¬ fore six, he found Missy scooping Missy pushed a strand of limp lite conversation with people who up water from the kitchen floor hair from her forehead. “Well, if didn't really care about talking with with a bucket. The water storage that’s all that’s bothering you. 1 them. Missy finished mopping up tank on the roof had sprung a leak suggest you tell them the kitchen the kitchen, fed herself and the and a stream of water flowed down flooded and I drowned. Tell them children, took a shower and went through a weak spot in the ceiling. it’s a shame you haven’t been able to bed. “Good grief. Missy, why don't to recover my body, otherwise The experience proved so pleas¬ you let the houseboy clean that you would have had the Regional ant that the next night Missy up?” Medical Officer give me a shot of boycotted a dinner at the home of a “ I would, except he’s not here.” formaldehyde and you could have hostess known for issuing invita¬ “Well, where is he?” taken me to the reception and tions for seven thirty and not serv¬ “I don’t know. If I knew. I'd propped me up in a corner with a ing until almost eleven. Fred, mor¬ send somebody to go get him.” canape in one hand and a gin and tified by Missy’s last minute re¬ “Oh no, you don't think he’s tonic in the other, since my pres¬ fusal, went alone and came home made another of those extended ence is so desired ...” with such a bad case of indigestion trips to the village because his “All right, Missy, all right.” he didn't get to sleep until two in grandmother died, do you?” Being a true diplomat Fred always the morning. Missy, meanwhile, Missy, perspiring, sloshed a attempted to avoid an out-and-out worked on a craft project with her bucketful of water down the sink row. “All right. Perhaps it’s better daughter and was in bed by ten, her drain. “I don't know why not. It you don’t go when you’re nervous early, light supper well digested. would only be the fourth time this and upset like this.” Missy also refused to go to two year the old lady has succumbed." “What’s the matter? Are you receptions given Sunday evening, “Well, I hope you can finish that afraid 1 might slip and say some¬ one in honor of a visiting university quickly. You haven’t forgotten the thing undiplomatic like 'Congratu¬ professor come to Kotobey on a Kotobey National Day reception lations, Mr. President, on your grant to study the incidence of ran¬ tonight, have you? I'm going up to country’s 16 years of inde¬ dom felines (i.e.. stray cats), and shower now. We have to leave in pendence, four coups d'etat, six the other, a cocktail given by some 40 minutes.” political assassinations, its unsur¬ people named Jackson to repay in “I’m not going,” Missy said. passed levels of poverty and politi¬ one whack everybody who had in¬ Fred, surprised, asked, “Why cal corruption, its . . .’ ” vited them in the past eighteen not?" “All right, Missy. All right. months. FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, November. 1978 1 9 Could life overseas really be “Well, Missy, I hardly expected to ficers, overheard the remark from tolerable? Encouraged to believe see you here. I thought you didn’t where she was loading her shop¬ the answer to that question was deign to go anywhere there were ping cart with instant pudding mix yes, Missy took a bold step. She Americans.” and powdered sugar. “I think it called the president of the Ameri¬ Missy just smiled. “Oh, I like would be very selfish not to have can Women's Club of Odungpoo places with Americans just fine— the bazaar. We Americans have so and resigned the chairmanship of especially the Commissary. By the much, and it would be selfish not to the annual Christmas bazaar. To¬ way, did the order of detergent be willing to share with less fortu¬ tally unpardonable. Once conned come in? That stuff on the local nate people.” into accepting the job, nothing market turns my clothes gray.” “But I'm not saying we short of a diagnosis of terminal “Not gray,” a nearby voice con¬ shouldn’t have bazaars or go to of¬ cancer was an excuse for resigning. tradicted, “slate blue. You aren't ficial functions,” Missy protested. Helen Cunningham, who took using enough or else you would get “I just happen to be tired of them. I both the American Women’s Club blue. Put in a lot and it will also eat want a break. I want more time to of Odungpoo and her presidency of up the elastic in your underwear.” do things I want to do, and not it very seriously, was at first Kay Grummond paused for breath have to do so many things I don’t shocked and outraged at Missy’s and adjusted her glasses. “Hello, enjoy.” action. Then came her feeling of Which was the truth. Missy desperation at the realization that, “Then we had to sign wasn't trying to convince others of with the bazaar barely three an agreement with the wives to follow her example. months away, if she couldn’t come But, nevertheless, what Missy did up with a replacement for Missy, photographers taking prompted other Foreign Service she’d be stuck with the job herself. pictures. We waited wives to Odungpoo to begin to She turned to guilt as a weapon. evaluate their lives. And the rebel¬ “Last year,” she reminded Missy, many weeks for the lion began to grow. “the Women’s Club Bazaar made wheat to be shipped, The post's public affairs officer almost $1000 for Kotobian chari¬ arrived home one evening and ties. This money bought toys for then we had to provide found his wife, hands on her hips, the Kotobian National Orphanage, trucks and petrol to venom in her voice, announcing, bedpans for Odungpoo Hospital; it “I want you to know my parents bought embroidery needles and deliver the grain. It cost did not sacrifice to finance an edu¬ thread for young women yearning us much, this gift of cation for me at one of the best col¬ to learn to sew. It did so many leges in the United States so I things to help these miserable peo¬ yours. But your women. could spend my life as a toilet ple here. And if you don't chair the They do not discuss cleaning instructor.” bazaar, Missy, why we might not with us. There are no “What are you talking about?” even have one. With no bazaar, her husband demanded. why, Missy, there will be no toys agreements. No trucks. “We’ve had five overseas as¬ for the orphans, no bedpans No petrol. They drive signments and at least 30 domestic for . . .’’ employees. And we’ve never hired But Missy was ready for this their big cars and one who knew how to clean a toilet ploy. She told Helen, “Last year deliver themselves.” properly. That’s about all my life after three months of backbreaking has been, instructing people how to effort, the bazaar yielded exactly Missy, how are you, my dear? I’d rub a brush around in the bowl of a $861.43. With 57 members, that is just like to say that I think your john. From now on, if you want to precisely $15.11 per member. I'll boycotting of these dreary, point¬ live overseas, you manage the ser¬ bring my check for that amount by less functions is disgusting and a vants.” this afternoon. And I suspect there disgrace to the tradition of Foreign Greta Eberhart had always been are a lot of other women who Service wives. I wish, however, I tough, and 21 years of marriage would prefer to pay the money than had the guts to do the same. Some¬ plus rearing four children in under¬ kill themselves in the heat on that thing at that reception at the Minis¬ developed countries where her damn bazaar. And, you know, if try of Plan last night was seasoned husband had served as livestock worse comes to worse, some of with ptomaine. I feel grim.” technician, had not smoothed her these rich upper class Kotobian Kay clutched her abdomen and rough edges. She set her coffee cup women can get off their big rear did a fake collapse against the shelf down on the dinner table and said ends and do something for their where the canned soup and toilet in her gravelly voice, “Okay, own people.” paper and tennis balls were buddy boy, it’s time to turn in your Of course, the immediate reac¬ stacked. She revived herself and papers. I've had enough of this tion by the other Foreign Service told Missy in a conspiratorial tone, business, and you’re old enough to wives in Odungpoo to what Missy “I want you to know Helen Cun¬ retire. We're going back and live in was doing was anger. Most of the ningham is tearing her hair trying to a high rise condominium with a criticism was behind her back, but, find a replacement for you on the shopping center on the ground floor on Tuesday, no sooner had she bazaar. With a little luck we might and a swimming pool where the walked into the Commissary than not have one.” grandchildren can come and learn Lena Rowland, the wife of the Beth Wempler, pudgy little wife not to drown. It’s that. Or else.” USAID Deputy Director said, of one of the telecommunication of- “Or else what?” her husband

20 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, November, 1978 wanted to know. gift of yours. But your women. in your career I’ve had time to read Greta glared at him across the They do not discuss with us. There it.” table. “Do you really want to find are no agreements. No trucks. No The situation was serious. The out?” petrol. They drive their big cars ambassador cabled Washington. Attendance by wives at official and deliver themselves. All free. Special assistant Leonard Baxter dinners and receptions suffered. They give us twenty-five bedpans roused the undersecretary of state They still went, but not every wife for the hospital, and we vote in the for African affairs from a sound felt compelled to attend every func¬ UN the way we choose.” sleep, “Sorry to disturb you at this tion. There was less official enter¬ It also turned out that the Wom¬ time, sir. But there’s some trouble taining, and what was done was on en’s Club bazaar was the only time in Kotobey.” simpler lines, more closely ap¬ each year the minister of foreign af¬ “Another coup d'etat? Nothing proximating the casual dinners cur¬ fairs had an opportunity to pur¬ to worry about,” said the under¬ rent in the US. As one wife put it, chase pecan pie. A delicacy he had secretary through a yawn. “Things “White damask and five courses in come to love while taking a Ph.D. will be back on track in a couple of this malaria swamp is ridiculous.” at an American university. days.” “Not a coup against the Kotobey Besides the Eberharts who left as The poor American ambassador. a couple, two wives packed up and government, sir. It seems the wives Under pressure by the Kotobian have rebelled.” went home. One to return to col¬ government whose members were lege herself, and another to take a “Wives. Whose wives?” upset by the cutback in official en¬ “The wives of the American teenage daughter who showed tertaining, by virtue of the wives promise as a pianist somewhere personnel.” refusing to put out so much effort in Instantly, the undersecretary where she could receive further in¬ that direction, which also inter¬ struction.The American Women's was wide awake. “That is seri¬ fered with their supply line to free ous.” Club Christmas Bazaar was the liquor. And at home the ambas¬ great casualty of the rebellion. The next morning the undersec¬ sador’s wife delivered her ul¬ retary told his special assistant. When the women were honest, it timatum. turned out to be something no one “I’ve just spoken personally by really wanted, not even little Beth “Frank, you are going to have to phone with the ambassador in Wempler. There were other, more do something about these women. Kotobey. Things have gotten all efficient ways to help the Koto- So help me, I suffered as you made out of hand. Not just the diplomatic bians. So it was no great loss—or your way up in the Foreign Ser¬ repercussions, but with the women so everyone thought. vice, and these women are going to not performing their usual duties have it just as tough as I did. They for some weeks now. there are now Monday morning at nine, the can go to receptions and give din¬ problems with the American per¬ American ambassador received a ners and take part in the women’s sonnel. And, on top of it all, the note from the minister of foreign af¬ club projects. I’m not having them post’s public affairs officer has fairs stating that the government of off taking jobs for a salary or writ¬ turned in his resignation and de¬ Kotobey viewed with grave con¬ ing their Ph. D. dissertations in cern the cancellation of the Ameri¬ manded immediate return to the economics as that political officer’s States.” can Women’s Club Christmas wife of yours says she’s doing. Not “For what reason, sir?” bazaar. The minister wished to when I need them to make canapes “They aren't completely sure. speak with the ambassador im¬ and pour punch. If they are bored His letter of resignation said some¬ mediately. When the ambassador with their lives, they can get to¬ thing about he’d had too many arrived at the minister's office, he gether and put on a one-act play." years education and experience to found the atmosphere tense. Of course the ambassador didn’t spend his time as a toilet cleaning “But surely, Mr. Minister," the dare do anything about the wives, instructor.” ambassador argued, “in compari¬ and so when he arrived from the “Strange,” said Baxter with a son to the value of aid provided embassy Wednesday evening he perplexed frown on his brow, “that under grants and our Agency for found that nothing had been done sort of thing is usually more in International Development pro¬ toward a reception he was giving AlD's line than ICA’s.” grams and our military support, the that evening. Frantically he went in “Anyway," said the undersecre¬ aid to Kotobey from the Women’s search of his wife. He found the tary, “something has to be done Club bazaar is practically noth¬ bedroom door locked. “Mariam, about those women. Can’t use ing.” are you in there?” He rattled the force, unfortunately. Too tricky “You think only in dollars,” the doorknob. “Unlock the door. Why with all this women’s lib business.” minister said accusingly. “Let me hasn’t anything been done for this As the days wore on, it became tell you. Last year you gave us reception? We’ve got 150 people increasingly clear the rebellion was wheat when there was a famine in showing up here in two hours.” not simply a Kotobian problem. the north. But first there were “I told you to do something Word of what was happening in many meetings, much discussion, about those women,” came his Odungpoo had spread and sparked then we had to sign an agreement wife's voice through the door. If the growing discontent in Foreign with photographers taking pictures. they aren't going to do anything. Service wives all over the world. We waited many weeks for the I'm not either. Now go away. I’m Reports of similar rebellions began wheat to be shipped, then we had reading. It’s a book I bought before arriving at the State Department to provide trucks and petrol to de¬ we left on that first overseas as¬ from embassies on every continent. liver the grain. It cost us much, this signment, and this is the first time (Continued on page J7) FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL. November, 1978 2 I on BUREAUCRATIC LANGUAGE

CRB

In an essay written not long after is, however, convenient. And the appearing verb. This is a little more concluding his tenure as secre¬ sum total of various favorite styles tricky, but nonetheless effective. tary of state. Dean Acheson com¬ of convenient expression results in For example one might read, mented upon his efforts to reform what may be called the language of “Voices within the administration the language and style of expres¬ bureaucracy. Let me explain. here have begun to express con¬ sion then in favor among his col¬ The English language effectively cern about the issue.” Here one leagues in the diplomatic profes¬ wielded by the literate mind con¬ must note that the (disembodied) sion (“Of Mice and Mail” in sists, we should remember, of sen¬ voices have only begun to express Fragments of My Fleece). Of par¬ tences constructed of subject and concern. . . Phrases such as “to ticular concern to him, he wrote, predicate. A subject performs begin to” are extremely useful. was the tendency to make of the some action, generally upon an ob¬ The voices, in this case, have Department of State a sentient be¬ ject of one sort or another, or is neither expressed nor not ex¬ ing. The Department may exist in stated to exist. In cases of action pressed. They have begun to ex¬ time and space, a position taken by verbs, the subject must normally be press. The effect is to soften the the secretary may be commonly capable of the action. Thus, for thrust of the message. expressed to be the Department’s example, John Jones wrote a Bureaucratic language, then, position, but the Department, memorandum in which he arrived may be seen most often as the out¬ Acheson insisted, never thinks. at such and such a conclusion. His come of the apparent wish of a wri¬ Thus in all of the letters which colleagues concurred or did not ter to retreat from his subject and crossed his desk for clearance, all concur with his conclusion. Such message, to fade into the soft, references to the Department sentences would be reasonably mushy oblivion of a torrent of “thinking" or the Department “be¬ straightforward. words or of grammatical structures lieving" were ruthlessly expunged. of the kind which pass through the But let us then take an expres¬ Were he still among us today, mind of a reader without leaving a sion of this kind through the steps trace or impression. then, Acheson—who was himself a toward bureaucratic language. The master stylist of the English The problem is not that these lin¬ first reduction would be ac¬ guistic curiosities crop up re¬ language—might well be forgiven complished by writing, “John for losing his temper at the sight of peatedly in the cable traffic— Jones wrote a memorandum which though even here, measures of much of the prose flowing in and said such and such." Note please out of the Department of State. economy notwithstanding, there that now the memorandum has ac¬ ought to be some grammatically The language known as “tele¬ quired some responsibility (the graphese” has, for example, acceptable way around them. memorandum said) for the conclu¬ Rather, the problem is that the re¬ adopted the late secretary’s least sion, an inanimate object becomes favorite phrase as standard. How peated use of this kind of construc¬ animate. Secondly: “A memoran¬ tion of language, practiced over many times does the eye of the dum was issued last Tuesday which reader, scanning the morning’s long years of diplomatic service, said such and such.” Note please may easily become habits of cable traffic, fall upon the phrase. that John Jones has disappeared “Embassy believes. . .” or “Em¬ thought. Positions taken by gov¬ from the scene, his tracks covered ernments are not traced to the ani¬ bassy concludes. . .”? An em¬ by the addition of information con¬ bassy, just to repeat the point, mate, presumably rational, source cerning the date on which the writ¬ of those positions when a report is exists in time and space. An em¬ ing was done. Finally: “It is be¬ bassy, however, even if it is taken filed. Similarly, when a position is lieved that such and such would be taken rather than simply reported to consist of a collectivity of indi¬ the result of this, that, or the other viduals rather than the physical on, responsibility for the position is thing.” Voila. The subject of the diffused. As a consequence blame structures of the building and its sentence is gone. various offices, is incapable of for an unfortunate policy is difficult thought or deduction. The disappearing subject, ac¬ to assign or, in any case, change complished by the writer of bu¬ becomes more difficult. The gen¬ Thus to report that the embassy reaucratic prose most often eral phenomenon of what is called believes this, that, or the other through a judicious use of the pass¬ “conventional wisdom”—those thing is illogical, if not downright ive voice, may be supplemented or seldom questioned presuppositions ridiculous. The practice of doing so even entirely replaced by the dis- and value premises which guide ac- 22 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, November, 1978 tion and the formulation of the extended metaphor with its a long and unhappy one. One must policy—is as much a factor of the pleasant nautical ring. Such staples imagine, for example, that one fate¬ use of language by bureaucrats as in the diet of bureaucratic lan¬ ful day long long ago bad tidings of the oft-lamented unwieldy struc¬ guage, one may be forgiven for say¬ reached the ear of Pharaoh. A tures in which they work. ing, lead to easily digested reports plague of locusts, it seems, had There are other techniques fa¬ and thereby diminish the overall ravaged the land of Egypt, and in vored by the authors of bureaucra¬ heat in the kitchen. the villages there was much hunger tic prose. Some, the use of jargon The danger of such literary ef¬ and suffering and no grain to be col¬ for example, are probably inevita¬ forts, we should be quick to note, is lected in payment of taxes. ble and probably result in little that the unpracticed writer may Pharaoh, sore distraught at such harm other than a vague corruption mix his metaphors in the course of news as pharaohs were wont to be, of the language offensive only to cast his eyes about the audience the purist. Why “cable traffic” for hall in anger. By chance his glance instance? Why not just “cables?” happened to fall upon a scribe, lin¬ Well, in fact, the old hand will re¬ gering in the shadows, awaiting mark that the addition of the word Pharaoh’s summons should it “traffic” supplies a time dimen¬ come, it did. The construction of sion. Thus “cable traffic” consists ‘‘The lesson for the his tomb delayed once again, his of recently arrived telegrams where nerves worn to a frazzle. Pharaoh “cables” refer to those received at bureaucrat of today is a advanced menacingly toward the some time in the past. Likewise, simple one: retreat, scribe. “Have you brought these the battering of the mind which oc¬ bad tidings to me?” he demanded. curs when the eye confronts a wel¬ fade into the oblivion of The hapless scribe, who indeed just ter of alphabet soup organization ti¬ words which relate little that afternoon had been charged tles (ACDA, INR, NEA, DOD, with recording these most recent and DIA, for example, in a cable or nothing, disappear events, confessed his part. “Then on military sales to the Persian behind a smoke screen off with his head!” shouted Gulf nations) must be accepted as a Pharaoh in his rage, whereupon the convenience of expression which is of verbiage and poor man was dragged from the harmless, if perhaps tedious. collective room and summarily gathered unto One further technique worthy of responsibility.” the bosom of his ancestors. mention, however, is not only of¬ This event, or surely one very fensive to the discerning eye but like it, could not have caused more particularly egregious in terms of than a brief stir in Pharaoh’s court. the sin of obfuscation. This tech¬ One scribe more or less counted for nique, the use of the extended little, after all. But down through metaphor, is favored by the literary history the tiny ripples set off in the minded among us who have mas¬ trying to extend them. So this soft¬ stream of time and collective con¬ tered the basics of bureaucratic ening of hard fact by literary device sciousness by just such apparently grammar and wish to move a step should be used with care by the insignificant happenings have further. neophyte. The further danger, of brought to the modern scribe a To focus on an only slightly course, is that such phrasing is wave of wisdom. facetious example, consider the fol¬ often elliptical: it winds up saying That wisdom consists of this, lowing response to a telegram re¬ nothing at all. The mind delights in that for chief executives (divinely questing information on the politi¬ a neat turn of phrase and misses the and politically appointed alike) cal consequences of recent riots in message buried somewhere within there will ever be a confusion be¬ some distant capital. “AmEm- it. tween unfortunate events, bad bassy Diilpickleville believes that What, then, are the origins of the news which relates such events, the recent roiling of the political phenomenon of bureaucratic En¬ and the messenger. In the mind of waters here portends rough days glish? We have cited one source— the executive the three merge sub¬ ahead for the ship of state in Re- convenience. A complicated pro¬ tly into one. llishistan.” Granted that the exam¬ cess of compromise and repeated The conflict between politicians ple is overblown, consider the reworking of the draft of a message and the press which rages through technique. There is much about it concerning some policy or another the record of recent history should that is familiar. Note, for example, is subsumed in the phrase, “the be testimony enough to this sad the nice alliterative touch (“recent Department believes.” Passive fact. And so, as we have noted, the roiling”). Phrases such as these, verbs appear to serve the same lesson for the bureaucrat of today common enough in foreign service purpose. Such phrasing, however, is a simple one: retreat, fade into reporting, cascade across the mind is not only poor grammar but a con¬ the oblivion of words which relate without the slightest effect. There tribution to the absence of clarity little or nothing, disappear behind a too is the slightly anachronistic and lazy habits of thought. smoke screen of verbiage and col¬ choice of phrase (“ship of state”) Another source briefly alluded to lective responsibility. Diffusion of which, in this and other forms, has above is the effort of the bureaucra¬ blame, if there is to be blame, is the lent many a cable an air of belong¬ tic writer to diffuse responsibility goal. Here lies safety. And thus the ing to the time-honored genre of for a decision or a position of pol¬ phenomenon of bureaucratic lan¬ diplomatic writing. Above all, note icy. The history of this tendency is guage. ^ FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, November, 1978 23 A gift of the FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL will bring you closer fo them, each month of the year. Families and friends will enjoy learning more about the foreign affairs agencies, and the duties, problems and pleasures of life overseas and in Washington.

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Please enter a JOURNAL subscription for one year, $7.50, to be sent to: Name Street - City and State Zip ... Please enter a GIFT subscription for one year, $6.00, to be sent to: Name Street City and State Zip ... DONOR (must be AFSA member) Street City and State Zip though the book ends with ten Gaillard Hunt, Frederic Emory, [ZC; | BGDK5HELF pages of questions meant to help Wilbur Carr, Huntington Wilson decision-makers think through and others to modernize the dip¬ On (Managing) War their situation when considering lomatic establishment and to stir war or escalation. private citizens and their organiza¬ WAR: CONTROLLING ESCALATION, by Apart from the list of questions tions, as well as congressmen, to Richard Smoke. Harvard University at the end, the book raises issues of support their efforts. One some¬ Press, $18.50. politics, procedure, and psychol¬ times thinks of Cordell Hull and War: Controlling Escalation is ogy difficult enough so that one Edward Stettinius as particularly very likely the most important hopes a number of senior officers in modem secretaries of state in in¬ book on the theory of war to have foreign affairs and defense will forming and enlisting public been published in the United States have read it before their next per¬ opinion—Hull for his reciprocal since the middle 1960s. The au¬ formance in crisis. trade treaties and Stettinius for thor’s purpose was “to pose How —THOMAS H. ETZOLD foreign policy in general—but here do we control escalation? as one of were State Department clerks and the central operational problems Werking On A officials who anteceded them by that face governmental decision¬ Period of Reform over a quarter century. makers contemplating the reality or THE MASTER ARCHITECTS: Building This is a determinedly re¬ possibility of war.” Using the fo¬ the United States Foreign Service searched, well documented and cused comparison of historical 1890-1913, by Richard Hume Werking. well written study. Dr. Werking’s cases drawn from the Spanish Civil University Press of Kentucky, $18.75. sharp senses have led him to re¬ War, the Wars of German Unifica¬ We should be grateful to the dip¬ search relentlessly not only in the tion, the Crimean War, and the lomatic historian. He alone among more common locations of materi¬ Seven Years War, the author scholars takes an interest in the dip¬ als in the Library of Congress, Na¬ makes a sturdy case for the study lomatic establishment as a whole, tional Archives, the Civil Service of escalation in war; summarizes the political scientist being much Commission and other seaboard the literature (surprisingly meager) too obsessed with policy making to institutions but far and wide inland, on that subject, pointing out its get beyond the State Department. from the University of Rochester, limitations; and adds convincingly This latest study of the reform of on through the Wisconsin and to the body of theory on escalation. the old consular and diplomatic Minnesota Historical Societies to The principal argument is an ele¬ services and the Department be¬ Stanford University. This is what gant variation on an old proposi¬ tween 1890 and 1913 ties together a one could call “werking” as hard tion, namely, that one should know number of loose ends and brings to for completeness and accuracy of his enemy, or enemies. Policy¬ the stage of reform two heretofore account as Hunt, Emory, Carr and makers often know a great deal neglected performers—Gaillard Wilson and all their many col¬ about adversary objectives, and Hunt and Frederic Emory, neither laborators worked at reform. If even more about adversary of whom is so much as mentioned there is any disappointment, it is capabilities; seldom, however, as in Warren Uchman’s classic study. the lack of any sharp analysis of this book suggests, do they under¬ Professional Diplomacy in the why Elihu Root, as secretary of stand their adversaries’ perspec¬ United States. war, was such a zealous and tives and expectations. Differences Historians of American foreign energetic reformer of the military in perspective on the status quo policy have frequently noted the establishment and, as secretary of and in expectations about future pressures of businessmen and other state, so much less of the diploma¬ developments, Smoke suggests, interested citizens on the Execu¬ tic establishment. Did he, as did constitute the central dynamic in tive branch, including the State the diplomats themselves, fail to the study of escalation. This is a Department. Few have taken the see what the Spanish American sound proposition, not unlike pains to examine the reverse—the war meant to American diplo¬ Charles W. Thayer’s observation attempts of the foreign affairs es¬ macy? Or was diplomacy in his that “An intimate knowledge of the tablishment to mobilize interest mind less professional than the psychological processes of your groups on behalf of its ideas and waging of war and therefore de¬ diplomatic adversary is invaluable, needs. Sociologists, also, have manding of far less rigorous prepa¬ especially if he is more powerful much neglected the impact of or¬ ration and organization? than you.” ganizations on their environments, While Dr. Werking's focus is on In the course of his analysis, the one of them terming this “the most what the diplomatic organization author warns of the dangerous idea significant failure of all organiza¬ did. he necessarily refers to its en¬ that escalation can be controlled; tional theory.” The result has been vironment and in emphasizing the he reminds readers of the oppor¬ the portrayal of elements outside positive factor of interest in foreign tunities for poor judgment that the establishment as active and the trade as aiding the reformers he has come with unexpected military vic¬ establishment itself as acted upon. overlooked the negative factor of a tory; and he emphasizes the impor¬ This has obscured the role of State persistent vestige of frontier at¬ tance of “crisp running analysis” Department officials as stimulators titudes toward diplomacy. This ex¬ (surely as weighty for diplomats as of public opinion and pressure on plains much of the apathy of con¬ for military and political leaders). the government. gressmen and of the public at large Smoke’s conclusions prudently Richard Werking has redressed with respect to what the reformers offer no mechanistic solutions or this for the period 1890-1913 by a were trying to do. methods to decision-makers, al¬ painstaking study of the efforts of Keeping in mind that if we do not [GN SERVICE JOURNAL, November. 1978 29 know where we have been we do those with access to decision¬ eral of her previous works, Mrs. not know where we are, one can makers) cannot be sure their Sorensen has become particularly recommend this study as deserving transmitted views will have influ¬ interested in our rootless ways and the attention of every Foreign Ser¬ ence on policy. But, views cannot even more in the curious lives of vice officer and, keeping also in have influence if not conveyed to our children. One result is this ex¬ mind that 250 pages of text comes, decision-makers or the media. cellent children’s book set in Tan¬ at a price of $18.75, to some 70 In an admirable synthesis, Dr. gier about a young girl whose father cents a page, it merits a place in the Cohen examines the origins, iden¬ is Consul General. The heroine library of anyone considering him¬ tities and roles of these three faces many of the problems familiar self a professional in foreign affairs. “opinion-submitters” within the to Foreign Service children in —SMITH SIMPSON context of private citizens’ in¬ being transferred to a new post and volvement in foreign-policy deter¬ making new acquaintances. Hap¬ Influencing US-China mination. pily, she makes friends with the Relations Greene represented American daughter of a British consular offi¬ missionaries and educators who cer, and they share the pleasure of THE CHINESE CONNECTION AND worked for a modern China. La¬ raising a lamb. In addition to being AMERICAN—EAST ASIAN RELATIONS, mont served as liaison between the a well told story, Friends of the by Warren 1. Cohen. Columbia Uni¬ US government and US busi¬ Road presents an honest but sym¬ versity Press, $16.50. nessmen vis-a-vis China and Japan. pathetic view of Foreign Service This is the story of three men Greene's commitment reflected life, and would be an excellent gift, who influenced US relations with missionaries’ and educators' iden¬ especially for a girl from about ten China and Japan in the first half of tification with Chinese aspiration. to fourteen. In fact, anyone who this century. Their disparate ex¬ Lamont’s indifference reflected the knows Tangier will enjoy recalling periences reflect the American en¬ relationship between China and the aspects of that extraordinary city counter with those nations in that US business community. which Virginia Sorensen has skil¬ period: efforts to assist China's For Sokolsky, China was one fully distilled into this delightful modernization, responses to rising step on the way to “making it.” work. nationalism and communism in “An adventurer skilled in living by —G. W. SCOTT China, and to Japanese im¬ his wits,” he exploited men and perialism. material for his own profit. In the “Home Truths” In documented detail, this com¬ late 1940s he could “stir and ma¬ posite biography compares Roger nipulate the anxieties of an ill- THE LATIN AMERICANS, Their Love- S. Greene, a quondam diplomatist informed mass public—creating an Hate Relationship with the United with close ties to missionary and atmosphere in which the adminis¬ States, by Carlos Rangel. Harcourt, educational circles, with a busi¬ tration perceived limits on its free¬ Brace Jovanovich, $12.50. nessman and a journalist. The dom to act toward China.” It would be a pity if readers shied former, Thomas W. Lamont, was a Students of East Asian— away from this book because of the partner of J.P. Morgan and Com¬ American relations will especially overworked notion expressed in pany, financial agent for the prize this outstanding work. Stu¬ the title. The book itself is a small Japanese government and confi¬ dents of the process of formulating bombshell of originality. A highly dant of presidents from Wilson foreign policy, too, will find it in¬ controversial reception greeted its through F. D. Roosevelt. The lat¬ teresting and instructive. The au¬ publication in Latin America, and ter, Goerge E. Sokolsky, was a thor of other valuable books, in¬ it could hardly have been otherwise cohort of both Joe McCarthy's cluding America's Response to considering the myths and Roy Cohn and “China Lobby’’ China, Professor Cohen, in his stereotypes deflated on almost Alfred Kohlberg and one of the ex¬ latest success, has made much every page. Had the author been a treme Right’s most widely read "face” for himself and the East North American, he would proba¬ commentators on US “betrayal” Asian Institute of Columbia Uni¬ bly not be safe today on many of of China. versity, under whose auspices The the teeming public university cam¬ This scholarly study lucidly de¬ Chinese Connection was pub¬ puses of Latin America. A Ven¬ scribes and analyzes how these in¬ lished. ezuelan, Rangel has encountered dividuals outside the government —ROBERT W. RINDEN hostility and suspicion when dis¬ transmitted their ideas—either di¬ cussing his work with academic rectly or by rallying segments of For an FS Jr’s Christmas audiences in his own country. the public—to policy-makers. Why the furor? Rangel has com¬ In the first half of this century, a FRIENDS OF THE ROAD, by Virginia pared and contrasted the develop¬ very small number of Americans Sorensen. Athenenm, $6.95 ment of North and South America sought to convey their opinions on over the past 200 years, and he has China and Japan. Fewer than Virginia Sorensen is a novelist reached the blunt, but not surpris¬ 100—missionaries, businessmen, who has lived abroad for a number ing, conclusion that while the ex-diplomats—gave their views of years, most recently in United States has been a success, through consultation with the State Morocco, and has gotten to know a Latin America has been a failure. Department, testimony before number of Foreign Service fami¬ Already on thin ice, he then pro¬ Congressional committees and ac¬ lies. Herself firmly rooted in the ceeds to fracture it entirely by at¬ tive lobbying. American Mormon experience tributing this difference not to the “Opinion-submitters” (i.e., which has been the subject of sev¬ traditional scapegoat, “North 30 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, November, 1978 American imperialism,” but to the ders how many true believers he “Latin American William Buck- misrule of Latin American leaders will wean away from the Marxist ley”) sometimes overstated his themselves. pabulum. case. In an avowed polemic, this is, Not surprisingly, left-wing and Another of Rangel’s targets is I believe, forgivable. The author’s nationalistic critics accused Rangel the modern Roman Catholic broad erudition, his literary skill, of being an apologist for im¬ hierarchy which, in its anguish over and his gift for weaving diverse perialism and of betraying Latin Latin America’s poverty-stricken strands of history into an original American values. On the other masses, has also seized upon the and compelling interpretation of hand, conservatives claimed that same scapegoat as the Marxists: Latin American reality make the his analysis was too harsh and pes¬ United States imperialism. Latin book well worth reading. simistic. Since his iconoclastic American universities, many of —JOHN J. CROWLEY JR. barbs stung almost every faction, whom have a vested interest in what intellectual, opinion leader or perpetuating the myth that what is No Warts at All politician could afford to agree with wrong with Latin America is the Rangel publicly, whatever he or fault of outsiders, are also treated ROBERT KENNEDY AND HIS TIMES, by she might think in private? Such to Rangel's scalpel. Finally, Latin Arthur Schlesinger, Jr. Houghton statements as, “The comparison Americans are deluded by aspects Mifflin, $19.95. exasperates us, leads us to hide our of their own cultural inheritance Arthur Schlesinger, Jr. was too head in the sand, to delude our¬ which hinder efficiency and pro¬ much a part of the Kennedy inner selves and to invite others to de¬ ductivity: the contempt for work circle, too good a friend of Robert lude us. We are willing to swallow inherited from a colonial society Kennedy, to write a balanced and any lie if it helps soothe our humili¬ based on slave labor and the result¬ detached biography of him. For, as ation,” contradicted the prevailing ing “absurd prestige of idleness”; Tom Wicker is quoted as saying, wisdom, were unpopular, and, the heritage of Spanish mercan¬ “Quite frankly, Robert Kennedy therefore, impolitic. tilism with its monopolies, and un¬ was a man you could fall in love Some of the deluders have been scrupulous trade practices; and the with.” Numerous reviews of this intellectuals who portrayed North selling of privileges and the related book have taken Schlesinger to Americans as culturally inferior. corruption of civil servants. task for his pronounced bias—a Rangel cites the Uruguayan, Jose Not all of Rangel’s “home bias that crowds the pages of this Enrique Rodo, whose influential truths” are reserved for his fellow book. To give only two examples work of 1900, Ariel, depicted North Latin Americans. The United of this: every other Democratic Americans as incarnations of Cali¬ States is by no means immune from politician, including Stevenson, ban, the brute spirit, and their soci¬ his criticism and he is no apologist Johnson and Humphrey, comes off ety as one based on “equality for past North American interven¬ second best to Robert Kennedy in through mediocrity.” Latin Ameri¬ tions, overt or clandestine. Like Schlesinger’s view; and Kennedy’s cans, in contrast, were like Ariel, most educated Latin Americans, misjudgments on such issues as creative, sensitive to esthetic he still considers the seizure of counterinsurgency or Cuban insur¬ values, and capable of bringing Panama and Theodore Roosevelt's rection become merely part of his about the flowering of a new subsequent macho posturings as af¬ education without reference to the Athens in Latin America. Rodo fronts. He is impatient with incon¬ cost in terms of the public interest. and other early 20th century writ¬ sistencies in American policies to¬ Schlesinger’s partisanship ob¬ ers of this school are no longer as ward the hemisphere. He notes scures the merits of the book. influential as they once were, but with distaste the documented pay¬ Under Schlesinger's pen, Robert their works live on, finding an echo offs by some American firms to Kennedy emerges as a man whose in the myth they helped to create local political chiefs. In short, the character was always in the pro¬ and perpetuate. United States is not all altruism and cess of becoming, not the man of As literacy grew and communi¬ lily-whiteness either. But that, after passionate loyalties and convic¬ cations improved, a more popular all, is not the author’s main point. tions whom we remember vividly creed spread throughout the hemi¬ The great delusion on which he has during the turbulent and exciting sphere which purported to explain trained his sights is the belief that months before his death. Robert Latin America’s relative stagna¬ the United States has been guilty of Kennedy's life flashes by, as it tion. This was Marxism. It still siphoning off the wealth that could seemed to in the times we shared provides the assumptions underly¬ have led to the southern hemi¬ with him. ing most anti-North American sphere’s development. Until Latin —A. AND D. LINEBAUGH propaganda. It is not only the Americans can give up this com¬ Communists, orthodox or other¬ forting rationalization and come to wise, who subscribe to this view, grips with the genuine causes of or a variation of it. Today one is their frustration, however grim, it not surprised to find high military is not likely, says Rangel, that de¬ officers, businessmen, and Roman velopment will be more successful Catholic clergy clinging to the be¬ in the future than it has been until lief that the United States, through now. its economic domination, has kept Postscript: The Washington their nations in bondage. Rangel’s Post's reviewer found much to attack on this delusion is shrewd praise in this book, but asserted and persuasive, although one won¬ that the author (whom he dubbed a FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL. November. I97H 31 US Image of Russia claiming that “Russia is being if Peking has, in fact, built a system made a scapegoat”; Eleanor which requires a certain amount of THE AMERICAN IMAGE OF RUSSIA; 1917-1977, edited, and with an Intro¬ Roosevelt giving her humane vi¬ tension and dissent, Chinese lead¬ duction by Benson Lee Grayson. Fred¬ sion; George Meany inveighing ers need have little fear for the fu¬ erick Ungar Publishing Co., $14.50. against Soviet imperialism; Dean ture. That being the case, it seems Acheson warning against the safe to predict that Moody’s study Frederick Ungar, one of the growth of Soviet power; and should make valuable reading even smaller independent publishers, Reinhold Niebuhr on the contrast now that China seems to have cho¬ deserves praise for having brought between ideology and practice. sen moderation as a means of out a book that is based on a simple John Kennedy, Adlai Stevenson, achieving modernization. good idea and carries it out Lyndon Johnson and Hubert —LEE ORLEANS perfectly—to collect in one small Humphrey—all provide gems for volume the observations of leading the connoisseur but also en¬ Pastoral, Without Peace Americans about the Soviet Union, lightenment to the uninitiated. THE FARM ON THE RIVER OF between 1917 and 1977. The last quotations are from J. EMERALDS, by Moritz Thomsen. Each selection is well chosen, W. Fulbright, giving a revisionist Houghton Mifflin, $10.95. preceded by a brief introduction perspective on the Cold War; Ar¬ The protagonist of Living Poor, that sets the stage and introduces thur A. Hartman explaining what A Peace Corps Chronicle, from the author, and all of the quotes are detente is and what it isn't; Henry which the Journal printed excerpts brief but contain the essence. Ben¬ Kissinger on nuclear detente; and in April of 1970, returned to son Lee Grayson, the editor, has Jimmy Carter on Human Rights Ecuador a year later. With Ramon, also provided a thumbnail history and the Cold War. A fascinating the most ambitious of his Peace of American-Soviet relations. pageant, instructive. thought- Corps’ acquaintances, he bought To list all 52 contributors would provoking, and immensely read¬ take too much space, but listing the farm of the title. Thomsen is a able. true story-teller, his prose has all some of the early, middle, and late —M. F. H. ones conveys the flavor of this fas¬ the vividness and teeming life of the tropical jungle which surrounds cinating book: Thus in the early Moderation in Modernization period we have Woodrow Wilson and encroaches on his farming ef¬ forts. Often hilarious, sometimes greeting the revolution; John (“Ten OPPOSITION AND DISSENT IN CON¬ Days That Shook The World”) TEMPORARY CHINA, by Peter R. tragic, the stories of the workers (and loafers) on the farm are related Reed extolling it; Emma Goldman Moody. Hoover Institution Press. recounting her disillusionment; Peter Moody has written an ex¬ with the gusto of a present-day Lincoln (“I have seen the future, cellent study about a subject that Rabelais. Thomsen’s sympathy and it works!”) Steffens attempting all too often serves as a grindstone and love for his poverty-stricken for an author's axe. While Moody’s crew shine through with a gem-like to strike a balance; Victor Reuther luster, even when he writes of their telling American workers what it is unhappiness with Peking filters thefts of either time or assets. like to be a worker in the proleta¬ through the prose, he takes a —N.R.S. rian paradise; Langston Hughes scholarly, objective approach to seeing Russia through the prism of opposition and dissent in China. his experiences with Jim Crow. His sense of humor—the twinkle in Unique and Comprehensive Then we have William C. Bullitt, his writing—in no way detracts ENCYCLOPEDIA OF AMERICAN the disillusioned enthusiast; John from the serious analysis. The FOREIGN POLICY: Studies of the Prin¬ Dewey on the persecution of Leon body of the book includes chapters cipal Movements and Ideas, three vol¬ Trotsky; Earl Browder praising the on “Chinese Attitudes on Dissent umes, edited by Alexander DeConde. Soviet paradise; Norman Thomas and Opposition," “The Handling Charles Scribner's Sons. reporting that the Russians “are of Opposition,” “Oppositional The distinguished authority on not free”; Theodore Dreiser find¬ Interests” and “Oppositional the history of American foreign re¬ ing that “the good outweighs the Movements.” His broad historical, lations, Professor Alexander De¬ bad”; Max Eastman finding Com¬ social and philosophical approach Conde. has solicited 95 original es¬ munism worse than Fascism; Wal¬ to these problems adequately com¬ says on important topics of interest ter Lippmann expounding on the pensates the readers who may feel to all students and practitioners of need for post-World War II coop¬ that they are getting more than they foreign relations. The authors, eration; and W. Averell Harriman wish to know about China’s in¬ some of whom have practical ex¬ reporting from Moscow in April numerable movements, factions perience in government, represent 1945 that the Soviet Union seemed and political tendencies. Moody the full spectrum of perspectives on to have three conflicting foreign admits to adopting the point of international history. Their crisp policies and that “the words 'inde¬ view of "archy the cockroach” and articles are long enough to provide pendent but friendly neighbor' and to observing Chinese politics excellent synthesis and many in¬ in fact ‘democracy’ itself have en¬ “from the underside" where he is clude analytical and interpretive tirely different meanings to the “not apt to see things in their most content as well. Appropriate cross Soviets than to us.” becoming aspect.” But he also references are supplied along with There is Churchill's Iron Curtain makes clear in word, tone and style helpful bibliographies identifying speech; Kennan on Containment; that dissent is not an aberration and the most important scholarship on Joe McCarthy on “conspiracy that it is natural for people to resent the topics. from within”; Corliss Lamont those who rule them. Furthermore, A list of representative titles 32 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, November, 1978 provides some idea of coverage in this work of reference. Essays AN ACCREDITED treat such widely ranging subjects U.S. HIGH SCHOOL Growpkfalong with me as “Foreign Aid,” “Mis¬ WHEREVER YOU ARE! sionaries,” “Peace Movements,” The best is yet to be. Give your children the benefit of “Nativism,” “International Or¬ a Stateside Education through the ganization,” “Intercultural Rela¬ UNIVERSITY of NEBRASKA tions,” “Marshall Plan,” “Recog¬ Invest! nition Policy,” “Congress and INDEPENDENT STUDY Foreign Policy,” “Philanthropy,” HIGH SCHOOL Honi soit “Naval Diplomacy,” “Presiden¬ • A Complete 145 Course qui mal y pense. tial Advisers,” “Fourteen Curriculum Points,” “Bipartisanship,” and • Certified Teachers “Detente.” • North Central DeConde summarizes his pur¬ Accreditation (AMOUNT pose better than anyone else could • State Accredited Diploma in stating that the encyclopedia • Transferable Credit ^ERNOH. provides “a comprehensive sup¬ Return Coupon for FREE Bulletin plement of thoughtful analyses that Please send me a High School Bulletin CREALTY enrich and clarify foreign policy V# INC and the concepts and rhetoric asso¬ ciated with it.” He does not over¬ * state the truth in claiming that his work is “an undertaking unique in the historiography of American City Country Mail to: Ed Joyce foreign relations.” retired FSIO Department FS11 — DAVID F. 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In all the Dishwashers • Radios • Phonos State Department and wheeling and dealing, the public Foreign Service Personnel interest is nowhere in sight. Small Appliances —DAVID LINEBAUGH 10% off on estate bottled wines Available for All Electric Currents 5% off on our regular low prices Death of Hope Local Warehousing for Immediate on liquor BIKO, bx Donald Woods. Paddington Shipment Press, $10.95. On September 13, 1977, South Riverside African nationalist leader Steve General Electronics, Inc. Biko and his friend Peter James Liquors were stopped by police near Grahamstown in the eastern Cape SHOWROOM: 4513 Wisconsin Ave., Province. Less than one month 2123 E St., N.W. 338-4882 Washington, D. C. 20016 EMerson 2- later, Biko was dead. He died (conveniently located across from the under circumstances which were 8300 State Department on E Street, next to Peoples Drug Store) mysterious and never adequately WRITE FOR CATALOG. Our catalog is explained by South African police Our 40th Year sent to administrative officers em¬ authorities. The news of his death bassies and consulates throughout We loan glasses for parties touched off wide-scale rioting NO CHARGE throughout the length and breadth the world. of South Africa. South African au- FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, November. 1978 33 thorities were apparently caught by or separate development policy. power in the Black Consciousness surprise over his popularity. The Biko was articulate, and had a wide movement are downplayed. But South African Minister of Justice following. Moreover, he was a despite these faults the book should stated that Biko's death “leaves me foremost proponent of non¬ be widely read. It presents an un¬ cold.” That statement only served violence. He represented one of forgettable analysis of the irration¬ to accentuate the tensions within the last hopes for reconciliation be¬ ality of apartheid. the South African black commu¬ tween the races in South Africa. —ROY A. HARRELL JR. nity. With his death, that influence is The present book has been writ¬ now gone. A new generation of Total Recall South African blacks is rising up ten by a celebrity himself. Donald COMRADE CHIANG CH'ING, by Roxcme Woods, former editor of the liberal and in looking to the past, it will see Witke. Little Brown, $15. the fate of the would-be South African newspaper The Now that Madame Mao is in the negotiators—Nobel Peace Prize Daily Dispatch, was himself ban¬ “slammer” and her brief political ned by South African authorities laureate Albert Luthuli died in banishment in Natal province. glory departed, this deferential re¬ just like Biko. He later made a cording of her remembrance of miraculous escape to England. Nelson Mandela was imprisoned for life on Robben's Island and things past (Chiang Ch'ing on Woods was one of Biko's closest Chiang Ch’ing) loses interest. white friends. His relationship with now Steve Biko is dead—his death whitewashed during a rubber stamp A well-padded tome, it is a Biko. unusual under the best of cir¬ miraculous case of total recall by cumstances, was extraordinary in inquest. The time for negotiation has passed. Violence of the type Madame Mao's amanuensis. South Africa where fear and brutal Though some 60 hours of “conver¬ repression- particularly for the 85 witnessed in Soweto and in Cape Town will be the order of the day. sation” were taped, the tapes were percent of the non-whites— never given R. Witke. So, she had represent the order of the day. The Had Biko lived, this might have been prevented. to rely on her memory and notes. fact that a liberal South African This she did—brilliantly and volu¬ white could know a South African Woods writes with great skill and minously—hence these 549 pages. nationalist leader as well as Woods the book makes for interesting This is a book those interested in knew Biko. was in itself remark¬ reading. It can only be faulted in contemporary China may wish to able. that Woods refuses to address read. It should be borrowed—and Steve Biko represented a serious Biko’s weaknesses in organization. returned. threat to South Africa's apartheid Biko's efforts to centralize all —ROBERT W. RINDEN

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34 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, November, 1978 LETTER FROM RUSSIA great deal about their work, their children, how they’re from page 9 doing in school, why the schools pile on the homework, their hopes for the future. You can talk to them about how many bricks he must lay in a day, he guessed 500. skiing, other sports, and about cooking. Swap recipes. His co-workers hooted him down and said 350 to 400 Don’t show them pictures of your home, car or boat. would be more like it. The low productivity figures of They assume that if you can afford to travel you must be these Soviet workmen explain in part their country’s fre¬ well off. Their image of American affluence may suffer quently proclaimed labor shortages. after seeing your snapshot of a California bungalow, Home hospitality for foreign visitors is completely un¬ especially if it is made of wood. Talk to them about medi¬ known in the Soviet Union. Olympic visitors will dis¬ cal care, jobs, the rent they pay for their apartments. You cover that no Soviet citizen in his right mind will invite won’t believe them when they tick off their numerous foreign acquaintances to his home for a drink, for tea, for social benefits. Don’t tell them what your salary is. They dinner, and to talk, as hospitable westerners are apt to won't believe you. do. One reason, of course, is that the Russians are em¬ The classless society—a Soviet goal from the start— barrassed by the dinginess of their living accommoda¬ remains illusive. The Soviet people live in a three-tiered tions. More importantly, for every such visit the host social structure. Peasants are all those who labor in ag¬ would be subject to lengthy police interrogation. riculture, with the exception of skilled technicians and This being so, however, doesn’t necessarily mean that managers, who are workers. Those employed in fac¬ you can't meet Russians. You can. They are the tories, or as salespersons, cooks, waiters, mechanics, friendliest of people and can be easily engaged in conver¬ even street-sweepers are also workers. Anyone with a sation. The best way to meet them is by chance—in university education is an intellectual, as are selected elevators, in cabarets, on the Metro, in shopping lines, at writers, artists, actors, ballerinas, and very high-ranking the Bolshoi, in parks—always unplanned, so that if ques¬ managers, economists and government officials who may tioned by the authorities about their meeting with foreig¬ not happen to be university-educated. ners they can say it was accidental, or that they were Considerable good-natured intercourse between the under the influence of alcohol. Don’t plan on repeat three class groupings is apparent everywhere, but class meetings. It’s nearly always a one-shot encounter. levels are understood and maintained. One evening my You can talk to Russians about almost anything. They wife and I joined two Russian ladies at a table in a will be more forthcoming in conversation if they are reas¬ cabaret. One was a journalist, the other a physician, sured you won't press them for answers to their political therefore intellectuals. When a couple of lonesome men dilemmas. In these chance encounters, you can find out a came over to ask them to dance, they refused. “They're

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FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAI . November, 1978 35 trash,” the two women told us later. They were “trash” nians in theirs, and Armenians, Georgians, White Rus¬ because they were construction workers brought in by sians, Lithuanians, Estonians and others live in their the Soviet government from a neighboring country to own. There is rivalry between the diverse nationalities, build Yalta’s new hotel. but since they live separately, apart from each other, Tips and gratuities to guides, waiters, barbers, taxi conflicts of proximity appear to be largely absent. drivers, chambermaids are deplored by the government. Oddly enough, the Soviet republics, like the states of Particularly abhorred are tips or gifts proffered by vis¬ the United States, believe they have the right to secede itors from capitalist countries. Not everyone abides by from their union. If either could swing it, the breakaway the government’s prohibition. Both tips and gratuities are in the Soviet Union would be more easily managed in accepted by most hotel and restaurant personnel. Our terms of geography. It’s hard to imagine Kansas leaving Intourist guide, early on during our visit, began hinting the United States, surrounded as it is by so many sister about “something to remember you by.” The 35 group states. The Soviet republics are uniquely positioned: members contributed a total of $250, and she gleefully each has a border either to the sea or to some foreign accepted an opal and diamond-studded ring which she nation, and none is imbedded in the center like Kansas. herself had picked out that afternoon. The Ukrainian republic shares a border with Poland, The vastness of the land is what strikes you most. Romania and the Black Sea; Turkmenstan is next to Iran; “Russia is not a country, but rather a world," an old the Georgian republic adjoins Turkey and the Black Sea, proverb used to say. Just imagine, when the people of and so on. Needless to say, no Soviet republic has ever Leningrad or Moscow are having dinner, washing their attempted secession, as some American states did in the dishes and getting ready for bed, those on the east coast last century. in Vladivostok—11 time zones away—are having their Travel within the Soviet Union is not always pleasant. next morning’s breakfast and going to work! Some live in Shepherding by Intourist guides, arbitrary hotel assign¬ temperate comfort, at the same latitude as San Fran¬ ments, unimaginative food, long waits at airports and cisco, while others do daily battle with the permafrost. odoriferous public facilities take much of the fun out of The territory of the Soviet union dominates not one con¬ traveling there. Some Soviet advance men swear things tinent but two. will be better by 1980: lots of hotel space at moderate Of 136 nationalities and ethnic groups, 135 are non- prices, international cuisine with a varied diet including Russian. Unlike the United States, where the world’s all the fruits and vegetables you can eat, well stocked peoples have come together to live in a mixed society, the dollar stores (no rubles, please), plenty of rubber sink Soviet peoples live in homogeneous isolation from each stoppers and rental cars. All we can say now to all of this other. Ethnic Russians live in one republic, the Ukrai¬ is maybe. But do go and enjoy the czarist splendor.

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36 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, November, 1978 FOREIGN SERVICE WIVES their briefcases and went home, but political reporting, Baxter. They REBELLION 1978 the light continued to burn in the are going to do what they have al¬ from page 21 undersecretary’s office. The stub¬ ways done—run women’s club ble of a beard showed on special charity projects, give dinners and assistant Baxter’s chin. Finally the receptions, pack and unpack, has¬ In Dacca, for instance, the wives undersecretary took the last swal¬ sle with servants.” were reported to be occupying the low of cold coffee, plopped the “But who will carry on the regu¬ embassy and holding the general paper cup down on his desk, and lar work of the Foreign Service?” services officer hostage until the said, “Baxter, I've got it.” “The men—as volunteers. ambassador agreed to a new “What is it, sir?” was the weary Everybody will do exactly what appliance order. response. they were doing before, only the The media, of course, were “Baxter, as I see it, it’s not life women will get the salary checks.” quick to pounce on the wives’ re¬ overseas they object to so much, The undersecretary beamed with bellion, and by afternoon a rumor it’s that they perform hard work pride over his brainstorm. “Now, circulated in the State Department and don’t get any pay for it. Baxter, Baxter, there’s no time for sleep. I that CBS was contemplating a spe¬ we are going to solve the problem want you to have a draft proposal cial news program, The Last by employing the wives.” for this plan on my desk by nine Slaves: Foreign Service Wives. “I don’t think Congress will ap¬ o’clock tomorrow morning and I What the State Department had prove the budget, sir. Not when want AFSA's agreement to it, sub¬ secretly feared for some years had they have been getting the work all ject to further negotiations.” finally happened; the wives had re¬ these years for free.” The Special Assistant was too belled. And a solution had to be “It’s not going to cost any more, tired—and too stunned at the idea found quickly. The whole future of Baxter. You see, that’s the beauty of a Foreign Service run on a vol¬ the American Foreign Service was of my plan.” unteer basis—to argue. He picked at stake. “Then how . . .” up his papers and started out of the Though the entire Foreign Ser¬ “We are going to RIF the hus¬ room. By nine o'clock tomorrow vice had been mobilized to deal bands, and hire the wives.” morning. At the door he paused. with the problem, the undersecre¬ “My god, sir, you can’t have “Sir.” tary of state for African affairs felt some art history major doing “What is it, Baxter?” particular responsibility. As eve¬ analytical political reporting.” “Do you think FSO-3 would be ning wore on, weary officials shut “They aren’t going to do any all right for a bazaar chairman?”

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FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL. November. 1978 37 U.S. COVERT ACTIONS ment Bank approved two univer¬ the fact that this action supported IN CHILE, 1971-1973 sity loans during the time of the an Allende program, the “half¬ from page 14 Unidad Popular government, but liter" for each school child, which was inactive after that. had been a major Allende political questions—including a clarification Honesty requires an acknow¬ slogan in 1970. of Chilean expropriation policy. ledgment that, overall, the reac¬ Whatever the motives and hesi¬ The Chileans interpreted the tions of the international banking tations, the United States govern¬ Ex-Im questions as a put-off and institutions were unhelpful to the ment did initial a Paris Club one can understand their reaction. Allende government: but Chile did Agreement with Chile rolling over Ex-Im officials subsequently receive more in disbursements 70 percent of the Allende govern¬ pointed out that Chile suspended from public international sources ment's foreign debt obligations of service on most of its foreign debts during the Unidad Popular gov¬ $258 million in 1972. About half of in early November, 1971, shortly ernment than in any other compa¬ that sum was owed the United after the incident in question. After rable period in Chilean history. States. In actuality, the United Chile's default, both the Ex-lm So far as AID was concerned, States and Chile never reached a Bank and the International Bank the administration resisted substan¬ final bilateral understanding im¬ for Reconstruction and Develop¬ tial pressures to invoke the Hicken- plementing the Paris Agreement ment followed what they stated looper Amendment and terminate regarding the part of the debt owed were long-standing policies with assistance. The AID program did the US; and the Allende govern¬ respect to defaulting creditor situa¬ continue, albeit at a steadily re¬ ment never serviced the part which tions and countries where a duced scale and without new pro¬ was owed us. But we did at least “soundly managed economy” was jects or loans. Technical assistance agree to and acquiesce in the gen¬ in question. grants were maintained and some eral debt relief Chile sought and ob¬ The International Monetary disbursements on existing AID tained in Paris. The IMF estimated Fund, consonant with its policies, loans were made. The US free that de facto relief in 1972 reached extended two loans of about $40 school milk program continued to a total of about $243 million. million each during President Al- provide all of the non-fat dried milk Chile had a foreign debt of about lende's Unidad Popular govern¬ or equivalent in blended foods two and half billion dollars when ment to help Chile overcome the served in Chilean elementary President Allende took office and effects of the falling copper price. schools, throughout the Allende exchange reserves of over $350 mil¬ The Inter-American Develop¬ administration — notwithstanding lion. It had a foreign debt of about

38 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, November, 1978 three and a half billion in Sep¬ public and private posture was to and Soviet offers, military credit tember, 1973—almost the highest support military cooperation and availabilities from the United per capita of any country in the credit and criticize us if we showed States were limited. They were world—and an exchange reserve signs of cutting it back. small compared to British loans deficit of about $400 million. This On the other side of the coin, the and military contracts. They were represented an increase in in¬ Church Committee Report states small by comparison with Peruvian debtedness of almost $2 billion. that in September, 1970 Ambas¬ military acquisitions and credit During the last months of the Al- sador Korry was “authorized to from Eastern Europe—and Chilean lende government, Argentina and make his contacts in the Chilean military leaders were profoundly Brazil alone extended $400 million military aware that if Allende were worried about Peruvian capa¬ in new credits. A case for success¬ seated, the military could expect no bilities. It is hard to see how the ful economic strangulation by the further military assistance (MAP) United States could have done effective denial of credit is difficult from the United States. Later, Mr. much less than we did without di¬ to make. Professor Paul E. Sig¬ Korry was authorized to inform the rectly repudiating the United mund’s exposition of Chilean eco¬ Chilean military that all MAP and States's historically cooperative nomic realities in the January, 1974 military sales were being held in military relationship with Chile and Foreign Affairs remains, 1 believe, abeyance pending the outcome of forcing the Chilean military estab¬ an essentially sound analysis of the the Congressional election on Oc¬ lishment to turn decisively to East¬ facts. tober 24." ern Europe. Then there is the allegation that So the threat of a cut-off of nor¬ Until very close to the end. most the continuance of US military mal military cooperation was ad¬ Chilean leaders—including some in cooperation and sales was designed duced by the Church Committee Untdad Popular—saw the military to or in fact did encourage military Staff as an anti-Allende move. as the vital defender of Chilean subversion. In this connection, it Now, critics of US policy label freedoms and the principal hope for might be worthwhile to point out continuance of military coopera¬ institutional continuity. President that President Allende and his tion as having been subversive. Allende himself recognized this ministers requested and approved Can one have it both ways? I be¬ when he brought the military into all credits, sales, training and other lieve, in fact, that the US decision the government after the October, military cooperation between Chile to continue military cooperation 1972 strikes. and the United States. The consis¬ was wise. tent thrust of President Allende's Compared to Eastern European ( To Be Continued)

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FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, November. 1978 39 Andy Young was interviewed by a level as two well-thought-of politi¬ LETTERS ID p^| foreign reporter for approximately cal appointees who served for an hour and a half. He spoke of US many years at the UN, Ambas¬ policy in Africa, of the relationship sadors Henry Cabot Lodge and Ambassador Young of our foreign policymakers, Adlai E. Stevenson. 1 am proud to human rights, and morality in be a colleague of Ambassador I am a career Foreign Ser¬ foreign affairs, the development of Young. vice officer who has served in the our country, our relationship with ZACHARY P. GEANEAS diplomatic service of the United the Soviet Bloc and gave a strong New York States for 25 years. During the endorsement of the relationship of major portion of this time, I have capitalism and labor in our country. served abroad at our diplomatic A Pretty Good Club Despite the comprehensiveness of and consular establishments in the interview and the material that Greece, Pakistan, Tunisia and —We have recently read with was covered which clearly enun¬ Ethiopia. Domestically, I have interest A Pretty Good Club by ciated US policy, the international been assigned to the US Mission to Martin Weil. We imagine that it and domestic press seized upon the the UN (1960-1964) and at the De¬ will be read by many Foreign Ser¬ phrase relating to political prison¬ partment of State (1975-1977). In vice officers both active and retired ers to trumpet once again an unfair August of 1977, I was reassigned to and so it should be. However, fear¬ attack upon Ambassador Young. the US Mission to the UN where I ing that some of Mr. Weil’s read¬ serve as a senior counselor to Am¬ Another misconception that is ers, particularly Junior Foreign bassador Young. generally prevalent is that the US Service officers, who did not know Almost from the first moments of representative to the UN is a free personally various of the distin¬ my assignment to the Mission, 1 wheeler who makes and executes guished American diplomats men¬ have been queried about my rela¬ policy at the UN. There is nothing tioned, might get wrong impres¬ tionship with Ambassador Young. further from the truth. The Con¬ sions, we should like to make the These questions, and in some in¬ stitution places the responsibility following comments about three stances, critical statements, usually for foreign affairs on the president, individuals whom we both knew took the following form: Does he the congress and the secretary of very well. know the consequences of his state. Our foreign policy as it is Joseph Grew was, to be sure, a statements? How long will he last? enunciated is the final product of Bostonian who attended both Gro¬ How can you work with a political debate and discussion among the ton and Harvard. He was gregari¬ appointee who free-wheels and fre¬ president, the secretary of state, ous and liked people of all sorts. quently contradicts our foreign pol¬ the National Security Council and He was in no sense of the word a icy? other government agencies who snob. During my first assignment to have an interest in foreign affairs Pierrepont Moffat (to the best of (Departments of Commerce, Ag¬ the Mission. I worked with Am¬ our knowledge) was not anti- bassador Henry Cabot Lodge, riculture, Defense, etc.). The con¬ Semitic. He was undoubtedly far Ambassador James J. Wadsworth, gress has shown a great deal of too intelligent to be that. both appointed by President interest in international relations If a career civil servant is to be Eisenhower, and Ambassador during the recent past so that today effective at his job he must perforce Adlai E. Stevenson appointed by neither a strong president nor a learn to adjust to new chiefs which President Kennedy. I served them strong secretary of state has the changes in administrations over the in a similar position and many of political power to develop and exe¬ years bring. Jimmie Dunn had that the criticisms that I allude to were cute our foreign policy without ability (a quality in our able thorough consultation. also common at that time. Foreign Service officers and State Ambassador Young is a strong, Ambassador Young, through the officials in our opinion) but he was certainly not an apple polisher. well-known personality who has strength of his convictions, through Perhaps one day we shall have close ties with President Carter. As his ability to obtain a public forum the pleasure of meeting Mr. Weil a result, the attacks against him and because of his previous service and talking this over with him, for it were not unexpected. However, in the House of Representatives may be that he had not intention¬ because he believes in openness, a has been able to express views that ally intended to put these officials, policy determination of the present are carefully listened to by opinion who served their country faithfully administration, he is available to makers and policy formulators. and ably for many years and who the media as perhaps none of his What do 1, a professional, think merit its gratitude, in an uncom¬ predecessors has been. Much of of Ambassador Young? 1 know plimentary light. this resultant publicity has been in¬ him to be an astute, highly in¬ NORMAN ARMOUR valuable in explaining our foreign telligent and articulate politician CECIL B. LYON policy both domestically and who has mastered the trade of di¬ abroad. Unfortunately, his avail¬ plomacy. He has earned the re¬ ability to the media has also been spect of his peers, the other repre¬ used to create headlines by taking sentatives to the United Nations. The JOURNAL welcomes the expression of phrases out of context. He is considered by them to be one its readers' opinions in the form of letters to of the finest representatives that the editor. All letters are subject to conden¬ During his recent visit to Geneva sation if necessary. Send to: Letters to the to attend the Economic and Social the US has ever had in the UN. 1 Editor. Foreign Service JOURNAL, 2101 E Council of the United Nations, personally classify him at the same Street. N.W.. Washington. D.C. 20037.

40 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, November. 1978 NOVEMBER, 1978

This portion of the JOURNAL is the re¬ PROPOSED AMENDMENTS TO THE AFSA BYLAWS sponsibility of the Governing Board of AFSA and is intended to report on Notice to All Active AFSA Members employee-management issues, condi¬ In accordance with Article XIII of amendments to the Bylaws. The tions of employment and the policy and the AFSA Bylaws, the Amendments Amendments Committee is, therefore, administration of AFSA, including its Committee published in the September again publishing the texts of the pro¬ Board, Committees, and Chapters. 1978 issue of the Foreign Service Jour¬ posals and of the appropriate sections Members wishing to send letters on nal a notice that the Committee had re¬ of the present Bylaws, together with a employment, working conditions or ceived from the AFSA Governing ballot whereby Members can vote on AFSA affairs should get them to AFSA Board fifteen proposed amendments to these proposals. by the 10th of the month preceding de¬ the Bylaws, each accompanied by a The adoption of a proposed amend¬ sired publication. AFSA News Commit¬ short statement of explanation. The ment will require the affirmative vote of tee, Room 3644, N.S. texts of the proposals and the present not less than two-thirds of the valid Bylaws were published in the same votes received. In order to be counted, issue together with information that ballots must be received by the Com¬ statements received by October 15, mittee no later than close of business CONTENTS 1978, from opponents to the proposed December 18. 1978. amendments would be provided to the Concessions by AID to Active Members are requested to re¬ Membership, together with ballots in view the proposals and vote by follow¬ Sen. Inouve 42 order that the Membership could be ing the instructions on page 49 of this FSECC Information 42 polled on the proposals. issue of the Journal. •AFSA Scholarship Information 42 & 43 This is to confirm that as of October Foreign Service People 44 16. 1978, no statements had been re¬ Ronald Witherell Bylaw Amendments 45, 46, 47, 48 ceived in opposition to the proposed Acting Committee Chairman Ballot 49 TAX WARNING World-wide Appeal to Assist Foreign Service personnel who re¬ domiciliary state, if they wish to be able Foreign Service Local side in the District of Columbia should to sever their connection with D.C. Employees Who Are Victims of beware of the $9,000 property tax and with D.C. income taxes upon their Disasters credit available to those who declare departure overseas. their residence as their principal place HERE'S THE PROBLEM: Last The Foreign Affairs Agencies Local of residence. year the D.C. Council enacted a $6,000 Employee Disaster Relief Fund was Your tax status is as follows: property tax exemption for homeow¬ established to provide assistance to our 1. If you both reside in D.C. and are ners, which was automatic for resident¬ Foreign Service Local employees who also domiciled in D.C. (that is. D.C. is ial property occupied by the owner. are victims of Disasters. The response your permanent home), then you are This year the Council has raised the of Departmental and Foreign Service subject to D.C. tax in any event and property tax exemption to $9,000, but personnel in the past has been out¬ should go ahead and enjoy the property we understand that those who wish to standing. However, the major dis¬ tax credit on your residential property claim it must file a statement that the bursements from the fund, authorized if it is your principal place of residence. residence is their principal place of re¬ by the Trustees to aid disaster victims 2. If you neither reside in D.C. nor sidence. We can't tell you for sure that in Bucharest, Thessaloniki and else¬ are domiciled in D.C., but have prop¬ signing such a statement will upset the where, have virtually depleted the re¬ erty here, you are ineligible to claim the apple cart if you are trying to claim that sources of the Fund, making it impos¬ property tax deduction on a principal you are really domiciled in another sible to provide adequate funding to place of residence in D.C. and there¬ state, but we're concerned that it might react quickly to future disasters. fore need not concern yourself with this be viewed that way by the D.C. tax This tax-exempt fund depends upon provision. authorities. If you elect to claim this individuals and organizations to pro¬ 3. HOWEVER, if you own property exemption, you should be aware that vide contributions for aid to our local in D.C. and are residing here on as¬ you may be treading on thin ice where employees abroad. Once again we ask signment, but claim that your perma¬ your personal D.C. tax status is con¬ that you be as generous as possible in nent domicile is in some other state, cerned. making contributions to the Fund. then you are subject to D.C. tax for Your checks should be made out to those periods when you reside in D.C.. “Foreign Affairs Agencies Local but not for those periods when you are Employee Disaster Relief Trust Fund” elsewhere (such as on overseas as¬ and sent to the Fund. Room 1822, signment). Those Foreign Service per¬ PER/ES, Department of State. All sonnel with Presidential appointments contributions will be used for the bene¬ (FSO or FSIO) who reside in D.C. but fit of Disaster Victims. Contributions maintain a domicile elsewhere are will be acknowledged. exempt from D.C. tax even while actu¬ ally resident in the District of Colum¬ COMBINED bia, due to an exemption for them in the FEDERAL D.C. Code. In both of these cases, it is JOIN AFSA important that employees not do any¬ CAMPAIGN (OR ENCOURAGE OTHERS TO JOIN) thing to upset their ties to their OF THE NATIONAL CAPITAL AREA FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL. November. 1978 41 CONCESSIONS BY AID TO SENATOR INOUYE FSECC INFORMATION The Foreign Service Educational All Foreign Service employees will we now have 60 less employees than and Counseling Center, located on the be interested in at least one important positions at these grades, and we esti¬ 3rd floor of the AFSA building, wel¬ aspect of Congressional passage of this mate that this will grow to a shortage of comes visitors from the foreign affairs year’s AID appropriations bill. The bill 100 or more by February 28 since attri¬ community who may wish to look was amended by the Senate to include tion is reducing the upper ranks while through its expanding library of current several provisions having serious im¬ almost all new employment is taking directories, periodicals and books. The pact on the Foreign Service personnel place at the FSR-4 and lower levels. Center is open 9 a.m.-3 p.m. Monday systems. One provision provided that In order to both keep our grade through Friday. If a publication has no person shall be appointed or pro¬ structure in line and to hold out a rea¬ been useful to you, the Center would moted to either Foreign Service Re¬ sonable prospect for promotions, we appreciate the information. serve Office Class One or Class Two have been planning this year to divide The Center responds to specific re¬ and that not more than ten persons be promotions into two tranches. My aim quests for information and provides appointed or promoted to Class Three. would be to further reduce the percent¬ counseling and suggests that persons A second provision mandated that not age of the top three grades from 48% to with such requests write or phone in more than 90 percent of all Foreign 45% during the course of the year. To advance for an appointment so that Service and Civil Service employees be certain that we accomplish this, we ample time may be set aside. Letters would receive an annual within grade are planning to provide promotions for and phone calls from persons outside of step increase. six officers from FSR-3 to FSR-2 and the Washington area are acknowledged 25 officers from FSR-4 to FSR-3 as As the price for persuading the within the week. Contact: Mrs. Ber¬ soon as the Promotion Panels have Chairman of the Senate Appropriations nice Munsey, Director/Counselor, completed their work, which we expect Subcommittee for AID to agree to let FSECC, 2101 E Street. N.W.. Wash¬ to be around mid-November (there ington, D.C. 20037. Phone: 202-338- these provisions be deleted from the would be no promotions to the FSR-1 bill during the House-Senate Confer¬ 4045. level this year). The rate of attrition, of ence, AID Administrator Gilligan course, is not precisely controllable, found it necessary to write the follow¬ AFSA SCHOLARSHIPS but we will keep it under close observa¬ ing letter to Senator Inouye: tion during the following months. If we Materials for the 1979-1980 AFSA find that attrition is proceeding fast Merit Awards and Financial Aid Pro¬ Letter from AID enough to assure that we will attain the grams will be ready for mailing in 45% target, we then propose to pro¬ November. All students graduating As you know, I am deeply concerned mote a comparable number in March. from high school in 1979 interested in This will still leave a considerable about the proposed Senate provision entering the merit awards program and shortfall between established positions which would prohibit AID appoint¬ 1979-1980 undergraduate students in¬ ments at the FSR-1 and FSR-2 levels at the top three grades and the number terested in applying for a financial aid and would limit them to 10 at the FSR-3 of employees which we will have to fill grant from the AFSA Scholarship level. AID has been holding back on them. Fund should apply to: I know that you feel very strongly promotions for these three grade levels AFSA Scholarship Programs for the last five years, and while this that AID should reduce the grade 2101 E Street, N.W. structure of its employees, and as you was necessary to bring our grade struc¬ Washington, D.C. 20037 know, I have expressed a similar view ture into line, it has tended to discour¬ Again this year the deadline for com¬ age some of our best people who are last year. However, we have been pletion of the materials is FEB¬ beginning to lose hope about their doingjust that. I also believe that if we RUARY 15th. chances for promotion. are to maintain a functional organiza¬ tion which can attract and hold compe¬ As 1 mentioned in our conversation STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP MANAGEMENT AND CIRCULATION tent employees, we must be able to re¬ Monday, we had promotions from no ward them in a reasonable way so long FSR-2 to FSR-1 in five years, and only as this can be done without distorting 17 from FSR-3 to FSR-2. Even more the organizational structure. Also, of serious has been the restrictions on course, this provision would block im¬ promotions from FSR-4 to FSR-3, plementation of the unified personnel where the number of promotions has system included in the authorizing been somewhat higher (74), but where legislation, as we discussed. For these the lack of upward mobility is even _ A®*t‘can Foreign Service Agsocleticr| 2101 E S1... N.H.. Waging ter.. D.C. j reasons, I remain strongly opposed to more of a negative factor at these mid¬ the proposed legislative provision on dle levels. We will not be able to hold this point since it would remove any our best people if they begin to feel that degree of flexibility in administering the their chances for promotion in the fu¬ Agency’s personnel promotion policy ture are as bleak as they have been dur¬ with these dual objectives in mind. I ing the past five years, and we have hope that you will be able to support us found over the years that it is the best on this point. employees who have the greatest After we have had a chance to study 6972 6316 chance for alternate job opportunities. 6972 6976 I the impact of the unified personnel sys¬ j ! For the first time in recent years, our tem and its relationship to our present 73B7 j 7379 employment profile has now come into grade structure, 1 would greatly ap¬ ‘ 1 351 ( 22i_ line with our grade structure. As you preciate the opportunity to meet with know, the number of Foreign Service you again to review this entire matter. 1 officers in the top three categories has believe that we do not really have dis¬ dropped from 53% to 48% during the similar objectives and hope that we can past several years, and this decline is work together to produce a strength¬ continuing. Within the top three grades ened and more efficient organization.

42 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, November, 1978 1979-1980 AFSA SCHOLARSHIPS AND OTHER SCHOLARSHIPS FOR F.S. JUNIORS

Applications are being mailed out rolls 160 students from grades 9 missions, The Shipley School, Bryn for the 1979 AFSA Merit Awards through 12. This reduction is offered in Mawr, Pennsylvania 19010. Program for 12th (and graduating recognition of higher travel costs and represents 25% of the total tuition cost Vassar College: The Polly Richar- 11th) grade high school and prep¬ son Lukens Memorial Scholarship is aratory school students and for the for 1979/80. For further information, contact Mr. Diederik van Renesse, Di¬ awarded at Vassar to children of 1979-1980 AFSA Financial Aid Pro¬ rector of Admissions, The Hall School, Foreign Service personnel. Another gram for college and university un¬ Pittsfield, Massachusetts 01201. scholarship, awarded by an anonymous dergraduate study. donor, is granted at Vassar to the child The New Hampton School: Offers a AFSA also has a very limited of an American Foreign Service Offi¬ $1000 abatement on tuition to foreign number of scholarships which may, cer. If no such applicant qualifies, the service boys and girls. The school en¬ scholarship may be awarded to the under special circumstances, be rolls approximately 225 students in awarded to secondary school stu¬ child of an employee of the Federal grades nine through postgraduate. For Government or of a State Government. dents in need of financial aid. further information write to Mr. Austin Both awards are based on financial For applications and information, C. Stern. Director of Admissions. The need. Apply to Director of Financial write to the AFSA Committee on New Hampton School, New Hampton, Aid, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, Education, 2101 E Street, NW, New Hampshire 03256. New York 12601. Washington, DC 20037. The dead¬ Northfield Mount Herman School: line for completion of the application A $1,000 reduction in tuition is offered Vermont Academy: An Edward R. is February 15, 1979. all sons and daughters of US Govern¬ Cheney Memorial Scholarship is being ment personnel stationed overseas in awarded at Vermont Academy to the grades 9 through 12. This reduction is son of a Foreign Service person. Those OTHER SCHOLARSHIPS interested in applying should write to AVAILABLE TO FOREIGN afforded in recognition of the higher travel cost experienced by such per¬ the Director of Admissions, Vermont SERVICE CHILDREN sonnel. Additional financial aid is Academy, Saxtons River. Vt. 05154. The Association has been in¬ available on the basis of need. At pres¬ The Academy enrolls approximately ent students from 35 states and 35 220 students in grades nine through formed that the following schol¬ postgraduate; girls, day students only. arships are available to children of countries are enrolled. For further in¬ formation contact President Howard Yale University Scholarship: A Foreign Service personnel. Appli¬ L. Jones, Northfield, Massachusetts cants should write for complete in¬ scholarship given by an anonymous 01360. donor is awarded each year to the son formation to the schools, colleges Phillips Academy, Andover, Mas¬ and universities indicated: of an American Foreign Service Offi¬ sachusetts. The Charles and Jane Stelle cer who demonstrates financial need. If Castilleja School, Palo Alto, Memorial Scholarship awarded to the California. Scholarships are available no such applicant qualifies, the schol¬ son or daughter of a Foreign Service arship may be awarded to the son of a to daughters of personnel in the person. The award is based on financial Foreign Service Agencies or of US member of the United States Military need. For further information, and to Services, or of an employee of the Fed¬ Military personnel serving overseas apply for this scholarship, write to Mr. who are registered at Castilleja School eral Government. Complete informa¬ Joshua L. Miner, Director of Admis¬ tion is obtainable from the Director of for admission to grades 7 to 12, inclu¬ sions/Mr. Richard Griggs, Director of sive. For complete information write to Financial Aid, Box 2170 Yale Station, Financial Aid. Phillips Academy, An¬ New Haven, Connecticut 06520. the Headmaster, Castilleja School. dover. Massachusetts 01810. 1310 Bryant St., Palo Alto, California Westover School: Middlebury, Con¬ 94301. St. Andrew's School: Middletown. Delaware. The Norris S. Haselton necticut: Financial aid and scholarship Dartmouth College: S. Pinkney Scholarships are awarded to sons and awards for grades 9 through 12 are Tuck Scholarship. For students at daughters of Foreign Service families available to daughters of personnel in Dartmouth College who are the chil¬ where need is indicated. For complete the Foreign Service Agencies or of US dren or grandchildren of Foreign Ser¬ information write the Director of Ad¬ Military personnel serving overseas. vice officers of the United States and missions, St. Andrew's School, Mid¬ Write Director of Admissions, West- who are in need of financial assistance. dletown. Delaware 19709. over School, Middleburv, Connecticut Address inquiry to the Director of Fi¬ 06762. nancial Aid, Dartmouth College, The Shipley School: Bryn Mawr, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755. Pennsylvania. In addition to the regular Dana Hall School is accepting appli¬ financial aid program, the Trustees of cations from ninth grade girls who wish Middlesex School Scholarship: Of¬ The Shipley School announce a $1,000 to compete for the Congdon Merit fered on a competitive basis for Grades scholarship for daughters (entering Scholarship, awarded on a competition 9 through 12 to the son or daughter of a grades 8-12 and a new postgraduate basis to an entering sophomore resident Foreign Service family. For complete program) of officers of the American student. In addition to the $1,000 prize, information write to the Headmaster, Foreign Service or of US Military & the winner is eligible forfinancial aid up Middlesex School, Concord, Mas¬ Government personnel serving over¬ to full tuition when warranted. Applica¬ sachusetts 01742. seas. Grants are based on need, as tions must be completed by February The Hall School: For the daughters computed by the Educational Testing 1, 1979. Inquiries should be addressed of Foreign Service Personnel, a $1,375 Service in Princeton, New Jersey. For to: The Congdon Prize Scholarship, tuition reduction is available. Formerly further information, contact Mrs. Dana Hall School. Wellesley, Mass. known as Miss Hall’s, the School en¬ Joseph N. Ewing. Jr., Director of Ad¬ 02181. FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL. November, 1978 43 Deaths Pixie Woolley of Potomac, two brothers and five grandchildren. Buice. Eugenie V. Buice, FSS-retired, died on October 2, in Asheville, N.C. Marriage She had served in Munich, Saigon, NEW CAREERS Moscow, and Kathmandu before re¬ McLogan-Morrow. Martha McLogan. tirement on disability. She is survived Theodore L. Eliot, Jr., inspector gen¬ FSO, was married to Robert J. Mor¬ by her mother, Mrs. Rose F. Buice, eral of the Foreign Service, has been row of Sydney, Australia, on July 29, in 4000 Cathedral Ave.. N.W., Washing¬ nominated to become the next dean of Flint, Michigan. Mrs. Morrow is as¬ ton, D.C. 20016, and a sister, Mrs. the Fletcher School of Law and Di¬ signed to Kuala Lumpur. Eugene Spurlock of Menlo Park, plomacy. He was the unanimous Birth California. choice of a six-member committee that Flynn. A daughter. Reina, born to FSR Collins. Dennis A. Collins, FSO, died reviewed more than 200 applications James E. Flynn and Sally Lander on October 7, in Paris. Mr. Collins en¬ for the position. Ted has served in the Flynn, on August 30 in Rangoon. tered the Service in 1954 and served USSR, Iran, Ceylon, Germany and as two previous tours in Paris. He re¬ Ambassador to Afghanistan. In 1975 he ceived the Superior Honor Award in was the youngest member of the Ser¬ 1971. He is survived by his wife, Mary, vice ever to be named career minister. SPECIAL in care of the American Embassy in He was president of AFSA from 1969 SERVICES Paris. to 1971. Kidston. William Barrett Kidston, 24, FSIO-retired Earl J. Wilson is direc¬ In order to be of maximum assistance to son of FSO-retired and Mrs. Donald E. tor of public affairs for CEDAM Inter¬ AFSA members and Journal readers we are Kidston, died September 5 in national. He writes “I have a title, but accepting these listings until the 15th of Bethesda. He had been overseas with no pay, and I am prejudiced, of course, each month for publication in the issue his parents from 1954 until 1972. He is in its favor. The name stands for dated the following month. The rate is 400 survived by his parents of 5908 Aber¬ Conservation-Exploration-Diving-Ar¬ per word, less 2% for payment in advance, deen Road. Bethesda, Maryland 20034. cheology and Museums and I feel sure minimum 10 words. Mail copy for adver¬ Kilgore. John D. Kilgore. FSR, AID, a number of retired Foreign Service tisement and check to: Classified Ads, died September 5 at the Brooks Army toilers, and some still hard at it, would Foreign Service Journal, 2101 E Street, Hospital Bum Center in Texas. He find something of interest in this or¬ N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037. was flown there from Panama, after ganization. being pulled from a fire in his home. “Its origins go back to 1958 when the Mr. Kilgore joined AID in 1967 and Mexican government feared that HOUSES FOR EXCHANGE served in Guatemala and Honduras. American scuba divers were making off HOME EXCHANGES, rentals worldwide for current He received a merit honor award in with national treasures from the Yuca¬ and retired members of foreign services, interna¬ 1974. Survivors are his wife, Helen, tan area. I was invited to look in on this tional organizations. INTERSERVICE, Box 87, three children and a brother, c/o situation, took a boat from Cozumel Is¬ Glen Echo, Md. 20768. Charles Kilgore. Route 3, Box 177C land to join for a few days an au¬ Floresville, Texas 78114. thorized mixed American-Mexican ex¬ BOOKS Mooers. Horatio T. Mooers, FSO- pedition and found myself looking IF YOU ARE LOOKING for an out-of-print book, retired. died on October 1, in St. down through the crystal clear waters perhaps I can find it. Dean Chamberlin, FSIO- Petersburg, Florida. Mr. Mooers en¬ at artifacts being recovered from a 1741 retired, Book Cellar, Freeport, Maine 04032. tered the Foreign Service in 1920 after shipwreck. service in the Army in World War I. “From this early CEDAM of NEED A BOOK? 20% discount on most books in He served at Antwerp, Brussels. Glas¬ Mexico was bom CEDAM Interna¬ print, 10% for textbooks. Gift wrapping and gow, Horta, Turin, Quebec, Cher¬ tional. World headquarters are at the mailing. Write Nancy's Nook, owned by retired C.P. Hotel Akumal Caribe. Quintana AID/FSR, Box 368, Hyden, Ky 41749. bourg, Toronto, San Jose, Mexicali, Manila, Tijuana, Port-au-Prince, Roo. Those interested in joining this WORLD BOOK ENCYCLOPEDIA; Childcraft for pre¬ Lyon, and as consul general at St. non-profit organization may do so by school and lower elementary; Cycloteacher for John's before his retirement in 1954. sending a $20 initiation fee and $15 for individual needs. Packaging conforms pouch He was taken prisoner by the Japanese dues to Membership Services, regulations. For ordering information contact in 1941 while on a special mission and CEDAM International, P.O. Box Mrs. J. Bruce, 7024 Galgate Dr., Springfield, VA exchanged in 1943. Mr. Mooers wrote 24725, Dallas, Texas 75224." More de¬ 22152. Washington area Tel (703) 569-2910. La Bale des Anges Pleureurs, pub¬ tails available from Earl himself. lished in Lyon. He is survived by his COINS wife, Marguerite. 4666 29th Avenue HIGHEST Prices paid for coins, medals/paper North. St. Petersburg, Florida 33713, money. Investments/Appraisals. COINS INTERNA¬ and two sons. Richard C. and John TIONAL, PO Box 303-RCS-J, New York, N.Y. Warren. 10019. Woolley. Herbert B. Woolley, PREVENT economist at NIH, died on September RENTALS 24, in Potomac. Dr. Woolley served & WINTER RESERVATIONS now available—beautiful with the Department of State in the 3 BR cedar oceanfront duplex. Write: Earl An¬ 1940s, working on the Marshall Plan drews, 7307 Lake Dr., Orlando, Florida 32809. and in Vientiane with AID from 1968 [Ft!©© to 1971. He is survived by his wife, E. GIFTS Margaret Titsworth, of 8001 Inverness GIVE TO BOOMERANGS—as AMERICAN as KANGAROOS! Ridge Rd., Potomac, Md., two sons, U" Pro-Return designs from Australia, England, John H. Woolley of Hartford, Conn., LRY Germany, USA make unique gifts, exciting sport. and David D. Woolley of Potomac, _n Order FREE, illustrated catalogue of 30 styles, four daughters, Nancy Saija of Milan, books, news. Fast, personal service. Italy, Dianne Park of Seattle. Washing¬

BoomerangMan, 308% Park, Monroe, LA 71201. ton. Susan Egan of Arlington, Va., and THIS SPACE CONTRIBUTED BY THE PUBLISHER

44 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, November, 1978 Draft Amendments to the Bylaws Draft Amendment A keep the Membership currently informed, seek its advice before Lift constraint on Board’s power to appoint Officers to fill making decisions, and inform the Membership of its decisions, vacancies. on important matters affecting the Membership, the Foreign In IV.2, delete “and whenever possible Officers shall be Service, and the Association. The Board shall report to the chosen from among the elected Representatives.” Membership annually on its management of the Association REASON: There is no reason that elected Representatives affairs and the Association’s financial position, and its plans should be given preference to other qualified Members, or to and budget for the succeeding year. The Board shall also facili¬ considerations of balance among the various constituencies or tate communication from any Memberis) to the Membership, or interests within the Association in appointments to fill Officer any practicable portion thereof, on Association business, at the vacancies. expense of the Members) initiating the communication.” Draft Amendment B REASON: This gathers together existing articles concerning Subordinate Officers to Governing Board. the Board’s obligations to the Membership with respect to pol¬ Delete V and delete VII except for 4.f, g, and i, renumber icy and financial matters. successive Articles accordingly, and insert a new IV.3. Draft Amendment F “3. The Officers shall be a President, a Vice President, a Improve Procedures and Clarify Language on Board Meet¬ Second Vice President, a Secretary, and a Treasurer, elected ings. by and from the entire Membership. They shall have the powers Delete VIII, renumber succeeding articles, and insert new and duties specifically conferred on them by applicable law and IV.7; regulation, these Bylaws, and the Governing Board.’’ “7. The Board shall meet at least once each month. The REASON: To avoid, and provide guidance fo resolving, con¬ Board shall also meet to consider a particular subject or sub¬ flict between individual Officers and the Governing Board, by jects upon the written request of the President, one third of the making it clear that the Officers are subject to the direction of Members of the Board, one Chapter, or 25 Members, submitted the Board except to the extent that the Bylaws or applicable law at least five days prior to the date of the proposed meeting. and regulation specifically give them powers and duties. Meetings shall be announced and open to members and Associ¬ Draft Amendment C ates; provided, that the Board may adopt regulations to pre¬ Clarify Composition of Constituencies and Date for Deter¬ serve good order, and may go into executive session. Minutes, mining Number to be Elected. except of Executive Sessions, shall be available to Members Delete VI and insert new IV.4: and Associates.” “4. The Representatives shall be elected by and from the REASON: To empower the Board rather than the President Membership employed in the Foreign Service in each of the to determine when and where it shall meet, while permitting the foreign affairs agencies and by and from the Membership for¬ President to initiate meetings. merly employed in the Foreign Service in all the foreign affairs Draft Amendment G agencies (State Department, 1C A, and AID, or successor Establish Standing Committee for Elections and Referenda. Agencies). One Representative shall be elected by each of the Create new V entitled “Internal Organization” above constituencies for each 1,000 Members or fraction as of Delete IX. 1, reletter succeeding paragraphs, and insert para¬ the last working day of the calendar year before the election graph V. 1: year.” “1. There shall be a Standing Committee on Elections which REASON: This makes it clear that retired Foreign Service shall have full power within the Association, subject to applica¬ people, regardless of present employment, are in a separate ble law and regulation, these Bylaws, and the Association constituency; and establishes a date on which the number of budget, to conduct regular elections for Governing Board representatives to be elected may be determined. Members, any election for the recall of a Governing Board Draft Amendment D Member, any referendum, and any vote on amendments to these Bylaws. The Committee shall establish regulations for Improve Procedure for Recall of Governing Board Members. these procedures and interpret relevant sections of the Bylaws, Delete X and insert new IV.5: resolve disputes, and determine and declare results. The Com¬ “5. The Membership has the right to recall any Officer, and mittee shall be composed of at least five Members, including a the Membership of any constituency has the right to recall any Chairperson and including at least one Member from each con¬ Representative, in whom said Membership has no confidence. stituency. The Governing Board shall appoint the Chairperson Two-thirds of the Governing Board Members or five percent of and Members of the Committee for two year terms beginning the Membership concerned, may recommend such recall by July 15 of each even-numbered year, and shall Jill vacancies written request and supporting statement to the standing com¬ occurring during such term, but may not remove Committee mittee on Elections. The Committee shall submit the recall Members except on recommendation of the Committee, or in proposal, accompanied by such supporting statement and by accordance with disciplinary procedures. The first Committee statements, if any, submitted in favor of the Board Member in to be appointed after ratification of this amendment shall be question, to the Membership concerned for a secret ballot elec¬ appointed as soon as possible, with a term expiring in July 1980. tion.” Committee Members shall be impartial in the performance of REASON: To make it clear that recall is a no-confidence their duties. While serving on the Committee, and for six vote; to restrict the recall decision on a Representative to the months thereafter, they shall not be.Board Members, or candi¬ Membership of that Representative’s constituency; to make it dates or nominators thereof, or accept appointment to the more difficult than at present to initiate a removal, and thus Chair of another Committee. forestall frivolous and harassing recall proposals; but make the In XIII.1, delete “Amendments Committee" and insert procedures more rapid once the recall has been duly initiated. “Standing Committee on Elections.” The Elections Committee would promulgate detailed proce¬ In XIII.2, line 1, delete "Amendments.” dures. REASON: To have a standing committee, insulated from Draft Amendment E Governing Board influence, which would develop expertise and Clarify Power and Duty of the Governing Board to Keep procedures for elections and referenda, and which would not Membership Informed. Seek its Advice, and Facilitate Com¬ have to be established on an ad hoc basis in the heat of an munication Among Members. election, recall, referendum, or Bylaws amendment. The power Delete VII.4.f and g and last sentence of VIII.3 and insert a to determine and declare results would include, for example, new IV.6: the power to establish procedures for breaking ties in an elec¬ “6. The Governing Board shall, to the extent practicable, tion. FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, November. 1978 45 Draft Amendment H the Board, it shall submit the proposal, accompanied by state¬ ments, if any, from the proponents and opponents of such pro¬ Institutionalize Constituency Standing committees. posal, to the Membership in a referendum.” Create new V.2: REASON: To make it clear that the Membership has author¬ “2. Standing Committees for each of the constituencies shall ity concurrent with the Governing Board on any matter on have primary responsibility, subject to the overall direction of which it chooses to speak in a referendum; to permit a minority the Governing Board, for the interests of Members of said con¬ of Governing Board Members to initiate a referendum; to pro¬ stituencies. The Chairperson and Members of each such com¬ vide explicitly for Elections Committee control over the pro¬ mittee shall be appointed by the Governing Board from among cess; to make specific reference to the possibility of statements the Members within each such constituency. for and against the referendum proposal. More detailed regula¬ REASON: To institutionalize present practice of vesting re¬ tions for the conduct of referenda would be promulgated by the sponsibility for the affairs of the specific constituencies primar¬ Elections Committee. ily with Members from such constituencies. Draft Amendment O Draft Amendment I Establish Parliamentary Authority. Maintain Autonomy of Editorial Board. Delete VII.4. i and insert new V.3 New last Article entitled “Parliamentary Authority.” 3. The Governing Board shall appoint“The Association’s the Chairman Parliamentary and Authority shall be the members of the JOURNAL Editorial Board, who shall serve at most recent edition of Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised: the pleasure of the Board, and who, under the general direction except as otherwise provided by applicable law and regulation, of the Board, shall be specifically responsible for the publica¬ these Bylaws, and the Governing board.” REASON: To establish in the Bylaws parliamentary author¬ tion of the FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL. The yearly dues shall include a payment of at least $5.00 for a subscription to the ity to which Board Members and Members can refer for settling FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL. disputes about procedures to follow in running the Association, REASON: To maintain the present quasi-autonomous role of while retaining the supremacy of the Bylaws and the Governing the Editorial Board and put it with other paragraphs in the new Board. article on internal organization. BYLAWS Draft Amendment J As Amended 9/5/73 No amendments are proposed Establish Washington Membership. for Articles I, II and III Delete XI and insert following as V.4: ARTICLE IV “4. The Washington Membership shall consist of all Mem¬ bers resident in or assigned to the Washington area

46 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, November, 1978 and assets, meet its financial filing obligations under ap¬ fairs which are of concern to them as professionals. The plicable law or regulation, draft a budget for the Board, Board shall also facilitate communications to the Member¬ and render a statement of accounts and balance sheet of ship from Members or a group of Members, on matters of the books at each annual meeting of the Association, and Association business; provided, that the costs are borne by at other times when requested by the Board. With the those initiating the communication; approval of the Board, he or she may make a limited dele¬ g. To seek the advice of the Membership whenever prac¬ gation of powers and duties to the Executive Director. All ticable before adopting policies which will have major impact extraordinary expenses and investments shall be made by on the Membership or the Association; the Treasurer only upon recommendation to and approval h. To make regulations implementing the Constitution of the Board or by the Membership, if necessary to conform and these Bylaws; and to interpret the Constitution, the to the Constitution. Bylaws; and any regulations issued. Except as otherwise pro¬ vided in Article IX, the interpretations of the Constitution, ARTICLE VI these Bylaws and the regulations of the Association made Representatives and Their Duties by the Board shall be determinative; i. To appoint the Chairman and members of the JOURNAL 1. Representatives shall be elected as individuals or as Editorial Board, who shall serve at the pleasure of the a slate by and from the Membership employed in each Board, and who, under the general direction of the Board, of the Foreign Affairs Agencies (State Department, USIA shall be specifically responsible for the publication of the and AID or successor Agencies), and from the retired FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL. The yearly dues shall include Membership. One Representative shall be elected by each a payment of at least $5.00 for a subscription to the FOR¬ of the above constituencies for each 1,000 Members or frac¬ EIGN SERVICE JOURNAL. tion thereof. 2. In addition to their other duties on the Board, Repre¬ sentatives shall have special responsibility for the interests ARTICLE VIII of the Members from whom they were elected with respect Meetings of the Board to any matters which affect only that particular constituency. 1. The Board shall meet at least once each month at a time and place determined by the President, and at such ARTICLE Vll other times and places as the President shall determine. Powers and Duties of the Governing Board The Board shall meet to consider a particular subject at the written request, submitted at least five working days prior 1. The powers of the Board shall be those vested in the to the proposed date of the meeting to the President, of Board by the Constitution, by these Bylaws, by powers given one-third of the Members of the Board, 25 Members, or them pursuant to the laws of the District of Columbia, and one overseas Chapter. by the general powers normally vested in a Board by virtue 2. A meeting shall be held only with a quorum present. of their office. A quorum shall consist of more than one-half of the Mem¬ 2. The Board, in general, shall have the power to per¬ bers of the Board. Decisions taken at meetings of the Board form or authorize the performance of whatever is necessary shall be by a majority of the quorum present at the meeting. to carry out the purposes and objectives of this Association 3. Regular meetings shall be announced and shall be and to respond to the views of the Membership. open to Members. The Board shall maintain minutes of all 3. The Board shall determine the Association’s policy in meetings, including a record of any votes, which shall be all matters affecting the interests of its Members. available to Members and Associates. The Board shall 4. In addition, the following specific powers are hereby publish in a timely manner all important decisions. expressly conferred upon the Board: 4. Special executive sessions of the Board in addition to a. To establish policies and programs to achieve the pur¬ regular meetings may be held upon the call of the President. poses of the Association; b. To create and abolish Committees of the Association; to appoint the Chairmen and Committee Members of such; ARTICLE IX to direct the work of all Committees; and otherwise organize Elections the internal structure of the Association; c. To ensure the observance of the standards of conduct 1. The Board shall appoint an Elections Committee on required of the Association by law and regulation; or about January 10 of each odd-numbered year consisting d. To manage the assets and investments of the Associa¬ of not less than five Members, including at least one Member tion; to approve an annual financial plan; to authorize the from each constituency. The Elections Committee will ad¬ disbursement of funds; provided, however, that no disburse¬ minister the elections, interpret those sections of the Bylaws ment exceeding one-third of the Association’s general funds relating to elections, and resolve election issues and disputes. shall be made for a specific purpose unless authorized by a Elections Committee Members may not be candidates, nor majority present at meetings held in accordance with Article may they be members of the Board, nor may they accept ap¬ XI of these Bylaws; to provide for an annual independent pointment to the Board or a Committee Chairmanship in the audit of the Association accounts; and to report annually Association during the year in which the election is held. to the Membership on the financial position of the Asso¬ 2. The Elections Committee shall issue an election call ciation; to all Members in the February FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL e. To authorize and approve the employment, compensa¬ and/or AFSA NEWS, prescribing the terms and conditions tion, conditions of employment, and duties of an Executive of the election and soliciting candidacies. Director and such other salaried employees of the Associa¬ 3. Candidates may make known their candidacies or tion, the FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, and the Foreign Serv¬ Members may nominate candidates in writing to the Elec¬ ice Club, as may in the consideration of the Board be neces¬ tions Committee not later than 30 days following the date sary; of the election call for Officer or Representative positions. f. To keep the Membership currently informed of im¬ Candidacies may be filed for individually or in slates. Candi¬ portant matters affecting the interests of the Membership dacies must be accompanied by evidence of eligibility as of and the Association, including developments in foreign af¬ June 30 of the year of the election. FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, November, 1978 47 4. The Elections Committee shall verify the eligibility of 2. The Board, at its own initiative, may call special meet¬ candidates for each position, and announce publicly the ings of the Washington Membership and/or of any Chapter names of the candidates on or about April 1. for any specific purpose, and must call such meetings at the 5. Candidates may submit campaign statements according written initiative of one-fourth of the Board, five Chapters, to regulations to be established by the Elections Committee. or fifty Members. The Elections Committee shall have published in the April 3. A majority of Members present and voting at any As¬ FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, and/or AFSA NEWS, and/or sociation meeting may, after a vote by count of hands, recom¬ elsewhere at Association expense, the platform statements mend a decision or course of action to the Board, providing of the candidates and/or slates during the beginning of a that the item in question appeared on the Agenda of the campaign period of not less than 30 days. The Elections meeting and is within the authority of the Board. Committee during this period shall organize and publicize 4. Procedure in Association meetings shall be in accord¬ campaign meetings. Should candidates wish to mail supple¬ ance with Robert’s Rules of Order except for quorum re¬ mentary statements to the membership, the Association will quirements; provided, that the Constitution or Bylaws shall make available to them on request the membership mailing take precedence over Robert’s Rules of Order in the event of list or address labels. In such cases candidates will reimburse conflict. the Association for all related expenses. 6. The official ballot bearing only the names of all quali¬ ARTICLE XII fied candidates, slate identifications when applicable, and voting instructions shall be mailed to each Member on or REFERENDUM about May 15. The Board, ten Chapters or one hundred Members may, 7. Each Member may cast one vote for each Officer by written request, propose a referendum on any matter with¬ position and, in addition, each Member may cast one vote in the Board’s authority which shall be promptly submitted for each Representative position available in the Member’s to a vote of the Membership by publication in the FOREIGN constituency. Members may vote for candidates as individuals SERVICE JOURNAL or AFSA NEWS. A majority of Members or as a slate, or may write in the name(s) of any Member(s) casting valid ballots shall determine the Association’s final who fulfills the eligibility requirements as of June 30 of the position on the proposal. election year. 8. The secrecy of each Member’s vote shall be guaranteed. 9. The Elections Committee shall count on or about ARTICLE XIII July 10 all ballots received at the Association as of the close of business the last working day of June. Candidates or their AMENDMENTS representatives may be present at the counting and challenge 1. One hundred Members or the Board may propose an the validity of any vote or the eligibility of any voter. Amendment to these Bylaws by submission to the Amend¬ 10. The Elections Committee shall decide all questions of ments Committee. Each such proposal shall be accompanied eligibility and declare elected the candidates receiving the by a short statement of explanation. greatest number of votes for each position. 2. The Amendments Committee shall promptly circulate 11. The new Officers and Representatives shall take office to the Membership each such proposed Amendment and on Jluly 15. statement in explanation by publication in the FOREIGN SERV¬ ICE JOURNAL or AFSA NEWS. For 45 days following the date ARTICLE X of publication of the proposal the Committee shall accept statements of appropriate length submitted in opposition RECALL thereto, provided each statement is signed by not less than 1. Fifty Members, or a two-thirds majority of the Board, 10 Members, and no two statements shall be signed by the may recommend with stated reasons the recall of a Board same Member. Further, the Committee shall commence Member for behavior in contravention of the Association’s within 90 days following the date of publication of the pro¬ Constitution or Bylaws, for committing fraud, embezzlement, posal, and shall conclude 45 days thereafter, polling of the or malfeasance in the management of Association funds or, Membership on the proposal. The Committee shall provide for other such serious misconduct. to the Membership, together with the ballots, the statements 2. Special meetings shall be called of the Washington in opposition accepted by it in accordance with this Article, Membership and all Chapters to consider the recall recom¬ as well as statements to be furnished by the proponents. mendation. If endorsed by a majority vote of the Members 3. Should Members wish to distribute, at their own ex¬ attending these meetings, the Board shall appoint a Commit¬ pense, additional statements regarding a proposed Amend¬ tee to organize and conduct promptly a recall election by ment, the Association shall make available to them on re¬ secret ballot. The Committee shall accept, for circulation to quest the Membership list or address labels. In such cases, the Membership with the ballots, such statements as may be Members will reimburse the Association for all related ex¬ presented by the proponents of the recall and by the Board penses. Member in question. 4. The adoption of a proposed Amendment will require the affirmative votes of not less than two-thirds of the valid votes received. ARTICLE XI ARTICLE XIV MEETINGS OF THE ASSOCIATION 1. The Board, on or about June 1 each year, shallCHAPTER pre¬ ORGANIZATION sent an account of its management of the Association’s affairs Members may organize Chapters, subject to regulations and its financial program for the succeeding fiscal year in the to be issued by the Board, to carry out the purposes of the FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, and at a meeting of the Wash¬ Association. Chapters shall adopt Bylaws, subject to the ington Membership and at such other locations as prac¬ approval of the Board. The Board shall delegate such au¬ ticable. thority to such Chapters as it deems necessary.

48 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, November, 1978 BALLOT FOR RATIFICATION OF PROPOSED AMENDMENTS TO THE BYLAWS (November, 1978) OF THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION Please sign, print your name and date this ballot in place indi¬ cated. NOTE: To be valid this ballot must be signed, and received by the Amendments Committee no later than close of business December 18, 1978. ONLY ACTIVE MEMBERS OF AFSA ARE ELIGIBLE TO VOTE After completing ballot, fold on dotted lines and seal, or enclose in an envelope addressed as on the back of the ballot. Do not enclose other materials with the ballot. VOTE UNDER either SECTION A or SECTION B, not BOTH SECTION A - Collectively for all proposed amendments: FOR □ AGAINST □

SECTION B - Individually by amendment: Draft Amendment A FOR □ AGAINST

Draft Amendment B FOR □ AGAINST

Draft Amendment C FOR □ AGAINST

Draft Amendment D FOR □ AGAINST

Draft Amendment E FOR □ AGAINST

Draft Amendment F FOR □ AGAINST

Draft Amendment G FOR □ AGAINST

Draft Amendment H FOR □ AGAINST

Draft Amendment I FOR □ AGAINST

Draft Amendment J FOR □ AGAINST

Draft Amendment K FOR □ AGAINST

Draft Amendment L FOR □ AGAINST

Draft Amendment M FOR □ AGAINST

Draft Amendment N FOR □ AGAINST

Draft Amendment O FOR □ AGAINST

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, November, 1978 49 Signature

Name (printed)

Date

Return Address Affix Postage here

Amendments Committee AFSA 2101 E Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20037 I®

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