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From Warriors to Urban Dwellers: Ascari and the Military Factor in the Urban Development of Colonial Eritrea Chelati Dirar, Uoldelul www.ssoar.info From warriors to urban dwellers: Ascari and the military factor in the urban development of colonial Eritrea Chelati Dirar, Uoldelul Veröffentlichungsversion / Published Version Zeitschriftenartikel / journal article Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: Chelati Dirar, U. (2004). From warriors to urban dwellers: Ascari and the military factor in the urban development of colonial Eritrea. Cahiers d'Études Africaines, XLIV(175), 533-574. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168- ssoar-284760 Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Dieser Text wird unter einer Deposit-Lizenz (Keine This document is made available under Deposit Licence (No Weiterverbreitung - keine Bearbeitung) zur Verfügung gestellt. Redistribution - no modifications). 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Sie dürfen dieses Dokument document in public, to perform, distribute or otherwise use the nicht in irgendeiner Weise abändern, noch dürfen Sie document in public. dieses Dokument für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke By using this particular document, you accept the above-stated vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, aufführen, vertreiben oder conditions of use. anderweitig nutzen. Mit der Verwendung dieses Dokuments erkennen Sie die Nutzungsbedingungen an. Cahiers d'études africaines 175 (2004) Varia ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ Uoldelul Chelati Dirar From Warriors to Urban Dwellers Ascari and the Military Factor in the Urban Development of Colonial Eritrea ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ Avertissement Le contenu de ce site relève de la législation française sur la propriété intellectuelle et est la propriété exclusive de l'éditeur. Les œuvres figurant sur ce site peuvent être consultées et reproduites sur un support papier ou numérique sous réserve qu'elles soient strictement réservées à un usage soit personnel, soit scientifique ou pédagogique excluant toute exploitation commerciale. La reproduction devra obligatoirement mentionner l'éditeur, le nom de la revue, l'auteur et la référence du document. Toute autre reproduction est interdite sauf accord préalable de l'éditeur, en dehors des cas prévus par la législation en vigueur en France. Revues.org est un portail de revues en sciences humaines et sociales développé par le Cléo, Centre pour l'édition électronique ouverte (CNRS, EHESS, UP, UAPV). ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ Référence électronique Uoldelul Chelati Dirar, « From Warriors to Urban Dwellers », Cahiers d'études africaines [En ligne], 175 | 2004, mis en ligne le 30 septembre 2007, consulté le 10 février 2012. URL : http://etudesafricaines.revues.org/4717 Éditeur : Éditions de l’École des hautes études en sciences sociales http://etudesafricaines.revues.org http://www.revues.org Document accessible en ligne sur : http://etudesafricaines.revues.org/4717 Document généré automatiquement le 10 février 2012. La pagination ne correspond pas à la pagination de l'édition papier. © Cahiers d’Études africaines From Warriors to Urban Dwellers 2 Uoldelul Chelati Dirar From Warriors to Urban Dwellers Ascari and the Military Factor in the Urban Development of Colonial Eritrea Pagination de l'édition papier : p. 533-574 Urbanism in Eritrean History 1 The aim of this article is to discuss the role played by the military component in the process of urbanisation which Eritrea experienced, between 1890 and 1941, under Italian colonialism. Two main points will be discussed. The first one is the role played by military priorities in determining lines of development in the early colonial urban planning in Eritrea. In this section I will analyse how the criteria of military defensibility, rather than economic or functional priorities, had a significant influence on the main patterns of early colonial settlements in Eritrea. The second point discussed in this article is the nature and extent of the interaction between colonial urban planning and Eritrean society. Here I will discuss how this interaction has reshaped the Eritrean social and economic landscape. In this context special attention will be given to the role of Eritrean colonial troops better known as ascari1. In fact, it is a key thesis of this article that Eritrean ascari played a crucial role in the composite set of relations and strategies which constituted the colonial milieu. Urban history of colonial Eritrea represents one of the preferred loci for the study of the development of the colonial milieu into which colonial soldiers were important actors as they were builders of social and territorial urban spaces. 2 A preliminary methodological remark which I would like to make is that the assessment of the real impact of Italian colonialism on Eritrean societies, both in terms of national identities and socio-economic development, is still a very controversial issue. The controversy turns on the assessment of the impact of colonialism on the history of the region, which is alternatively described in terms of a marginal accident in the longue durée of regional history or, on the opposite, as a substantial and dramatic rupture. This debate, which, to a certain extent, echoes the debate developed within post-colonial African historiography (Gann & Duignan 1967; Oliver & Atmore 1972; Hopkins 1973; Ajayi 1968, 1981: 497-509), is not just academic bickering but also bears heavy political implications. In fact, supporters of the first thesis, by putting more emphasis on the elements of continuity under the shadow of Greater Ethiopia’s narrative2, use this argument as a battering ram to unhinge the historical and political legitimacy of the state of Eritrea to exist3. On the other side, supporters of the second theory anchor the development of Eritrean nationalism and the historical legitimacy of Eritrea to exist as an independent state, to the founding role of the colonial experience (Yemane Mesghenna 1988; Jordan Gebremedhin 1989; Yohannes Ogbazghi 1991; Ruth Iyob 1995; Bereketeab Redie 2000). 3 In the light of this controversy, the first point to be discussed is the very notion of urbanisation in the Eritrean context. In fact, a clear definition of the concept of urban centres and urbanisation in “pre-colonial Eritrea” is crucial if we have to assess elements of change and continuity in relation to the introduction of Italian colonial rule over the region. An enlightening example of the conceptual and methodological issue underlying this topic can be found in Eleonora Onnis’ introduction to her thesis on the history of the town of Asmara, defended in 1957, where the author affirmed: 4 “The urban fact in Africa is strictly related to the European colonisation, even where indigenous pre-colonial centres existed. The only exception is Mediterranean Africa, where the old Islamic towns have their own history, their own past heritage that are reflected in their present adaptation. That gives an unmistakable mark to their present development, not really in the exterior aspect but rather on their rhythm of life” (ONNIS 1957: 4) (My translation). Cahiers d'études africaines, 175 | 2004 From Warriors to Urban Dwellers 3 5 This thesis, which yet stands as one of the most documented studies on the urban history of Asmara, clearly shows one of the main methodological problems in assessing urbanism in Africa, and in Eritrea in particular, which is a persistent neglect of pre-colonial urbanism4. In the introduction to Africa’s Urban Past, David Anderson and Richard Rathbone (2000: 9) stated that “urban history as a recognisable sub-field has not made a significant impact upon African historiography, and the reason for this needs to be addressed”. To this regard Eritrea offers a striking and, to a certain extent, extreme example of this general trend in urban history in Africa. As a partial explanation of this attitude of scholars dealing with Eritrea, an important specificity of the Eritrean case needs to be recalled. It is a matter of fact that the prolonged warfare, which has devastated the region from the early 1960s to the final achievement of Eritrean independence in 1991, has affected not only the socio-economic transformation
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