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Studies in the Population of Slovakia II

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Studies in the Population of Slovakia II Studies in the lovakia II. S Population of opulation of P Slovakia II. tudies in the S ISBN 978-83-7490-755-2 Kraków 2014 Pavol Tišliar – Slavomír Čéplö (eds.) Studies in the Population of Slovakia II Kraków 2014 © Studies in the Population of Slovakia II Editors: doc. PhDr. Pavol Tišliar, PhD. – Mgr. Slavomír Čéplö Reviewers: doc. PhDr. Martin Hetényi, PhD. doc. PhDr. Karol Janas, PhD. Papers: © doc. PhDr. Pavol Tišliar, PhD. Department of Ethnology and Museology Faculty of Arts Comenius University in Bratislava Slovak Republic Translated: Lexika s.r.o. Proofreading and abstract translation: Mgr. Slavomír Čéplö This work was supported by the Slovak Research and Development Agency under contract No. APVV-0199-12 “Historický atlas obyvateľstva Slovenska (18. – 1. pol. 20. storočia)”. 1st edition, Kraków 2014 Published and printed by: Towarzystwo Słowaków w Polsce Zarząd Główny 31-150 Kraków, ul. św. Filipa 7 The Republic of Poland ISBN 978-83-7490-755-2 Table of contents Introduction ..................................................................................................... 5 Introduction to the Problem of Population Censuses of Slovakia in 1919 and 1921 (Pavol Tišliar) ..................................................................... 7 Beginnings of Organisation of Emigration in the Czechoslovak Republic (Pavol Tišliar) ............................................ 43 On employment of women in Slovakia in the inter-war period (Pavol Tišliar) ................................................................................................. 63 Notes on the Organisation of the 1940 Population Census (Pavol Tišliar) ................................................................................................. 97 Statistical Practice and Ethnic Policy of the Slovak Republic 1939 – 1945 (Pavol Tišliar) ................................. 121 Introduction This second volume of Studies in the Population of Slovakia consists of five papers covering selected issues of population development and population mapping in the first half of the 20th century. The primary focus lies on the census which took place in the period after the formation of Czechoslovakia, their organizational aspects and the analysis of their results and their potential use in historical and demographic sciences. Additionally, the papers included here examine some issues related to migrations and economic activities of the population, as well as issues of ethnic and population policy in broader sense. The first paper examines the extraordinary Slovak population census of 1919 and compares its results with the first regularly scheduled population census in Czechoslovakia which took place in 1921. Despite the fact that the 1919 census only covered a part of the Czechoslovak republic, it became an important milestone in the history of Czechoslovak population statistics by introducing the concept of „nationality“ to be freely chosen by the respondent and not bound to any other social or cultural attribute. The preparation of the 1919 census also served as a model for the 1921 census and in many ways ensured its success. The next paper analysis the issue of outward migration from Slovakia after the creation of Czechoslovakia. The organized economic migration by thousands of people in the 1920s was strongly driven by the period understanding of migration as a „natural and necessary release“ for the pressure cooker that was the Slovak society at the time. Agrarian overpopulation and the government‘s failure to address unemployment forced thousands of people to look for economic opportunities outside of Czechoslovakia which had a clear and pronounced effect on the population of pre-WWII Slovakia by skewing various demographic processes and their outcome. The third paper examines economic population activity, especially that of women, based on the data from the 1921 and 1930 censuses. The interbellum period marks the beginning of the transformation of the economic role of women away from the traditional primary role as a homemaker. This is largely to the changes in public policy which favored a broader involvement women in the society as a whole. The 1939 break up of Czechoslovakia and the resulting change of leadership of independent Slovakia to a more conservative one marks an end of that phase and a return to public policy based on conservative views on the 5 Introduction role of women as as mothers and homemakers.1 The fourth chapter analyses the results of the 1940 population census which had not previously been fully evaluated and appreciated as a source of information on the population of Slovakia. In this paper, we describe the logistics of the census, especially from the point of view of its various negative aspects which ultimately influenced the results. We also discuss this effect on the census data and descibe the reasons why it has never been fully published. The final paper examines the ethnic policy in the early 1940s which was tied not only to the population policy of the newly independent Slovak Republic (1939 – 1945), but also into the international relations of the period and the position of Slovakia in Central Europe. The paper also addresses the issue of population statistical data collection and the concept of ethnicity in population statistics in the first half of the 20th century. *** The editors would like to express our deepest grattitude to the reviewers, Karol Janas and Martin Hetényi, for their feedback, help and guidance in putting together this volume. Bratislava, 24 May 2014 Editors 1 See also HRNČIAROVÁ, Daniela – ŠKORVÁNKOVÁ, Eva. Ženy v období autonómneho Slovenska. In: Historické štúdie. Bratislava: Stimul, 2013, p. 261-298 or papers from our Studies in the Population of Slovakia I such as ŠKORVÁNKOVÁ, Eva. Postavenie žien v období Slovenského štátu. In: Populačné štúdie Slovenska I. P. Tišliar (ed.). Krakov: Spolok Slovákov v Poľsku, 2013, p. 167-332; HRNČIAROVÁ, Daniela. Ideál slovenskej ženy – gazdinej a domácej panej. In: Populačné štúdie Slovenska I. P. Tišliar (ed.). Krakov: Spolok Slovákov v Poľsku, 2013, p. 333-389. 6 Introduction to the Problem of Population Censuses of Slovakia in 1919 and 19211 Pavol Tišliar doc. PhDr. Pavol Tišliar, PhD. Department of Ethnology and Museology Faculty of Arts of the Comenius University in Bratislava Gondova 2 814 99 Bratislava e-mail: [email protected] Studies in the Population of Slovakia II, p. 7-42 1919 marks the first non-scheduled population census in Slovakia. The primary purpose of the census, in addition to the conventional collection of data on the population, was to determine the ethnic composition of Slovakia after the creation of the Czechoslovak Republic. The description of the census and its results were partially published in a separate lexicon of municipalities. In this paper, we briefly describe the logistics of the census and analyse some of its results in comparison with the results of the country-wide census of 1921. Keywords: Population censuses of 1919 and 1921 – population development – 1918-1939 – Slovakia Although the first post-war and first official population census in the Czechoslovak Republic took place on 15 February 1921, the first attempt to determine the population size of Slovakia was made somewhat earlier, in 1919. One of the key bases for the negotiators of the Czechoslovak peace delegation at the Paris Peace Conference and a practical basis for the functioning of internal administration in Slovakia was a plan to determine the exact size and ethnic composition of those living within the Slovak territory. The preliminary population census was to show the real ethnic situation in the Slovak territory and the results of this census were to underpin the negotiating position of the Czechoslovak delegation 1 This work was supported by the Slovak Research and Development Agency under contract No. APVV-0199-12 “Historický atlas obyvateľstva Slovenska (18. – 1. pol. 20. storočia”. Research underlying this paper was also supported by the MŠ SR VEGA grant no. 1/0026/14 „Transformácia plodnosti žien Slovenska v 20. a na začiatku 21. storočia a jej prognóza do roku 2050“ and the MŠ SR VEGA grant no. 1/0145/12 „Migračné procesy na Slovensku v rokoch 1918 – 1948“. 7 P. Tišliar - Introduction to the Problem of Population Censuses of Slovakia in 1919 and 1921 in Paris.2 The population census in 1919 was initiated and conducted by the Ministry Plenipotentiary for the Administration of Slovakia.3 This was despite the fact that by the beginning of 1919, a State Statistical Office was already established and was in full operation on a national scale.4 As early as 30 December 1918, the Board of Ministers decided that a preliminary population census would be held within the territory of Slovakia. The Board charged the Land Statistics Office, a predecessor of the Statistical Office, with the task to send one of its more experienced officials to Slovakia to provide expert assistance.5 Preparation works were focused mainly on organisation of the census and statistical readiness. Instructions for the so-called “description officials” (census takers), census sheets, census subdivisions and overall management of the census were planned during several meetings with the Minister Plenipotentiary, Vavro Šrobár. The key person in charge of the submission of basic proposals and plans for organisational issues was Jozef Mráz, the Delegated Official of the Land Statistics Office.6 At the beginning of February 1919 final drafts of the printed materials had been prepared
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