Early Modern Iberian Ships Tentative Glossary

Part 1 – Toponomy and Fittings

Filipe Castro, Marijo Gauthier-Bérubé, Massimo Capulli, Maria João Santos, Ricardo Borrero, Nicolás Ciarlo

4 August 2018 1 GROPLAN Marie Curie EU Grant EU Horizon 2020 Industrial Research Project PITN-2013 GA607545 No. 727153 funded by ANR

This glossary is intended for students of nautical archaeology around the world, and focuses mainly on European early modern ships. In this first volume we try to present the designations of ship’s spaces and fittings. This is a work in progress and we apologize for the mistakes and typos, and want to thank you in advance for comments and corrections.

Country abbreviations: PT – Portugal SP – Spain CT – Catalonia FR – France IT – Italy UK – United Kingdom NL – Netherlands

2 Contents

Ship toponomy Port and starboard Upper and lower hull Entries and runs Decks Ladders Bulwarks Kitchens Gunports Hatches Gratings Cable tier

Fittings Pumps Pump sumps Catheads Capstans Messenger cables Bitts Windlasses Rudders Anchors

3 Contents

Guns Types Nomenclature Carriages Tackles

Bells Belfrays

Barrels

4 Ship toponomy

PT – Castelo da popa PT – Castelo da proa SP – Castillo de popa SP – Castillo de proa CT – Castell de popa, alcàsser CT – Castell de proa FR – Chateau arrière/de poupe FR – Chateau avant/de proue IT – Castello di poppa IT – Castello di prua UK – Stern castle UK – Forecastle NL – NL –

? Chapitéu Sobreguarita Alcáçova Guarita Tolda PT – Proa SP – Proa Nao from the Retábulo de Setúbal, c. 1500 CT – Proa FR – Proue PT – Popa IT – Prua SP – Popa UK – Bow CT – Popa NL – Boeg FR – Poupe IT – Poppa PT – Meia nau UK – Stern SP – Mediania del buque NL – Achtersteven CT – Mig de la nau, del vaixell FR – Milieu du navire IT – Centro nave / a mezza nave UK – Midships NL – 5 Port and Starboard

PT – Estibordo PT – Bombordo SP – Estribor SP – Babor CT – Estribord, destra CT – Babord, senestra FR – Tribord FR – Bâbord IT – Tribordo, dritta IT – Babordo, sinistra UK – Starboard side UK – Port side NL – Stuurboord NL – Bakboord

Memória das Armadas6 Upper and Lower Works

PT – Obras vivas SP – Obra viva CT – Obra morta FR – Oeuvres vives IT – Opera viva UK – Upper works NL –

PT – Obras mortas SP – Obra muerta CT – Obra viva FR – Oeuvres mortes IT – Opera morta UK – Lower works NL –

3D Model: Alex Hazlett7 Entries and runs

PT – Delgados de proa PT – Delgados de popa SP – Delgados de proa, astilla SP – Delgados de popa, astilla de de proa, rasel popa, rasel CT – Estella de proa CT – Estella de popa FR – Entrée (de la carène) FR – Coulée (Pasch – 19th cent.) IT – IT – UK – Entries UK – Runs NL – NL –

Garcia de Palacio, 15878 Decks Orlop Deck

PT – Fundos SP – Baos vacios (sollado) CT – Falsa coberta FR – Faux pont IT – UK – Orlop Deck NL – Cais do Sodré shipwreck beam.

9 Sterncastle

Tolda Abita

PT – Castelo da popa, tolda SP – Castillo de popa CT – Castell de popa, alcàsser FR – Château arriere/de poupe IT – Castello di poppa UK – Sterncastle 3D Model: A. Wells NL – 1607 Figueiredo Falcão

10 Forecastle

Tolda Abita

PT – Castelo da proa, abita SP – Castillo de proa CT – Castell de proa FR – Château avant/de proue IT – Castello di prua UK – Forecastle NL – 3D Model: A. Wells 1607 Figueiredo Falcão

11 Weather Deck

Tolda Abita

PT – Convés, 1.a coberta Weather deck SP – Combés, Puente, cubierta superior CT – Coberta, coberta superior FR – Pont supérieur IT – Coperta, ponte superiore UK – Weather deck 3D Model: A. Wells NL – 1607 Figueiredo Falcão

12 Gun Deck

a PT - 2. Coberta In Portugal the decks were SP – Primera Cubierta counted from the weather CT – Segona coberta deck down. FR – Deuxième (2nd) pont IT – UK – Upper deck NL – 3D Model: A. Wells 1607 Figueiredo Falcão

13 Lower Deck

PT – 2ª Coberta SP – Segunda Cubierta CT – Primera coberta FR – Premier (1st) pont IT – 3D Model: A. Wells UK – Lower deck NL – 1607 Figueiredo Falcão 14 Hold

PT – Porão, 3ª coberta SP – Bodega CT – Cala, pallol FR – Cale IT – Stiva UK – Hold 3D Model: A. Wells NL – 1607 Figueiredo Falcão 15 Cable tier

Albassuz can also be an undesignated space below decks. PT – Albassuz, Alvaçus SP – Pañol de los cabos, de cables CT – Pallol dels caps FR – Soûte pour cable(s) IT – Fossa delle gomene UK – Cable Tier NL – Kabelgat

16 Bulwarks

PT – Amurada SP – Amura, macarrón, borda CT – Macarrons, estamenots FR – Pavois IT – Bordo UK – Bulwarks NL – Glenn Grieco’s Belle 17 Deck cover

PT – Xareta SP – CT – FR – Abri de pont(s) IT – UK – NL – S. João de Patmos 18 Ladders

PT – Escada(s) SP – Escala(s), escalera(s) CT – Escala, escale(s) FR – Échelle(s) IT – Scaletta UK – Ladder(s) NL –

Ketting’s Prins Willem & Vasa model 19 Kitchens / Ovens

PT – Cozinha(s) / forno(s) SP – Cocina(s) / horno(s) CT – Cuina, fogó, forn FR – Cuisine(s) / four(s) IT – Cucine / forni UK – Kitchen(s) / oven(s) NL –

Mary Rose, 1545 20 Gunports

PT – Portinhola(s) SP – Portañola(s), porta(s) de artilleria CT – Porta, porte(s) FR – Sabord(s) IT – UK – Gunport(s) NL –

?

21 Hatches

PT – Escotilha(s) SP – Escotilla(s) CT – Escotilla, escotille(s) FR – Écoutille(s) IT – Portello UK – Hatch(es) NL –

Audrey Wells model 22 Gratings

PT – Grades? SP – Rejilla, jareta, enjaretado CT – Gelosia FR – Cailleboti(s) IT – UK – Gratings NL –

Nautical Research Guild model 23 Ship fittings

Capstans

Pumps

Bitts Rudder Pump sump

Anchors Ovens

Guns

Vasa and Prins Willem

24 Bitts PT – Abita SP – Bita CT – Bita FR – Bitte(s) IT – Bitte UK – Bitt, Bitt(s), Riding Bitt(s) NL – Beting

Wasa

25 Pumps

PT – Bomba(s) SP – Bomba(s) de sentina CT – Bomba, bombe(s) (medieval catalan: trompa) FR – Pompe(s) IT – Pompe? UK – Pump(s) NL –

3D Model: Alex Hazlett26 Pump sumps

PT – Poço da bomba SP – Pozo de bomba, sentina CT – Pou de la bomba FR – Pompe de puisard IT – UK – Pump sumps NL –

3D Model: Alex Hazlett 27 Catheads

A horizontal beam PT – Turco do ferro extending from each SP – Serviola (con aparejo de gata) side of a ship's bow, CT – used for raising and FR – Bossoir carrying an anchor. IT – UK – Catheads NL –

3D Model: Alex Hazlett 28 Capstan

PT – Cabrestante SP – Cabrestante CT – Cabrestant, argue FR – Cabestan IT – Barbotin UK – Capstans NL –

Rijksmuseum models 29 Messenger cable

PT – SP – Virador CT – FR – cordage sans fin (?) IT – UK – Messenger cable NL –

Messenger cable Anchor cable

Glenn Grieco model Rijksmuseum model 30 Windlass

PT – Estrinca SP – Molinete CT – Torn FR – Treuil, guideau IT – Argano? Salpancora? UK – Windlass NL – 1616, Manoel Fernandez

PT – Eixo PT – Roda SP – Asso SP – Bitas, puntales, o CT – Eix pies del molinete FR – Tambour CT – Roda IT – FR – Bitte(s) latérale(s) UK – Drum IT – NL – UK – Windlass bitt NL – 3D Model: Alex Hazlett Rijksmuseum model

31 Rudders

PT – Leme SP – Timón CT – Timó FR – Gouvernail IT – Timone UK – Rudder NL –

PT – Pinção PT – Cana / Barra SP – Pinzote SP – Caña CT – CT – Arjau FR – FR – Barre du gouvernail IT – IT – Barra del timone UK – Whipstaff UK – Tiller NL – NL –

3D Model: Alex Hazlett 32 Rudders

PT – Cana SP – Caña CT – Arjau FR – Barre du gouvernail IT – Barra del timone UK – Tiller NL –

PT – Pinção SP – Pinzote CT – FR – IT – UK – Whipstaff NL – 33 PT – Cepo Anchors SP – Cepo CT – FR – Jas, jat, PT – Âncora IT – Ceppo SP – Ancla UK – Stock CT – Àncora NL – Stok FR – Ancre IT – Ancora UK – Anchor NL – Anker

PT – Haste ? PT – SP – Caña SP – Brazo CT – Canya CT – Marra FR – Verge, vergue FR – Bras, branque IT – Fuso IT – Marra (e) UK – Shank UK – Arm NL – Schacht, roede NL – Arm, armen

34 Anchors

PT – Unha ? SP – Pico de loro CT – Bec FR – Bec IT – Unghia UK – Bill NL – Punkt

PT – Unha SP – Mapa, Uña CT – Mapa, ungla FR – Pelle, oreille, patte IT – Patta UK – Fluke, flook NL –

PT – Cruz ? SP – Cruz CT – FR – Diamant IT – Diamante UK – Crown NL –

35 Anchors

PT – Arganéu / Anete? SP – Arganeo CT – Arganell PT – Noz? Chaveta? FR – Anneau, organneau SP – Encepadura, macho IT – Anelli / Cicala CT – UK – Ring FR – Chevilles de fer NL – IT – UK – Nut NL – Neut

Nuts seem to change position around 1600. Before 1600 the nuts were placed in the direction of the anchor’s arms, and after they moved to the faces perpendicular to the anchor’s arms.

36 Guns

PT – Canhão SP – Cañón CT – Canó FR – Canons IT – Cannone UK – Gun NL –

PT – Reparo SP – Cureña, carro de artillería CT – FR – Affût IT – Affusto UK – Gun carriage NL – 1502 Zeugbuch Kaiser Maximilians I 37 Gun Parts PT – Culatra PT – Asas SP – Culata, Lámpara SP – Asas CT – CT – FR – Culasse FR – Dauphin (anse) IT – Culatta IT – Delfino UK – UK – Dolphin (handle) NL – NL –

PT – Tulipa PT – 2.o reforço SP – Brocal, cuello SP – Segundo cuerpo (joya) CT – CT – FR – 2e renfort FR – Bouche IT – 2.o rinforzo IT – Bocca UK – 2nd reinforce UK – Muzzle NL – NL – PT – 1.o reforço PT – Bolada SP – Primer cuerpo SP – Tercer cuerpo CT – CT – FR – 1er renfort FR – Volée IT – 1.o rinforzo IT – Volata UK – 1st reinforce UK – Chase NL –

NL – 38 Gun Parts PT – Ouvido PT – SP – Oído, Fogón SP – Segunda faja y gola CT – CT – FR – Lumière FR – Moulûre IT – Focone IT – Molatura UK – Touch hole UK – NL – NL –

PT – Alma SP – Ánima CT – FR – Âme (?) PT – Munhão IT – Calibro SP – Muñón UK – Bore CT – NL – FR – Tourillons IT – Orecchioni, perni UK – Trunnion NL –

PT – PT – Cascavel SP – Astrágalo del cuello SP – Cascabel CT – CT – FR – Astragale de volée FR – Bouton IT – Astragalo della bocca IT – Bottone, codone UK – Chase UK – Cascabel NL – NL – 39 Gun Parts PT – Boca PT – Ouvido PT – Alma SP – Boca SP – Oído, Fogón SP – Alma, Ánima CT – CT – CT – FR – Bouche FR – Lumière FR – Âme IT – Bocca IT – Focone IT – UK – Muzzle UK – Touch hole UK – Bore NL – NL – NL –

PT – Culatra PT – Tampão SP – Recámara SP – Tapabocas CT – CT – FR – Culasse (?) FR – Tape de bouche (?) IT – Culatta IT – UK – Breech UK – Tampion NL – NL –

40 Gun Parts

PT – Taco SP – Taco CT – FR – Bourre IT – UK – Wad NL –

PT – Carga PT – Bala SP – Cartucho SP – Bala rasa CT – CT – FR – Cartouche FR – Boulet de canon IT – IT – UK – Cartridge UK – Cannon ball NL – NL –

41 Gun Parts PT – Berço, falconete SP – Verso, falconete PT – Haste CT – SP – Rabera, rabiza FR – Fauconneau CT – IT – FR – UK – Falconet IT – NL – UK – NL –

PT – Braga SP – Recámara PT – Peão CT – SP – Horquilla FR – CT – IT – FR – Fourche UK – IT – NL – UK – NL –

?

42 Gun Carriages

PT – Reparo SP – Cureña CT – Curenya FR – Affût IT – Affusto UK – Gun carriage NL – Affuit

?

43 Gun Tackle

PT – Aparelho / Equipamento de força SP – Palanquín (y braguero, No. 9) CT – FR – Palan de canon IT – UK – Gun tackle NL –

?

44 Gun Types

Portugal

Pedreiro: bore length = 7-13 Ø; stone balls; Selvagem Ø 20 cm or more Canhão: bore length = 18-25 Ø; stone balls; Colubrina: bore length = 24-50 Ø; Colubrinas legítimas: bore length = 30-50 Ø; Colubrinas bastardas: bore length = 24-30 Ø;

Peças de braga: Falcões Ø = 12 cm Cães Ø = 8 cm Berços Ø = 5 cm Falconetes Ø =

45 Gun Types

PT – Bombarda SP – Bombarda CT – Bombarda FR – Bombarde IT – UK – Bombard NL –

Ø +/- 20 cm

Memória das Armadas46 Gun Types

PT – Canhão de retrocarga SP – Bombardeta CT – Bombardeta FR – Petite bombarde IT – UK – NL –

PT – Câmara SP – Recámara CT – PT – FR – Chambre de SP – Caña chargement CT – IT – FR – UK – IT – NL – UK – NL –

Mary Rose 47 Gun Types

Bore length = 18-25 Ø; stone balls.

PT – Canhão SP – Cañón CT – FR – Canon IT – UK – Cannon NL –

Copenhagen Military Museum 48 Gun Types

Bore length = 24-50 Ø

PT – Colubrina SP – Culebrina CT – FR – Couleuvrine IT – UK – Culverin NL –

Memória das Armadas49 Bells

PT – Sino PT – SP – Campana SP – CT – Timbre CT – FR – Cloche FR – IT – Campana IT – UK – Bell UK – Belfry NL – Klok NL –

Belle model (G. Grieco) 50 Barrels

PT – Barril SP – Barril CT – Barril FR – Tonneau IT – Barile UK – Barrel PT – Fundo NL – SP – Fondo, tempano CT – FR – Fond PT – Bojo, barriga IT – SP – Barriga UK – Head CT – NL – FR – Bouge IT – UK – Bilge NL – Nick’s Wine website

51 PT – Batoque e rolha Barrels SP – Piquera y Tapón CT – FR – Trou de bonde IT – Buco UK – Bung hole NL –

PT – Aduelas SP – Duelas CT – FR – Douelles IT – UK – Staves NL – PT – SP – PT – Aros CT – SP – Remaches FR – CT – IT – FR – Cercles UK – Head boards, cants IT – NL – UK – Hoops NL – Nick’s Wine website

52 Barrels

PT – SP – CT – FR – IT – UK – Chime PT – NL – SP – CT – FR – PT – IT – SP – UK – Croze Groove CT – NL – FR – IT – UK – Chiv NL – ??????????

53 Contributions: Filipe Castro, Alexander Hazlett, Maria João Santos, Marijo Gauthier-Bérubé, Massimo Capulli, Ricardo Borrero, Beñat Eguiluz Miranda, Pere Izquierdo i Tugas, Marcel Pujol Hamelik, Jean-Michel Urvoy, Greg Votruba, Horst Liebner, Nicolás Ciarlo.

54