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Religious Peacebuilding Interventions in Sudan: a Comparison of Intrareligious and Interreligious Conflict Resolution Initiatives

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Religious Peacebuilding Interventions in Sudan: a Comparison of Intrareligious and Interreligious Conflict Resolution Initiatives Religious Peacebuilding Interventions in Sudan: A Comparison of Intrareligious and Interreligious Conflict Resolution Initiatives A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science at George Mason University By Jonathan R. Morton Bachelor of Science University of Pittsburgh, 2001 Bachelor of Arts University of Pittsburgh, 2001 Director: Andrea Bartoli, Professor Institute for Conflict Analysis and Resolution Fall Semester 2008 George Mason University Fairfax, VA Copyright © 2008 by Jonathan R. Morton All Rights Reserved ii DEDICATION To my parents, who spent their early years together in the Horn of Africa, and who have supported me from the beginning Soli Deo Gloria iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis represents a final project required for completion of the Master of Science program at the Institute for Conflict Analysis and Resolution (ICAR) at George Mason University. I would like to recognize the impact of the Semester at Sea study abroad program. A field trip to both sides of the Green Line in Cyprus began a “voyage of discovery” that lasted beyond one undergraduate semester, causing me to explore nascent ideas about the role that forgiveness might play in transforming intractable conflicts. Another formative influence on my journey into the field of conflict resolution was Dr. Miroslav Volf, through his 1996 book, Exclusion and Embrace: A Theological Exploration of Identity, Otherness, and Reconciliation. The honesty of Volf’s struggle with reconciliation as a fellow “follower of Christ” (1996, 9), along with the depth of his scholarship, stirred in me a passion that led to graduate study. In addition to this experience and this literary mentor, I wish to acknowledge several people during my time at ICAR who have contributed to my arrival at this landmark. I am very grateful to the members of my thesis committee, including Dr. Andrea Bartoli, Dr. Marc Gopin, and Dr. Jamie Price. They gave of their time and energies to patiently guide and review my work, even as I struggled toward completion. Dr. Bartoli altered his advising schedule in order to support this research. I am particularly thankful for his enthusiasm and encouragement, which were invaluable in the writing process. Dr. Gopin’s embodiment of religious peacebuilding has been an inspiration to me since he was first welcomed to ICAR. His class lectures and his individual guidance refined my thinking as this study evolved out of two earlier ideas, and I have especially appreciated the invitation to his family’s home to discuss an early draft. Also at ICAR, Julie Shedd has been a constant source of kind and knowledgeable assistance in the department. I would also like to recognize with appreciation the two peacebuilders whose work is the focus of this study. Dr. William Lowrey took time from his busy schedule to meet with me and to discuss his experiences. Dr. Douglas Johnston did likewise, and also introduced me to Dr. al-Tayib Zain al-Abdin, who granted me an interview during one of his trips to Washington and provided additional primary source materials. Countless ones have supported me in this work from the sidelines. I remember with thankfulness the Reformed Presbyterian church families of Waldorf, Maryland; Purcellville, Virginia; Sparta, Illinois; and Lafayette, Indiana. Although I cannot name all those who have prayed for me, representative of their love and care is Dr. Rosaria Butterfield, who taught me that a thesis project is about showing obedience, not iv brilliance. Her academic insight and counsel were perhaps surpassed in wealth only by the hospitality and friendship she and her family demonstrated time after time. Finally, I wish to express deep appreciation to my family. My parents, Raymond and Heather Morton, have been constant, thoughtful and generous in their support in every way they could. And then there is one who came into my life along the way, who has stood by me faithfully in my failures and patiently in the isolation of writing. No one except Jesus has more deeply shown me the abiding love of God than my wife, Megan. As we approach the first anniversary of our life together, this finished work is my paper gift to you, with thanks, as we celebrate and look forward to our future. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .......................................................................................... viii ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... ix CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................... 5 Historical Context ............................................................................................................ 5 Sudanese Early History ................................................................................................ 6 Foreign Empires ........................................................................................................... 8 Conflict in Sudan since Independence ....................................................................... 12 Patterns of Conflict .................................................................................................... 20 Conflict Resolution Attempts ...................................................................................... 24 Lessons from Conflict Resolution Theory ..................................................................... 25 Conflict Resolution and Analysis ............................................................................... 25 Definitions of Conflict and Peace .............................................................................. 26 Conflict Theory ........................................................................................................... 27 Identity Conflict .......................................................................................................... 29 Conflict Resolution Methods ...................................................................................... 30 Religious Peacebuilding ............................................................................................. 33 Christianity and Peacebuilding .................................................................................. 35 CHAPTER 3: DOUGLAS JOHNSTON AND THE ICRD ............................................ 37 Facilitator: Douglas Johnston ....................................................................................... 37 Context of the Intervention ............................................................................................ 43 Religion, Coexistence, and Conflict in Sudan ............................................................ 44 Government Policies toward Majority and Minority Religions ................................. 48 Regional and International Relations ........................................................................ 50 Intervention: Faith-based Diplomacy ........................................................................... 52 Khartoum International Forum for Inter-Religious Cooperation and Peace (2000) 53 Sudan Reconciliation Training .................................................................................. 57 Khartoum International Forum for Inter-Religious Cooperation and Peace (2002) 60 Sustained Relational Engagement .............................................................................. 64 Sudan Inter-Religious Council (SIRC) ....................................................................... 64 Committee for the Protection of Religious Freedom (CPRF) .................................... 66 Impact on Peacebuilding in Sudan............................................................................. 68 vi CHAPTER 4: WILLIAM LOWREY AND THE NSCC ................................................ 71 Facilitator: William Lowrey .......................................................................................... 71 Context of the Intervention ............................................................................................ 78 Southern History and Identities.................................................................................. 78 Dinka and Nuer Conflict ............................................................................................ 79 Religious and Cultural Shifts during War .................................................................. 84 Religious Capacities for Peace .................................................................................. 86 Intervention: The People to People Process ................................................................. 89 Loki Nuer-Dinka Chiefs and Church Leaders Reconciliation Conference ................ 90 Wunlit Dinka-Nuer West Bank Peace and Reconciliation Conference...................... 94 Waat Lou Nuer Peace and Governance Conference ................................................. 98 Impact on Peacebuilding in Sudan............................................................................. 99 CHAPTER 5: ANALYSIS ............................................................................................ 101 Religious Conflicts and Religious Peacebuilding ....................................................... 102 Nested Conflicts .........................................................................................................
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