The Latest in Lens Technology & the Lens That Started It
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The Latest in Lens Technology & The Lens That Started It All Peter Allen, Harvard Mark Schubin, SMPTE Life Fellow Siemens Artificial Eye SchubinCafe.com (these slides at bit.ly/smptene-lens) Why “4K” Lenses Are Important Even If You’re Not Doing 4K Mark Schubin, SchubinCafe.com Some Future Blue-Sky Lens Possibilities lensless imaging virtual cameras anti-chromatic-aberration coating digital aberration correction Mark Schubin, SMPTE NE, 2019 Feb. 20 3 Lensless Imaging Nick Antipa & Grace Kuo, UC Berkeley https://arxiv.org/abs/1710.02134 Mark Schubin, SMPTE NE, 2019 Feb. 20 4 Why I Want Virtual Cameras Mark Schubin, SMPTE NE, 2019 Feb. 20 5 Virtual Cameras European Union Project FINE (free- viewpoint immersive networked experience) at Barcelona FC stadium Mark Schubin, SMPTE NE, 2019 Feb. 20 6 Project FINE in 2012 (!) http://bit.ly/projectfine EU Project Fine (better quality at the link) Mark Schubin, SMPTE NE, 2019 Feb. 20 7 Anti-Chromatic Aberration Coating Harvard SEAS Capasso Lab/Harvard SEAS https://phys.org/news/2018-11-meta-surface-chromatic-aberrations-kinds-lenses.html Mark Schubin, SMPTE NE, 2019 Feb. 20 8 Digital Aberration Correction/Deconvolution http://www.cs.tut.fi/~lasip/2D/ Mark Schubin, SMPTE NE, 2019 Feb. 20 9 A Paper Published on the Subject Mark Schubin, SMPTE NE, 2019 Feb. 20 10 A Paper Published on the Subject Mark Schubin, SMPTE NE, 2019 Feb. 20 11 Meanwhile, In Today’s World esports and animation movies range: smartphone to ARRI 65 documentary director at DGA: 4K too much storage Mark Schubin, SMPTE NE, 2019 Feb. 20 12 Some Options Wider Color Gamut Spatial Resolution 8K, 4K, HD, SD, less Higher Frame Rate (HFR) Higher Dynamic Range (HDR) Immersive Media merged images by David Corby 2006 to create 4024-pixel-wide panorama Mark Schubin, SMPTE NE, 2019 Feb. 20 13 Wider Color Gamut with Respect to Lenses red chromatic aberration more visible Mark Schubin, SMPTE NE, 2019 Feb. 20 14 Used with permission Mark Schubin, SMPTE NE, 2019 Feb. 20 15 UsedUsed withwith permissionpermission Mark Schubin, SMPTE NE, 2019 Feb. 20 16 Used with permission Mark Schubin, SMPTE NE, 2019 Feb. 20 17 EBU at HPA 2013 - 56” Screen 2.7m is >2.6x 1.5 H for 56” “4K”@60 fps = 8x uncompressed data rate of either 720p60 or 1080i30 Mark Schubin, SMPTE NE, 2019 Feb. 20 18 The Lechner Distance Theoretical: gobbledygook about viewing angle, scanning lines, & interlace ` Bernie Lechner in 2011 Mark Schubin, SMPTE NE, 2019 Feb. 20 19 The Lechner Distance Theoretical: gobbledygook about viewing angle, scanning lines, & interlace Actual: 9 feet average distance from CRT- based TVs at home reported by RCA Labs employees close match to 3-meter Jackson Distance at Philips Labs in UK Bernie Lechner in 2011 Mark Schubin, SMPTE NE, 2019 Feb. 20 20 Who Cares? contrast resolution contrast-resolution grating to show contrast-sensitivity function Mark Schubin, SMPTE NE, 2019 Feb. 20 21 Which Person Looks Angrier? “Angry Man/Neutral Woman,” 1997 copyright Aude Oliva, MIT and Philippe G. Schyns, University of Glasgow (used with permission) Mark Schubin, SMPTE NE, 2019 Feb. 20 22 Which Person Looks Angrier? “Angry Man/Neutral Woman,” 1997 copyright Aude Oliva, MIT and Philippe G. Schyns, University of Glasgow (used with permission) Mark Schubin, SMPTE NE, 2019 Feb. 20 23 Selection Process angry on left: higher resolution angry on right: lower resolution Mark Schubin, SMPTE NE, 2019 Feb. 20 24 What Does That Have to Do with “4K” Lenses? Scene to Seen shot technical perceived stuff stuff stuff Mark Schubin, SMPTE NE, 2019 Feb. 20 26 It’s Complicated shot technical stuff stuff Ear -ness = psychological brightness ≠ light level loudness ≠ sound level sharpness ≠ focus Mark Schubin, SMPTE NE, 2019 Feb. 20 27 Sharpness Based on Rez & Contrast Modulation sharpness Transfer affected by Function contrast area under curve ARRI: area Sony: area2 resolution Mark Schubin, SMPTE NE, 2019 Feb. 20 28 Higher-Rez: Little Sharpness Increase HDCAM innovation 1440 luma 480 chroma “3:1:1” contrast “Full HD” 1920 luma 960 chroma “4:2:2” resolution Mark Schubin, SMPTE NE, 2019 Feb. 20 29 Higher-Rez: Little Sharpness Increase DVCPROHD 1280 luma 640 chroma contrast “Full HD” 1920 luma 960 chroma “4:2:2” resolution Mark Schubin, SMPTE NE, 2019 Feb. 20 30 For Higher Resolution Image Sensors SINC Function 1.2 If this is 1080 lines, 1 then the contrast ratio 0.8 at 1080 lines is zero 0.6 Contrastst 0.4 0.2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 91011 zero Samples contrast Mark Schubin, SMPTE NE, 2019 Feb. 20 31 Why a “4K” Camera Can Be Good for HD SINC Function 1.2 1 0.8 If this is 2160 lines, 0.6 Contrastst 0.4 then the contrast at 0.2 1080 lines is 64% 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 91011 64% Samples contrast Mark Schubin, SMPTE NE, 2019 Feb. 20 32 Noticeable Even At Lower Resolutions http://www.theverge.com/2012/5/29/3042847/super-hi-vision-tv-8k-nhk-future Mark Schubin, SMPTE NE, 2019 Feb. 20 33 Real MTF Curves EOS 20D 3504 x 2336 EOS 10D 3072 x 2048 EOS 10D EOS 20D 3072 x 2048 3504 x 2336 courtesy Bob Atkins www.bobatkins.com used with permission 14% linear increase in sensors Mark Schubin, SMPTE NE, 2019 Feb. 20 34 Real-World Sharpness Change EOS 10D EOS 20D 3072 x 2048 3504 x 2336 courtesy Bob Atkins www.bobatkins.com used with permission again, just 14% more resolution Mark Schubin, SMPTE NE, 2019 Feb. 20 35 There Is No Such Thing As A 4K Lens (or, for that matter, an HD lens) High-End “HD” Zoom Lens HD 4K Mark Schubin, SMPTE NE, 2019 Feb. 20 37 much greater sharpness at HD (100 lp/mm) Mark Schubin, SMPTE NE, 2019 Feb. 20 38 Zoom Lens focus group zoom group compensator relay “variator” (maintains focus) Mark Schubin, SMPTE NE, 2019 Feb. 20 39 Multiple Elements for Aberration Correction 36 pieces of glass; 72 glass surfaces Mark Schubin, SMPTE NE, 2019 Feb. 20 40 Reflection Issues 36 pieces of glass; 72 glass surfaces before the prism if 99% transmission/surface = 48% transmitted Mark Schubin, SMPTE NE, 2019 Feb. 20 41 Improved Coating 36 pieces of glass; 72 glass surfaces before the prism if 99% transmission/surface = 48% transmitted if 99.8% transmission/surface = <87% transmitted Mark Schubin, SMPTE NE, 2019 Feb. 20 42 Lens Bottom End ARRI Ultra Prime ARRI Signature Prime (used with permission) from “Lens dynamic range: coatings, contrast and color,” by Art Adams, cinema lens specialist at ARRI, for ProVideo Coalition, 2019 Jan. 21 https://www.provideocoalition.com/lens-dynamic-range-coatings-contrast-and-color/ Mark Schubin, SMPTE NE, 2019 Feb. 20 43 Reducing Number of Lens Elements extra-low dispersion glass 24 pieces of glass (?); 48 glass surfaces before the prism if 99.8% transmission/surface = >90% transmitted D/U: >90% = ~10:1; <87% = ~6.4:1 Mark Schubin, SMPTE NE, 2019 Feb. 20 44 Another Way to Reduce Elements: Primes https://www.golden-agetv.co.uk/equipment.php?ProducerID=49 Mark Schubin, SMPTE NE, 2019 Feb. 20 45 Questions About Lenses? The Karpeles Manuscript Library Museums used with permission Why Television Research Began in 1877 (and Why Almost No One Knows It) Mark Schubin, SchubinCafe.com When Did TV Start? common U.S. idea: TV was introduced at the RCA pavilion at the 1939 New York World’s Fair Mark Schubin, SMPTE NE, 2019 Feb. 20David Sarnoff Library 48 When Did TV Really Start? common U.S. idea: TV was introduced at the RCA pavilion at the 1939 New York World’s Fair (ignores even Crosley, GE, GM, and Westinghouse at same fair) Mark Schubin, SMPTE NE, 2019 Feb. 20David Sarnoff Library 49 You Know That NYC Story Isn’t True Mark Schubin, SMPTE NE, 2019 Feb. 20 50 The Boston Post May 4, 1928 Mark Schubin, SMPTE NE, 2019 Feb. 20 51 January 14, 1928 Mark Schubin, SMPTE NE, 2019 Feb. 20 52 Boston Will Return, But 1927: all-electronic scanned television achieved by Philo T. Farnsworth earlier diagram reported Mark Schubin, SMPTE NE, 2019 Feb. 20 53 And 1927: Ernst Alexanderson used speed and phase controls to watch GE’s mechanical TV Mark Schubin, SMPTE NE, 2019 Feb. 20 54 And 1927: long- distance large- screen TV at Bell Labs in NYC with Herbert E. Ives Mark Schubin, SMPTE NE, 2019 Feb. 20 55 Mark Schubin, SMPTE NE, 2019 Feb. 20 56 But 1926: John Logie Baird demoed TV w/ recognizable faces (1st achieved 1925) Mark Schubin, SMPTE NE, 2019 Feb. 20 57 But 1923: Vladimir Zworykin filed for a patent on scanned all-electronic television Mark Schubin, SMPTE NE, 2019 Feb. 20 58 And 1923: SMPTE-founder Charles Francis Jenkins demoed television Mark Schubin, SMPTE NE, 2019 Feb. 20 59 But 1914: (pre-SMPE) New York Times front-page account of a TV demo in London by Archibald Montgomery Low Mark Schubin, SMPTE NE, 2019 Feb. 20 60 But 1912: publication of a diagram of all- electronic scanned television by Alan Archibald Campbell Swinton (idea publ. 1908) Mark Schubin, SMPTE NE, 2019 Feb. 20 61 But 1909: television in a consumer publication by Hugo Gernsback Mark Schubin, SMPTE NE, 2019 Feb. 20 62 But 1907: patent- application diagram Boris Rosing for a Russian scanned patent picture 18,076 tube (and the tube, itself, which might date to 1902) Mark Schubin, SMPTE NE, 2019 Feb. 20 63 But “The International Electricity Congress,” The Electrician, September 21, 1900, p. 822 1900: television coined at the Paris World’s Fair by Russian Constantin Perskyi on August 24 Mark Schubin, SMPTE NE, 2019 Feb.