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Joly-Corcoran Marc 2013 These.Pdf (3.738Mb) Université de Montréal La cinéphanie et sa réappropriation : l’« affect originel » et sa réactualisation par le fan, un spectateur néoreligieux Par Marc Joly-Corcoran Département d’histoire de l’art et d’études cinématographiques Faculté des arts et des sciences Thèse présentée à la Faculté des arts et des sciences en vue de l’obtention du grade de Philosophiae doctor (Ph.D.) en études cinématographiques Octobre, 2013 © Marc Joly-Corcoran, 2013 Résumé De nature essentiellement théorique, la présente thèse porte sur un sujet peu étudié dans le milieu universitaire francophone, que ce soit en Europe ou au Québec. Il s’agit du fan. Bien que les fan studies constituent un champ disciplinaire très actif dans les universités anglo-saxonnes (voir entre autres Henry Jenkins et Matt Hills), il n’existe aucun ouvrage dans la langue de Molière s’affairant à synthétiser et théoriser l’expérience affective du fan. Ma thèse entend combler cette lacune. Fortement inspiré par la notion de hiérophanie du célèbre historien des religions Mircea Eliade, j’ai créé le néologisme cinéphanie pour désigner un concept que je résume comme suit : toute manifestation affective s’échelonnant sur une courte période de temps, qui suscite un haut degré de satisfaction affective. À partir de ce concept, je déclinerai une typologie qui servira à illustrer les types d’expériences cinéphaniques qui peuvent motiver le spectateur et le fan à s’engager dans des activités de réappropriation culturelle (seul ou au sein d’un fandom) afin de réactualiser les émotions liées à l’objet culturel source. À l’aide des travaux de l’anthropologue Victor Turner portant sur l’activité rituelle, je proposerai l’organisation tripartite de l’expérience cinéphanique comme suit : la cinéphanie préliminale, la cinéphanie (liminale) et la cinéphanie post liminale. L’ensemble de mon travail répondra à trois objectifs. Le premier voudra théoriser de manière diachronique et synchronique le rapport affectif intense pouvant naître d’une relation entre le consommateur et un objet culturel issu de la culture populaire. De plus, il n’existe pour l’instant aucun ouvrage qui va dans ce sens, même chez les chercheurs anglo-saxons. Ma seconde ambition sera de séculariser la terminologie servant à décrire une expérience intense chez le fan. Certains d’entre eux se servent encore de l’analogie religieuse avec, entre autres, les termes d’épiphanie et de révélation pour souligner le plus adéquatement possible l’importance qu’ils accordent aux émotions qu’ils ressentent à l’endroit d’un objet culturel spécifique. Enfin, mon dernier objectif sera de synthétiser, dans une perspective ouvertement transdisciplinaire, les travaux provenant de disciplines ii variées liés à la question des affects médiatiques. Cela me permettra d’esquisser un portrait suffisamment précis qui visera à mettre en relief l’existence de traces théoriques du concept de la cinéphanie en filigrane dans les travaux d’autres chercheurs. Mots clés : fan, religion, cinéma, culture populaire, cinéphanie, émotion cinéphanique, réappropriation, cinéphilie. iii Summary The Reappropriation of Cinephany: The “Original Affect” and its Reactualisation by Fans – Neoreligious Spectators Mostly theoretical in nature, this thesis looks into a subject that has been little researched by the francophone academia both in Europe and in Québec: fans. Though fan studies are an active field of study in English-language universities (see Henry Jenkins and Matt Hills, among others), there exists no body of work in French that summarizes and speculates about the affective experience of fans. My thesis intents to fill this gap. Inspired by the concept of hierophany that was formulated by the famous religious historian Mircea Eliade, I created the neologism cinephany to describe the following concept: any affective expression spreading over a short period of time which culminates into a high level of emotional satisfaction. From this concept, I will define the typology which will illustrate the various types of cinephanic experiences that can drive viewers and fans to get emotionally involved in cultural reappropriation activities (alone or within a fandom) in order to adapt the emotions linked to the source cultural object. Using anthropologist Victor Turner's work on rituals, I suggest a tripartite organization of the cinephanic experience into the following phases: premilimal cinephany, cinephany (liminal) and post-liminal cinephany. My research objectives are threefold. The first is to speculate about the intense affective relationship between consumers and a pop culture object in a diachronic and synchronic manner. There currently exists no such body of work in the world, including among English-language researchers. My second aspiration is to secularize the terminology used to describe the intense episodes fans experience. Some still use religious analogies with words such as epiphany and revelation to adequately illustrate the importance fans attach to the emotions they feel towards a specific cultural object. Finally, my last objective is to synthesize – in an openly transdisciplinary perspective – the work from various disciplines in regards to iv media affect. This will allow me to paint a clear picture highlighting the implicit existence of theoretical traces of cinephany within the work of other researchers. Key words: fan, religion, cinema, popular culture, cinephany, cinephanic emotion, reappropriation, cinephile. v Table des matières Table des figures _________________________________________________ viii Remerciements ___________________________________________________ x Introduction ______________________________________________________ 1 Être un aca-fan ___________________________________________________________ 1 Retour dans le passé _______________________________________________________ 4 Une approche transdisciplinaire ______________________________________________ 7 PARTIE 1 ______________________________________________________ 11 Chapitre 1 ______________________________________________________ 11 La cinéphanie _________________________________________________________ 11 Introduction à la problématique _____________________________________________ 11 La cinéphanie en bref _____________________________________________________ 13 La cinéphanie comme épiphanie cinématographique _____________________________ 19 Un peu d’étymologie ______________________________________________________ 24 Chapitre 2 ______________________________________________________ 30 Prolégomènes à la typologie cinéphanique __________________________________ 30 Introduction _____________________________________________________________ 30 Problèmes terminologiques et posture théorique ________________________________ 32 La filmophanie d’Étienne Souriau ______________________________________ 32 L’expérience liminale et liminoïde de Victor Turner _______________________ 35 Les trois phases d’exposition de Levy et Windahl _________________________ 41 Émotion et affect ___________________________________________________ 44 Une typologie de l’expérience cinéphanique ______________________________ 46 Les déterminations précinéphaniques _____________________________________ 47 Production de sens vs production d’affects _______________________________ 48 Intérêts ___________________________________________________________ 52 Faisceau de déterminations institutionnelles et génériques, et horizon d’attente __ 53 Croyances religieuses _______________________________________________ 57 Compétences culturelles _____________________________________________ 60 Le corps organique _________________________________________________ 63 Le contexte historique et social ________________________________________ 66 Les conditions matérielles de l’expérience _______________________________ 68 Chapitre 3 ______________________________________________________ 70 La typologie des expériences cinéphaniques ________________________________ 70 La cinéphanie préliminale __________________________________________________ 70 Le cas ‘Crying girl’ _________________________________________________ 73 Moe _____________________________________________________________ 75 La cinéphanie liminale ____________________________________________________ 78 1) La cinéphanie primordiale, inconsciente et consciente ____________________ 79 2) La cinéphanie énergétique __________________________________________ 82 3) La cinéphanie diégétique ___________________________________________ 86 4) La cinéphanie narrative ____________________________________________ 88 5) La cinéphanie esthétique ___________________________________________ 91 6) La cinéphanie cinéphilique _________________________________________ 95 7) La cinéphanie paroxystique (la mystique cinématographique) _____________ 101 vi Une cinéphanie « fanatique » et les emboîtements typologiques _____________ 109 La cinéphanie postliminale ________________________________________________ 111 Blocage cinéphanique et cinéphanie non-productive ______________________ 115 PARTIE 2 _____________________________________________________ 117 Chapitre 4 _____________________________________________________ 117 La culture des « nouveaux médias » ______________________________________ 117 Appropriation et réactualisation par la réappropriation __________________________ 118 Les nouveaux médias ____________________________________________________ 121 Nouveaux, pourquoi nouveaux ? ______________________________________ 125 Nouveaux médias et démocratisation ________________________________________
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