Contents

Foreword Joseph Becker (1887-1966) 34 Acknowledgments xiv Terry S. Reynolds Introduction xv Charles Milton Beeghly (1908- ) 36 John A. Heitmann Iorwith Wilbur Abel (1908-1987) 3 Richard W. Kalwa Quincy Bent (1879-1955) 37 Lance E. Metz Avery C. Adams (1897-1963) 7 John A. Heitmann Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation 39 Lance E. Metz The Allegheny-Ludlum Steel Corporation 9 Michael Santos Corporation 41 Thomas E. Leary and Elizabeth C. Sholes Alloy and Stainless Steels 11 Geoffrey Tweedale Van A. Bittner (1885-1949) 46 Richard W. Nagle Amalgamated Association of Iron, Steel, and Tin Workers 13 Blast Furnace 47 James R. Barrett Robert Casey American Iron and Steel Institute 14 Blast Furnace and Steel Plant 48 Donald F. Barnett Bruce E. Seely American Metal Market 15 Joseph L. Block (1902-1992) 49 Bruce E. Seely Louis P. Cain American Steel and Wire Company 15 Leopold E. Block (1869-1952) 52 Stephen H. Cutcliffe Louis P. Cain Arnold Adams Archibald (1905-1980) 17 Philip D. Block (1871-1942) 54 John A. Heitmann Louis P. Cain Armco Incorporated 18 Philip D. Block, Jr. (1906-1981) 55 Carl Becker Louis P. Cain Atlantic Steel Company 23 Roger M. Blough (1904-1985) 56 Elizabeth C. Sholes and Thomas E. Leary George McManus James Bliss Austin (1904- ) 24 Raynal Cawthorne Boiling (1877-1918) 60 Bruce E. Seely Gerald G. Eggert Edgar Collins Bain (1891-1971) 27 Willis Boothe Boyer (1915-1974) 61 Bruce E. Seely Carol Poh Miller Basic-Oxygen Steelmaking Process 30 Thomas J. Bray (1867-1933) 63 Leonard H. Lynn Carol Poh Miller Basing Point Pricing 32 Steel Company 64 Donald F. Barnett Bruce E. Seely Eugene J. Buffington (1863-1937) 66 Stewart Joseph Cort (1881-1958) 99 Bruce E. Seely Thomas E. Leary and Elizabeth C. Sholes

Edwin O. Burgham (1889-1969) 68 Stewart Shaw Cort (1911-1980) 101 Glen V. Longacre HI Lance E. Metz Joseph Green Butler, Jr. (1840-1927) 70 Charles Raymond Cox (1891-1962) 102 Bruce E. Seely Bruce E. Seely George Gordon Crawford (1869-1936) 104 The A. M. Byers Company 72 Elizabeth C. Sholes and Thomas E. Leary Michael Santos Crucible Steel Company of America 106 By-Product Coke Ovens 73 Geoffrey Tweedale Terry S. Reynolds George Lewis Danforth, Jr. (1879-?) 107 James Anson Campbell (1854-1933) 76 Robert Casey Larry N. Sypolt Henry Fairchild DeBardeleben (1840-1910) 108 Dennis Joseph Carney (1921- ) 79 Robert Casey Elizabeth M. Nolin William J. De Lancey (1916- ) 110 Central Alloy Steel Corporation 81 Carol Poh Miller Carol Poh Miller William Brown Dickson (1865-1942) Ill CF&I Steel Corporation 82 Gerald G. Eggert H. Lee Scamehorn Alva C. Dinkey (1866-1931) 114 Eugene Bradley Clark (1873-1942) 84 Gerald G. Eggert Robert Casey Direct Reduction Iron and Steelmaking 116 Edmund Arthur Stanley Clarke Leonard H. Lynn (1862-1931) 85 Thomas E. Leary and Elizabeth C. Sholes Electric Steelmaking 117 Geoffrey Tweedale Columbia Steel Corporation 87 H. Lee Scamehorn Experimental Negotiating Agreement 118 Richard W. Kalwa William H. Colvin (1897-1972) 88 Geoffrey Tweedale Fair Employment Practice Committee 119 Dennis C. Dicker son Commission on Foreign Economic Policy 90 Paul Tiffany Benjamin Franklin Fairless (1890-1962) 120 Continuous Casting 91 James Augustine Farrell (1862-1943) 124 Thomas E. Leary Elizabeth C. Sholes and Thomas E. Leary Richard Conrad Cooper (1903-1982) 93 Federal Steel Company 128 Richard W. Kalwa Stephen H. Cutcliffe William Ellis Corey (1866-1934) 96 Ferro-alloys 129 Gerald G. Eggert Geoffrey Tweedale Corrigan, McKinney Steel Company 98 Karl Leroy Fetters (1909-1990) 130 Carol Poh Miller Bruce E. Seely William Jennings Filbert (1865-1944) 132 Robert B. Heppenstall (1904-1966) 193 John N. Ingham Kevin M. Dwyer George R. Fink (1886-1962) 134 Arthur B. Homer (1896-1972) 195 Alec Kir by Lance E. Metz Ben Fischer (1913- ) 135 Clifford Firoved Hood (1894-1978) 197 John P. Hoerr Bruce E. Seely Florida Steel 137 Charles Ruffin Hook (1880-1963) 199 Robert W. Crandall Carl Becker William Uhler Follansbee (1859-1939) 138 Hot Strip Mill 203 Kevin M. Dwyer Robert Casey William Z. Foster (1881-1961) 140 Max Don Howell (1887-1967) 205 James R. Barrett Donald F. Barnett Lewis W. Foy (1915- ) 144 Frederick B. Hufnagel (1878-1954) 207 Elizabeth C. Sholes and Thomas E. Leary Geoffrey Tweedale Elbert H. Gary (1846 -1927) 145 Human Relations Committee 209 Stephen H. Cutcliffe Richard W. Kalwa James Gayley (1855-1920) 159 George Magoffin Humphrey (1890-1970) 210 Robert Casey Alec Kir by Tom M. Girdler (1877-1965) 161 Charles Lukens Huston (1856-1951) 213 Carol Poh Miller Bruce E. Seely Alfred Stroup Glossbrenner (1901- ) 167 Charles Lukens Huston, Jr. (1906-1982) 215 Larry N. Sypolt Bruce E. Seely Edwin Hays Gott (1908-1986) 170 Illinois Steel Company 217 Dean Herrin Stephen H. Cutcliffe Eugene G. Grace (1876-1960) 172 Inland Steel Corporation 218 Elizabeth C. Sholes and Thomas E. Leary Louis P. Cain and Robert M. Aduddell Thomas Carlisle Graham (1927- ) 182 Interlake Steel Corporation 223 John A. Heitmann Michael Santos Great Lakes Ore Transportation 183 Iron Age 225 Terry S. Reynolds Bruce E. Seely The Grey Mill 185 Iron and Steel Engineer 226 Lance E. Metz Bruce E. Seely Samuel Everett Hackett (1877-?) 186 Iron Ore Beneficiation 227 John A. Heitmann Terry S. Reynolds Edward J. Hanley (1903-1982) 188 Iron Ore Sintering 229 Michael Santos Terry S. Reynolds Charles Hart (1869-1950) 191 Iron Ore Supplies 231 Louis P. Cain Terry S. Reynolds Iron Trade Review 233 Lackawanna Steel Company 267 Bruce E. Seely Thomas E. Leary and Elizabeth C. Sholes

William Adolf Irvin (1873-1952) 234 Laclede Steel Company 269 Bruce E. Seely Thomas E. Leary and Elizabeth C. Sholes Francis Kenneth Iverson (1925- ) 236 Mack Clayton Lake (1890-1954) 270 John N. Ingham Terry S. Reynolds Frederick G. Jaicks (1918- ) 239 Thomas William Lamont (1870-1948) 271 Robert M. Aduddell John N. Ingham Jessop Steel Company 240 R. Heath Larry (1914- ) 273 John P. Hoerr Geoffrey Tweedale Archibald Johnston (1865-1947) 241 George McCully Laughlin, Jr. Lance E. Metz (1873-1946) 275 John A. Heitmann John Johnston (1881-1950) 243 Bruce E. Seely Albert Thomas Lawson (1898-1963) 276 John A. Heitmann Logan T. Johnston (1900-1977) 247 Carl Becker Ross Lillie Leffler (1886-1964) 278 Richard W. Kalwa George H. Jones (1856-1941) 249 The 279 Robert M. Aduddell Richard W. Nagle Jones & Laughlin Steel Company 250 Lone Star Steel Company 281 John A. Heitmann H. Lee Scamehorn Harvey Bryant Jordan (1895-1965) 253 282 Bruce E. Seely H. Lee Scamehorn Henry John Kaiser (1882-1967) 255 Lukens Steel Company 284 Mark S. Foster Bruce E. Seely Kaiser Steel 259 Reynold C. MacDonald (1918- ) 286 Mark S. Foster Michael Santos Kefauver Committee on Antitrust and Elmer J. Maloy (1896-1970) 288 Monopoly 261 Dennis C. Dickerson Paul Tiffany Edmund Fible Martin (1902-1993) 289 Willis L. King (1851-1936) 262 Lance E. Metz John A. Heitmann Walter Emil Ludwig Mathesius Forrest H. Kirkpatrick (1905- ) 263 (1886-1966) 290 Elizabeth M. Nolin Robert Casey Bernard Kleiman (1928- ) 264 John A. Mathews (1872-1935) 292 John P. Hoerr Geoffrey Tweedale La Follette Civil Liberties Committee 266 James Lester Mauthe (1890-1967) 294 Richard W. Nagle Larry N. Sypolt Lloyd McBride (1916-1983) 296 National Steel Company 334 John P. Hoerr Alec Kirby Elmer T. McCleary (1878-1930) 298 National Tube Company 337 Carol Poh Miller Kevin M. Dwyer David J. McDonald (1902-1979) 300 North Star Steel 338 Dennis C. Dickerson Robert W. Crandall Archie J. McFarland (1883-1950) 301 Northwestern Steel and Wire 339 Elizabeth M. Nolin Robert W. Crandall McLouth Steel Products Corporation 302 Irving S. Olds (1887-1963) 340 Leonard H. Lynn Bruce E. Seely Carl August Meissner (1859-1930) 303 Open-Hearth Furnace 342 Robert Casey Robert Casey Midvale Steel & Ordnance Company 305 Otis Steel Company 343 Gerald G. Eggert John A. Heitmann Marvin Miller (1917- ) 306 Thomas F. Patton (1903- ) 344 John P. Hoerr Carol Poh Miller Thomas E. Millsop (1898-1967) 308 Steel Company 346 Alec Kirby Lance E. Metz Minimills 309 George Walbridge Perkins (1862-1920) 347 Robert W. Crandall John N. Ingham Edwin Earl Moore (1894-1965) 311 Phoenix Steel Company 351 Robert Casey Bruce E. Seely William Henry Moore (1848-1923) 312 Plus Pricing 353 Elizabeth C. Sholes and Thomas E. Leary Donald F. Barnett The Moore Group 314 Pollution Control 354 Thomas E. Leary and Elizabeth C. Sholes Terry S. Reynolds Ben Moreell (1892-1978) 316 John A. Heitmann Frank Purnell (1886-1953) 356 Larry N. Sypolt John Pierpont Morgan (1837-1913) 318 John N. Ingham Clarence Belden Randall (1891-1967) 358 Elizabeth C. Sholes Edmund W. Mudge (1870-1949) 322 Glen V. Longacre HI Jacob Leonard Replogle (1876-1948) 364 Elizabeth C. Sholes Walter F. Munford (1900-1959) 323 Dean Herrin Corporation 366 Carol Poh Miller (1886-1952) 325 Elizabeth C. Sholes and Thomas E. Leary David Milton Roderick (1924- ) 369 Father William Hogan, S.J. National Committee for Organizing Iron and Steel Workers 333 William Robert Roesch (1925-1983) 371 James R. Barrett John A. Heitmann Rolling Mills 373 John Allen Stephens (1895-1979) 413 Robert Casey Richard W. Kalwa Edward L. Ryerson, Jr. (1886-1971) 374 William J. Stephens (1906-1982) 414 Robert M. Aduddell John A. Heitmann Edward Eugene Sadlowski (1938- ) 376 Edward Reilly Stettinius, Jr. (1900-1949) 415 Richard W. Kalwa Bruce E. Seely Charles M. Schwab (1862-1939) 378 Wilfred Sykes (1883-1964) 418 Robert Hessen Robert M. Aduddell Sharon Steel Company 389 Myron C. Taylor (1874-1958) 420 Terry S. Reynolds Bruce E. Seely Shelby Steel Tube Company 390 Temporary National Economic Thomas E. Leary and Elizabeth C. Sholes Committee 424 Paul Tiffany Sloss-Sheffield Steel and Iron Company 391 Robert Casey Michael Tenenbaum (1914- ) 425 William P. Snyder, Jr. (1888-1967) 392 Robert M. Aduddell Geoffrey Tweedale Tennessee Coal, Iron & Railroad Edgar B. Speer (1916-1979) 393 Company 427 Dean Herrin Elizabeth C. Sholes and Thomas E. Leary The Stanley Committee 395 Alexis W. Thompson (1850-1923) 428 Paul Tiffany Carol Poh Miller Steel Metallurgy in the Twentieth Century 396 John A. Topping (1860-1934) 429 Thomas ]. Misa Carol Poh Miller Steel Price Rollback Confrontation, 1962 398 Walter Sheldon Tower (1881-1969) 430 Amy E. Davis Bruce E. Seely Steel Seizure Case of 1952 400 Robert Carroll Tyson (1905-1974) 433 Paul Tiffany Dean Herrin Steel Strike of 1909 402 John Butler Tytus (1875-1944) 435 Kevin M. Dwyer Carl Becker 403 U.S. Steel Antitrust Suit, 1911 437 James R. Barrett Paul Tiffany Steel Strike of 1949 406 Steel Corporation 438 Richard W. Kalwa Bruce E. Seely Steel Strike of 1956 407 of America 447 Richard W. Kalwa Dennis C. Dickerson 409 C. William Verity (1917- ) 449 Richard W. Kalwa Carl Becker The Steel Workers Organizing Committee 411 George Matthew Verity (1865-1942) 452 Richard W. Nagle Carl Becker Voluntary Restraint Agreements, Harleston Read Wood (1913- ) 483 1968 and 1972 459 Bruce E. Seely Donald F. Barnett Alan Wood Steel Company 485 Enders McClumpha Voorhees Bruce E. Seely (1891-1980) 460 Woodward Iron Company 486 Bruce E. Seely Robert Casey Wagner Act 463 : Government and the Steel Richard W. Nagle Industry 487 Alexander E. Walker (1887-1960?) 464 Kevin M. Dwyer Carol Poh Miller World War II: Government and the Wilbert A. Walker (1910- ) 465 Steel Industry 489 Dean Herrin Paul Tiffany Ernest Tener Weir (1875-1957) 466 Leslie Berry Worthington (1902- ) 491 Alec Kir by Dean H err in Weirton Steel Company 470 Rufus J. Wysor (1885-1967) 493 Glen V. Longacre III Carol Poh Miller Jesse Floyd Welborn (1870-1945) 472 Frank J. Yaklich, Jr. (1936- ) 495 H. Lee Scamehorn H. Lee Scamehorn Welfare Capitalism 474 Arthur Howland Young (1882-1964) 496 Kevin M. Dwyer Bruce E. Seely Wheeling-Pittsburgh Steel Company 476 Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company 499 Elizabeth M. Nolin and Bruce E. Seely Larry N. Sypolt and Bruce E. Seely Charles M. White (1891-1977) 480 Contributors 504 Carol Poh Miller Index 505 Witherbee, Sherman & Company 482 Bruce E. Seely