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Im Bann Des Fordismus: Die Auto- Und Stahlindustrie Der USA Im Internationalen Konkurrenzkampf

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Im Bann Des Fordismus: Die Auto- Und Stahlindustrie Der USA Im Internationalen Konkurrenzkampf A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Scherrer, Christoph Doctoral Thesis Im Bann des Fordismus: Die Auto- und Stahlindustrie der USA im internationalen Konkurrenzkampf Provided in Cooperation with: WZB Berlin Social Science Center Suggested Citation: Scherrer, Christoph (1992) : Im Bann des Fordismus: Die Auto- und Stahlindustrie der USA im internationalen Konkurrenzkampf, ISBN 3-89404-117-X, Edition Sigma, Berlin This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/122883 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. 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Sollten Sie sich durch die Onlineveröffentlichung des Dokuments wider Erwarten dennoch in Ihren Rechten verletzt sehen, kontaktieren Sie bitte das WZB postalisch oder per E-Mail: Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung gGmbH Bibliothek und wissenschaftliche Information Reichpietschufer 50 D-10785 Berlin E-Mail: [email protected] The following document was digitized at the Berlin Social Science Center (WZB) in order to make it publicly available online. The WZB has the corresponding rights of use. If, against all possibility, you consider your rights to be violated by the online publication of this document, please contact the WZB by sending a letter or an e-mail to: Berlin Social Science Center (WZB) Library and Scientific Information Reichpietschufer 50 D-10785 Berlin e-mail: [email protected] Digitalisierung und Bereitstellung dieser Publikation erfolgten im Rahmen des Retrodigitalisierungs- projektes OA 1000+. Weitere Informationen zum Projekt und eine Liste der ca. 1 500 digitalisierten Texte sind unter http://www.wzb.eu/de/bibliothek/serviceangebote/open-access/oa-1000 verfügbar. This text was digitizing and published online as part of the digitizing-project OA 1000+. More about the project as well as a list of all the digitized documents (ca. 1 500) can be found at http://www.wzb.eu/en/library/services/open-access/oa-1000. Scherrer: Im Bann des Fordismus Herausgegeben vom WISSENSCHAFTS ZENTRUM BERLIN FÜR SOZIALFORSCHUNG Abteilung: Regulierung von Arbeit Direktor: Professor Dr. Frieder Naschold Christoph Scherrer Tun Bann des Fordismus Die Auto- und Stahlindustrie der USA im internationalen Konkurrenzkampf lition gma Umschlagillustration: Lowell Boileau, The Shining Path, Acryl auf Leinwand, 1987 - Mit freundlicher Genehmigung des Künstlers - CIP-Titelaufnahme der Deutschen Bibliothek Scherrer, Christoph: Im Bann des Fordismus : die Auto- und Stahlindustrie der USA im internationalen Konkurrenzkampf / Christoph Scherrer. [Hrsg, vom Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung, Abteilung: Regulierung von Arbeit]. - Berlin : Ed. Sigma Bohn, 1992 Zugl.: Frankfurt (Main), Univ., Diss., 1989 ISBN 3-89404- 117-X Copyright 1992 by edition sigma® rainer bohn verlag, Berlin. Alle Rechte Vorbehalten. Dieses Werk einschließlich aller seiner Teile ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede Verwertung außerhalb der engen Grenzen des Urheberrechtsgesetzes ist ohne schriftliche Zustimmung des Verlags unzulässig und strafbar. Das gilt insbesondere für Vervielfältigungen, Mikroverfilmungen, Übersetzungen und die Einspeicherung in elektronische Systeme. Druck: WZB Printed in Germany Inhaltverzeichnis Seite Einleitung 13 1. Theoretischer Bezugsrahmen 19 1.1 Erklärungsansätze zum Verlust der industriellen Vormacht­ stellung der USA 19 1.2 Der "Social Structure of Accumulation"-Ansatz 24 1.3 Erstes Zwischenergebnis 30 1.4 Das Fordismus-Theorem der französischen Regulations­ schule 31 1.4.1 Agliettas Interpretation der US-Entwicklung 32 1.4.2 Theoretisches Fundament 35 1.4.3 Fordismus und Weltmarkt 49 1.4.4 Empirische Defizite 52 1.4.5 Zweites Zwischenergebnis 54 1.5 Annäherung an ein theoretisches Verständnis der Trans­ formationsprozesse 56 1.6 Drittes Zwischenergebnis 63 2. Die Auto- und Stahlindustrie im Fordismus 66 2.1 Genese fordistischer Regulation in der Auto- und Stahl­ industrie 67 2.2 Regulation des Lohnverhältnisses 79 2.2.1 Senioritätsorientierte gewerkschaftliche Interessenver­ tretung 80 2.2.2 Struktur des Tarifvertragswesens 83 2.2.3 Lohnpolitik 87 2.2.4 Betriebsbezogene Sozialleistungen 89 2.2.5 Produktionsorganisation 90 2.2.6 Erklärungen für die fordistischen industriellen Beziehungen 95 5 Seite 2.3 Regulation des Konkurrenzverhältnisses 99 2.3.1 Oligopolisierung des Marktes 100 2.3.2 Hierarchische Kontrolle der Produktion 103 2.4 Politikmodus: Die Hegemonie des Kapitals im "erweiterten" Staat 109 2.4.1 "Pluralistischer" Fordismus 110 2.4.2 Umkämpfte staatliche Regulierung 118 2.5 Regulation der Kapitalbeschaffung: Selbstfinanzierung 127 2.6 "Binnenmarkf-Fordismus 130 2.7 Kompatibilität und Wirkungsweise der Regulationsformen 135 3. Entfaltung der fordistischen Krise und ihr Management bis 1980 137 3.1 Analyse der Krisenursachen 137 3.1.1 Zur Methodik 139 3.1.2 Wachstumsverlauf und Kapitalrentabilität 140 3.1.3 Erschöpfung der Produktivitätsreserven? 144 3.1.4 Die Folgekosten des Fordismus 159 3.1.5 Angleichungstendenzen auf dem Weltmarkt 163 3.1.6 Auswirkungen des langsameren Wachstums 166 3.1.7 Fordismustheorem auf dem Prüfstand 168 3.2 Die Anpassungsstrategien des Managements 171 3.2.1 Offensive Anpassung 172 3.2.2 Defensive Anpassung 173 3.2.3 Ausbau des fordistischen Lohnkompromisses 178 3.2.4 Resümee: Fordistische Regulation blieb unangetastet 181 3.3 Das politische Krisenmanagement während der Carter- Administration 183 3.3.1 Das Steel Tripartite Advisory Committee 185 3.3.2 Die Chrysler-Kreditgarantien 187 3.3.3 Einflußfaktoren des Krisenmanagements 192 3.3.4 Die Carter-Jahre: Höhe- und Endpunkt fordistischer Politik 200 6 Seite 4. Abkehr vom Fordismus 201 4.1 Von der ausländischen Konkurrenz überholt 202 4.2 Das Projekt der Reaganomics 206 4.3 Umbrüche in der Regulation der Auto- und Stahlindustrie 210 4.3.1 Staatliche Hilfen ohne Auflagen 210 4.3.2 Erosion des Oligopols 223 4.3.3 Exkurs: Die Kleinstahlwerke als neue Wachstumspole der US-Stahlindustrie? 228 4.3.4 Quasi-vertikale Integration im Beschaffungswesen 244 4.3.5 Verlust finanzieller Autonomie 251 4.3.6 Japanische Direktinvestitionen 254 4.4 Aufkündigung des fordistischen Lohnkompromisses 262 4.4.1 Ergebnisse des "concession bargaining" 264 4.4.2 Abkehr von den kodifizierten Arbeitseinsatzregeln 272 4.4.3 Innergewerkschaftliche Durchsetzung des "concession bargaining" 290 4.5 Übersicht über die bisherigen Veränderungen 305 5. Auf dem Wege zu einer neuen Regulationsweise? 309 5.1 Vorläufige Ergebnisse nicht abgeschlossener Prozesse 309 5.1.1 Stand der Wettbewerbsfähigkeit 309 5.1.2 Ungesicherte Kompatibilität der neuen Regulationsformen 321 5.1.3 Japanisierung der US-Industrie? 327 5.2 Industriepolitische Konsequenzen 334 6. Interpretation der Transformationsprozesse 339 7 Seite Anhang A Allgemeine Daten zur Auto- und Stahlindustrie 353 A.1 Entwicklung der realen Lohn- und Lohnnebenkosten, Beginn der Tarifverträge, Streiktage, Ford (USA), 1950-1990 353 A.2 Entwicklung der realen Lohn- und Lohnnebenkosten, Beginn der Tarifverträge, Streiktage, Stahlindustrie, 1950-1986 354 A.3 Produktivitäts-, Kapazitätsauslastungs- und Produktions­ entwicklung, Stahlindustrie, 1960 - 1990 355 A.4 Produktivitäts-, Kapazitätsauslastungs- und Produktions­ entwicklung, Autoindustrie, 1960 -1989 356 Anhang B Chronologie der Ereignisse 357 8 Verzeichnis der Tabellen Seite Tabelle 2.1: Gewerkschaftlicher Organisationsgrad in einzelnen Sektoren, ausgewählte Jahre 79 Tabelle 2.2: Importe der US-Autohersteller, 1967 -1977 134 Tabelle 3.1: Dauer der Konjunkturzyklen in der Auto- und Stahl­ industrie 140 Tabelle 3.2: Produktivitätsentwicklung in der Auto- und Stahl­ industrie 146 Tabelle 3.3: Stranggußausstoß in Prozent vom Rohstahlausstoß, ausgewählte Länder und Jahre 151 Tabelle 3.4: Jährliche Streiktage in Prozent der gesamten Arbeits­ zeit, 1950 -1978 155 Tabelle 3.5: Durchschnittliche Auslastung der Kapazitäten in der Auto- und Stahlindustrie, 1959 - 1988 167 Tabelle 4.1: Vergleich der technischen Leistungsfähigkeit der Stahlwerke in den USA, Japan und BRD, 1980 203 Tabelle 4.2: Erklärungsfaktoren für die Kostendifferenz für einen vergleichbaren PKW, USA - Japan 205 Tabelle 4.3: Die größten Kleinstahlwerke, 1988/89 229 Tabelle 4.4: Anteile der Minimills an US-Stahllieferungen,
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