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The Battle of Shipka During the Ottoman-Russian War of 1877-1878

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The Battle of Shipka During the Ottoman-Russian War of 1877-1878 AN EXAMPLE OF STRATEGIC COMMAND AND COORDINATION PROBLEM IN THE OTTOMAN ARMY: THE BATTLE OF SHIPKA DURING THE OTTOMAN-RUSSIAN WAR OF 1877-1878 A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY AHMET TAŞDEMİR IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY MARCH 2021 Approval of the thesis: AN EXAMPLE OF STRATEGIC COMMAND AND COORDINATION PROBLEM IN THE OTTOMAN ARMY: THE BATTLE OF SHIPKA DURING THE OTTOMAN-RUSSIAN WAR OF 1877-1878 submitted by AHMET TAŞDEMİR in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History, the Graduate School of Social Sciences of Middle East Technical University by, Prof. Dr. Yaşar KONDAKÇI Dean Graduate School of Social Sciences Prof. Dr. Ferdan ERGUT Head of Department Department of History Prof. Dr. Ömer TURAN Supervisor Department of History Examining Committee Members: Prof. Dr. Gültekin YILDIZ (Head of the Examining Committee) İstanbul University Department of History Prof. Dr. Ömer TURAN (Supervisor) Middle East Technical University Department of History Assoc. Prof. Dr. Bahar GÜRSEL Middle East Technical University Department of History PLAGIARISM I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last Name: Ahmet TAŞDEMİR Signature: iii ABSTRACT AN EXAMPLE OF STRATEGIC COMMAND AND COORDINATION PROBLEM IN THE OTTOMAN ARMY: THE BATTLE OF SHIPKA DURING THE OTTOMAN-RUSSIAN WAR OF 1877-1878 Taşdemir, Ahmet M.A., Department of History Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Ömer Turan February 2021, 241 pages This thesis analyzes the battle of Shipka during the Ottoman-Russian War of 1877- 1878 within the context of its effect on the strategic command and coordination problems in the Ottoman army. The developments that took place during the war, the fall of the Shipka Pass and the attempts of the Ottoman forces to recapture the Shipka Pass will be discussed alongside the interventions from Istanbul to the front line, the effects of the commander appointments on the strategic command and coordination mechanism, and the strategic aspect of the Ottoman attacks under Süleyman Pasha. Finally, this thesis argues that the decisions at the strategic level had an important role in the course of the Ottoman-Russian War of 1877-1878. Keywords: Shipka Pass, Unity of Command, Strategy, Ottoman-Russian War of 1877-1878, Süleyman Hüsnü Pasha iv ÖZ OSMANLI ORDUSUNDA STRATEJİK KOMUTA VE KOORDİNASYON SORUNUNA BİR ÖRNEK: 1877-1878 OSMANLI-RUS HARBİNDE ŞIPKA MUHAREBELERİ Taşdemir, Ahmet Yüksek Lisans, Tarih Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Prof. Dr. Ömer Turan Şubat 2021, 241 sayfa Bu tez, 1877-1878 Osmanlı Rus Harbinde Şıpka muharebelerini ve bu muharebeler bağlamında yaşanan gelişmelerin Osmanlı ordusundaki stratejik komuta ve koordinasyon sorunlarına etkisini incelemektedir. Savaş döneminde meydana gelen gelişmeler, Şıpka Geçidi’nin Rus ordusu tarafından işgal edilmesi, Osmanlı ordusunun Şıpka Geçidi’ni geri almak için verdiği mücadele, İstanbul’dan cephe hattına yapılan müdahaleler, atama süreçlerindeki hatalı kararların Osmanlı stratejik karar mekanizmasında meydana getirdiği etkiler ve Süleyman Paşa’nın Şıpka taarruzlarının stratejik boyutu tartışılacaktır. Sonuç olarak bu tez 1877-1878 Osmanlı-Rus Savaşında stratejik seviyede verilen kararların savaşın gidişatında önemli rol oynadığını savunmaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Şıpka Geçidi, Emir-Komuta Birliği, Strateji, 93 Harbi, Süleyman Hüsnü Paşa v DEDICATION In Memory of My Brother Şehit Jandarma Uzman Çavuş BURAK TOK… vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First of all, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor Prof. Dr. Ömer Turan for his valuable guidance, patience and support which extremely helped me to be able to remain in the path during the writing period. Studying with him was a very special and honorable experience for me and I will be proud all my life to be his student. I would also like to give special thanks to Prof. Dr. Gültekin Yıldız. His advices directed me to be curious about the strategic aspect of the Ottoman-Turkish War of 1877-1878. I will consider myself very lucky if I can continue to benefit from his historical knowledge, unique interpretations, and academic experiences. It was a great opportunity and honor for me to work with my role model. Also, I would like to express my deep gratitude to Assoc. Prof. Dr. Bahar Gürsel who has accepted to become a member of the thesis committee. Her supports and encouraging comments were important for me. I owe many thanks to Assoc. Prof. Dr. Birten Çelik who showed me how to make a careful and methodologically systematic study during my undergraduate education at the Middle East Technical University. A special thanks go to Ahmet Sefa Özkaya who revised this thesis and helped me whenever I asked. His contributions were important for me especially to be able to understand the strategic level of the battles. Moreover, I express my thanks to the staff of the ATASE, BOA, İSAM and Library of Turkish National Defence University for their close assistance. I am grateful to my friends with whom I work together at the Turkish National Defence University; Hamza Bilgü, Perihan Karademir, Serkan Osmanlıoğlu and Coşkun Ünsal for their advices, encouragements and patience to my never-ending questions and complaints. I would like to thanks to my dear friends Özkan Küçükbaş vii and Esmegül Duran Küçükbaş. Also, I have to express my special thanks to the Çakmak family for their support and contributions. I am deeply indebted to my parents Yusuf Taşdemir and Rahime Taşdemir, my dear sister Sümeyye Taşdemir and my brother Habip Taşdemir. Besides, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my beloved wife, Kübra. They have always supported me by all means and never ceased to believe in me. I will always be grateful to them. Needless to say, this study would not be in your hands now without their endless love, support and faith in me. Finally, I am dedicating this study to my brother, wedding witness, best man, and 20 years of my life, Şehit Jandarma Uzman Çavuş BURAK TOK. His memory will be always with me and I will always remember him for his contributions to my life… viii TABLE OF CONTENTS PLAGIARISM ............................................................................................................ iii ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................ iv ÖZ ................................................................................................................................ v DEDICATION ............................................................................................................ vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ......................................................................................... vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................ ix LIST OF MAPS ......................................................................................................... xii LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................... xiii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................... xiv CHAPTERS 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 1 2. THE OTTOMAN AND RUSSIAN MILITARY POWER PRIOR TO THE WAR ........................................................................................................... 10 2.1. The Ottoman Military Power .......................................................................... 10 2.1.1. The Ottoman Army Organization ............................................................. 10 2.1.2. The Ottoman War Plan ............................................................................. 19 2.1.3. Mobilization and Deployment of the Ottoman Army until the Russian Attacks on the Danubian Front ........................................................................... 22 2.2. The Russian Military Power ............................................................................ 27 2.2.1. The Russian Army Organization .............................................................. 27 2.2.2. The Russian War Plan............................................................................... 32 2.2.3 Mobilization and Deployment of the Russian Army until the Operations on the Danubian Front ................................................................ 36 3. THE FIRST ROUND IN THE SHIPKA PASS: FALL OF THE OTTOMAN BALKAN DEFENSE (MAY-JULY) ........................................................................ 40 3.1. Terrain Analysis and Strategic Importance of the Shipka Pass ....................... 40 3.2. The Russian Crossing Operations from the Danube River ............................. 45 ix 3.3. Command and Control Problem in the Ottoman Headquarters: Operations of General Gurko’s Advance Guard in the Balkans ............................ 53 3.3.1. The Battle of Tırnova ................................................................................ 58 3.3.2. The Russian March on the Shipka Pass .................................................... 61 3.4. The Fall of the Shipka Pass
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