Index

Symbols -, enzymatic 243 -, hormonal 49 -,oestrogen 54, 57 1,3-dichlorisocyanuric acid 38 acute 17 a-ethinyloestradiol (EE2) 49-63 -, ECso/chronic NOEC (AlC) ratio 197-198 -, toxicity 62 -, fish test 138 17ß-oestradiol (E2) 49-50,52-63 -, toxicity test 72 17 ß-oestradiol-3-glucuronide 53 adaptation 32, 58, 91 l-octanol 149 additive, feed 44, 47, 91, 106, 143 2,4,6-trichloroanisol 120 Adriatic sea 25 2,4,6-trichlorophenol 119-120 adsorbable organic halogen compounds (AOX) 2-chloro-4-nitrophenol 44 6,29,36-39,119-120 2-chloro-4-nitrophenyl-ß 44 -, in urine 37 2-hydroxybenzylalcohol 44 -, biodegradability 29 4-chlorophenol 44 -, emission, hospital 29 4-nitrophenyl-phosphate 46 adsorption 29, 52, 56, 58, 61, 67, 87-88, 136, 207, 5,5' -dithio-bis-2-nitrobenzoic acid 46 21 4,216 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-thiazol-3 45 adult 110,115,221-222,227 5-fluorouracil 30 advanced oxidation processes (AOP) 87-88 8-hydroxychinoline 45 aeration 29, 226 agar A -, media 53 -, plate 53 absorption 111 agriculture 131-132,145,155 AC see activated carbon AIDS 43 AlC see acute EC50/chronic NOEC (AlC) ratio air 53,93-94,97,106-107,163 acarbose 176,208,223 alendronate 176,193 Acartia tonsa 73, 184 -, sodium 194 accumulation 47 alendronic acid 209, 224 -, capability 47 algae 5,13,70,72,115,175,190-192,196-198,205, -, long term 62 210-212 acetaminophen 186,206 -, blue-green 179,197 acetate 24, 46 -, Microcystis aeruginosa 72,186 acetone 54-55 -, EC so 176- 190,197,210-212 acetonitrile 25 -, green 72,176,178-179,182-183,194-197,201 acetylcysteine 166,168 -, growth inhibition 134 acetylsalicylic acid 82,132,166,168-170 -, test 13 acidity 241 -, micro- 70, 72 acriflavine 176 -, population 72 Act on Pharmaceuticals 124 -, toxicity test 72 activated carbon (AC) alkalines 46-47 -, adsorption 87 alkylbenzenesulfonate (LAS) 32-33 -, powdered 226 allergy 243 active allyl thiourea (ATU) 55 -, principles 20 alum 119 -,substances 1-5,20-21,23-24,31-32,38,239 -, coagulation 119 activity sulfate 226 -, biological 69, 131, 213 35 248 Index

-, dental 35 -, analysis 43 -, separator 35 antidepressant 176-177,182-183,185-186,191, -, remobilisation of 35 193, 195-196 ambroxol 166 antidiabetie 176, 184 America 125, 127, 241 antihypertensive 25,193,179,183-188,195 Ames test 47, 119 anti-infective 176,183-185,193,195-196 AMG see Arzneimittelgesetz antimalarial 177, 179-180, 187-188 amiloride 21 antimicrobial 6,31, 67, 70-74, 143, 172, 231, 233, aminoglycosides 144-146, 152-154 242-243 aminosidine 176, 208, 224 -, environmental impact 231 -, sulfate 176 -, growth promoter 143, 172 amitriptyline 24,166,176-177,206-208,212,215, -, recalcitrant 6 223 antimycotie 1 ammonia 33, 71 antineoplastie 2-3, 25, 81, 180, 184, 186, 189, 206, ammonium 32, 46 222,226,240,243 -, heptamolybdate 46 antiparasitie 130-131,133,137,172 -, sulfate 46 antiphlogistie 82-83 amobarbital 177 antipsychotie 188-191, 196 amopyroquin dihydrochloride 177 antirheumatie 2, 83, 179-180, 184 amoxicillin 21,25,144-146,154,166 antiserum 53 amphetamine sulfate 177 antitumour 30 amphibian anti-ulcerative 25,180,182,185 -, embryotoxicity test 15 antiviral 181, 190 ampieillin 144-146 AOBr 38 amyloride 20 AOCl38 analgesie 2,6,12,178,182-183,185-186,190,205 AOI 38 -, NSAID 12-13 AOP see advanced oxidation processes analyser 43-47 AOX see adsorbable organie halogen compounds -, automatie 43-45, 47 application 1, 3-4, 30, 35, 81-83, 87-88, 97, 106, -, runoff 43 110,115, 123, 130-131, 143, 147, 150, 155, 198, androsterone 166 204, 210, 227, 239 animal 4,19,31-32,67-68,77-78,81,91,106, aprotinin 178 110, 114, 124, 126, 131, 139, 143, 145, 147-148, aquaculture 1,4,31-32,67-68,70,72-73,125, 150, 152-153, 155-156, 160-161, 164, 169, 171, 131-132, 134, 241 231-234, 243 aqueduct 119 -, breeding methods 31 aquifer 88 -, domestie 139 Arrhenius-Equation 161 -, farming 91 Artemia -, fattening methods 31 -, cyst hatching rate 72 -, field going 152,154 -, salina 176-180,182-183,186-190 -, grazing 145,147-148,156,164,171 -, test 193 -, husbandry 77,156, 160, 234 Arzneimittelgesetz (AMG) 124 -, slurry 68 aspirin 23,132, 168, 178, 205-208, 212-213, 223 anthelmintie 25,164, 171-172 atenolol 21, 25 antianginal 25,179,185,187,190,193 atropine 193,209,224 antiasthmatie 12, 25, 182, 188 -, sulfate 178,193 antibacterial 25,30, 67-71, 176, 178-179, 181-186, ATU see allyl thiourea 188-189, 191, 195-196 Austria 1, 4, 50 antibiotie 1-2,6,12-14,20,29,30-32,67-74,77, availability 106-107, 161, 169, 205 79,81-83,91,121,128,131,137,143-145,147-150, azithromycin 178, 209, 224 152-153,155-156,162,164,169,171-172,222, 231,232- 234,239-244 B -,agents 6,30-32,239 -, ß-lactam 30,143,145,153 ß-blocker 25,82,91 -, occurence in environment 67 ß-gluconidase 214 -, groundwater 68 ß-glucuronidase 211 -, sewage and surface water 32 ß-lactam -, soil 70, 73 -, antibiotie 30,143-146,152-154 -, concentration 150,153 -, evolution 231 -, surface water 32 ß-lactamases 231 -, veterinary 137, 143, 150, 152, 155, 156, 169 Bacillus licheniformis 78 antibody 43 bacitracin 23, 77-78, 166, 178 Index 249

-,A 78 -, contrast media 29 -, BI 78 -, disinfectant 29 -, B2 78 -, pharmaceutical 29 -,B378 -, QAC 32 -, desamido- 78 bio degradation 1, 4, 29, 32, 35, 38, 52, 55-57, bacteria 4-6, 29-33, 35, 50, 55-56, 61, 68-69, 60-62,67,69-70,83,88, u8, 133, 138, 204, 71-73,121,138,143,172,211,214,234,240, 206-207, 210, 216, 242 242-243 -, rate 56 -, acetogenic 73 -, test 83 -, activity 214 biodiversity 242-243 -, community 71-72,172,234 biofilm 31, 84-85 -, soil 234 -, reactor 84-85 -, structure 172 bioluminescence 71 -, consortia 6 -, inhibition test 71 -, denitrifying 33 biomarker UO, 197, 2U -, fermenting 73 biomass 85 -, gram negative 33 biomonitoring 135 -, gram positive 32 biotransformation 2U, 215 -, growth 68, 143 bird 233 -, infection 14 birth 232 -, nitrifying 72 bisoprolol 82 -, pathogenic 6 Bithynia tentaculata 195, 201 -, growing number 6 bivalve 197 -, photo- 44-45 bladder snail 201 -, resistant 6, 29, 32, 240, 243 bleaching 6, u8 -, respiration 55 -,agent 6 -, sulfate reducing 73 bleomycin 22,166,170, 222, 228,227 -, toxicity 6,35 blood 43, 133 babermycin 23 -, group 43 bank filtration 32, 83, 86 BüD see biochemical oxygen demand BCF see bioconcentration factor body 49-50,78,148,153,164,214,216 beef 150,152-153,155 Borneff's series 112 -, cattle 150,152-153,155 Brachydanio rerio 73,180,184, 186, 188, 201 beer 241 Brachionus calyciflorus 177-180,183,185-190 Belgium 52-55 breeding benzalkonium chloride 32-33 -, pig 31 -, dose! efficiency curve 33 -, poultry 31 benzo(a)pyrene 112,114-117 brilliant blue 45 benzo(ghi)perylene 112-113, 117 broiler 162, 169 benzo(b )fluoranthene 113, 117 bromhexine 166 benzo(k)fluoranthene 112-113, 117 bromine 45-46 benzylpenicillin 144-146 -, cresol green 45 Berlin 74, 81 bromocyclen 137 beta blocker 13, 82, 91 broncholyticum 128 betaxolol 82 brook trout 201 bezafibrate 13,22,25,81-83,87,166,170 brown trout 73 bicalutamide 178-179,194,209,224 budesonide 179,194,209,224 bile acid deconjugation test 233 buffer 45,47,55,155 bilirubin 45 bull 161 bioaccumulation 44, 93, 133, 136, 138, 214-217, 241 by-product UR-120 bioactivity 85 -, chlorination 119-120 bioassay 110, U7, 197, 2U, 213 -, multiple species uo c biochemical oxygen demand (BüD) 53,59, u8 biocide 2,127,159,162,170,239 14C see carbon bioconcentration 217 caffeine 166,168-169,179 bioconcentration factor (BCF) u6-U7,215 calcium 31, 46, 70, 210 -, fish 135 -, chloride 46 biodegradability 6, 12, 20,30-31, 33, 44, 46-48, calve 31, 143 54, 58, 70, 83, 242 canal 54 -,aerobic 54,58,70 cancer 52, U4, 120, 132, 227, 240 -,AüX 29 -, breast 52 250 Index

-, endometrium 52 chlormadinonacetate 166 -, ovarian 52 chloroform 120 -, rate 227 chlorophenol 6, 118-119 -, risk 120, 227 chloroquine 208,215,233 captopril 21, 25 -, phosphate 179-180 carbamazepine 15 chlortetracycline 144-146,145-155,161,166 -,oestrogenie activity 15 cholesterol 45 -, toxicity 15 chromatography 119 carbon 55-56, 58, 60-61, 87, 101, 118, 149, 16), 226, 243 -, gas-phase 119 _, 14C 242 chromogen 44,47-48 -, cycling 243 cigarettes 241 -, dioxide (C02) 53 cimetidine 180, 208, 223 -, dissolved organie (DOC) 61, 84-85, 119 ciprofloxacin 31 -, organie 55, 60-61, 101, 118, 149, 163 cisapride 180,194,209,224 -, total organie (TOC) 55,119-120 cis-platinum 30 carboplatinum 30, 33 cladribine 180 carcinogen 112 clam 193 carcinogenesis 118 clarification 44, 118, 120, 241 carcinogenie 6, 46, 52, 112, 227 classification 2, 46, 50, 92, 135, 215 -, compounds 227 clay 78,161 carcinogenicity, genotoxic 222 -, minerals 161 carrier 36, 88 cleaning 30, 32, 35, 38, 46, 162, 170, 241 carvedilol 179,193,209,224 -, agents 35, 46 cattle 31,147,150,152-153,155,160-161,164,171 clenbuterol 166 -, dung 164 climate 234 CDP see cumulative-distribution functions clofibrate 12-13, 22,24-25,81, 129, 166,170, 180, cefprozil 179 194, 197, 208, 212, 214, 222-223, 227-228 ceftazidime 21, 25, 32 -, ethyl 81 ceftibuten 179, 209, 224 clofibrie acid 11-12, 22, 81-85, 87-88, 129, 166, ceftiofur 23 169-170,180,212,214,222,225 ceftriaxone 21, 25 clorine 45 cell 14,47,52,61-62,129,134 Closed Bottle test (OECD 301D) 84 -, fish 14 cloxacillin 146 -, growth inhibition test, chronie 129 coagulation 119, 226 -, killer-, natural activity 15 COD see chemical oxygen demand -, proliferation 52 coenzyme 47 Center for Drug Evaluation and Research codeine 24 (CDER) 196-197 coffee 168 cephalosporine 2, 25, 30 colloid 88 cetirizine 179, 209, 224 colon 164 channe! 34, 83 colonisation 232 channel catfish 201 -, mierobial 232 cheese 241 Committee for Pharmaceutieal Medicinal chemieal oxygen demand 118 Products (CPMP) 124,204 chemicals, industrial 125,131,143,175,197-198 Committee for Veterinary Medicinal Products chemotaxonomy 243 (CVMP) 68,124-125,136-137,159-160 chieken 78 community 15,32,52,56,60-61,71-73,86,106, childhood 52 110, 172, 231, 234 children 114 -, aquatie 32 Chironomus riparius 134 -, bacterial 71-72,172,234 chlamydial anomaly 231 -, soil 234 chloramine T 37, 179 -, bentiIie 106 chloramphenieol 82, 179, 209, 213, 224 -, mierobial 52, 56, 61, 71, 73, 86, 231 Chlorella spp. 184, 195 -, structure 110 -, ellipsoidea 72 compartment 6,33,67,91,93-94,97,101-102, chloride 32-33, 46 112-114,123,130-134,136-137,145,147,153, chlorination 118-119, 226 155,169,203,205,216,241-242 chlorine 6,37,118-119 -, limnie 133 -, bleach 38 competitor 231 -, dioxide 118 concentration Index 251

-, natural background 36 cytotoxicity 14 -, inhibitory 32, 71 conjugate 49, 214-215, 217 o conjugation 49, 211, 215 consumer 108,152 dam 105 consumption 1,30,31, 44, 49, 55, 81, 91, 165, Danio rerio 13, 15 205-206, 222, 227 -, embryo teratogenesis assay (DRETA) 13 -, water 44, 205 Daphnia 176-190,197-198 contaminant 24-26, 117, 119, 221 -, magna 5,13,15,44-45,72,128-129,134, contamination 6, 26,34, 43, 60, 61, 97, 101, 107, 176-192,194-198,201,210-212 109, 118, 132, 172, 222, 228, 239 -, 48 hour immobilisation test 13 -, drinking water 239 -, acute toxicity test 13 -, groundwater 239 -, chronic toxicity test 13 -, model 107 -, reproduction 134 contraceptive, oral 49 -, pulex 196-197 contrast media 2, 4, 6, 36-39 -, test (GD) 44-45 -, biodegradability 29 DDMAC see didecyldimethylammonium chloride -, emission, hospital 29 decay 56,58 -, iodised X-ray 2,6,37-38 deconjugation 233 -, organic 6,37-38 defecation 153-154,156 -, MRI 35 deformation 73 conversion 20,78,113,152 -, skeleton 73 converter 33 degradability 70, 84, 105 -, catalytic 33 degradation 26,31-32,47,52,56,58,61-62, co omas sie blue ferrocin 45 68-73,78-79,84-85,87,91,93,97,111,117-118, copper 45-46 121,132-133,145,148-150,152-156,216,241-242 -, sulfate 45-46 -, microbial 62, 69 corticosteroid 193 -, organic matter 73, 118 counter ion 33 -, pharmaceutical 85 CPMP see Committee for Pharmaceutical -, photochemical 32,69-70 Medicinal Products -, physicochemical 56, 62 creatinine 45 -, product 26, 31, 62, 78, 88, 93, 111 cross-reactivity 53 -, rate 94,152,154 crustacea 72,115,201 denitrification 84 -, amphipod 178-179, 201 -, bacteria 33 -, anostracan 201 Denmark 143,147,152,155-156,205,244 -, cladoceran 201 dental -, copepod 201 -, private surgeries 35 -, Daphnia magna 13,15,44-45,72,128-129, -, treatment 35 134,176-192,194-198,201,210-212 depth 101, 149, 153 -, Daphnia pulex 197 deregulation 14, 126 -, decapod 201 -, neural activity 14 Culex pipiens molestus 72 derivative 78, 215 cumulative-distribution function (CDFs) 111 desamido-bacitracin 78 CVMP see Committee for Veterinary Medicinal detectability 32, 70, 211, 226 Products detection 1, 4, 11, 12, 16, 25-26, 31, 39, 50, 53, 68, cyanide 45 78, 81-82, 123, 138, 210-211, 227, 241 cyanobacteria 197,201 -, pharmaceuticals, Italy 19 cycle detergent 1, 44, 47-48 -, life 52, 110, 161, 169 detoxification 214 -, nutrient 110 development, fetal 52 cyclohexylaminopropansulfate 46 dextropropoxyphene 24,166,170, 180, 206-208, cyclophosphamide 24-25,30, 94, 97, 166, 212-213, 223 168-169,222,227 diagnosis 43, 239, 241 cyclosporine 180 diagnostic 1,4,6,29,43-44,47,182-183, 195, cyst 72 239-240 -, Artemia sp., hatching rate 72 diatom, marine 201 cytostatic 2, 6, 30, 33 diazepam 22,25,94,97,128,166,168-170,180, cytotoxic 226, 240 208, 213,222-223,225 -,drug 226 dichloroisocyanuric acid 6 252 Index dichlorophenol 45 drinking water 2-3, 5, 11, 19-20, 22, 24-25, dichlorophenyl-diazonium salt 46 29-3°,44,52-53, 60, 62, 81, 83, 86-88, 118-120, dichlorvos 162 171-172,216,221-222,226-228,239,243 dic10fenac 13, 22-23, 82-85, 87-88, 166, 169, 216, -, catchment area 83 225 -, contamination 239 didanosine 180, 209, 224 -, directive 222 didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDMAC) -, mineral 52, 60, 62 33 -, production 81, 86-87 dieldrin 137 -, treatment 221, 226, 243 diet 112,115-116,222 drug 1-4,6,15,19-21,29,37,39,49,77,79,81,91, diethanolamine 44 124-126,128,13°-139,143,147-15°,152-153, diethylstilbestrol 24,180-181,194,197, 209, 215, 155-156,160,165,168,172,190,196,205-207, 222,224-225 214,216-21h221,226,239-243 diflubenzuron 162, 170 -, c1asses 131 digoxin 20-21, 181, 209, 224 -, cytotoxic 226 dihydroandrosteron 166 -, human 19, 131, 136, 160, 165, 172 dihydrostreptomycin 144-146,154 -, residues 19,148-149,155-156 dilution 37,53,55,83,116,118-120,131,152,165, -, surplus 81 168, 206-207, 210-212, 217, 226 -, veterinary 19, 165 dimethisteron 166 -, environmentalloads 20 dioxin 1,14 Drugs Law 46 -, chlorinated 1 DT 50 see transformation rate dirithromycin 181 (DTPA)Gd-dimeglumine 36 disease 43, 67, 105 dung 130,132,136-137,148-149,152-153,156,160, disinfectant 1, 2, 4, 6, 29, 32-35, 38, 121, 162, 170, 164-165,171-172 239-243 -, cattle 171 -, biodegradability 29 -, fauna 172 -, emission, hospital 29 -, fly 137, 165, 171 -, PVP-iodine-based 38 -, aberration in wings 137, 164, 171 -, skin 34 -, Neomyia cornicia 171 disinfection -, Scatophaga stercoraria 165, 171 -, instrument 32 dye 45,242 -, skin 32 -, surface 32 E dissemination model 112 dissolved organic carbon (DOC) 61, 84-85, 119 E2 see 17 ß-oestradiol distribution coefficient 241 EA see environmental assessment diuretic 12, 91 earthworm 130, 136 DNA, reassociation analysis 234 ECso 112, 129,176-190,196-197,210-212 DOC see dissolved organic carbon eco-shadow 76,79,233-234 dodecapeptide 78 -, concept 79, 231-232 dog 78,131 -, index 232, 234 dorzolamide 181, 209, 224 -, macroorganism, measurement 232 dosage 5, 26, 85, 143, 147, 153, 155, 161, 171, 221, ecosystem 6,11,13,67,69,74,77,79,108-110, 227-228,244 112, 130, 203, 231-233 dose 12,39,49,56,58-59,78,85,111,114-116,119, -, microbial 231 144,147-148,15°,152- 153,155,161,164,214, -, pharmaceuticals, effect 13 222,225-228,239 -, side effects 19 -, benzalkonium chloride 33 -, terrestrial 74, 112 -, daily 12, 78 ecotoxicity 39, 44, 46-48, 67, 74, 117, 125-126, 131, -, therapeutic 221-222, 226-228 175-176,191,193-194 196-198,205,207,211-212, -, internal 111 214, 216-217 -, lifetime risk 114-116 -, bioassay 117 -, oral 49, 161 -, chronic 131, 191, 197-198, 213 doxycyc1ine 166, 168 -, invertebrate 196 drain 29, 206, 210 ecotoxicology 13, 15-16, 39, 91 drainage 93 -, tests 13 -, basin 1, 93 EDso 112 dredging 106 EDS see endocrine disrupting substance DRETA see Danio rerio embryo teratogenesis EE2 see 17a-ethinyloestradiol assay eenofibrate 166 Index 253 eenofibrinic acid 166 enchytraeids 73 efedrine 166 Enchytraeus albidus 128 effect 2-6, 11, 13-16, 19, 26, 30, 33, 35-37, 39, 44, endocrine 1,14-15,5°,81,121,130,134,136,138,197 47-50,52,56,59,62,67-68,70-73,78,81-83, -, activity 14 102,105-107,109-112,117-121,123-125,127-138, -, disrupter 50, 121, 136 148,160,171-172,193,196-198,203,2°7,210, -, disrupting substance (EDS) 1 213-214, 216-217, 221-222, 226-228, 232, -, modulation 15 239-244 endometrium 52 -, adverse side 14 endoplasmatic reticulum -, antiandrogenic 15 -, binding 15 -, cascading 110 -, expression 15 -, ecological 106, 203, 244 endorsement 175 -, hormonal 48 endpoint 13-14, 109-111, 113, 131, 138, 175, -, hormone-like 14 190-191,193,196-198,210-213,221 -, immunosuppressive, carbamazepine 15 enrofloxacin 144-146,154 -, inhibitory 33 environment -, intrinsic pharmacodynamic 39 -, antimicrobials, impact 231 -, long-life exposure 26 -, aquatic 3-4,12,15-16,29,39,52,81-83,88, -,long-term 6,82-83,239,244 123, 204-205, 227, 240 -,model 107 -, contamination 172 -, mutagenic 44, 47, 134, 243 -, hygiene 6,39, 55, 239 -,oestrogenic 15 -, pollutant 19 -, pharmaceuticals -, toxicity 20, 21 -, ecosystem 13 -, toxicology 15 -, organism 13 environmental -, photolytic 62 -, assessment (EA) 125-126,196,204-2°5,216 -, teratogenic 15 -, impact efficiency curve, benzalkonium chloride 33 -, assessment (EIA) 126 effluent 1,3-4,6,11-12,15,3°-31,33,35,37-39, -, statement (EIS) 125 50,52,81-83,118-120,128,165,168,205-207, -, risk assessment (ERA) 12-14,16,74, 210-212,216,226-227 106-107, 123, 125-127, 130-133, 135-139, -, antibiotics 159-160,172,175,196,198,203-205,216 -, concentration 6 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 50, -, hospital 6 106-107, 109 -, STP 1, 36, 83 enzyme 19,46-47, 61, 132, 211, 234, 243 egg, production 211 -, activity 243 EIA see environmental impact assessment EOX 119 EIC see expected introduction concentration EPA see Environmental Protection Agency elimination epirubicin 30 -, abiotic 69 EQC see equilibrium criterion model -, BOD 118 equilibrium criterion model (EQC) 92-94 -, COD 118 ER see endoplasmatic reticulum -, efficiency 85 ERA see environmental risk assessment -, ifosfamide 30 erythromycin 22, 24-25,31, 82, 128, 166, 168, 170, -,QAC 32 181, 208, 213, 223 embryo 13, 138 -, phosphate 181 embryotoxicity 6,13, 15 -, thiocyanate 181 -, test 13, 15 ethinyloestradiol 22, 49-50, 52-53, 57-59, 63, EMEA see European Medicines Evaluation 166,168-170,181,191,194-195,197-198, Agency 209-212,214,216,222,224-228 emission 4, 29, 33-35, 38, 68, 81, 93, 97, 101-102, ethofyllinclofibrate 81 132,148-149,222,239,241 ethyl acetate 24 -, absolute 33 ethylene glycol 55 -, antibiotic, environment 67 ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid 46 -, gadolinium, Germany 37 ethynodioldiacetate 166 -, hospital etidronic acid 181,195,197,208,223 -,AOX 29 etiocholanolon 166 -, contrast media 29 etofibrate 81 -, disinfectant 29 EU see European Union -, pharmaceutical 29 Europe 1,30, 93, 121, 123, 125, 136, 159, 172, 206, -, platinum, specific 34 240-241 254 Index

European fenofibric acid 22, 82 -, Aspirin Foundation 205 ferrocin 45 -, Federation of Animal Health (FEDESA) fertiliser 4, 61, 68, 155 30- 31, 125, 137 fertility, soil 112 -, Medicines Evaluation Agency (EMEA) 68, FETAX see frog embryo teratogenesis assay 124-126,131,136-138,159-160,162,165,169 Xenopus -, Union (EU) 2-4,44,46,123-131,135-136, FFDCA see Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic 138,147,155,159,162,171,196,204,206-207, Act 221-222 field 15,47,67-69,81,88,109-111,115,121, -, dass 128-130 13°-131,134,136,149-150,152-153,155,171-172 -, legislation 4 filtrate 32 -, safety data sheets 44, 46 filtration 54,83,86,119-120,226 -, Technical Guidance Document 206-207 -, CAG 119 evaporation 54-55, 93, 148, 164 -, sand 87, 119 evolution 231 finasteride 182,195,209,224 excretion 1, 4, 12, 19-21, 26, 29-31, 33, 35, 38, finding of no significant impact (FONS!) 126, 49-50,62,67,78-79,81,93,143,148-150, 204 152-153,155-156,164,171,211,214-215,241 fingernail clam 193,201 -, faecal 19 fish 14,31,67-70,72-73,81,94,115,121,124,130, -,human 21 135-136,138,143,175-192,196-198,201,205, -, rate 20,31, 143, 155, 241 210-212, 215, 222, 226, 233 -, urinary 19 -, acute fish test 138 exogenous 50 -, aquarium 124 expected introduction concentration (EIC) 136 -, bioconcentration factor (BCF) 116, 215 exposure 106,110-111,127-13°,133,147,221 -, cell 14 -, assessment 110-111,133,159-161,203,207, -, early life stage 134 212, 214, 217 -, embryo test 138 -, model 107,159-160,172 -, farming 31,67-70,73,81 extinction 110 -,marine 70 extraction 24-25, 88 -, immune system 15 fishing net 105 F fitness 72 flocculation 36 faeces 19,70,78,143,145,148,150,155-156,214 -, agents 36 -, pig 78 flora 79, 107, 232-233 -, rat 78 -, mammalian 232 famciclovir 181, 2°9, 224 -, micro 112, 233 famotidine 182, 209, 224 -, microbial 233 farm 68, 73, 81 florfenicol 23,144-146,154-155 farming 31,67-70,91,241 flow 43-44,46-47,70,85,97,118-119,148 -, marine fish 70 flow-off, analyser 44, 46-47 fathead minnow 211 flumazenil 182,2°9,224 fattening 1,31,150,152-153,155 flumequine 23, 182 -, pig 31,150,152-153,155 fluoranthene 112-113,116-117 -, poultry 31 fluoroquinolone 77, 231, 234 fauna 62, 107, 112, 130, 172, 197 -, carboxylic acid 32 -, micro- 112 fluoxetine 182,195, 197, 206, 208,210, 212,223 -, sediment dwelling 62 flutamide 182 FDA see Federal Drug Administration fluticasone 209, 224 Fe(III) 36 -, proprionate 182 -, -EDTA complexes 36 fluvoxamine 182,193 Federal -, maleate 182,195 -, Drug Administration (FDA) 2,106,125-127, fly 137, 165, 171 136,159,196-197,204,210, 215-216,221 FONSI see finding of no significant impact -, Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) 125 food 19, 26, 47, 72, 102, 106, 110, 222, 242 FEDESA see European Federation of Anima! -, chain 19, 26, 47, 72, 102, 110, 242 Health Food and Drug Administration (FDA) 125 feed additive 91, 143 forest 73 -, medical 143 formic acid 24 feeding 85 France 112 female 52, 91 freshwater 197 fenofibrate 224-225 -, bivalve 197 Index 255 frog embryo teratogenesis assay Xenopus GSI see gonadosomatic index 191, 211 (FETAX) 13 fugacity 242 H fungi 4, 70, 73 furans 1 habitat 106, 110 furazolidone 23 -, modification 106 furosemide 21,25 halogen 6, 37, 118 hamster 47 G -, cell test 47 harlequin fish 201 gabapantin 182,208,223 hazard 12,16,30,43,46,49,77,105-106,108,117, GAC see germ-free animal characteristic 127, 132, 159, 243 gadodiamid 35 -, identification 127, 159 gadolinium 6, 35-37 health 30,35,50,88,91,105-106,108,110,112, -, complexes 35-36 115-118,120-121,126,132,139,172,222,227-228, -, emission, Germany 37 244 -, natural background concentration 36 -, insurance institution 35 gadopentat 35 healthcare 205 Gambusia affinis 180, 201 heavy metall, 6, 33, 46-47 gamma counter 53 hepatitis C 43 gastrointestinal heptamolybdate 46 -, flora 232 hexacyanoferrate(II) 46 -, tract 31 HN03 52 gastropod 201 homeostasis 51 gene 231 hormone 1, 14, 49-50, 53, 56, 58, 61, 81, 91, 123, 212 genotoxicity 47, 112, 222 -, activity 49 gemcitarabine 23 -, effect 14, 48 gemfibrozil 22, 82, 166 horse 143, 160, 164 gentamicin 146 -, dung 164 germ, pathogenic 33 hospital 2,6,12,29-30,33-35,38-39,43-44,46, germ-free anima! characteristic (GAC) 233-234 68,71,132,205-206 Germany 1,3,11-12,15,24,29,30-31,34-37,74, -,effluent 30,33,35,38 82-83,123-124,131,139,165,168,205,210-212, -, emission 226,239 -,AOX 29 -, gadolinium, emission 37 -, contrast media 29 -, hospital 29 -, disinfectant 29 -, potable water supplies 226 -, pharmaceutical 29 -, rivers 15, 210 -,Europe 29,34 -, STP effluent 3,15 -, Germany 29, 33-34 -, surface water 36, 165, 210-212 -, Switzerland 31 glucose 45 household 2, 4, 81 glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase 46 -, waste 4 glucuronic acid 215 human glucuronidase 50, 211 -, drug 19, 131, 136, 160, 165, 172 glucuronide 49-50, 53, 211, 214 -, excretion 21 glycine 54, 56 -, medicine 67, 242 glycol 55 -, metabolism 206, 210, 212, 214, 217 gonadosomatic index (GSI) 191,211 -, nervous system 198 goose 31 -,oestrogen receptor 54 grassland 156,161,163-165,169 -, pharmaceuticals 12,26,159,175-191, grazing 145,147-148,156,164,171 194-196,198,205,215,222 -, animal 145,147-148,156,164,171 -, therapy 26 Great Britain 3, 11 -, toxicity 39, 239 green algae 72,176,178-179,182-183,194-197,201 husbandry 1-2,31,77,143,152,155-156,160,234 groundwater 2-5, 32, 61, 67-68, 81, 83, 88, Hyalella azteca 185,201 112-113,115,136-137,160,162-164,169,171-172, hybridisation, in situ 243 221, 228, 239 hydrocarbons 1, 112 -, contamination 239 hydrochloric acid 46 growth 1, 4, 13, 20, 31, 62, 67-68, 73, 77, 79, 112, hydrochlorthiazide 21 129, 143, 172, 231, 234, 241-242 87-88 -, bacteria 68, 143 -, peroxide 87 -, promoter 1,4-5,20,31,143,172,234241-242 hydrolysis 69, 78, 215 256 Index hydrophilie 164, 171, 215 -, acids 46 hydrophobie 32, 112 -, nutrients 53 -, ion 32 -,salts 46-47 hydrophobicity 111, 216, 241 inseet 171, 233 hydroxide 46 instrument, disinfeetion 32 hygiene 6, 39, 55, 239 intake 5, 86, 106, 116, 119-120, 239 hypertrophy 52 Int. Commission for the Protection of the River hyphe length, mould 73 Rhine (IKSR) 35 hypoehlorite 6, 38, 46 intrinsie pharmaeodynamie effeet 39 invertebrate 130,175,196-197,205,215 -, eeotoxicity 196 -,maero- 175,198,205 see iodine iodide 46 ibuprofen 13,22-23,25,81-87,101,166,169-170, iodine 6, 20, 37-39, 53, 77, 94-95, 97, 126, 136-137, 182, 213, 224-225 145, 150, 153, 160, 162, 171, 175, 205, 215, 243 IC 30,32 iodised X-ray eontrast media 6,37-38 Ictalurus punctatus 176-177,181,184,201 ion ifosfamide 24,30,167-169,227 -, hydrophobie 32 IgA 15 -,organie 33 IgM 15 ionisation 92, 215-216 IKSR see Int. Commission for the Proteetion of iopromide 182-183,195,197,208,223 the River Rhine iron 36 illness 91 -, (III) salt 36 imidazolaeetate 45 -, oxides 36 immobilisation 13, 15 isoleucine 78 immune system 14-15 isoniazid 183, 208, 223 -, fish 15 Italy I, 19-21, 101 -, modulation by pharmaeeutieal 14 -, pharmaeeutieals immunology departments 47 -, deteetion 19 immunomodulation 14 -, environmentalloads 19 immunosuppression 14 ivermeetin 20, 23, 25, 94, 125, 130, 137, 164-165, -,earbamazepine 14 171 in vivo metabolie eapacity test 233 ineubation 53, 55-56, 58-61, 70 J indeno-pyrene 112-113,117 index juvenile 15, 193 -, biotie integrity 110 -, eco-shadow 232, 234 K indieator 38, 39, 160 indomethacin 13,22,167,169-170 ketorolae tromethamine 183 industry 2,77,118,123-126,131-132,134,136-137, killer-eell 139,143,160,171-172,175,197-198,227,241 -, natural aetivity 15 infeetion kitehen, wastewater 37 -, mierobial 67, 231 Kow see oetanollwater partition eoefficient -, nosoeomial 6 -, risk avoidanee 43 L influx 12 infrastrueture 205 laboratory 23,30,37,43-44,47,61,69-71,84, ingestion 5,30, 111, 114-116, 221-222, 227-228, 86-88, 110, 119, 128-130, 134, 136, 152, 155, 171, 233 203,226,240 -, high dosage short term 5 -, effluent 37 -, lifetime 222 -, wastewater 43 -, low dosage long term 5 laetulose 233 inhalation 111 -, test 233 inhibition 13-14,59,71-73,129,214,231 lake 22, 24-25, 101 -, proliferation 14 -, trout 73 inhibitor 53,55, 193 land 114,132,145, 150, 153, 155 inhibitory -, arable, nitrogen applieation 150 -, eoneentration 32, 71 landfill 4-5, 30, 68, 117 -, effeet 33 lansoprazole 183, 209, 224 injeetion 24, 143, 150, 152-153, 155, 171 larvae 171 inorganie 46-47,53 LAS see alkylbenzenesulfonate Index 257

L-asparagine 78 -, flora 232 LCso 109,112,128,130,176-190,193,196 -, metabolism 12,214-215 LD so 112 -, studies 14 leaching 93,148,153,156,163-164,171 -, toxicity 196 Lebistes reticulatus 73 man 19, 26, 114 Lee River 165, 168 manure 1,4-5,32,67,132-133,136-137,145,147, legislation 2 149-150,152,155-156,161 Lepomis macrochirus 176-177,180-188,201 -, liquid 4,32, 132 lethality 198, 213 -, load 155 level -, spreading 147, 149 -, safe 105,112-113,117 -,tank 150,152,155 -, threshold 105, 117 marine 70, 132 life 5,26,38,52,70,72,77-78,84,88,91,95,110, -, diatom 201 120, 148, 150, 155, 161, 169, 210, 213, 215, 227, 232 -, fish farming 70 -, cyde 52, 110, 161, 169 -, water 70, 132 lifetime 114-116,221-222,227-228 marketing authorisation applications (MAA) -, risk dose 114-116 204 lincomycin 21,25,144-146,154-155,183 MATC see maximum acceptable toxicant lipid 1, 3, 13, 82-83, 243 concentration -, lowering agent 1-3,243 maximum acceptable toxicant concentration -, regulator 13, 82 (MATC) 112 lipophilicity 155-156,214 maximum measured environmental lisinopril 20-21 concentration (MEC) 210, 212-213 L-isoleucine 78 meat 32, 84, 114, 222 lithium 46, 183, 208, 223 -, extract 84 -, hydroxide 46 -, processing 32 -, picrate 46 mebendazole 167 -, salt 208, 223 MEC see maximum measured environmental -, sulfate 183 eoneentration liver 114, 164 meehanism 85, 97, 134, 216-217, 233 -, flukes 164 medieation 4,19,29,143,153,155,239,241 lixiviation 117 medroxyprogesteronaeetate 167 LOD 210 membrane 19, 36, 111, 214 LOAEC see lowest observed adverse effect -, biologieal 19, 214 concentration -, penetration 214 LOEC 197, 211 menopause 226 Lombardy (Italy) 101 meprobamate 24, 167 lomefloxacin 183 195 34 loracarbef 183,195 mereuroehrom 34 losartan K 183-184,195,209,224 mereurophyllin 34 lowest observed adversed effect concentration mereury 6, 34-35, 92 (LOAEC) 112 -, eoneentration 34 luminescence 71 -, emission 35 Lymnaea stagnalis 195,201 -, remobilisation, amalgam separators 35 lysimeter 30, 164, 171 merthiolate 184 mesoeosm, studies 110 M metabolie 20-21,31, 86, 216, 233 -, bone disease 176,181,190,193-196 MAA see marketing authorisation applications -, rate 31 MAC see microflora-associated characteristic metabolisation 1,4,12,49,131,153,211,215-216 macro-invertebrates 175,198,205 metabolism 12, 131, 206-207, 210-212, 214-217, magnesium 46, 70 241 -, acetate 46 -, human 206, 210, 212, 214, 217 -, sulfate 46 -, mammalian 12, 214-215 magnetic 36 -, organism 241 -, moment 35 metabolite 1,12-14,19,26,49,61,67,69,79,81, -, resonance imaging (MRI) 35 83-84,87-88,93,101,111,131-133,136-138, male 222 143-145,162,164,170,211,214-215,217,221, -,oestrogen 222 228, 231, 241 -, endogenous production 222 metall, 6, 46-47 mammal 12,14-15,79,115,196,214-215,221,227, meta-model 164 232-233 metformin 184, 208, 223 258 Index methanol 24 -, ChemCAN 92, 97 method, group contribution 207, 210 -, sewage purification system 71 methomyl 162, 170 -, site specific 92,101-102 methotrexate 25,184, 213, 224-225 -, SoilFug 92,101 methyl 45 -, water compartment 101 -, mercury, toxicity 35 moexipril 184 -, -dopa 24, 167 moexiprilat 185 methylation 120 moisture 161,164 metoprolol 13, 82 -, soil 161 metronidazole 24,167-168,184,195,208,223 mollusc 201 MICso see semi-maximum inhibitory monesin 23 concentration monitoring 25, 43, 56, 91, 120, 128, 131, 172, 211 mice 78 morbidity 110 microbes 231-234,243 Morone saxatilis 176,185-186,189,201 microbial 13,29,56,61-62,67,71,73,79,86,211, mortality 72, 110 214, 217, 231-234 -, nauplii 72 -, colonisation 232 Moselle River 118-120 -, community 52, 56, 61, 71, 73, 86, 231 mosquito fish 201 -, degradation 62, 69 mould 73,78 -, ecosystem 231 -, hyphe length 73 -, flora 233 MRI see magnetic resonance imaging -, growth inhibition test 13 MRM see multiple reaction monitoring -, infection 67, 231 multiple -, population 71 -, reaction monitoring (MRM) 25 microcosm 136-137 -, species bioassay 110 -, test 137 municipal 29, 33, 35-36, 38, 52, 58, 85, 93 Microcystis aeruginosa 72,186,196 -, sewage 29, 36, 85, 93 microfauna 113 -, sewage treatment plant 29, 93 microflora 112-113,233 -, wastewater 30,35,38,52 -, -associated characteristic (MAC) 233-234 mutagenesis 118 -, soil 112-113 mutagenic 6, 44, 46-47, 134, 240, 243 microorganism 54, 58-59, 62, 69, 77, 79, 121, -, effect 44, 47, 134, 243 231- 243 mutagenicity 44, 47-48 -, oligotrophie 54 -, test (Ames test) 119 -, soil 231 micropollutant 52, 60 N midazolam 194, 196, 209, 224 milrinone 209,224 N-(2-acetamido)-imino-diacetic acid 46 -, lactate 184 NaCI 53,55 mineral 52,53-54,56,58,60,62,132,161 NaOH 53 -, drinking water 52, 60, 62 naphthalene 132 -, water 54 -,oil 132 mineralisation 69, 155 naproxen 13, 24, 167, 208, 213, 223 minnow 197, 211 -, sodium 185 -, Fathead 211 nauplii 72 -, Pimephales promelas 176-177,179,181-183, NDA see New Drug Actives or see New Drug 185-190,195,201,211 Applications -, reproduction 197 nefazodone 185,208,223 minocyclin 167 neomycin 144-146,154,176,208,224 mitoxantron 23, 30 Neomyia cornicia 171 model New Drug Actives (NDA) 196, 205 -, contamination 107 New Drug Applications (NDA) 196, 205 -, dissemination 112 nicotine 185,196-197 -, effect 107 -, amide 167 -, equilibrium criterion (EQC) 93-94 -, sulfate 185 -, exposure 107,159-160,172 nisoldipine 185 -, FOCAS 92 nitrification 53,55,59-60,62,71-72 -, meta- 164 -, bacteria 72 -, PEARL 163 -, inhibitor 53, 55 -, PEST LA 163-164 -, sludge 55, 59-60, 62 -, QWASI 92,101 nitrifiers 59 -, regional 97, 101 nitrofurazone 185 Index 259

nitrogen 56,79,149-150,152,155,243 ondansetron 185 -, application, arable land 150 organ 52, 106 -, cycling 243 organic 34 -, acids 46 Nitzschia closterium 189,201 -, carbon 55, 60-61, 101, 118, 149, 163 NOAEC see no observed adverse effect -, compounds, brominated 38 concentration -, iodised X-ray contrast media 6 NOAEL see no observed adverse effect level -, ion 33 NOEC see no observed effect concentration -, matter 71-73,88,118-119 NOEL see no observed effect level -, degradation 71-73,118 no observed adverse effect concentration organism (NOAEC) 112 -, aquatic 13,15,196-197,215 no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) 227 -, exotic 105-106 no observed effect concentration (NOEC) 112, -, genetically engineered 105 129, 134, 138, 197, 212 -, higher 4 no-effect exposure level (NOEL) 109 -, macro 232-233 non specific bound 53 -, metabolism 241 norethindron 167 -, micro- 54, 58-59, 62, 69, 77, 79, 121, -, acetate 167 231-233, 243 norethisterone 22-23,167,169-170,224-225 -, oligotrophie 54 norethynodrel 167 -, pharmaceuticals, effect 13 norfloxacin 30 organohalogen 120 norm 55 orphenadrine 208, 223 North America 241 OTC see sold over the counter products 12, 205 North Sea 81, 85 outflow 133, 136 NSAIDs see analgesie owl 106 NSB see non specific bound oxidant 87-88 nutrient 31, 85, 105, 110, 145, 232 oxidation 35,62,78,87,215 -, cycling 110 oxolinic acid 14 -, gradient 85 oxygen 53 -, inorganic 53 oxytetracycline 20,23,25,144-146,154,161,164, -, uptake 31 167-168,185-186,196,206-208,210,212-213, 223 o -, HCI 161,185-186 ozonation 87, 119, 226 occupational exposure limit (OEL) 227 ozone 87-88, 118 occurrence, antibiotics, environment 67 octanol/water partition coefficient (Kow) 20, 49, p 91, 93, 143, 149, 161, 214-216 OEL see occupational exposure limit paclitaxel 186,196,209,224 oestradiol 49, 50, 52-53, 57-59, 63, 167, 169, 211 PAH see polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons oestriol 53,167,169 Panaeus setiferus 201 oestrogen 14-15,49,50,52,54,56-57,61-63, paper mill, effluent 118-119 180-181,194-195,197-198,211,214,222,226 paracetamol 23,131,167-168,186,206-208,210, -, activity 54, 57 212,214,222-223,226-228 -, effect 15 Paracetamol Information Centre 205 -, endogenous production, male 222 parasiticide 91 -, natural endogenous 49 paroxetine 186, 208, 223 -, pharmaceutical 52 parrot 124 -, receptor, human 54 parturition 193 -, receptor bin ding 14 pasture 114, 132, 145 -, synthetic 49,52,61-62 pathogen 106 oestrogenicity 212 pathogenic 6, 33, 242 oestrone 53, 62, 211 -, bacteria 6 oestrone-3-glucuronide 53 -, germs 33 oestrone-sulfate 53 PCB 14 OH-radical, production 87 PDF see probability-density function oil 132 PEC see predicted environmental concentration omeprazol 185,208,223 pellets 53 oncology 227 penethamate 144-146,154-155 Oncorhynchus mykiss 176-177,180-185,187-189, penetration 214 191,194-195,197,201,211 -, biological membranes 214 260 Index penicillin 2, 23, 25, 31, 77, 226, 231 pigments 1 -, -binding proteins 231 Pimephales promelas 176-177, 179, 181-183, -, G 77,145 185-190,195,201,211 -, V 77,222 pipeline 241 pentobarbital 24,186 pK. 20, 91, 93, 215, 216 pentoxyverine 167 plant 1,3, 6, 11-12, 15, 29, 50, 52, 55, 59, 61, 67, 69, peptide 78 81,83-85,87,93,101,106,112-115,118-120, peptone 84 131-133,136,159,172 percolation water 30 plasma 49, 148, 191, 211, 215 perindopril 209, 224 -, vitellogenin 191, 211 -, erbumine 186 platinum 6,30,33-34 permeability 111 -, emission 34 Penaeus setiferus 179, 185, 188 PNEC see predicted no-effect concentration peroxidase 46 poisoning, secondary 135 peroxide 87,88 politics 120, 126, 244 pesticide 1, 2, 106, 109, 125, 127-129, 134, 163, pollutant 19, 46, 48, 73, 88, 120 164, 171, 175, 239, 244 -, micro- 52, 60 -, application 106 pollution 37-38, 43-44, 47, 68, 108, 118, 121 pet 31-32,124,137 polyamine 243 pH 54,55,93, 152, 162, 170, 215-216 polycydic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) 1, phagocytosis 15 112-117 pharmaceutical polymorphism 239 -, aquatic organisms 13 polypetide 78 -, biodegradability 29 pond snail 201 -, degradation 85 population 30,36,50,71-72,106,109-111, -, detection, Italy 19 133-134,171-172,205,212,227 -, effect -, density 36 -, ecosystem 13 -, dynamic 171 -, organism 13 -, microbial 71 -, emission, hospital 29 porewater 162, 171 -, environmentalloads, Italy 19 postchlorination 119 -, human 12,26,159,175-191,194-196,198, potable water, supply 222, 226 205, 215, 222 -, Germany 226 -, immune system, modulation 14 -, UK 226 -, veterinary 4, 12, 123 potassium 46 pharmacokinetics 20,144-145,148,150,153 -, hexacyanoferrate(II) 46 pharmacology 20-21, 23-25, 78, 214-216, 227 -, iodide 46 pharmacy 139,205 -, sodium tartrate 46 phenazone 182,225-226 potential of trihalomethane formation (pTHM) phenobarbital 187, 208, 223 119 phenol 45 poultry 31-32, 143 phenoxymethylpenicillin see penicillin V -, breeding 31 phenylpropanolamine 167, 169 -, fattening 31 phosphate 46, 55 -, processing 32 phosphorus 149, 155 POX 119 photobacteria 44-45 prechlorination 119-120 -, test 44-45 predicted environmental concentration (PEC) photochemical 32,69-70 61,125-131,133,135,137-138,143,145,147-150, -, degradation 32, 69-70 153-156, 160-165, 168-169, 171, 203-204, -, reaction 69 206-207, 210-212, 214, 217, 226 photodecomposition 69 -, PEC/PNEC ratio 127-131,135,203,207, photodegradability 69, 210 210-212, 217 photodegradation 67, 69, 210, 216 predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) 127-131, phototaxis, Daphnia magna 72 133-135,198,203-204,206-207,210-213, 217 Physa spp. 180, 201 pregnanediol 167 physicochemical degradation 56, 62 preservative 6, 44-45, 47-48 pig 31,78,131,143,147,150,152-153,155 primary production 110 -, breeding 31 primidone 87 -, faeces 78 probability-density function (PDF) 111 -, fattening 31 product identification 160 piglet, urine 78 progesteron 167 pigmentation 72 proliferation 14, 52 Index 261

-, inhibition 14 raw water 83,86,119-120,226 propanolol 13, 82 -, storage reservoir 226 propranolol 187, 206, 208,212-213, 223 reaetion, allergie 172, 222 propyphenazone 225-226 reaetor 84-88 prostate 15 reagent 6, 43-47, 52 -, weight 15 reealcitranee 216 protein 231 reeeptor 14, 19, 54, 106, 111, 231 -, penicillin-binding 231 potential 162, 171 -, evolution 231 registration 2-3, 14, 77, 109, 123-127, 139, 159, Pseudomonas putida 35, 129 163-164,171,244 -, inhibitory test 35 -, pharmaeeutieal 14 psyeholeptie 12 remediation 62 publie 35 remobilisation, mereury 35 purifieation 24,30, 32, 67-68, 71 reproduetion 51, 72, 115,197 pyrene 112,114-116 reptile 233 reservoir 226 Q resistanee 6,29,31-33,62,71,77,97,118,121,138, 172,231-232,234,240,242-244 QAC see quaternary ammonia eompound -, baeteria 6, 29, 32, 240, 243 QSAR see quantitative strueture-aetivity resouree 49, 106-107, 110, 138 relationship respiration 115 QSPR see quantitative strueture-property restrietion 3, 46, 116, 133, 241 relationship retention 12 quantitative strueture-aetivity relationship Rhizobium trifolii 79 (QSAR) 110, 137, 161, 171 RIA see radioimmuno assay quantitative strueture-property relationship rinsing 43, 52 (QSPR) 93 risk 3,5,12-14,16,19,26,30,43,47-48,52,71, quaternary ammonium 74,91,101,105-1°9,111-118,120-121,123-124, -, compound (QAC) 32,33 126-132,135,137-139,159-160,172,175,196-198, -, salt 46 2°3-206,208,210-212,214,216,221-222,227, quinaerine 187-188 239-240, 243-244 quinidine 188,208,223 -, assessment 12-14,16,19,74,91,101, -, sulfate 188 105-109,111-116,118,120-121, 123-124, quinine 188,208,233 126-128,130,138-139,159-160,172,175, -, sulfate 188 196-198,203-204,206,208,212-214,216, quinolone 2,144-146,152,154,234,242-243 221, 227, 243-244 quinone 243 -, eeological 107, 121 -, environmental 107 R -, organic xenobioties 105 -, characterisation rabbit 78 -,aquatie 205 radical 87 -, management 108,127,135,138,159,244 radioaetive 132 risperidone 188,196, 209, 224 -,marker 242 river 11-12,15,22,24-25,35-36,83,87-88,101, radioaetivity 53 118-120,165,168,210-211,227 radioimmuno assay (RIA) 53, 56, 58, 60 -, bank filtration 32,83,86 radiology 38 -, -bed 61 -, department 38 -, Germany 15, 210 -, surgery 39 -, Lee 165, 168 rainbow trout 191, 197, 211 -, Moselle 118-120 ranitidine 20-21,25,188,208,223 -, Rhine 35 Rasbora heteromorpha 179, 190, 201 -, water 12, 83, 87-88, 119 rat 15,78 roaeh 191, 194,201, 211 -, faeees 78 road, runoff 112 -, urine 78 robustness 86 rate 20, 31, 56, 61, 70, 72, 79, 93-94, 110, 143, rodent 13 152-156,160,164,227,232,241 roxithromyein 13, 82 -, exeretion 20, 31, 143, 155, 241 runoff 4, 43, 67-68, 81, 93, 101, 112, 125, 132, 137 -, hatehing, Artemia sp. eysts 72 -, analyser 43 -, input 94 -, road 112 -, metabolie 31 -, soil 4,67 -, output 94 Rutilus rutilus 191, 194,201,211 262 Index

5 -, sludge 4,29,36,86,93,97,101,112,114-115, 242 Saccharomyces cerevisiae 54 -, treatment safety data sheet 44, 46, 240 -, effluent 11 salicylic acid 11-12,128,167-169,188,195,197, -, outflow 133 21 4 -, treatment plant (STP) 1- 3,6,11-13,15, salmeterol 188, 209, 224 29, 31, 33, 36, 39, 52, 67, 69, 81, 83, 93, 128, Salmo 165, 168, 172 -, gairdneri 73 -, aeration tank 29 -, trutta 181,184,187-189 -, Big Blue River 11 salt 36, 46-47, 85, 190 -, effluent 3, 15, 81 -, inorganie 46-47 -, municipal 29, 93 -, organie 46-47 -, retention 12 -, toxie 190 -, simulation 31 Salvelinus -, treatment systems (STS) 84 -,fontinalis 176-177,181,184,187-189,201 -, water -, namaycush 73,176-177,181,184,187-189 -, raw 11-12 sand 78, 87, 119, 172 -, treated 11 -, filtration 87, 119 sewage purification system, model 71 sanitary 30 sewer 33,43 SAR see structure-activity relationship shaker 54 S-butyrylthiochloniodide 46 sheep 143,160-161,164 Scandinavia 241, 244 -, castrate 161 scatophaga 165, 171 shrimp 201 Scatophaga stercoraria 165, 171 siekness 111 scavenging 87 simethieone 188 Scenedesmus subspicatus 180,184,186,188,201 simulation 31,32,69,84,92-95,97,101-102,109, SDS see sodium dodecylsulfate 119,133 sea 22,24-25,69-70 skeleton, deformation 73 -, water 24,69-70 Ske/etonema costatum 182 secobarbital 188 skin 32,34 secretion 50, 61 -, disinfectant 34 sedative 6, 91, 243 -, disinfection 32 sediment 5,24-26,32,62,67-69,72-73,77, sludge 4,29,31-32,34-36,50,52-53,55,58-59, 93-94,97,101-102,105,132-134,2°3,216,242 60-62,67,84,86,93,97,101,11-118,210-211, -,suspended 94,105 242 sedimentation 119 -, activated 29, 31-32, 50, 52-53, 58-59, 62, selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor (SSRI) 84, 86, 210-211 193 -, adapted 32 Selenastrum capricornutum 72,195-196 -, non-adapted 32 self-cleaning capacity 30, 32 -, Zahn-Wellens test 54 semi-maximum inhibitory concentration (MIeso) -, contamination 34 31 -, nitrifying 55, 59-60, 62 sensitivity -, reconditioning 32 -, interspecies 52 -, urban 112 -, intraspecies 52 slurry, transformation rate (DT 50) 160 separator, amalgam 35 sobrerol 21,25 serotonin 193 sodium 6,38, 46 serum 43,53 -, dodecylsulfate (SDS) 33 settling 84, 124 -, hydroxide 46 sewage 1,3-6,11-12,15,29,31-32,34-38,44, -, hypochlorite 6, 38, 46 46-47, 49-50, 52, 67-69, 71, 81, 83-85, 88, 93, -, nitrite 45 97, 101, 112, 114-115, 132-133, 172, 205, 207, soil 1,4-6,24-25,32,61,67-70,73,78-79, 210-211, 216, 226, 242 93-94,97,101,107-109,111-117,125-126, -, antibiotic 6, 32 130-133,136-137,145,147-150,152-156, -, communal system 46 160-164,169-172, 203,216,234,239,242 -, effluent 11-12,50,52,83,205,207,210-211, -, amendment with manure 145,147,150,152 226 -, antibiotic 70, 73 -, UK 211 -, concentration 150, 153 -, public system 34-35 -, arable, sandy 172 -, purification 68, 71 -, bacteria, community 234 -,model 71 -, chemieal runoff 101 Index 263

-, compartment 93, 137, 145, 147, 153, 155, 169 sulfapyrazole 144-146,154 -, fertility 112 sulfasalazine 167, 169 -, microflora 112-113,115 sulfatase 214 -, microorganisms 115,231 sulfate -, moistened 161 -, conjugates 214 -, particles 70, 242 -, reducing bacteria 73 -, passage 32 sulfatroxazole 144-146,154 -, runoff 4, 67 sulfisoxazole 189 -, transformation rate (DT 50) 160 sulfonamides 25,143-146,152-155 sold over the counter (OTC) products 12,205 sumatriptan 189, 208, 223 solubility 20,49,54-55,58-59,61,73,91-92,111, -, succinate 189 132, 143, 156, 163, 214, 216, 241 sunlight exposure, seasonal changes 32 -, in water 91 supernatant 53 solution 45-46, 52-55, 58-59, 62, 87, 118, 244 surface water 2-3, 29, 32, 35, 47, 53-54, 61, 71, solvent 24,37, 54-55 81-83,86,101,132,137,156,165,168,172,203, sorption 31, 49, 56, 61, 112, 160, 171, 204, 206 210, 212, 215-216, 226 -, capacity (Kocl 49,93,136,160-161, -, antibiotic 32 163-164, 169, 171 -, dilution of effluent 206-207, 210, 212, 217 -, potential 49, 56, 61 -, Germany 36, 165, 210-212 SOS chromotest 47 -, self-cleaning capacity 32 Southern Europe 241 surfactant, anionic sow 161 -, LAS 31-32 species, aquatic 14,116,115 -, SDS 33 spectinomycin 144-146,154-155 surgery 35,38-39 sperm 15 Swann report 76 spermatogenesis 191, 211 Sweden 50, 205, 244 -, rainbow trout 191 Switzerland 31 -, roach 191 -, hospital 31 Sphaerium striatinum 201 -, STP 31 spiramycin 144-146,154 system spirapril 188 -, androgenic 14 spironolacton 167, 170 -, oestrogenic 14 springtail 73 SRS see structurally related substance T SSRI see selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor stabiliser 44, 47-48 tank 6, 29, 55, 70, 72, 150, 152, 155, 156 stability constant 36 tap water 30, 39 standardisation 16, 54, 58, 61, 109, 117, 130, 132, tartrate 46 134, 136, 172, 240 taxa 190-192,196-198 stavudine 188 taxol 3 stercoraria 165, 171 Taxus brevifolia 125 steroid 49, 56, 62, 211, 214, 226 Technical Guidance Document (TGD) 125, storage 3-4,53, 78, 145, 147, 150, 152, 155, 2°3, 226 127-130, 134-135, 138 -, time 150, 155-156 TEF see toxicity equivalent factor STP see sewage treatment plant temperature 54, 69, 70, 93, 101, 148, 152, 155, stratification 85 161-163, 171, 234 Streptocephalus proboscideus 176-179, 183, teratogenesis 13 185-190,201 teratogenicity 15 streptomycin 23 test stressor 105-107,110-112,117 -, 48 hour immobilisation, Daphnia magna 13 -, multiple 110 -, acute toxicity, Daphnia magna 13 striped bass 201 -, bile acid deconjugation 233 structurally related substance (SRS) 215 -, bio degradation 83 structure-activity relationship (SAR) 110 -, bioluminescence inhibition 71 STS see sewage treatment system -, cell growth inhibition, chronic 129 sulfadiazine 23,144-146,154-155 -, chronic toxicity, Daphnia magna 13 sulfadimethoxine 188-189 -, Closed Bottle (OECD 301D) 84 sulfadoxine 144-146,154 -, Daphnia (GD) 44-45 sulfamerazine 189 -, ecotoxicology 13 sulfamethazine 189, 213 -, non-standard 14 sulfamethoxazine 167 -, standard 14, 16 sulfamethoxazol 13, 22, 82 -, embryotoxicity 13,15 264 Index

-, amphibian 15 -, environmental 20-21 -, zebrafish 13, 15 -, equivalent factor (TEF) 14 -, fish embryo 138 -, human 39, 239 -, growth inhibition, microbial 13 -, mammalian 196 -, hamster cell 47 -, methyl mercury 35 -, in vivo metabolic capacity 233 -, test 13-14, 72 -, lactulose 233 toxicology 15, 26, 62, 83, 121 -, microcosm 137 -, aquatic 121 -, multi -species 138 -, environmental 15 -, mutagenicity (Ames test) 119 -, terrestrial 121 -, NOEC 134 toxics 105 -, photobacteria 44-45 toxins 110 -, Pseudomonas putida inhibitory 35 tracer 53, 132 -,reagent 43,44,46-47 tramadol 190,208,223 -, single-species 137 tranquillizer 91 -, SOS chromo- 47 transformation rate (DT 50) 160-162, 164, 169, 171 -, standard 14 -, slurry 160 -, toxicity 13-14,72 -, soil 160 -, urea breath 233 treosulfan 23 -, Zahn-Wellens (OECD 302B) 47, 54,58-59, tribromine hydroxy-benzoic acid 45-46 61,84,242 trichlorfon 162, 170 testosterone 167 triethanolamine 45 tetracycline 22,24,31,144,146,152,154-155,161, triglyceride 45 164,167-168,189,208,213,223,210 trihalomethane (THM) 118-119 TGD see Technical Guidance Document trimethoprim 13,23,82,145-146,154-155 THM see trihalomethane triolein 46 the Netherlands 50,123,159-161,163-165, tripartite 126 168-169,171,205,226 tris buffer 45 theobromine 23,167,170 tumour 114 theophylline 23,128,167, 189, 208, 213, 223 turbidity 32,54 therapy 5, 20, 26, 31, 43, 215 turkey 162, 169 thiazoline 78 tylosin 23,144,146,154 34 thiopental 189 u thioridazine 189-190,207-208,212,215,223 thiotepa 189, 209, 224 United Kingdom (UK) 54,124-125,131,136,165, thiourea 55 205-206, 208-209, 211, 221, 226 Third World Countries 241 -, potable water supply 226 threshold 3,30,57,61,84,105-106,117,175,196, -, sewage effluent 211 205, 214, 222, 22h 240 United States (US) 1-2,11,50,53,93,106-109, -, dose 227 123, 125-127,130,136,159,196,205,221 tiamulin 143-146,154-155 uptake 31, 52, 58-60, 62, 116, 193 tiludronate disodium 190,196 urban 38, 52, 112, 128 tinidazole 167 -, sludge 112 tissue 106, 133, 215-216 urea 84,233 TOC see total organic carbon uric acid 45-46 tolazoline 190 urination 153-154 tolbutamide 24, 167 urine 30,37,43,49,78,143,145,148,150, topsoil 32, 148, 153 152-153, 155, 156, 214-215 total organic carbon (TOC) 55,119-120 -, piglets 78 toxicant 59, 112 -, rats 78 toxicity 6,13-15,20-21,35,39,55,59,71-73,78, US see United States 82,105,110,116-117,121,130-131,136,138, USA see Uni ted States 196- 197,214,227,239-240 usage 77, 143, 205, 212, 216, 221, 232, 234, 240-241 -, acute -,human 239 v -, oral 78 -, toxicity test 72 vapour 91-92,94,111,132,163 -, bacteria 6, 35 -, pressure 91-92,94,111,132,163 -, bioassays 110, 117 vegetable 26, 114, 116, 222 -,carbamazepine 15 verapamil 190,208,223 -, chronic 197 vertebrate 198, 215 Index 265 veterinary 1.3-4.12.19-21.31.67.77.88.123-126. -. consumption 44. 205 130-134.136-139.143.150.152.155-156.159-160. -. depth 32 164-165.169.171-172.239.242 -. hazard classes 46 -. antibiotics 137.143.150.152.155-156.169 -. quality 222 -. medicine 1. 3-4. 67. 77. 88. 239. 242 -. shading 32 -. pharmaceuticals 4. 12. 123 -. solubility 49. 92. 132. 163 Veterinary International Co-operation on white shrimp 201 Harmonisation (VICH) 126 women 49. 211 Veterinary Medicine Directorate (VMD) 125 WWTP see wastewater treatment plant Vibrio fischeri 71 VICH see Veterinary International x Co-operation on Harmonisation vitellogenin 14. 130. 191. 211. 226 X-ray. contrast media 2 volatilisation 204. 206-207. 216 -. iodised 6. 37. 38 volatility 55. 241 xenobiotic 14.105.107.111-112.114-115.215 volcanoe 234 Xenopus laevis 13 vulnerability 110. 164. 171-172 y w yeast 54 warfarin 190.208.224 yeast screen (YES) 54. 60 washing 24. 32. 43 YES see yeast screen waste 3-4. 43. 47. 81. 101. 106. 117-118. 124. 204 yewtree 3 -. chemical 47 yield 210-212. 214. 226 wastewater 1-2.29-35.37-38.43-44.46-48.50. 52. 55. 59. 61. 67-68. 71. 81. 83-84. 86. 88. 101. z 112. 118. 120-121. 131-133. 136-137. 205. 207. 210-212. 214. 217. 221. 226. 228. 239 Zalm-Wellens -. communal 68 -. method 58 -. kitchens 37 -. test (OECD 302B) 47.54.58-59.61.84.242 -. laundries 37 zalcitabine 190.209.224 -. purification process 32 ZB see zinc bacitracin -. treatment plant (WWTP) 50. 59. 61. 136 zebrafish 13.15.201 -. municipal 52 -. embryotoxicity test 13.15 water zinc bacitracin (ZB) 77-79 -. compartment models 101 -. radiolabelIed 78