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Tamilnadu Board Class 11 Bio-Zoology Chapter 1

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Tamilnadu Board Class 11 Bio-Zoology Chapter 1 UNITUNIT I I ChapterChapter 1 1 TheThe Living Living World World Chapter Outline Chapter Outline 1.1. Diversity in the Living world 1.2.1.1. Need Diversity for Classification in the Living world 1.3.1.2. Taxonomy Need for and Classification Systematics 1.4.1.3. Three Taxonomy Domains and of Systematicslife 1.5.1.4. Taxonomic Three Domains Hierarchy of life 1.6.1.5. Nomenclature Taxonomic Hierarchy “Our task must be to…embrace all living 1.7.1.6. Concept Nomenclature of Species “Our task must be to…embrace creatures and theall whole living of creatures nature and and its the beauty.” whole 1.8.1.7. Tools Concept for study of Species of Taxonomy of nature— Albertand its Einstein beauty.” 1.8. Tools for study of taxonomy — Albert Einstein Learning Objectives: have to depend on plants and animals for food. Animals are also used as source • Learns the importance of labour, in farming, as pets, and for of the living world and other economic benefits. Understanding its diversity animals and their unique characteristics, • Understands the need habitats, behaviour and evolutionary for classification relationships is very important. This • Creates an interest in systematics chapter deals with, diversity in the living and understands the importance world, need for classification, types of of taxonomy for classification of classification, taxonomical hierarchy, animals nomenclature and tools for studying • Knows the key rules of nomenclatures taxonomy. and their uses 1.1 Diversity in the Living All living forms co-exist with each other. There are about 8.7 million species of World animals which have been identified, Earth has numerous habitats with a wide named, described and classified. A study range of living organisms inhabiting reports that 86% of all species on the land them. Plants and animals are present in and 91% of those in the seas are yet to be almost all of the places, from polar ice discovered, described and catalogued. caps to volcanic hot springs, from shallow Though humans are placed in the top lagoons to the deepest oceans, from most position on the hierarchy, they tropical rain forests to dry and parched 1 A new estimate of biodiversity on Earth (2017) 1% 0.4% 0.1% 4.1% 2.8% 7.3% 5.6% 7.4% 78% 0.02% 17.6% 90.5% 7.3% 4.9% 73.1 Wilson (1992) Mora et al (2011) Wilson (1992) Mora et al (2011)Brenden Brenden et et al al (2017) (2017) A traditional estimate of the An estimate based on An estimate based on the relative richness of diff erent groups of projected richness of diff erent projected richness of organisms based on numbers of groups of organisms. diff erent groups of organisms. described species. AnimalsFungi Plants Protists Bacteria Newly Discovered Species Th reatened Species in India (2016) in India Platyhelminthes Crustaceas Amphibians Reptiles 1% 13% 2% Fishes Invertebrates 13% 31% Insects 40% Vertebrates Mammal Birds Reptiles Amphibian Fishes Invertebrates New Species Discovered in India (2016) Of the new animal species discovered in India, 258 are invertebrates and 55 vertebrates. As many as 97 species According to IUCN, 172 species of animals are considered of insects, 27 of fi shes, 12 species of amphibians, 10 of globally threatened in India or 2.9% of the world’s total Platyhelminthes, 9 of Crustacea and 6 of reptiles have been number of threatened species. discovered and described by scientists. Th ere are 61 species Th ese include 53 species of mammals, 69 birds, 23 reptiles of moths and butterfl ies (order Lepidoptera) and 38 of beetles and 3 amphibians, 2 fi shes and 22 invertebrates. (Coleoptera). 2 deserts. There are a variety of species waste lot of time in finding an item. In that have been adapted successfully to the same way, libraries also organize the live in diverse ecosystems. Ecosystem is books alphabetically or genres-wise into a community of living organisms (plants autobiographies, novels, kids stories, and animals), non-living environment science fictions, etc. Likewise it is nearly (including minerals, climate, soil, water, impossible to study all the living organism sunlight) and their interrelationships hence it becomes necessary to device some (A.G. Tansley, 1935). The presence of a means and methods to make this possible large number of species in a particular and this process is called classification. ecosystem is called ‘biological diversity’ Classification is a process by which things or in short ‘ biodiversity’. The term are grouped in convenient categories, biodiversity was first introduced by based on easily observable characters. The Walter Rosen (1985), and defined by E.D. scientific term used for these categories Wilson. is taxa (taxon–singular). Taxa indicates categories at different levels, for example Difference between the Living and Kingdom Animalia, includes multicellular Non-living animals such as reptiles, mammals, etc. Living organisms show a variety Based on their characteristics, all living of unique characters different organisms can be classified into different from non-living matter. The key taxa. This science of classification is characters of living organisms are, called taxonomy. External and internal cellular organization, nutrition, structures along with developmental respiration, metabolism, growth, response processes and ecological information to stimuli, movement, reproduction, of organisms are essential, as they excretion, adaptation and homeostasis. form basis of the taxonomical studies. Numerous scientists and taxonomists Hence, characterisation, identification, have made tremendous contribution and nomenclature and classification are the documentation in the observation and scientific stages that are basic to taxonomy. study of even minute characters in living The basic need for classifications are: organisms. Their keen observations have • To identify and differentiate closely led to the classification of living organisms related species and the study of their interrelationships. • To know the variation among the 1.2. Need for classification species • To understand the evolution of the We come across many places where species things are arranged in specific categories. • To create a phylogenetic tree In super markets, the shelves can have rows and columns of groceries, cosmetics, among the different groups toys, stationeries, snacks and utensils. • To conveniently study living If it is not arranged in a well organized organisms manner, customers and sales persons will 3 1.3 Taxonomy and the organisms. Apart from the above Systematics said features, evolutionary history of the species and the environmental adaptations Taxonomy (G. taxis- arrangement ; nomos- and interrelationship between species are law) is the science of arrangement of also being investigated in systematics. living organisms along with classification, description, identification, and naming History of Classification of organisms which includes all flora and Early classification of organisms were fauna including microorganisms of the based on only two criteria, beneficial or world. The word taxonomy was coined by harmful animals. An ancient classification Augustin Pyramus de Candole (1813). system recognized 5 animal groups - Taxonomy is a theoretical study of domestic, wild, creeping, flying and classification with well defined principles, sea animals. Initially the classification rules and procedures. Aristotle is called was based on organism’s fundamental the father of taxonomy (classical) and characteristics such as the habitat and Carolus Linnaeus is the father of modern morphology only. taxonomy. Aristotle (384 to 322 BC), was the first to classify all animals in his History of System Systematics (G. /sequence) Animals (Historia Animalium in Latin). The objectives of taxonomy and He attempted a basic classification of all systematics are very similar; their goal living organisms into Plants and Animals. is to classify organisms with stipulated Animals were classified based on rules. The main criteria of systematics locomotion; walking (terrestrial), flying is identifying, describing, naming, (aerial) and swimming (aquatic). Based arranging, preserving and documenting on the presence or absence of red blood he classified the animals into two as Enaima with blood and those without blood as Carolus Linnaeus is Anaima. the father of modern Aristotle’s classification system had taxonomy, which is limitations and many organisms were not the system of classifying and fitting into his classification. For example, naming organisms. One of the tadpoles of frogs are born in water and his contributions was the have gills but when they metamorphosed development of a hierarchical into adult frogs they have lungs and can live system of classification of nature. both in water and on land. How to classify Today, this system includes frogs and where to place them? Aristotle eight taxa: domain, classified organisms based on locomotion, kingdom, phylum, hence, birds, bats, and flying insects were class, order, family, grouped together just by observing one genus, and species. single characteristic feature, the flying ability. On the contrary to the above said 4 example, the ostrich, emu and penguin organisms. A modification of this system are all birds but cannot fly. So Aristotle is the numerical taxonomy, which evolved would not have classified them as birds. in the 1950s. This system evaluates the In spite of these limitations Aristotle’s resemblances and differences through classification system was followed for statistical methods followed by computer more than 2000 years upto 1700.
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