Bird Diversity of the Penn Dixie Fossil Park and Nature Reserve

Survey Conducted by Jonathan Hoag, throughout the months of February – July 2020

Composed by Jonathan Hoag, Bachelor of Science in Environmental and Forest Biology, focus in Conservation Biology

Lead Educator at Penn Dixie Fossil Park and Nature Reserve

Penn Dixie Fossil Park and Nature Reserve is home to over 150 known species of birds. These birds comprise a wide variety of habitat functions, from nectar feeders to carnivores. During the fall and winter months the site is home to an abundance of birds. While in the spring the site is host to hundreds of migratory birds, like waterfowl, cranes, and neotropical migrant species, returning to Western New York from all around the globe to take advantage of the millions of insects that emerge during the spring months. The most biodiverse and notable bird families during this time are the warblers. When you walk the trails of Penn Dixie you too can experience the beauty of the bird world and their songs that give life to the woods of Western New York.

-This survey is the second one done on the site; the main purpose was to compare changes in the bird communities from the first survey conducted.

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Bird species observed on site, categorized by order and family, and identified by visual sightings and/ or by calls and vocalizations:

Order: Passeriformes: The Song Birds/ Perching Birds

- This order is by far the most diverse order of birds. Comprising 64 families, which hold approximately 5300 species of birds (over half of the 10,000 known bird species worldwide).

-Family: Turdidae: The Thrushes

1. Image Credit – Ashley Bradford/ Macaulay Library 2. Image Credit- Kristi Gould

1.) American Robin

A common species found throughout North America, the robin is known for its fluty melodic call, as well as its bright blue eggs, that you can commonly find under trees throughout the summer. Common food sources of the robin are earthworms, fruits, berries, and other insects. The robin is the only true thrush species in North America. A key characteristic of this species is its iconic dawn song.

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3. Image Credit- Fernando Burgalin Sequeria, Macaulay Library

2.) Wood Thrush

A near threatened species of thrush that shows up at the site during the spring months. This bird’s call can be described as being a series of rich, melodious, flute-like phrases (pit-pit-pit- pit). It can be identified by a light rusty colored back and head, as well as a white eye ring and a white belly with black dots. It calls deciduous forests and woodlots home, where it is commonly heard more than it is seen. The decline in the species can be contributed to cowbird nest parasitism and acid rain.

4. Image Credit- Yves Gauthier (Mtl) / Macaulay Library

3.) Hermit Thrush

The hermit thrush looks very similar to the wood thrush in appearance, with the body being dull brown on top, white belly with black dots on the chest, as well as a red brown tail. The call of this bird can be described as a fluty call, with very clear musical phrases, with a piping introductory and reedy tremor. Found in woody, deciduous forests most often. It is found close to or on the forest floor. The hermit thrush is the only forest thrush species that species is stable and/ or increasing in population size.

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5. Image Credit- Robert Beaumont, Macaulay Library

4.) Veery

Native to deciduous forests, this bird is similar in color to the above listed thrushes, with a body similar to the American robin. Veeries feed on insects mostly and have a beautiful downward spiraling call that sets it apart from the other thrushes.

6. Image Credit- Dick Tuttle, Columbus Audubon

5).Eastern Bluebird

The state bird of New York calls Penn Dixie home throughout the summer and spring months. The E. bluebird is distinguished by its light blue back head and back, and light orangey- brown chest and bright white chest. This bird can be found from Nicaragua in South America, all the way to across the North American continent. It is the most widespread species of the bluebirds. The E. bluebird nests primarily in manmade bird houses, and is commonly found in open woodlands, farm lands and orchards. It is threatened by non-native house sparrows that out compete the bluebird by taking over nesting boxes.

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-Family: Sturnidae: Starlings

7. Image credit- Johann Schumacher 8. Image Credit- Owen Humphreys

1.) European Starling- Invasive sp.

A non –native bird from Europe, Asia and North Africa the starlings were introduced to North America in 1890, by a man that wanted to have all of the species of birds mentioned in Shakespeare’s plays in the New World. Today the European starling is a very destructive invasive because they outcompete native birds for food and nesting areas. They are characterized by a dark glossy body and white star like dots found throughout the body. These birds fly in flocks numbering in the thousands. These flocks are an incredible sight to behold, as these birds seem to move as one organism, creating shapes and patterns in mid air that are awe inspiring.

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-Family: Sittidae: Nuthatches

9. Image Credit- Ryan Schain, Macaulay Library

1.) White-breasted nuthatch

These birds are found all throughout the forests of Penn Dixie. They are a small round, with a light blue back and black markings, and a bright white chest and belly. The beaks of these birds are finely pointed, and used for catching small insects on foliage and bark. They can often be seen climbing up and down the trunks of trees, and nesting ion tree cavities. They have a very distinct call, a somewhat “nasal yank, yank song”.

10. Image Credit- Christine Haines/Courtesy of Cornell Lab of Ornithology

2.) Red-breasted nuthatch

Very similar in habitat, hunting style, shape and size, only difference between morphologically is the light orangey red breast. The call is also different, sounding like a high pitched “toot”.

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-Family: Icteridae: Blackbird Family

11. Image Credit- Jonathan Eckerson 12. Image Credit- Alamy 1.) Red-winged blackbird

Found in N .America through Central America, the red- winged blacked bird is one of the most commonly seen and heard bird species found at Penn Dixie and Western New York. The bird is identified by its dark black body and brightly colored red, yellow and orange wing patches on males, while the females are a dull brown color. They are mostly a wetland species, breeding and nesting in between cattails in marshes, but can be found in a wide variety of habitats. Their call is also compared to a high pitched metallic sound. The arrival of these birds are an indicator of spring arriving.

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13. Image Credit- haseg77/ Shutterstock

2.) Brown-headed cowbird

This species was historically known to have a range that was restricted to the Great Plains in Western US. In the plains they followed the bison herds where they would benefit by getting food that the buffalo dug up and from insects on and around the bison. As climate change increased, the cowbird was able to move across the United States, inhabiting almost all of the 50 states. They have a quite different style of nesting and reproduction. The brown-headed cowbird is a brood parasite, which means they lay eggs in other species of bird’s nests, and then leave the egg to be raised by the unsuspecting mother bird. The cowbird chick usually grows faster than the others in the nest and hatches first, directly after hatching the chick may, in some instances throw the other eggs out of the nest, or just by growing faster and bigger steal all of the food from its nest mates. They also exhibit a behavior commonly referred to as the “cowbird mafia”, this behavior is described as the mother cowbird parasitizing a brood of eggs. If the mother bird of the parasitized nest rejects the cowbird’s egg, the mother cowbird will destroy the nest or even kill the parasitized bird’s chicks, in order force the bird to raise only her chick. Their call is similar to low pitched drop of water.

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14. Image Credit- T I

3.) Common grackle

Similar in morphology and color to the common crow, it is a large bodied Icterid, found in large flocks all across the United States. The grackle has a long jet black bill, long tail, and yellow eyes. Their head of the grackle has a metallic cobalt bluish purple color when in the sun, the body is a dark brown color.

15. Image Credit- Winston Poon / Macaulay Library

4.) Baltimore Oriole

A unique bird in found in Western New York, the oriole is a frugivorous (fruit eating) Icterid, that is found in a variety of habitats. The male oriole is easily identified by vibrantly bright orange chest and belly, as well as its dark black head and white and black wings. The oriole makes its nest in a hanging basket form that is connected by two or more branches, while the bottom is free hanging. The oriole really likes citrus fruits, so b y leaving slices of oranges out, you will most likely attract an oriole. They also will come commonly to a bowl of grape jelly. The call of the Baltimore oriole is well as whistle like in nature.

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16. Image Credit- Daniel Jauvin 17. Wikipedia 5.) Rusty Blackbird

This bird is a medium sized blackbird. It is a round bird, with a dark black color throughout the entire body, with a bright white eye. The females are a rusty color throughout most of the body, giving the bird its name. They prefer wet, forested areas and breed in the boreal forests and muskegs, up in Canada.

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Family: Corvidae: Ravens, Crows, Magpies, and Jays

- A family known for having species that are extremely smart, social, and problem solvers.

18. Image Credit- Jay McGowan 1.) American Crow

One of the most iconic and commonly seen birds in our area, the American crow can be seen along roadways, forests, fields and almost every habitat in the area, making them a very ubiquitous species. The American crow is regarded as a very intelligent and social species of bird, being able to mimic sounds, open lids, and even showing signs of morning those that died in their flock. They can be very mischievous and known as exceptionally good “problem solvers”. The crow is a large bird that has an approximate wingspan of 3.3ft. They feed on carrion, grains, seeds, nuts, fruits, worms and mice. They are also known to predate on nestlings of other bird species, frequently eating chicks out of nest. This is why you see many other songbirds chasing crows. A flock of crows is called a murder.

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19. Image Credit-Washington Nature Mapping Program

2.) Common Raven

A very large species of Corvid, the raven is another intelligent Corvid, the raven is regarded throughout history, for its intelligence and wisdom. Ravens have a large presence in Norse mythology and are portrayed as the eyes of Odin (Huggin and Munnin). Ravens are common in wooded areas, forests, open fields, and farmland. They can mimic many other animal sounds, and even human made sounds as well. Some ravens can even be taught to speak English words. They feed on carrion, eggs, small mammals, reptiles and amphibians, fish, insects and other arthropods, prey upon nestlings of other birds. The call of the raven is a loud guttural honk. They can be distinguished from crows, because ravens have feather on their upper beak, while crows do not. A flock of ravens have several names, such as a “treachery”, “unkindness”, and a “conspiracy.”

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20. Image Credit- Suzanne Labbe

3.) Blue Jay

A bird species that is commonly seen as well as heard at the Penn Dixie site. It is a fairly large bird, averaging the size of a crow. It is bright blue color, with white and black on its wings, and a bright white belly. The blue jay also has a prominent crest on its head. It has a taste for peanuts, and you can attract blue jays to your house by leaving peanuts out for them. They also are known for the behavior of killing the weakest and smallest chicks in their nest, as a way of partitioning resources to the healthier and stronger of the brood. Blue jays are known to mimic other bird’s calls. They have a fondness for acorns, and are credited for the spread of acorn trees across the US (allaboutbirds.com). They are known to be intelligent and have tight family bonds, with complex social systems. Blue jays eat insects, grains, acorns, nuts, berries, other fruits, small vertebrates, and are known to sometimes eat other bird’s nestlings and eggs, and even will kill and eat injured adult birds.

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Family: Mimidae: Thrashers, mockingbirds, tremblers and New World catbirds

- This family is known for their ability to mimic an extremely large array of calls, and even human made, anthropogenic noises.

21. Image Credit- Craig Abbott/ Audubon Photography Awards 22. Image Credit- Gordon Dimmig/ Macaulay Library

1.) Northern mockingbird

A mimid species commonly seen and heard on the site, the N. mockingbird is unique in the way that it communicates. As well as having its own calls, the mockingbird has the ability to mimic and memorize many other bird calls, animal calls, and even anthropogenically generated sounds. The way in which you can tell the mockingbird call from another bird species is that the mockingbird will call slightly faster. The mockingbird is a light grey color, with a long tail and pointed beak, with black wings. The bird hunts insects by flashing its wings up in the air, scaring insects from the ground.

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23. Image Credit- Nathan Dubrow, Macaulay Library

2.) Brown thrasher

A medium sized bird, with a pointed bill, a white belly and breast with brown species throughout, and a chestnut brown back with white stripes on the wings. The thrasher is a brown colored bird that hunts insects. When the bird opens its wings, there are 2 white patches that are displayed. The bird nests in thickets and overgrown clearings. They are commonly found in areas with cottonwoods, willows and dogwoods, and hawthorns. The thrasher gets its name from the way in which it hunts; they thrash around the leaves, searching for insects and invertebrates, as well as fruits, seeds and nuts.

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24. Image Credit- Bryan Calk, Macaulay Library

3.) Grey Catbird

This bird is an interesting bird commonly heard at Penn Dixie, they are a dark grey bird, with a brown colored rump, and dark black cap on the head. They get their name from their call, which sounds like a high pitched meow of a cat. Catbirds live and nest in many different areas and feed on insects, seeds and nuts, and fruits.

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Family: Picidae: The Woodpeckers

- The tongue of the woodpecker extends to the back of the brain cavity, acting as a cushion for the brain when pecking into trees.

25. Image Credit- Buzzle.com 1.) Downy Woodpecker and Hairy Woodpecker

Both of these woodpeckers are extremely common in WNY, and seen frequently on the nature trails at Penn Dixie. They both exhibit a call that is loud pitched and sounds similar to a chuckle. They have white and black streaks throughout their wings and a white breast, and a bright red cap on the head.

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26. Image Credit- David Turgeon Macaulay Library 27. Image Credit- Michael Newlon Macaulay Library 2.) Pileated Woodpecker

This woodpecker is the largest woodpecker species in the North America. Reaching a height of over a foot, and weighing an average of 11 oz. The pileated woodpecker has dark black wings with a white patch on the tips, a white belly and breast, black and white head and a prominent dark red crest. They nest in large holes that they excavate into dead trees, and feed on insect larvae in the wood of decaying and dying trees.

28. Image Credit- Carl Giometti, Macaulay Library

3.) Red- bellied woodpecker

This woodpecker is more commonly heard rather than seen. It is a medium sized bird, with a smooth light red head and nape (males), and similar colors to both the downy and hairy woodpecker throughout the rest of the body. Even though the red – bellied woodpecker does not have a red belly, it has a slight rusty colored belly. A red bellied woodpecker can stick its tongue out 2 inches past the end of its beak (allaboutbirds.com). They can be seen wedging nuts into the crevices of trees to store them, using cracks in trees and fence posts to store food stuffs for later consumption (allaboutbirds.com). They are cavity nesters, often seen in hardwood deciduous forests. They feed on insects and other arthropods, acorns, pine cones and nuts.

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29. Image Credit- Warren Lynn, Macaulay Library 4.) Northern Flicker

A bird common to the Penn Dixie Site, the flicker gets its name from the way it seems to flick its wings while it flies. It is very different in coloration from the other woodpecker species in the area. The flicker is a large woodpecker, with black scalloped plumage, the bellies are brownish white with dark black spots throughout, the head is a light grayish blue, as well as the head. They have a light brown color patch surrounding both eyes, a red patch on the nape, dark black collar on the neck, and a red streaks running from the corners of the mouth. The back is light grayish brown with dark black barring throughout, while the tips of the wings have yellow streaks on each side. And a black forked tail. They are commonly seen foraging for ants and beetles on the ground, unlike other tree dwelling woodpeckers. Eastern N. flickers will have a yellow coloration in the tail, while in the West they have red.

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30. Image Credit- Margaret Dunson

5.) Yellow– bellied sapsucker

Sapsuckers are unique in the way they feed; they leave holes in a lateral, as well as horizontal pattern along the trunk of trees. They drill these sap wells in maples, aspens, birches, beeches and elms; they will repeatedly visit these wells to feed. Sapsuckers feed on sap, and are distinguished by their dark to light yellow bellies on a white back ground. They look as if their bellies are stained yellow. Their bodies are black and white, and their heads have a red crown, with a white face and black eye stripe. Their necks are dark red as well.

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Family: Cardinalidae: The Cardinals

31. Image Credit- IStock 1.) Northern Cardinal

A very common year round resident of New York, the cardinal is a vibrantly red bird that calls the deciduous hardwood forests home. Both the male and female cardinal calls, it is interesting that the female cardinals have high levels of testosterone, causing them to fight with other females, sing, and compete for mates just as males do. The call of the cardinal can be compared melodically to a car alarm. Cardinals also have a significant spot in Catholicism, the presence of a cardinal indicates a deceased family member coming to bring luck and well wishes. N. cardinals eat mostly seeds and fruits, but do eat insects as well.

32. Image Credit- Birding East Brunswick, Steve Albert

2.) Rose- breasted Grosbeak

A Cardinalid seen in the area on occasion, the grosbeak is characterized by a dark black head, black wings with small white patches, a white breast with a large reddish rose colored patch that extends down to the belly, and a white beak. Grosbeaks feed primarily on seeds, fruits, and on occasion insects. Their large beaks are used to crack large seeds.

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33. Image Credit- Richard Day, Daybreak Industries 34. Image Credit-Sandusky County Park District

3.) Indigo Bunting

A smaller bird in size, the indigo bunting is a dark purplish- blue color, with dark black wings. They are common and widespread throughout the state. You will commonly find them in weedy fields and shrubby areas with trees. They feed on insects and seeds in the lower levels of the forest. They exhibit incredible sexual dimorphism with the males being deep blue, while the females are plain brown.

Family: Passeridae: Old World Sparrows

35. Image Credit- Tgreyfox- Wikimedia Commons 1.) House Sparrow

Among one the most widespread and abundant songbirds in the world, the house sparrow is an invasive species, native to Europe. It has been introduced to most of the world, and is considered a nuisance and invasive species in New York. They outcompete native birds for food and resources, as well as being aggressive and taking over nesting sites, mainly bird houses. You can find them nesting in bird houses and calling rapidly and frequently throughout the day. They have a dark brown head and light brown body. They are a fairly small bird, fitting into the palm of one’s hand.

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Family: Passerellidae: New World Sparrows

36. Image Credit- Scott Martin, Macaulay Library 1.) dark- eyed junco

A small Passerellid, the junco has a slate colored back, while the belly is a whitish blue color. The bird gets its name from the small dark black eye of the bird. Mainly found in coniferous forest, but mostly ubiquitous across many habitats. The junco feeds on seeds from many species of plants, they also feed on beetles, moths, butterflies, caterpillars, and other insects.

37. Image Credit- Evan Lipton, Macaulay Library 2.) Swamp Sparrow

This sparrow calls the wetlands of Penn Dixie home. It is a small brown bird species, looking similar to other sparrow species. It is identified by its distinct call. You can see the swamp sparrow preying on insects in between the reeds and cattails of the wetlands.

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38. Image Credit- Michel Bourque, Macaulay Library 3.) White- Crowned Sparrow

A small sparrow species of deciduous forests, the white- crowned sparrow is identified by its light grey head, which has a white “crown” on the top, as well as two black eye stripes and a light grey belly. The wings are light brown with subtle white patterning throughout. It has a beautiful call which is its most identifying characteristic.

39. Image Credit- David M. Bell, Macaulay Library 4.) Field Sparrow

A sparrow found commonly in open grassland and field environments, the field sparrow is a plain colored brown bird, it can be identified from other sparrows from its pink conical bill., which can be seen commonly perching on grassed singing in the fields. It feeds mainly on grass seeds in the winter, and then in the warmer months, switch to a mix of seeds and insects.

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40. Image Credit- Marc St. Onge, Macaulay Library 5.) American Tree Sparrow

These sparrows breed in the far North of North America during the nesting season, and then migrate to our area during the winter. They live high up in trees where their songs can be heard echoing throughout the forest canopy. They are identified by being a small brown bird like other sparrows; however, they are distinguished by their white colored breasts with a large black dot in the center.

41. Image Credit- Keenan Yakola, Macaulay Library

6.) White– throated Sparrow

A very interesting sparrow species found throughout the US. The white throated sparrow is found primarily in riparian habitats, and can be identified by the two b right yellow patches on the head. It is known primarily by its beautiful melodic call. They are year round inhabitants of NY State.

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42. Image Credit- Ryan Schain, Macaulay Libary

7.) Song Sparrow

43. Image Credit- Evan Lipton, Macaulay Library 8.) Chipping sparrow

A sparrow with a long tail, medium sized beak, a dark black rump. The wings are brown, with black, white and a tan patterning. The bird has a brown cap, and a light black stripe that passes through the eye. The chest has brown streaking throughout it. Chipping sparrows live high up in tree tops, where they sing. Chipping sparrows get their name from their extremely rapid series of chipping sounds they produce. They feed mainly on the seeds of grasses and herbs, and are native to edge habitat, woodlands, parks and backyards to name a few.

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Family: Fringillidae- Finches

44. Image Credit- Adam Jackson, Macaulay Libray 45. Image Credit- Anonymous eBirder/ Macaulay Libary 1.) American goldfinch

One of the most common and iconic bird species in our area, the goldfinch is a bright yellow Fringillid found throughout the country. It is characterized by its bright yellow body, a dark black patch on the forehead and black wings with white barring (males), while females are a drab light brown color. Goldfinches mostly feed exclusively on seeds, especially the seeds from the flowering plant family Asteraceae: the thistles, asters, ect…

46. Image Credit- Raymond Lee Photography 2.) Pine Siskin

A drab brown finch species with a sharp, pointed bill and yellow and black wings, siskins are residents of the WNY area during the non breeding months. They nest in coniferous and/ or mixed forest ecosystems. They feed exclusively on the seeds of pines and other coniferous species, plucking the seeds from the cones.

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47. Image Credit- Alexandra Forsythe

3.) House Finch

A common finch species throughout Eastern North America, the house finch is a primarily drab brown bird; however the head, breast and belly are a reddish-purple color. House finches were actually introduced from the Western US, but have become naturalized in the East. They are not as destructive as other invasive species. They feed on seeds primarily, and nest and live in human disturbed areas such as towns, houses and other human made structures. They feed exclusively on seeds, plant buds and fruits.

48. Image Credit- Eric Gofreed 4.) Common Redpoll

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Family: Troglodytidae- Wren Family

- Wrens can be identified by their tail, which stands straight up in the air. Their calls are complex, containing multiple notes.

49. Image Credit- Larry Sirvio 1.) Marsh Wren

A small brown bird, native to wetland ecosystems in the US, the marsh wren can be found clinging to wetland grasses and plants, where they feed on insects. Key characteristics of this bird are the white brow, and black and white streaks that run down its back. They are a very secretive species, spending most of its life in between the marsh reeds.

50. Image Credit- Andy Witchger 2.) House wren

Common backyard bird throughout North America, the house wrens are found foraging in small shrubs and low hanging branches in deciduous forests. They feed on insects and can be attracted b y nesting boxes.

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51. Image Credit- Davey Walters 3.) Winter wren

A small brown bird that has white barring on the wings and tail, they are found in deciduous hardwoods, coniferous forests, firs and hemlocks. They hunt on the forest floor for invertebrates.

Family: Tyrannidae: Tyrant flycatchers

52. Image Credit- Brian Sullivan 1.) Eastern wood pewee

A small flycatcher species that is a native of deciduous hard wood forests, this bird can be heard calli9ng from the tops of trees. The call of the pewee is where the bird gets its name, it sounds as if it is saying “peeeeeweeee, peeeeeweeee” It is a rather territorial bird, and it responds commonly to other males calling.

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53. Image Credit- Epi Shemming 2.) Eastern Phoebe

Similar to the pewee, the phoebe gets its name from its call, where it sounds as if it is saying phoebe.

54. Image Credit- Frank Lehman 3.) Eastern Kingbird

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Family: Paridae: Tits, Chickadees and Titmice

55. Image Credit- Scott Martin 1.) black- capped chickadee

One of the most common backyard birds in our area, the chickadee is a common bird seen at feeders, as well as being a year round native of the area. They are known by their call, which sounds as if they are saying “cheeseburger”. They are a curious bird species, commonly feeding out of the hands of humans. Chickadees hide and store seeds for future consumption. A cool fact about chickadees is that every fall, their brains grow in order to allow their small brains to receive more information such as, where they hid food, and new social behaviors of their flock.

56. Image Credit- Ben McGann

2.) Tufted titmouse

A common bird feeder visitor, the titmouse is a small grayish- blue bird, with a small pointed tuft of feathers on the head, a white belly and breast, and small yellow patches on the flanks. They feed on seeds and can be seen hanging from ends of branches to grab seeds

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Family: Certhiidae – The Tree Creepers

57. Image Credit- David Brislance 1.) Brown Creeper

An extremely cryptic species of bird, the brown creepers lives its life climbing up and down the trunks of trees, where it hunts for insects. The brown creeper is the only North American species in the family Certhiidae. Their curved, pointed beak and spine tipped tails allow creepers to pluck insects from in between tree bark. They are found in large stands of mature forests mainly, but can also be attract ted to bird feeders and suet blocks.

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Family: Vireonidae- The Vireos

58. Image Credit- Michael Palin 1.) Red-eyed Vireo

Thought of as one of the most widespread and high density species in North America, the red- eyed vireo is known for its interesting call. When put to words, the call of the red-eyed vireo sounds like it is saying words with pauses in between. The vireo is a medium sized, olive- green colored bird, with grey colored cap on the head, a white eye brow that has a black line above and below it, and the prominent red eye. The bottom of the bird is a yellowish green color. They are insectivorous, inhabiting a wide variety of habitats throughout the country. You can hear the vireo calling high up in the tree tops.

59. Image Credit- Daniel Jauvin 2.) Warbling Vireo

A small, drab brown bird that is common in the area, the warbling vireo gets its name from the rambling call the males sing. The call is a series of up and down notes, sung in a fast pace sounding as if the bird is rambling.

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Family: Hirundinidae: The Swallows

A family of very social birds, which live in large family units, and are characterized by being aerial insectivores.

60. Image Credit- Phil McNell 1.) Tree Swallow

A riparian and wetland species, the tree swallow is an aerial insectivore like other swallow species. This means that they feed on insects and hunt and eat flying insects while flying. The tree swallow nests and lives in tree hollows, and can be seen commonly flying above the wetlands on the site. They are a small bird, with a dark- metallic purple color on the head and back, bright white breast and belly, and dark black coloration around the eyes. They have a short pointed beak for grabbing insects on the fly, and a squared tail that is slightly notched in the middle. You can find these birds in our wetlands on the site.

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61. Image Credit- Kent Keller

2.) Bank Swallow

Another riparian species, the bank swallow makes its nests in the sides of creek banks. It is the smallest of the swallow species. The bank swallow is a small swallow species with a forked tail, white underside, and the head has a white band across the back of the head, a brown collar on the chest and dark under wings

62. Image Credit- JJ Cadiz, Cajay

3.) Barn Swallow

This swallow is a cobalt blue color on the top of the body and a dark orange chin; the bank swallow can be seen hunting for insects over open water, in agricultural fields, and open areas. The barn swallow has a deeply forked tail, distinguishing it from the above species. Before humans arrived in the New World, barn swallows would nest in caves, however they evolved to adapt to the large structures that humans created and began to nest in barns and other structures.

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Family: Parulidae- New World Warblers

Extremely large and diverse families of song birds, the warblers are a Neotropical group of Passerines that migrate to South America in the winter and Migrate back to North America in the spring in order to take advantage of the large abundance of insects and insect large, especially caterpillars that are present during the breeding season and nesting season

63. Image Credit- Joseph Mahoney/ Audubon Photography Awards 1.) Blue-winged warbler

64. Image Credit- Luke Seitz/ Macaulay Library 2.) Golden-winged warbler

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65. Image Credit- Tyler Ficker / Macaulay Library 3.) Tennessee Warbler

66. Image Credit- James Cummins/ Macaulay Library 4.) Nashville Warbler

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67. Image Credit- Shirlay Donald/ Audubon Photography Awards 5.) Northern Parula

68. Image Credit- Ryan Schain/ Macaulay Library 6.) Yellow Warbler

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69. Image Credit-Davey Walters/ Macaulay Library 7.) Chestnut- sided warbler

70. Image Credit- Gary Robinette/ Macaulay Library 8.) Magnolia warbler

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71. Image Credit- Gretchen Dowling 9.) Cape May warbler

72. Image Credit- Ronnie d’Entremont/ Macaulay Library 10.) Black- throated green warbler

73. Image Credit-Brendan Klick/ Macaulay Library 11.) Black-throated blue warbler

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74. Image Credit- Ryan Schain/ Macaulay Library 12.) Yellow – rumped warbler

75 Image Credit- Corey Hayes 13.) Blackburnian warbler

76. Image Credit- Rainforest Alliance 77. Image Credit- Carole Mebus 14.) Ovenbird

This warbler gets its name from the oven shaped nest it creates on the ground. The nest has a lid on the top, which gives the nest protection and camouflage

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78. Image Credit- Jonathan Eckerson/ Macaulay Library 15.) Pine warbler

79. Image Credit- All Canada Photos 16.) Bay- breasted warbler

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80. Image Credit- NPS/ Nick Saunders 17.) Blackpoll warbler

81. Image Credit- Andrew Simon/ Macaulay Library 18.) Cerulean warbler

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82. Image Credit- Ryan Schain/ Macaulay Library 19.) Black -and- white warbler

83. Image Credit- Evan Lipton/ Macaulay Library 20.) American redstart

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84. Image Credit- Steven Mlodinow/ Macaulay Library 21.) Northern water thrush

85. Image Credit- David Turgeon/ Macaulay Library 22.) Mourning warbler

86. Image Credit- Paul Higgins 23.) Common yellowthroat

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87. Image Credit- Evan Lipton/ Macaulay Library 24.) Hooded warbler

88. Image Credit- Ryan Schain/ Macaulay Library 25.) Wilson’s warbler

89. Image Credit- David Turgeon/ Macaulay Library 26.) Canada warbler

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Family: Bombycillidae- Waxwings

90. Image Credit- Tom Gannon/ Macaulay Library 91. Image Credit- Dennis Cooke/ Macaulay Library 1.) Cedar waxwing

Found in large flocks, the waxwings feed heavily on fruits, and are identified by the red speck on the wing, brown head fading to grey on the body, yellow tipped tail and black face mask. They can be seen in New York in large flocks throughout the year.

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Order: Apodiformes- Hummingbirds & Swifts

There are 2 families, representing 2 species native to the Western New York area.

Family: Trochilidae- Hummingbirds

-Only one species of hummingbird is native to New York State

92. Image Credit- Jerry Green 93. Image Credit- Garth C. Clifford 1.) Ruby- Throated Hummingbird

New York’s only native hummingbird species, the ruby -throated hummingbird is a common visitor to flowers and hummingbird feeders. Characterized by the back and head being emerald green or golden green, the belly white, and the ruby colored throat in which the bird gets its name. This bird can fly extremely fast and stop on a dime. They feed on nectar from flowers, but are also know to pluck insects from spider webs and off of leaves. A single hummingbird can flap its wings 55 times a second. A single egg is smaller than a dime; the female ruby throat almost always lays two eggs in their extremely tiny cup shaped nest.

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Family: Apodidae- Swifts

94. Image Credit- George L. Armistead 95. Image Credit- Mass Audubon 96. Image Credit- Greg Schechter 1.) Chimney swift

Found primarily in human settlements, but can be found over fields, orchards and other open spaces with vertical structures for nesting, especially nesting in chimneys and other similar structures, chimney swifts are a small black bird, similar in shape and size to swallows, they are noted for their cigar shaped bodies, and they are also an aerial insectivore. Swifts construct their nests by cementing sticks and twigs to the wall of a structure using their glue- like saliva.

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Order: Cuculiformes- Cuckoos

Family: Cuculidae- Cuckoos

97. Image Credit- B.N.Singh / Macaulay Libary 1.) Yellow-billed cuckoos

A cuckoo species common in our area, the yellow- billed cuckoo is a migrant bird that comes to our area to take advantage of the vast abundance of caterpillars that emerge in the spring and summer. Most notably the cuckoo is known to feed on spiny caterpillars, and actually shed the lining of their stomachs in order to expel the spines that are trapped in the stomach from the caterpillars. The key characteristics of this bird is its sharp, curved bill with a bright yellow bottom mandible, long black and white striped tail, white underside and brown top.

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Order: Caprimulgiformes- Nightjars andt frog mouths

- A unique order of cryptic birds that have extremely large mouths, great camouflage, and are known for being primarily nocturnal in nature.

Family: Caprimulgidae

98. Image Credit- Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife 1.) Eastern Whip-poor-will

An extremely cryptic species of bird, the whip –poor-will is named for its call in which it says its name. This bird is highly camouflaged, blending into decaying leaf and plant matter. They are strictly a nocturnal species. During the day whip-poor-wills roost on the forest floor or in the canopies of deciduous forest, and during the evening and nights, they can be heard singing nonstop their songs. They have large whisker like feathers around their mouth, which they use to help bring insects into their mouths.

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Order: Columbiformes- The Pigeons, and Doves

-Known for being widespread throughout the world, seen in many cities and towns, as well as being a commonly domesticated species. Doves and pigeons feed their chicks with milk, which they produce in their crops.

Family: Columbidae- Pigeons and Doves

99. Image Credit- Betsy Bass/Great Backyard Bird Count Image Credit- Audubon .org

1.) Mourning Dove

Commonly seen in agricultural fields, sunflower patches, in dirt roads and driveways, ands in general most habitats in and around anthropogenically altered areas. The mourning dove is a medium sized light grey bird, with a long tail, and black markings on the back of the wings and tail. The bird is a generalist feeding on seeds, grains, and invertebrates. It gets its name from its call; the call of the mourning dove sounds like a woman crying, as if in mourning. Mourning doves are an extremely important game bird, being the most harvested migratory game bird in North America.

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100. Image Credit- Luke Seitz/Macaulay Library 2.) Rock Pigeon

An invasive species that has been naturalized throughout the world, Introduced I t he early 17th Century. These birds are native to Northern Africa, Southern Europe, and Western Asia. Rock pigeons can be found in most major cities and almost every continent around the world. They live almost exclusively in human settlements and in agricultural fields. Nesting and living under bridges, spires, and any crevices or ledges available. They are a highly social species, living in large flocks. Rock pigeons pose hazards for humans by the possibilities of diseases in their feces, and causing messes by their droppings in public places, as well as stealing resources from native species that they live alongside with. All domestic breeds of pigeon are descendants of the rock pigeons.

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Order: Cathartiformes- New World Vultures & Condors

Family: Cathartidae- Vultures

101. Image Credit- TrekOhio.com 1. Turkey Vulture

Commonly seen flying high above the landscape in large flocks, the turkey vulture is a large bird species that is common to the area. Turkey vultures are characterized by being large in size, having a red, bald head, brown top feathers and white on the bottom of the wings, and a white bill. They are exclusively scavengers; they have extremely good sense of smell that allows them to smell dead animals from far away. Turkey vultures are essential for the ecosystem, they have an extremely acidic stomach acid ranging anywhere from 0-1, which allows them to eat rotten carcasses and digest and kill almost all bacteria that enter their stomachs. Vultures do not make nests of their own, instead they use old nests and also more commonly lay eggs in the far, dark reaches of caves and structures, such as tree holes, barns, and buildings, as well as cliffs. A flock of turkey vultures is called a kettle, while a group of vultures at rest is called a venue, committee or volt, and a group of feeding vultures is referred to as a wake (The Spruce).

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Order: Galliformes: Landfowl

The order Galliformes includes turkeys, pheasants, grouses, and chickens. This order contains some of the most popular game bird species such as the wild turkey and ring-necked pheasant, as well as poultry such as chickens.

Family: Gallionidae- Gallinaceous birds

102. Image Credit- New York Post 1. Wild Turkey

One of Penn Dixie’s most famous and frequently scene bird species, the wild turkey is an iconic species at the site, as well as throughout the United States. Wild Turkeys were once driven to extinction due to overhunting, and habitat loss, but today their populations are thriving, making them one of the greatest conservation success stories. Being a popular game bird in the state, Turkeys nest on the ground in nests called scrapes. Males, called “Toms” are large birds with red, white, ands blue heads, and long snoods which drape over the beak, as well as a waddle, which is on the neck, and cluster of hair- like feather protruding from the chest called a beard; females are called “hens”. Due to the turkey’s head possessing all of the colors of the Nation’s flag, Benjamin Franklin petitioned for the turkey to be the symbol of the United States. Like other gallinaceous birds, Turkeys exhibit leking behavior, in which makes will strut and gobble in a clearing, and draw the females in to choose which one they want to breed with. In the US, there are 5 subspecies of turkeys: The Eastern, which we have in New York, Merriam’s turkey, which are found in the states west of the Missouri River, Rio Grande turkeys, Gould’s turkey, and Osceola turkey, which is only found in Florida (Meateater.com)

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Wading Birds and Shore Birds Native to The Penn Dixie Site

Order: Charadriiformes- The Shorebirds

This order includes all small to medium sized shore birds, all birds in this order live near water and feed on a wide array of organisms and plant material, and Gulls are seen commonly on the site, passing over due to the close proximity to Lake Erie. Also a variety of gull species visit the site to feed on food scraps left behind by visitors.

Family: Laridae- The Gulls

103. Image Credit- Jeremy Collison/ Macaulay Library 1. Ring- billed gull

Commonly seen along the lakeshore, ring bills can be scene commonly flying above the site, waiting for visitors to drop their snacks. These birds look like a quintessential gull, but what distinguishes them is the dark black ring on the gull’s bill. Ring- billed hulls are a smaller species of gull, with a ringed gull, light grey wings, and white body. The tips of the tail feathers have white patterning on them as well, as well as yellow legs.

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104. Image Credit- Darren Clark /all about birds 105. Image Credit- G & B/ Macaulay Library- all about birds

2. Herring Gull

Herring gulls are slightly larger than the ring- billed gulls, with black wing tips, and a red dot on the lower bill. Juvenile herring gulls have brown mottling all over the body. Herring gulls are colony nesters, feeding on invertebrates and fish, and nesting on soft soils or sand. They are the most common gull species in North America.

106. Image Credit- Evan Lipton/ Macaulay Library- all about birds 3. Great Black - backed gull

They are the largest gull species in the world, with pink legs, and a dark black back. The beak of the gull is yellow with a red dot near the tip of the bill. Greater black –backed gulls are generalists. They feed on inverts, fish, eggs, and the young of other gulls and birds. The nesting behavior of this species is a generalist style as well; they nest in “loose” colonies, with other species of birds. Historically, these gulls were hunted for their feathers, which drove their population to dangerously low numbers.

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Family: Charadriidae- Plovers and Pipers

107. Image Credit- Davey Walters 108. Image Credit- Bonnie Ott- all about birds 1. Killdeer

The killdeer is the sites most commonly seen and heard species of bird. It is a large plover species that like to make its nests in the rocks at the Penn Dixie. They do this because their eggs are colored like rock, so they blend into the surrounding substrate. Killdeer make their nests by digging out a small depression and lining it with small pebbles, sticks, and materials. Killdeers are characterized by their dark brown backs, two black stripes on the neck/ chest and one black stripe on the face. They are widespread and commonly seen in human disturbed areas, such as parking lots, lawns, and construction sites to name a few. Unlike other plover species, killdeer prefer to live in inland habitats, instead of near water. Killdeer are famous from their broken wing dance, which they perform in order to lure predators, and visitors to the site away from their nest. They will chirp loudly and then lay down, flapping their wing, displaying the tail feathers, which are a yellow color, in order to look as if they are injured and an easy meal, once the predator gets to close they fly off and usually will circle back to the nest once the predator is confused.

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Family: Scolopacidae: Sandpipers

109. Image Credit- David Turgeon 110. Image Credit- Timothy Spahr 1. Spotted Sandpiper

When digging in the pits of Penn Dixie, keep an eye out for this medium sized sandpiper. Seen frequently during the summer months, spotted sandpipers can be seen bobbing their tails, while making a peeping noise. Males of this species have white spotting throughout the body, while females are a tan color. Both sexes are brown throughout the top of the body, white underneath, and have long legs and a long bill. Spotted sandpipers use the site as a breeding area, and then migrate out of the state during the winter and fall months.

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Order: Pelecaniformes- Herons, Bitterns, and Pelicans

Family: Ardeidae- Herons and Bitterns

111. Image Credit: Janis Stone, Macaulay Library 1. Great Blue Heron

Large, grey bird with a black crown, flight feathers edged with black. The great blue heron have large pointed bills, and long stilt- like legs that allow there, to wade in the water while hunting. These birds feed commonly on fish, frogs, and other amphibians, and sometime will eat small birds and mammals. Great blue herons nest in large groups called rookeries, they are colonial breeders. They are also the largest heron species in North America.

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112. Image Credit: All about birds, Simon Best, Macaulay Libray 2. Green Heron

Image Credit: All about birds

A medium sized species of heron, found throughout the wetlands of NY. Green herons have iridescent green feathers, and a dark cap. Interestingly, green herons are known to “bait” fish using tools and pieces of food in order to lure them in to eat. Green herons live in wooded water bodies and enclosed wetland systems, which makes Penn Dixie’s wetland a perfect place to observe these interesting birds. Populations of this species are in decline, mostly due to habitat loss.

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113. Image Credit- Tom Hodgson, Chelsea Update, 114. Image Credit- Gary Meyer, Outdoor Photography

3. Great Egret

The symbol of the National Audubon Society, and a conservation success story, the great egret is a large white bird, standing 3ft tall, with a large yellow bill, green patches on the face, long black legs, and brilliant white plumage. Very rarely these birds will stop by the Penn Dixie’s wetland to take advantage of the abundant food found in it, as well as stop and rest due to the cover the wetland provides. Great egrets are a conservation success story, they were hunting almost to extinction for their beautiful white feathers, but today they are a protected species that has a healthy and stable population

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Family: Rallidae- Rails

115. Image Credit- Louis and Celine St-Amaud, Macaulay Library

1. Sandhill crane

Sandhill cranes are a large crane species, characterized by an overall grey body and a dark red forehead. Sandhill cranes prefer open habitats that are usually drier than most wetlands. In New York State, these cranes are a common visitor in Central New York, most notably Montezuma Wildlife Refuge. Sandhills are an unusual visitor at the site, and are rarely seen passing over the site, while on their migration route. The call of the Sandhill crane is an unusual sound; a mix high pitched chattering and clicking sounds.

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Other Wetland Birds and Waterfowl Spp.

Order: Coraciiformes- Kingfishers and Allies

Family: Alcedinidae- Kingfishers

116. Image Credit- Audubon Society, Brian Kushner

1. Belted Kingfisher

Kingfishers are seen along creek and stream banks mostly, where they perch high on branches to look for small fish and frogs to feed on. They nest in creek banks and build their nest by burrowing into the sides of the banks. Male kingfishers have a white belly with bluish- grey throat band, while females have a white belly, bluish- grey throat band and 2 brown bands on the belly. They also possess a large bluish- grey crest on their head. They are known for their fast paced chattery call, which they produce while flying. Juveniles have highly acidic stomach acid that allows them to digest bones of amphibians and fish.

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Waterfowl Spp. at Penn Dixie

- Under one order, there are several categories and tribes of ducks and geese. Anserini (geese), Cygnini (swans), Anatini (puddle and dabbling ducks), Aythini (diver ducks), Mergini ( sea ducks), and Oxyurini ( stiff -tailed ducks). Western New York is home to several crucially important waterfowl habitats, including Iroquois National Wildlife Refuge, The Niagara River, and Lake Erie itself. Order: Anseriformes- Ducks, Geese, Swans

Tribe: Anserini- Geese

117. Image credit- Max McCarthy, Macaulay Library 1. Canada goose (Giant)

An extremely common spp. of waterfowl found throughout North America, and New York. Canada geese are a common visitor to the site, usually seen resting and foraging in the open areas of the site, as well as in our wetlands. Canada geese are large birds, with a brown body, black head, and white cheek patches. They feed exclusively on grasses and green vegetation. There are several subspecies of Canada geese found throughout the United States. The subspecies found in our area is Branta canadensis maxima, the Giant Canada goose, which is the largest of the subspecies of Canada geese

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Tribe: Anatini- Dabbling and Puddle Ducks

This group contains duck species which do not dive, but instead feed by tipping their bodies and dabble for food. Species in this tribe are wetland species, living primarily in shallow wetlands, ponds and agricultural fields.

118. Image Credit- Christopher Shell, Macaulay Library, aab 1. Mallard

Mallards are referred to as one of the most coveted game bird in North America. Found throughout North America, mallards are the most abundant and widespread species of duck in North America. Mallard ducks are generalists, feeding on invertebrates, seeds, agricultural grains, nuts, and vegetation. Mallards commonly hybridize with pother species of ducks, especially the black duck, which it is closely related to.

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119. Image Credit- Paul Prappas, Macaulay Library, all about birds 2. Wood duck

Wood ducks are a unique species of duck from the others. They are an arboreal species of duck, possessing a back toe that allows them to perch up in trees. Wood ducks are cavity nesters, laying eggs in cavities of cotton wood, willow, and other wetland trees. They are also known to be brood parasites, laying eggs in other wood duck nests, as well as other species nests. Wood ducks are one of the most beautiful duck species in North America. Males, called drakes, have a crest with metallic greens, reds, and white striping, also the eye of the duck is dark red. The bill is yellow, pink, black and white, and then body has vermiculated feathers along the side, with tan, browns, metallic blues, and whites. Wood ducks live in forested wetlands primarily, feeding on acorns, aquatic vegetation, maples seeds, insects, and invertebrates.

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Birds of Prey Seen At the Penn Dixie Site

Order: Accipitriformes- Hawks, Eagles and Allies

Family: Accipitridae- Hawks and Eagles

Species in this family are separated into two groups- Buteo and Accipiter

Buteo- Accipiters - Shorter, fan- shaped tails Long tails - Broad wings flap, flap, glide style of flying - -Soaring short wings

120. Image Credit- Brian Sullivan/ Macaulay Library 1. Red- tailed hawk

The most common bird of prey seen in the area, the red tailed hawk is a commonly seen species of Buteo on the site. This species is distinguished from other hawks by a “belly band” on the belly of the bird. They also have red tails, and there call is the textbook hawk sound, heard in countless western movies. There are actually 15 subspecies of red-tailed hawk found across the United Sates. They have a sit and wait style of hunting, feeding mainly on squirrels, rabbits, and other small mammals.

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121. Image Credit- Evan Lipton / Macaulay Library

2. Cooper’s hawk

Seen commonly in woods, fields, and open areas, cooper’s hawks are a medium sized accipiter, with a round tail, grey body, and checkered pattern on the belly and chest. They specialize in feeding on other birds, and commonly crash while swooping in on prey.

122. Image Credit- Robert Beauchamp / Macaulay Library

3. Sharp- shinned hawk

Accipiter, similar looking to the Cooper’s hawk, it is a small hawk species, with a squared off tail. It feeds primarily on birds in forest ecosystems. Sharp shins are the smallest hawk species in the NA.

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123. Image Credit- David Brown/ Macaulay Library 3. Broad- winged hawk

Distinguished by banding on the tail of the bird, this Buteo is also a forest hawk, commonly hunting in thick forest habitats. They form massive kettles (flocks) while migrating in the fall and winter months.

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124. Image Credit- Scott Heidorn/ Macaulay Library 4. Bald Eagle

The bald eagle is our nation’s symbol. Commonly seen flying over the site, while on its way to the lake shore. Bald eagles hold their wings flat, which distinguishes them from other eagle spp. They are very large birds and outweigh most raptor species that are in the area. Bald eagles are mostly scavengers, feeding on carrion, road kill, but also prey heavily on fish and in some cases small deer and mammals. They are a conservation success story, once being almost extinct in the wild; their populations today are flourishing throughout the country. They make extremely large nests, usually coming back annually to the same nest to lay eggs. Juvenile bald eagles are drab brown color, while the adults have brilliantly white heads and yellow beaks.

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Family: Pandionidae: Osprey

125. Image Credit- Jonathan Hoag 1. Osprey

Ospreys or fish eagles are almost always found around bodies of water, where they feed exclusively on fish. Ospreys can be seen frequently constructing nests on manmade structures such as buoys, posts, and other tall structures. They are a migratory species, and can b e found on all continents, except for Antarctica. Ospreys are characterized by having black eye stripes and cheeks. Interestingly enough, osprey always are seen carrying fish, with the fish facing head first. Due to the site’s close proximity to the lake, ospreys are sometimes observed flying over the site.

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Order Strigiformes- Owls

Owls are extremely good predators, their eyes are large, which enable them to see their prey clearly from long distances away. The shape of the owls head is somewhat like a satellite, funneling sounds directly into the ears. The tips of the flight feathers are frayed which cut wind passing through them, making owls virtually silent when flying.

Family: Strigidae

126. Image Credit- David Wade/ Macaulay Library 1. Eastern Screech Owl

This species is a small and extremely cryptic owl species that calls the forests home. Screech owls are extremely camouflaged, spending most of their time in tree cavities. They have a broad ecological niche, being known to feed on everything from small mammals, amphibians, such as salamanders, to insects. They can be heard during the night making their whinny and trill calls. Screech owls have a unique appearance, with two tufted ears that when raised or lowered actually change the shape of the owl’s head.

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127. Image Credit- Jeremiah Trimble / Macaulay Library 2. Great Horned owl

This species is known for their iconic hoot call. They are a fairly large owl species, feeding on larger mammals, rodents, and they are even known to predate on barred owls. Great horned owls have two large tufts on their head resembling horns. Their bodies are brown, and their bellies and chests are white with brown barring covering it. You may be able to see these magnificent birds on our nature trail; we have 3 owl boxes that allow them to nest safely on the site’s property.

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128. Image Credit- Matthew Violette/ Macaulay Library 3. Barred Owl

Very common throughout the state and Eastern North America, the barred owl is a medium to large sized owl that lives in mature forests and hardwood swamps. Barred owls are considered indicator species for forest maturity. This species is commonly preyed upon by great horned owls. They feed on small birds, turkey chicks, poultry, small mammals, amphibians and waterfowl, such as ducks and duck chicks. They get their name from the barring pattern that cover the owl’s body, their eyes are dark, almost pitch black in color. They are one of the most unique owl species to do their odd call. The owls call is somewhat like a monkey sound in some cases, as well as trilly tones, hoo-aws, and ascending hoots. They are among some of the most bizarre sounding owl species in North America.

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Work Cited:

1. Bradford, Ashley, Photo of Adult Male Robin.”American Robin” by Bradford, March 14, 2017, The Cornell Lab, All About Birds/ Macaulay Library, https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/American_Robin/media-browser/60412911

2. Gould, Kristi, American Robin Eggs.” Common Nesting Birds, American Robin”, by Gould, Date Unknown, The Cornell Lab of Ornithology, https://nestwatch.org/learn/focal-species/american-robin/ 3. Sequeria, Fernando Burgalin, Photo of a Wood Thrush.” Wood Thrush”, by Sequeria, January 26, 2019, The Cornell Lab, All About Birds/ Macaulay Library, https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/wood_thrush

4. Gauthier (Mlt), Yves, Photo of adult Hermit Thrush. “Hermit Thrush”, by Gauthier, by April 18, 2014, The Cornell Lab, All About Birds/ Macaulay Library, https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Hermit_Thrush/media-browser-overview/67459811 5. Beaumont, Robert, Photo of Adult Veery.” Veery”, By Beaumont, May 13, 2017, The Cornell Lab, All About Birds/ Macaulay Library, https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Veery/media-browser-overview/67469161

6. Tuttle, Dick, Photo of Eastern Bluebird, “Bluebirds Nesting Too Close”, by Tuttle, Date Unknown, Columbus Audubon, https://columbusaudubon.org/bluebirds-nesting-too-close/

7. Schumacher, Johann, European starlings at Floyd Bennett Field in Brooklyn.”European Starling, The Bard’s Bird”, by Schumacher, January 8, 2016, The New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/10/nyregion/european-starling-the-bards-bird.html

8. Humphreys, Owen, Starling Flocks. “Invasive starlings are unloved despite their looks”, by Humphreys, December 24, 2013, Star Tribune, https://www.startribune.com/invasive-starlings-are-unloved-despite-their-looks/237161341/

9. Schain, Ryan, Photo of Adult White- breasted nuthatch.” White- Breasted Nuthatch”, by Schain, February 22, 2011, The Cornell Lab, All About Birds/ Macaulay Library, https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/White-breasted_Nuthatch/media-browser/68039391

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10. Haines, Christine, Red-breasted nuthatch is the most colorful of the four nuthatch species in North America.”Why the red-breasted nuthatch is the birder’s favorite”, March 20, 2018, Cornell Lab of Ornithology/ Daily Herald, https://www.dailyherald.com/submitted/20180320/why-the-red-breasted-nuthatch-is-this- birders-favorite

11. Eckerson, Jonathan,Breeding Male ( Red -winged).”Red-winged blackbird”, February 25, 2017, The Cornell Lab of Ornithology, eBird, https://ebird.org/species/rewbla

12. Alamy, There has been an increasing number of attacks by red-winged blackbirds.”Swooping birds Mimic Hitchcock with more violent attacks”, by Will Pavia, The Times, https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/swooping-birds-mimic-hitchcock-with-more-violent- attacks-65wsm6frn

13. Haseg77/ Shutterstock, A pair of Brown-headed Cowbird sit on the fence.”How these songbirds use “passwords” to recognize each other”, by haseg77, November 17, 2019, abcNews, https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/songbirds-passwords-recognize/story?id=67039744

14. T I, Common Grackle (Bronzed).” CommonGrackle”, by T I, March 26, 2017, eBird, https://ebird.org/species/comgra

15. Poon,Winston, Baltimore Oriole.” Baltimore Oriole”, by Poon, May 19, 2017, All About Birds/ Macaulay Library, https://abcbirds.org/bird/baltimore-oriole/

16. Jauvin, Daniel, Breeding Male.”Rusty Blackbird”, by Jauvin, May 12, 2017, eBird/ Macaulay Library, https://ebird.org/species/rusbla

17. No author identified, Rusty Blackbird -- Algonquin Provincial Park, Canada.” Rusty Blackbird”, by Unknown, October 2006, Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusty_blackbird#/media/File:Euphagus-carolinus-001.jpg

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18. McGowan, Jay. Photo of Adult American crow.” American Crow”, by McGowan, July 10, 2016, All About Birds/ Macaulay Library, https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/American_Crow/media-browser-overview/59858041

19. National Park Service, A Raven.”Common Raven”, by National Park Service”, Unknown, Wikipedia/ Washing Nature Mapping Program, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Corvus_corax_(NPS).jpg

20. Labbe, Suzanne, Photo of Adult Blue Jays.”Blue Jay”, by Labbe, January 7, 2017, All About Birds/ Macaulay Library, https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Blue_Jay/media-browser/59859161 21. Abbott, Craig, Northern Mockingbird with caterpillar.” Northern Mockingbird”, by Abbott, Unknown, Audubon photography Awards, https://www.audubon.org/field-guide/bird/northern-mockingbird

22. Dimmig, Gordon, Northern Mockingbird Adult.”Northern Mockingbird”, Dimmig, March 23, 2013, eBird/ Macaulay Library, https://ebird.org/species/normoc

23. Dubrow, Nathan, Photo of Adult Brown Thrasher.” Brown Thrasher”, by Dubrow, April 19, 2016, All About Birds/ Macaulay Library, https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Brown_Thrasher/media-browser/67456051

24. Calk, Bryan, Photo of Adult Gray Catbird.” Gray Catbird”, by Calk, All About Birds/ Macaulay Library, https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Gray_Catbird/media-browser-overview/62999411

25. Unknown, Photo of Downy and Hairy Woodpecker Comparison.”How to Distinguish Between Downy and Downy Woodpeckers”, by Buzzle.com, date unknown, Bird Eden, https://birdeden.com/how-to-distinguish-between-downy-hairy-woodpecker

26. Turgeon, David, Photo of Adult Male.” Pileated Woodpecker”, by Turgeon, February 9, 2017, All About Birds/ Macaulay Library, https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Pileated_Woodpecker/media-browser/60408651

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27. Newlon, Michael, Photo of Flying Pileated Woodpecker.” Pileated Woodpecker”, by Newlon, December 11, 2015, All About Birds/ Macaulay Library, https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Pileated_Woodpecker/media-browser- overview/60408671

28. Giometti, Carl, Photo of Male Red-bellied woodpecker.” Red-bellied Woodpecker”, by Giometti, March 4, 2017, All About Birds/ Macaulay Library, https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Red-bellied_Woodpecker/media-browser/64995071

29. Lynn, Warren, Adult (Yellow-Shafted).” Northern Flicker”, by Lynn, January 15, 2014, All About Birds/ Macaulay Library. https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Northern_Flicker/media-browser-overview/60403261

30. Dunson, Margaret, Photo of Male Yellow-bellied sapsucker.” Yellow- bellied Sapsucker”, by Dunson,May 25, 2017, eBird Checklist, Macaulay Library, https://ebird.org/species/yebsap

31. Istock, Photo of Male and Female Cardinal.”10 Crimson Facts About Cardinals”, by Mark Mancini, January 5, 2016, Mental Floss, https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/72702/10-crimson-facts-about-cardinals

32. Albert, Steve, Photo of Red- Breasted Grosbeaks.” East Brunswick: More Migrant Birds in Our Yards and Parks”, by Albert, April 27, 2020, Tapinto, Birding East Brunswick, https://www.tapinto.net/towns/east-brunswick/sections/green/articles/east-brunswick-more- migrant-birds-in-our-yards-and-parks

33. Day, Richard, Photo of Indigo Bunting Male.”Bird Basics to Indigo Bunting”, by Day, unknown, Birds and Blooms, Author: Jamie Hawkins, https://www.birdsandblooms.com/birding/birding-basics/birding-basics-indigo-buntings/

34. Unknown, Male and Female Indigo Bunting.”How Long Do Indigo Buntings Live ?”, by Sandusky County Park District, March 24, 2014, Auriel Fournier- Nemesis Bird, https://nemesisbird.com/bird-science/long-indigo-buntings-live/

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35. Tgreyfox via Wikimedia Commons, Photo of House Sparrow.”Common Name: House Sparrow”, by Tgreyfox, date unknown, The Virtual Nature Trail at Penn State New Kensington, https://www.psu.edu/dept/nkbiology/naturetrail/speciespages/house_sparrow.html

36. Martin, Scott, Adult Dark-eyed junco.” Dark-eyed junco”, by Martin, February 3, 2017, All About Birds/ Macaulay Library. https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Dark-eyed_Junco/media-browser-overview/66115711

37. Lipton, Evan, Swamp Sparrow perched on grass.” Swamp Sparrow”, by Lipton, April 20, 2017, All About Birds/ Macaulay Library. https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Swamp_Sparrow/media-browser-overview/64985151

38. Bourque, Michel, Adult White- crowned sparrow.” White- Crowned Sparrow”, by Bourque, January 13, 2017, All About Birds/ Macaulay Library, https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/White-crowned_Sparrow/media-browser- overview/64978031

39. Bell, David M., Adult Field Sparrow.” Field Sparrow”, by Bell, April 29, 2013, All About Birds/ Macaulay Library, https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Field_Sparrow/media-browser-overview/64972831

40. Onge, Marc St., Photot of American tree sparrow on a branch.” American Tree Sparrow”, by Onge, February 22, 2009, All About Birds/ Macaulay Library, https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/American_Tree_Sparrow/media-browser- overview/64971291

41. Yakola, Keenan, Adult White- throated Sparrow.” White-throated sparrow”, by Yakola, May 4, 2015, All About Birds/ Macaulay Library https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/White-throated_Sparrow/media-browser- overview/64980371

42. Schain, Ryan, Adult ( Eastern).”Song Sparrow”, by Schain, May 22, 2017, All About Birds/ Macaulay Library https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Song_Sparrow/media-browser-overview/66116661

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43. Lipton, Evan, Adult Chipping Sparrow.” Chipping Sparrow”, by Lipton, May 4, 2015, All About Birds/ Macaulay Library https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Chipping_Sparrow/media-browser-overview/64972021

44. Jackson, Adam, Adult Male American Goldfinch.” American Goldfinch”, by Jackson, May 1, 2016, All About Birds/ Macaulay Library https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/American_Goldfinch/media-browser- overview/124706471

45. Anonymous eBirder, Adult Female American Goldfinch.” American Goldfinch”, by Anonymous eBirder, January 1, 2017, All About Birds/ Macaulay Library https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/American_Goldfinch/media-browser- overview/124706471

46. Lee, Raymond, Photo of Pine Siskin.” Pine Siskin”, by Lee, February 27, 2011, flickr, https://www.flickr.com/photos/raymklee/5487706589/in/photostream/

47. Forsythe, Alexandra, Photo of House Finch Pair.” House Finch (Haemorhous mexicanus)”, by Forsythe, Date unknown, Indiana Audubon Society, https://indianaaudubon.org/portfolio/house-finch/ 48. Gofreed, Eric, Adult Male.” Common Redpoll”, by Gofreed, June 15, 2017, eBird, https://ebird.org/species/comred

49. Sirvio, Larry, Photo of Marsh Wren.” Marsh Wren Overview”, by Sirvio, 2015, Minnesota Breeding Bird Atlas, https://mnbirdatlas.org/species/marsh-wren/

50. Witchger, Andy, Adult/ Immature (Northern).” House Wren”, by Witchger, May 3, 2017, eBird, https://ebird.org/species/houwre

51. Walters, Davey, Photo of an Adult Winter Wren.”Winter Wren”, by Walters, December 4, 2016, All About Bird/ Macaulay Library , https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Winter_Wren/media-browser/68035611

52.

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Sullivan, Brian, Photo of Adult Eastern Wood- Pewee.” Eastern Wood- Pewee”, by Sullivan, May 11, 2017, All About Birds, Macaulay Library, https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Eastern_Wood-Pewee/media-browser/65617351

53. Shemming, Epi, Adult Eastern Phoebe.” Eastern phoebe”, by Shemming, May 22, 2017, All About Birds, https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Eastern_Phoebe/media-browser/65681481

54. Lehman, Frank, Photo of Adult Male Eastern Kingbird.”Eastern Kingbird”, by Lehman, June 29,2017, All About Birds/ Macaulay Library, https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Eastern_Kingbird/media-browser/65684501

55. Martin, Scott, Photo of Adult male Chickadee.”Black-capped chickadee”, by Martin, February 3, 2017, All About Birds/ Macaulay Library, https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Black-capped_Chickadee/media-browser/60411301

56. McGann, Ben, Photo of Adult Tufted Titmouse.” Tufted Titmouse”, by McGann, December 5,2016, , All About Birds/ Macaulay Library, https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Tufted_Titmouse/media-browser-overview/63745741

57. Brislance, David, Brown Creeper.”Brown Creeper”, by Brislance, 2015, Minnesota Breeding Bird Atlas, https://mnbirdatlas.org/species/brown-creeper/

58. Vyn, Gerrit, Photo of a red-eyed vireo.” R3ed-Eyed Vireo”, by Vyn naturepl.com, date unknown, BBC Radio, Tweet of The Day, https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b04t0sxg

59. Jauvin, Daniel, Adult ( Eastern).” Warbling Vireo”, by Jauvin, May 15, 2017, All About Birds/ Macaulay Library, https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Warbling_Vireo/media-browser/65763751

60. McNell, Phil, Photo of Adult Male Tree Swallow.”Tree Swallow”, by McNell, April 20, 2017, All About Birds/ Macaulay Library, https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Tree_Swallow/media-browser/68280021

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61. Keller, Kent, Photo of Bank Swallow.” Bank Swallow”, by Keller, August 20, 2007, Utah Birds, http://www.utahbirds.org/birdsofutah/BirdsA-C/BankSwallow2.htm

62. JJ Cadiz, Cajay, Barn Swallow (H. r. erythrogaster) in Juanita, Washington, USA.”Earth Notes: The Look of Love, For Barn Swallows”, by JJ Cadiz, July 4, 2012, Knau, https://www.knau.org/post/earth-notes-look-love-barn-swallows

63. Mahoney, Joseph, Adult Male.” Guide to North American Birds”, by Mahoney, date unknown, Audubon Photography Awards, https://www.audubon.org/field-guide/bird/blue-winged-warbler 64. Setz,Luke, Photo of Male.”Golden-winged warbler”, by Seitz, May, 19, 2018, All About Birds/Macaulay Library, https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Golden-winged_Warbler/media-browser/161007131

65. Ficker, Tyler, Breeding Male.” Tennessee Warbler”, by Ficker, May 7, 2016, All About Birds/Macaulay Library, https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Tennessee_Warbler/media-browser/64440421

66. Cummins, James, Adult Male.”Nashville Warbler”, by Cummins, May 2, 2017, All About Birds/Macaulay Library, https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Nashville_Warbler/media-browser/64452111

67. Donald, Shirlay, Immature Male.” Guide to North American Birds /Northern Parula”, by Donald, date unknown, Audubon Photography Awards, https://www.audubon.org/field-guide/bird/northern-parula

68. Schain, Ryan, Adult Male (Northern).” Yellow Warbler”, by Schain, April 29, 2011, All About Birds/Macaulay Library, https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Yellow_Warbler/media-browser/64802871

69. Walters, Davey, Photo of Chestnut- sided warbler.”Chestnut- sided warbler”, by Walters, date unknown, eBird/ Macaulay Library, https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/chswar/cur/introduction

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70. Robinette, Gary, Photo of Magnolia Warbler male.” Magnolia Warbler”, by Robinette, July 11, 2017, All About Birds/Macaulay Library, https://www.flickr.com/photos/grobinette/35784414241/

71. Dowling, Gretchen, Cape May Warbler at Magee Marsh, Ohio.” eBird Maps Show Spring and Winter ranges of Cape May Warbler”, by Dowling, October 2, 2018, Bird Watching Daily, https://www.birdwatchingdaily.com/beginners/migration/ebird-maps-cape-may-warbler/

72. D’Entremont, Ronnie, Adult AMle.” Black-throated green warbler”, by d’Entremont, May 31, 2019, All About Birds/Macaulay Library https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Black-throated_Green_Warbler/media-browser- overview/162294151

73. Klick, Brendan, Adult Male.” Black-throated blue warbler”, by Klick, date unknown, eBird/ Macaulay Library, https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/btbwar/cur/introduction

74. Schain, Ryan, Adult Male (Myrtle).” Yellow-rumped warbler”, by Schain, April 30, 2010, All About Birds/ Macaulay Library, https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Yellow-rumped_Warbler/media-browser/66119101

75. Hayes, Corey, Photo of Blackburnian Warbler Male.” Blackburnian warbler”, by Hayes, date unknown, All About Birds/ Macaulay Library, https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Blackburnian_Warbler/overview

76. Unknown, Photo of dinging ovenbird.” Species Profile: Ovenbird”, by unknown, last updated September 15, 2012, Rainforest Alliance, https://www.rainforest-alliance.org/species/ovenbird

77. Mebus, Carole, Ovenbird nest right beside a trail.” Mariton: Another Reason to Stay on the Trails”, by Mebus, Article by Burris, June 1, 2016, Natural Lands, https://natlands.org/mariton-another-reason-to-stay-on-the-trails/

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78. Eckerson, Jonathan, Adult Male Pine Warbler.” Pine Warbler”, by Eckerson, April 3, 2016, All About Birds/ Macaulay Library, https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Pine_Warbler/media-browser/64893901

79. All Canada Photos, Bay-breasted warbler in breeding plumage.”Bird of the Week: Bay-breasted warbler”, by All Canada Photos, December 2, 2016, American Bird Conservancy, https://abcbirds.org/bird/bay-breasted-warbler/

80. Saunders/ Nick/NPS, Photo of A blackpoll warbler.”Blackpoll Warbler migration”, by Saunders, date unknown, National parks Service, https://www.nps.gov/articles/blackpollmigration.htm

81. Simon, Andrew, Photo of a Male Cerulean Warbler.”Cerulean warbler”, by Simon, May 09, 2017, All About Birds/ Macaulay Library, https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Cerulean_Warbler/media-browser/70149601

82. Schain, Ryan,Photo of Black-and- White Warbler.” Black-and-White Warbler”, by Schain, date unknown, eBird/ Macaulay Library, https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/bawwar/cur/introduction

83. Lipton, Evan, Photo of Adult Male American Redstart.”American Redstart”, by Lipton, May 17, 2016 All About Birds/ Macaulay Library, https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/American_Redstart/media-browser/64514531

84. Mlodinow, Steven, Photo of Adult Northern Waterthrush.” Northern Waterthrush”, by Mlodinow, April 12, 2017, All About Birds/ Macaulay Library, https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Northern_Waterthrush/media-browser/63002171

85. Turgeon, David, Adult Male Mourning Warbler.”Mourning Warbler”, by June 10, 2016, All About Birds/ Macaulay Library,

86. Higgins, Paul, Photo of male common Yellow Throat. “Utah Bird Profile: Common Yellowthroat”, by Higgins, date unknown, Utah Bird Profile, http://www.utahbirds.org/birdsofutah/Profiles/CommonYellowthroat.htm

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87. Lipton, Evan, Adult Male Hooded Warbler.” Hooded Warbler”, by Lipton, April 25, 2014, All About Birds/ Macaulay Library, https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Hooded_Warbler/media-browser/64456461

88. Schain, Ryan, Adult Male.” Wilson’s Warbler”, by Schain, May 11, 2012, All About Birds/ Macaulay Library, https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Wilsons_Warbler/media-browser/64914591

89. Turgeon, David, Photo of Adult Canada Warbler.”Canada Warbler”, by Turgeon, June 10, 2016, All About Birds/ Macaulay Library, https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Canada_Warbler/media-browser/64913361

90. Gannon, Tom, Flock of Cedar Waxwings.” Cedar Waxwings”, by Gannon, May 10, 2015, All About Birds/ Macaulay Library, https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Cedar_Waxwing/media-browser/59874471

91. Cooke, Dennis, Flock of Cedar Waxwings.” Cedar Waxwings”, by Cooke, March 10, 2017, All About Birds/ Macaulay Library, https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Cedar_Waxwing/media-browser/59874471

92. Green, Jerry. Photo of Male Ruby-throated hummingbird.”Ruby- Throated Hummingbird”, by Green, date unknown, Outdoor Alabama, https://www.outdooralabama.com/swifts/ruby-throated-hummingbird

93. Clifford, Garth C., Photo of Ruby –throated hummingbird nest. ”How to find a hummingbird nest?”, by Clifford, September 1, 2019, Worldwide Birds, https://www.worldbirds.org/how-to-find-a-hummingbird-nest/

94. Armistead, George L, Chimney Swift.”Priority Birds: Chimney Swift’, by Armistead, date unknown, Audubon North Carolina, https://nc.audubon.org/landingbirds/chimney-swift

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95. MassAudubon, Photo of Chimney Swift nest.”Chimney Swift Situations & Solutions”, by MassAudubon, date unknown, Mass Audubon, https://www.massaudubon.org/learn/nature-wildlife/birds/chimney-swifts/chimney-swift- situations-solutions

96. Schechter, Greg, Chimney Swifts in Missouri.” The Bird that Loves Chimneys as Much as Santa”, by Feldcamp, December 20, 2017, Cool Green Science, https://blog.nature.org/science/2017/12/20/the-bird-that-loves-chimneys-as-much-as-santa/

97. Singh, B.N. Photo of Yellow-billed cuckoo.”Yellow-billed cuckoo, by Singh, July 22, 2016,All About Birds/Macaulay Library, https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Yellow-billed_Cuckoo/overview

98. Unknown, Photo of Eastern Whip-poor- will.” Tracking the Eastern whip-poor-will”, by Mass Division of Fisheries and Wildlife, June 28, 2019 Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife, https://www.mass.gov/news/tracking-the-eastern-whip-poor-will

99. Bass, Betsy, Photo of Flock of Mourning Doves.”Mourning Dove”, by Bass, date unknown, Audubon Guide to North American Birds, https://www.audubon.org/field-guide/bird/mourning-dove

100. Seitz, Luke. Photo of A Rock Pigeon.”Rock Pigeon”, by Seitz, February 1, 2014, All About Birds/ Macaulay Library, https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Rock_Pigeon/media-browser/66031271

101. Platt, Deb, Turkey Vulture joining the flock.”Turkey Vultures and Black Vultures”, by TrekOhio.com, July 10, 2013, TrekOhio.com, https://trekohio.com/2013/07/10/turkey-vultures-and-black-vultures/

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102. Unknown, Photo of strutting Male Turkeys.” Wild turkeys test San Francisco’s tolerance”, by Associated Press, November 20, 2017, New York Post, https://nypost.com/2017/11/20/wild-turkeys-test-san-franciscos-tolerance/

Text Neuharth, Spencer, America’s 5 Wild Turkey Subspecies, Meat Eater, April 14, 2020, themeateater.com

103. Collison, Jeremy, Breeding Adult.” Ring-billed gull”, by Collison, July 28, 2017, All About Birds/ Macaulay Library, https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Ring-billed_Gull/media-browser-overview/71316071

104. Clark, Darren. Breeding Adult (American).” Herring Gull”, by Clark, June 05, 2017, All About Birds/ Macaulay Library, https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Herring_Gull/media-browser-overview/71319301

105. G & B, Nonbreeding Adult (American).” Herring Gull”, by G& B, October 22, 2016, All About Birds/ Macaulay Library, https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Herring_Gull/media-browser-overview/71319301

106. Lipton, Evan, Breeding Adult.” Great Black-backed gull”, by Lipton, March 21, 2017, All About Birds/ Macaulay Library, https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Great_Black-backed_Gull/media-browser- overview/71332441

107. Walters, Davey, Adult Killdeer.” Killdeer”, by Walters, May 27, 2016, All About Birds/ Macaulay Library, https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Killdeer/media-browser-overview/64809651

108. Ott, Bonnie, Photo of displaying killdeer.” Killdeer, by Ott, March 31, 2016, All About Birds/ Macaulay Library, https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Killdeer/media-browser-overview/64809651

109. Turgeon, David, Breeding Adult.” Spotted Sandpiper”, by Turgeon, July 10, 2016, All About Birds/ Macaulay Library, https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Spotted_Sandpiper/media-browser-overview/64833231

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110. Spahr, Timothy, Juvenile Spotted Sandpiper.” Spotted Sandpiper”, by Spahr, September 3, 2016, All About Birds/ Macaulay Library, https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Spotted_Sandpiper/media-browser-overview/64833231

111. Stone, Janis. Photo of wading Great Blue Heron.”Great Blue Heron”, by Stone, March 1, 2017, All about Birds/ Macaulay Library, https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Great_Blue_Heron/media-browser-overview/60314201

112. Best, Simon, perched green heron.”Green Heron”, by Best, May 12, 2017, All about Birds/ Macaulay Library, https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Green_Heron/media-browser-overview/70691741

113. Hodgson, Tom, Great Egret displaying breeding plumage.”The Great EWhite Wanderers Have Arrived”, by Hodgson, July 26, 2015, Chelsea Update, https://chelseaupdate.com/the-great-white-wanderers-have-arrived/

114. Meyers, Gary, Great Egret Couple/ Breeding plumage.” Great Egret Couple/ Breeding plumage”, by Meyers, June 18, 2019, Outdoor photographer, https://www.outdoorphotographer.com/photo-contests/wildlife/entry/628335-great-egret- couple-breeding-plumage/

115. St. Amaud, Louis & Celine, Adult and Juvenile.”Sandhill Crane”, by St. Amaud, March 14, 2017, All about Birds/ Macaulay Library, https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Sandhill_Crane/media-browser-overview/159829341

116. Kushner, Brian, Adult Male Belted Kingfisher.” Belted Kingfisher”, by Kushner, date unknown, Guide to North American Birds/ Audubon Society, https://www.audubon.org/field-guide/bird/belted-kingfisher

117. McCarthy, Max, Adult Canada Goose.”Canada Goose”, by McCarthy, February 24, 2017, All about Birds/ Macaulay Library, https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Canada_Goose/media-browser-overview/59953191

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118. Shell, Christopher, Breeding Male and Female.”Mallard”, by Shell, February 8, 2016, All about Birds/ Macaulay Library, https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Mallard/media-browser-overview/60021841

119. Prappas, Paul, Photo of Male Wood ducks.” Wood Duck”, by Prappas, May 11, 2016, All about Birds/ Macaulay Library, https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Wood_Duck/media-browser-overview/65533521

120. Sullivan, Brian, Red-tailed hawk in flight.” Red-tailed hawk”, by Sullivan, September 24, 2010, All about Birds/ Macaulay Library, https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Red-tailed_Hawk/media-browser-overview/60384911

121. Lipton, Evan, Adult Cooper’s Hawk.”Cooper’s Hawk”, by Lipton, February 11, 2017, All about Birds/ Macaulay Library, https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Coopers_Hawk/media-browser-overview/60324921

122. Beauchamp, Robert, Adult (Northern0.” Sharp-shinned hawk”, by Beauchamp, April 29, 2017, All about Birds/ Macaulay Library, https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Sharp-shinned_Hawk/media-browser- overview/70780501

123. Brown, David, Adult Light Morph, ”Broad- winged hawk”, by Brown, September 20, 2016, All about Birds/ Macaulay Library, https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Broad-winged_Hawk/media-browser- overview/71534291

124. Heidorn, Scott. Adult Bald Eagle.” Bald Eagle”, by Heidorn, June 22, 2013, All about Birds/ Macaulay Library, https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Bald_Eagle/media-browser-overview/60329071

125. Hoag, Jonathan, Osprey landing on nest, May 30, 2019

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126. Wade, David, Adult gray morph (Northern).” Eastern Screech Owl”, by Wade, May 8, 2017, All about Birds/ Macaulay Library, https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Eastern_Screech-Owl/media-browser- overview/60389751

127. Trimble, Jeremiah, Adult (Great Horned).”Great Horned Owl”, by Trimble, April 20, 2017, All about Birds/ Macaulay Library, https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Great_Horned_Owl/media-browser-overview/63741611

128. Violette, Matthew, Adult Breeding Pair (Northern).” Barred Owl, by Violette, June 7, 2016, All about Birds/ Macaulay Library, https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Barred_Owl/media-browser-overview/60394861

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