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and : History, Politics and the Pursuit of Peace he Palestine-Israel conflict is over a piece of land the size of and the self-determination of the . TBoth people claim ancient to this contested land. Ever since the establishment of the State of Israel seven decades ago, the conflict has raged on with no real progress towards a settlement. In July 2014, the third in seven years was launched. The following is a brief look at the history, politics and peace talks leading to the latest war. In the Beginning… From 3200 to 1200 BC the Canaanite ruled over an covering modern day Israel, the , Gaza, , and . Different peoples passing through the area settled in the area alongside the Canaanites. Their descendants would later include , and Muslims. The biblical Jewish Kingdoms of and lasted about 74 years. Including all the ancient Jewish kingdoms, Jewish rule lasted approximately 414 years: from King David (1000 BC) to the destruction of (586 BC). In the first and second centuries CE, the Romans drove out the Jews from Palestine, beginning the . Five centuries later, the invaded the area spreading , settling and intermarrying with those already there, resulting in a predominantly Arab and Islamic Palestine. In the early 16th century, Palestine became an province. After centuries of European and Eastern , started the Zionist movement by forming the Zionist Organization in late 19th Century. After considering acquisition of land in , and Palestine, the latter was chosen to be the Jewish homeland. Zionists encouraged Jewish immigration under the slogan, “a land without people for a people without land,” although almost all the fertile land in Palestine was already occupied. The Ottoman of 1914 reveals that Palestine was already home to 602,000 Muslim Arabs, 81,000 Christian Arabs, and 39,000 Jews, most of whom had lived together peacefully in Palestine for almost 1400 years.1 British Mandate of Palestine (1922 – 1948) During WWI, the British promised Jews in Palestine in what is known as the provisions regarding Jewish settlements. to support Arab independence and a . The Mandate was ratified in 1923. Jewish homeland. In a series of letters After the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, History shows that for , the to Sharif Hussein in 1915 (Hussein- in July 1922, the peasants of Palestine worked the land and McMahon Correspondence), the British drafted the Mandate and confirmed the passed on the right to cultivate it to their High commissioner McMahon in partitioning of the , with children, under a communal form of land pledged to help Arab independence if procuring Syria and Lebanon and the tenure. In 1858, Ottoman law introduced they would fight in on the British acquiring: () the concept of registering individual land side of the Allies. Two years later, the and Palestine (Palestine & ). ownership. This enabled the educated British government, motivated in part by Two months later, the Transjordan Arabs to register communal/peasant lands sympathy for the Zionist cause, declared Memoranda was added which excluded as their own without the knowledge of the its support for a national homeland for Transjordan (now Jordan) from the peasants. These new owners then sold this land to Zionists mainly for economic reasons, without awareness of the Zionists’ Lebanon political intention. The peasants only (French Mandate) Syria become aware of their dispossession (French Mandate) when the new landowners came to live in their land. Erstwhile, the well-organized Sea of Iraq Sea (British Mandate) Zionists had created the Jewish National

Mediterranean Fund (JNF) in 1901 for the sole purpose of buying, leasing and selling land in Palestine Trans-Jordan (British Mandate) (British Mandate) the of and for the Jewish people. Dead In addition, the organization supported Sea new immigrants by providing funds Egypt for agricultural equipment and other (British Protectorate) capital improvements. A series of laws Arabia were later adopted that further facilitated Sinai the transfer of ownership of conquered Peninsula Palestinian lands to the State of Israel and made it available for the benefit of its Jewish majority.2 The majority of land During the British Occupation, the British Census Data Under British Mandate allowed the free migration of European Jews into Palestine, creating a tension 1,200,000 between the Arabs and Jews. This led to periodic intercommunal riots in 1921, 1,000,000 1929 and 1936. In 1929, in response to Jewish demonstrations against restrictions 800,000 involving at the , Arab mobs attacked the Jewish quarters. Arabs 600,000 in Safad and also took to the streets. When the British quelled the riots, 400,000 116 Arabs and 133 Jews had been killed. In 1935, Izz Al Din Al-Qassam, 200,000 a Syrian born fighter who promoted armed resistance and the removal of 0 MUSLIM JEWISH CHRISTIAN the British and Zionists from Palestine, was killed by the British. This triggered 1914 1922 1931 1946 Data from Krämer, 138 & 183 a Palestinian revolt against continued and increasing Jewish immigration to transfers were facilitated through these return to their ancestral village or partake Palestine. The revolt lasted until 1939, means. Arab- citizens who can in JNF programs, while any from when the British banned the sale of land demonstrate generations of Palestinian anywhere in the world can participate. to Jews, again motivated by their need ancestry are still to this day not allowed to for Arab support in WWII. Creation of the State of Israel In 1947, the UN General Council After the resolution passed, Arab British left Palestine the neighboring passed Resolution 181 (a non-binding armed resistance against the British Arab states, who considered the recommendation) to 55% of and attacks on new Jewish settlements declaration of the new State of Israel Palestine for a and 45% increased. Although numerous, an illegal grab of Arab land, declared for an Arab state. was to the Arabs were without a central war against Israel. By the end of the war remain an international city. At this organization, less trained and poorly over 400 villages had been destroyed (by time 87% of Palestinian land was owned equipped militarily in relation to the deliberate actions of Jewish by Arabs and less than 7% and the Israeli army) and over 77% of by Jews. Due to a significant the former Mandate was annexed by increase in Jewish immigration Israel.4 750,000 Palestinians were either after , Jews internally displaced or became now constituted 30% of the in neighboring Jordan, the West Bank,

population. Furthermore, the @luigidegennar © Lebanon, and Syria. An land allocated for Israel by Armistice between Israel and the the UN plan was fertile land neighboring Arab nations was signed while that for the Arab state in 1949. Israel’s specified in this was mostly arid. As the major agreement is called the (aka proponent of this resolution, “pre-1967” or 1967 lines). This war is the US got the General known as the “War of Independence” Assembly to delay a vote in by the and al- (the order to “gain time to bring certain their Jewish counterparts, who had catastrophe) by the Arabs. American into line smuggled weapons for years. As the In 1948, the UN General with its own view.” “Without ‘terrific British prepared to leave Palestine Assembly passed Resolution 194 which pressure’ from the US on governments in 1948, Zionist paramilitary groups recommended the of which cannot afford to risk American like and (led by David or compensation reprisals” said an anonymous editorial Ben-Gurion and , for those not wishing to return. Despite , the resolution “would never have respectively) launched a systematic yearly renewal of this resolution and 3 passed.” The Arabs refused to agree to campaign against Arab settlements. multiple other resolutions including UN this partitioning. Upon the departure Their tactics included massacres, rapes, Resolutions 169 and 237 affirming the of the British, the Zionist leaders psychological warfare and forcible right of return of displaced Palestinians, unilaterally declared the formation of expulsion. Other Palestinians fled to Israel continued to refuse Palestinian the State of Israel. avoid the brutality of war. After the 2 refugees the right to re-patriate. Israel’s First Two Decades (1948 – 1967) In 1956, Nasser confiscated the Suez that the army deployed in the Sinai Canal after the British and the US by Nasser was offensive in nature. withdrew an offer to fund the building However, documented statements of the Aswan Dam. With the aid of by Israeli government officials Britain and France, Israel invaded Egypt during the time, such as Menachem in what is called Tripartite Aggression Begin and ,

(aka ). Israel occupied the collaborated Nasser’s claim that Office , 1967 Press Government ©Israel until March of 1957. the nature of Egypt’s deployment Under pressure from the US, USSR and was defensive in nature rather than the UN, Israel withdrew from Sinai offensive. Six days later, Israel had and UN Emergency Forces (UNEF) annexed the Heights from Dyan, Rabin, Ze’evi and Narkiss in the were deployed in Egypt to facilitate the Syria, Sinai and the Gaza Strip adoption of Security Council withdrawal of French, British and Israeli from Egypt and the West Bank and East Resolution 242, the so called “land for forces. Jerusalem from Jordan. peace” resolution recommending the Ten years later, Nasser ordered the Under Article 2 of the UN Charter, land withdrawal of Israel from the newly UN forces to leave and deployed two acquisition through war is inadmissible. colonized territories (the West Bank, army divisions in Sinai. In , None the less, Israel began building Gaza and ). Secure and Israel launched the Six Day War on settlements in the newly occupied recognized would be negotiated neighboring Arab countries stating territories, despite the unanimous later. The Palestinian Liberation Organization, Yom War and the First Arab-Israeli Talks (1967 -1987) The Palestinian Liberation Organization liberating the whole of Palestine to one King to declare (PLO) was formed in 1964 to of a two-state solution. The Palestinian war on them in 1970. After the loss the question of Palestine in the State would include the West Bank, of 3,000 lives, a peace agreement was of Arab politics, and with the idea that Gaza Strip and East Jerusalem. After negotiated based on the PLO moving Arab states would deal with Israel. the occupation of the West Bank, the its headquarters to Lebanon. The The PLO’s focus was on liberating PLO moved to Jordan, where their PLO had majority Palestinian support Palestine, securing the return of exiled involvement in local politics caused (exiled, and occupied Palestinians and gaining political independence from other Arab states. Palestinian Loss of Land 1947-2011 After the resounding loss of the Arab armies to Israel in 1967, the PLO under became more militant, advocating for armed struggle West against Israel. This Bank armed struggle included acts such as multiple airplane hijackings Gaza and the 1972 attack on the Israeli Olympic team. As these tactics failed to achieve their goals, in the the PLO started working towards a political solution. By 1988, they changed their 2011 stated objective from Palestine Israel Action Group, Ann Arbor Quakers, http://www.quaker.org/piag/ 3 Palestinians) at least through 1993 and for US involvement in the war, OAPEC Egypt become the first Arab country even until the death of Arafat (2004) imposed an oil embargo on the US, to recognize Israel. To encourage when the fragmentation of the PLO triggering and economic more Arab countries to sign their own accelerated. recession at an estimated cost of billions agreement, the US and In 1973, in the War, Egypt of dollars. sponsored the Madrid Peace Conference and Syria attempted to retake Sinai Based on Security Council Resolution in 1991. These talks eventually led to and the . Israel had been 242 and the 1978 Camp David the 1994 Jordan and Israel treaty in illegally occupying these territories since agreements, Egypt and Israel signed which Jordan relinquished its claim 1967. Early success by the Arab states a peace treaty in 1979. It called for on the West Bank and East Jerusalem, was thwarted after US economic and Egypt to reacquire the Sinai Peninsula, so that the PLO could negotiate for a military aid to Israel eventually led to and give up its claim on the Gaza Palestinian State at a later date. Israel winning the war. In retaliation Strip for the Palestinians. In doing so,

First Palestinian Uprising (Intifada) The first Palestinian uprising (intifada) without charge or trial. According to and ): renunciation of violence, was sparked after the killing of four rights reports, many of the recognition of Israel, and acceptance of civilians by the Israeli army in Gaza detained were abused, tortured and prior international agreements. In 1997, in 1987. Palestinians in the occupied mistreated while in custody. Palestinian the US and EU designated a territories began the revolt against activists were killed without warning terrorist group. occupation by throwing rocks at after they had surrendered or been The Accords of 1993 was the the Israel army and but the subdued, and many deaths and injuries first time Palestinians were allowed to uprising which lasted until 1993 was were avoidable. Over the years groups of represent themselves in negotiating overwhelmingly characterized by prisoners have been released but many terms for self-determination. civil disobedience. Israel retaliated still remain in custody. Negotiating with Chairman Arafat, by punishing the entire population, The largest and Prime Minister Rabin agreed to introducing a system of checkpoints most powerful establish limited Palestinian self-rule in to control people and the movement Islamist group the occupied territories with the new of goods. They imposed a curfew and is Hamas, a autonomous areas to be administrated detained thousands of Palestinians local branch by the Palestinian Authority (PA). The East Jerusalem Area of detail of the Muslim West Bank was divided into three areas: Post 1967 extended Brotherhood ■■ Area A (12%)―urban areas under municipal boundary which arose full Palestinian control during the first ■■ Area B (28%)―rural areas under intifada. From PA civil control and Israel security Annexed area 1993 to the end inside West Bank control of the second ■■ (60% of the West Bank)― intifada in Israeli - extended under full Israeli control Israeli - extended 2005, Hamas Municipal BoundaryMunicipal Boundary employed In return, all terrorist activities by 1949 Armistice/ suicide bombings for the Palestinians were to cease and the PLO Green1 9Line49 Armistice/ Green Line East stated purpose of waging would recognize Israel’s . Jerusalem war against Israel while at Over a five-year period, control of all ISRAEL the same time delivering areas was to be gradually transferred Mt. Scopus social welfare programs for into the hands of the PA. The latter did not happen. West Old Palestinians. After 2005, City Jerusalem they changed tactics to the Segments of both populations had indiscriminate and ineffective problems with the accords. In 1995,

No man's methods of launching rockets angry over the , an Israeli land and mortar, in part because radical assassinated Prime Minister Israel had become effective at Rabin. On the Palestinian side, many WEST BANK stopping suicide bombings. refugees in neighboring Arab countries Hamas does not recognize the felt betrayed by Arafat for giving up the

0 2 4 three principles insisted on right of return of refugees dispossessed Kilometers Source: UN Report The Humanitarian Impact of the West by the Quartet (US, EU, UN of land currently within Israel’s border. Bank Barrier on Palestinian Communities, 2007 4 UN August 2014 Report Facts about Area C of the West Bank: ■■ Area C is 60% of the West Bank and is controlled exclusively by Israel, including law enforcement, planning and

Wikimedia © Harry Pockets construction. ■■ About 300,000 Palestinians live in about 530 residential areas, 241 of which are located entirely in Area C. There are no Arab-only settlements. ■■ Since 1967 and against , 341,000 Israeli settlers live in 262 Jews-only settlements built on confiscated Palistinian land; the area available for settlers’ expansion is nine times larger than their current fenced/patrolled area. ■■ Palestinian construction in 29% of Area C is heavily restricted; only approximately 1% of Area C has been planned for Palestinian development. On August 31, 2014, Israel confiscated another 1,000 acres of private Palestinian land in Area C, near Bethlehem. Area C checkpoint Second Palestinian Uprising (Intifada) During the , By fall of 2000, no significant progress responded by reoccupying cities in the Prime Minister Barak’s best offer was had been made on these agreements, West Bank, tightening security, and for Israel to annex 9% of the West Bank with Israel still effectively controlling isolating Palestinian towns and villages and keep important parts of the Old 88% of the West Bank and 20% of from each other by crisscrossing Jews- City in exchange for leaving 91% of the Gaza. Meanwhile, successive Israeli only highways. In 2001 Israel began West Bank and 1% of Israel land for governments continued to demolish building a physical barrier for the the Palestinians. While some of the 9% Palestinian homes, took over Arab stated purpose of reducing the number was important land to the Palestinians, neighborhoods in East Jerusalem for of terrorist attacks and prevented the 1% was land whose location wasn’t Jewish housing and seized Palestinian thousands of Palestinians from working even specified. Israel would and trading in Israel. also contribute to a fund With the resumption of conflict and for Palestinian refugees and the continuous building of Jewish would keep major settlement settlements, Arab countries proposed blocks and most of East Flickr © nataliafree the in Jerusalem. Moreover, two in 2002. The plan called for Israel east-west Israeli-controlled to withdraw to 1967 borders, the roads all the way across establishment of a Palestinian State the West Bank would in Gaza and the West Bank with East essentially divide the as its capital and a just Bank into three. Israel solution for the refugee problem based would be entitled to declare on UN Resolution 194. In return, the emergencies during which Arab countries would recognize and Palestinians couldn’t cross establish a normal relationship with the road. With little or no Israel. Israel rejected this proposal. The control over its , no lands for Jewish settlements. This attempt at peace was the 2003 independently controlled border access fueled Palestinian frustrations and Roadmap. Drawn up by the Quartet, to neighboring countries, and with its disillusionment. Sharon’s visit to this plan suggested a phased-in internal and the sacred Jerusalem site of Al Aqsa roadmap based on first gaining security commerce subject to continued Israeli with 1,000 troops was the final straw before settling on a two-state solution. closures, the already impoverished that sparked the , which A plan to agree on a roadmap by 2005 Palestinian state would be economically lasted until 2005. In contrast to the never materialized. In 2002, President completely dependent on and , the second was notable George W. Bush became the first US vulnerable to Israel. Arafat refused to for suicide bombings by Islamist president to call for a Palestinian State. agree to this, and the talks fell apart. militant groups, including Hamas. Israel 5 Gaza Under Hamas Administration In 2005, Israel unilaterally withdrew In the winter of 2008, Israel invaded and middle class making the remaining from Gaza, forcibly removing 8,000 Gaza in Operation Cast with population more vulnerable to Israeli Jewish settlers. During the 2006 the stated goal of halting rocket fire rule. In 2009, President elections, Palestinians disillusioned by and weapon smuggling into Gaza. In Obama persuaded Prime Minister the corruption of , democratically three weeks of armed conflict, 1,400 Netanyahu to enact a 10-month partial elected Hamas. Disagreement and Palestinians and 13 Israelis were killed freeze on building settlements in the subsequent armed power struggles and heavy infrastructural damage was West Bank. Abbas wanted a Palestinian between Hamas and Fatah led to Hamas incurred in the overcrowded Gaza Strip. State based on 1967 lines and to include control of Gaza, dissolution of the unity A UN fact-finding mission concluded East Jerusalem. Weeks of talks held in government by the Fatah Washington in 2010 were unsuccessful. and When the partial freeze on settlement establishment of the Fatah construction expired in September, talks

government in the West Bank. Wong © Alex were suspended. Despite US attempts, According to the Palestinian the Israeli government would not renew Independent Commission the settlement freeze, and Abbas refused for Citizens’ Rights, 600 to resume talks until Israel halted all Palestinians were killed during settlement construction activities. the power struggle. In late 2012, the US devoted extensive Israel imposed air, sea and efforts to block a General Assembly land blockades to punish Gaza resolution upgrading Palestine’s status to residents when their newly that of a “non-member observer state.” elected government took President Abbas and Prime Minister Netanyahu The effort failed when the resolution control of Gaza. Designated passed overwhelmingly on November a terrorist group, Hamas and therefore that Israel’s policies were premised on 29th. Gaza could not receive any funding a “deliberate policy of disproportionate force”, aimed not at the enemy but at From January to , 2012 one from the US and EU. Hamas struggled Israeli was reported to have been killed under these conditions. Furthermore, the “supporting infrastructure”, and “the attacks amounted to reprisals and by fire from Gaza while 78 Palestinians Israel began to hold Hamas accountable 6 collective punishment and constitute were killed by Israeli fire. In November for all attacks launched from the strip, of 2012, the low-level hostilities war .”5 where several other Islamist groups also between Israel and Hamas escalated reside. Under the pretext of demolishing to an eight-day war after the killing of The seven years of Hamas Gaza structures built without permits, Israeli Hamas military leader Ahmed Jabari. administration are notable for authorities have demolished over Six Israelis and 133 Palestinians were extended periods of low-level hostilities 28,000 Palestinian homes in the West killed during the war, including many punctuated by war waged among Bank, East Jerusalem and Gaza since children. The Egyptian brokered 2012 civilians. 1967. This has the intended result of agreement constituted bilateral Palestinians leaving their ancestral Using the underground tunnels, Hamas cessation of all hostilities including land, homes from Area C to move to Areas A kidnapped Israeli soldier air and sea incursions, rocket attacks and B so that now only 5% of the West in 2006. He was released five years later and individual targeting. Crossings were Bank population lives in 62% of the in exchange for the release of 1,027 also to open and facilitate the movement land. It has also driven out the educated Palestinian prisoners. of goods and people. UN August 2014 Report Facts about East Jerusalem: ■■ About 298,000 Palestinians and 200,000 illegal Israeli settlers currently reside in East Jerusalem ■■ About 4 million Palestinians are prohibited from entering East Jerusalem without Israeli-issued permits, which are difficult to obtain. ■■ East Jerusalem access is controlled by physical barriers and administrative obstacles. With permits, only four of the 13 checkpoints can be used by Palestinians. ■■ 35% of the land in East Jerusalem has been confiscated for Israeli settlements; only 13% of East Jerusalem is zoned for Palestinian construction, much of which is already built-up.

6 Israel Proponents Starting Arguments: Palestinian Proponents Starting Arguments: 1. Israel is the historical homeland of the Jewish people 1. The Palestinian people have lived in the Israel/Palestine who have lived in the land continuously since biblical area since biblical times. are foreign colonizers times. who began arriving within the last 100 years, and have no 2. The Jews deserve a Jewish state because of historical right to establish a state on Palestinian land. injustices, such as centuries of European anti-Semitism 2. The Palestinians deserve the inalienable right of self- and the Holocaust. Concept of a Jewish state has determination. international support and recognition through the United 3. Forty seven years of Jewish settlement activities have Nations. made it impossible to create a Palestinian state and 3. The Palestinians do not have an independent state shows that Israel has no intention of making peace. because of Palestinian rejectionism and . 4. A majority of Palestinians support a Palestinian State 4. A majority of Israelis support a two-state solution. from “river to sea.” 5. A minority of Israelis support a one-state solution, a 5. A minority of Palestinians support the two-state single Jewish state or a secular democratic state. solution or a secular democratic one-state solution.

Summer 2014 Hamas was increasingly isolated in the Israel launched Operation Protective fighting include that Israel release re- wake of the Arab and the Gaza Edge with the stated aim of destroying arrested prisoners, stop all aggression blockade by Israel and Egypt: the latter Hamas’ military capabilities and rocket on the West Bank and in East Jerusalem, after the leadership attacks. Ten days later, Israel began a stop undermining the newly formed was forcibly removed by a military coup. ground offensive in order to destroy Palestinian Unity Government and Hamas was politically and economically tunnels leading from Gaza to southern accept Conditions of the 2012 Ceasefire. weakened due to the embargo and Israel. Israel says they destroyed 32 According to the August 20th and 28th loss of popularity among Palestinians. tunnels. UN report, there have been: Unable to pay government employees, Hamas agreed to a ■■ 3,700+ rockets fired at Israel Unity Government with Fatah in ■■ 4,870+ air strikes on Gaza April 2014, in which all ministers ■■ 2,104 people killed in Gaza: 70% are Fatah. The Unity Government civilians, 495 children, 253 women ■■ 69 Israelis killed: 64 soldiers, 4 was recognized by the US and @luigidegennar © Twitter EU. Nonetheless, Israel refused civilians including a child and an to hold peace talks with any international civilian government that included ■■ 10,224 Palestinians injured Hamas. including 3,106 children ■■ Dozens of Israelis injured including In June 12, 2014, three Israeli 6 children teens were kidnapped and ■■ 400,000+ people displaced murdered in the West Bank ■■ 108,000 people had their homes Israeli and Palastinian children by the Al-Qassam Brigades, a destroyed (Est. 18,000 housing military wing of Hamas. In retaliation, A week into the war, an Egypt-brokered units) went into the ceasefire was accepted by Israel but not ■■ Armed groups in Gaza have West Bank demolishing homes and by Hamas, who initially said that they killed 25 Palestinians accused of re-arresting some of the Palestinian were not consulted and then rejected it collaborating with Israel.7 ex-prisoners released in the Shalit deal, saying that it amounted to surrender. accusing them of recidivism. On July 2, Since then there have been multiple An Open Ceasefire was declared on settlers captured a Palestinian teenager short-lived including some August 26. and burned him alive in retaliation for for humanitarian purposes. Israel says it On August 31, Israel confiscated 1,000 the murder of the 3 teenagers. Six Jewish accepted several proposals but restarted acres of the West Bank land near suspects were subsequently arrested for strikes after Hamas resumed launching Bethlehem belonging to five Palestinian the . On July 7th, Hamas started rockets. Hamas says they would accept villages. launching rockets into Israel for the first a ceasefire if the Gaza Blockade is lifted The US spends an average of $8.5 time in 20 months after several members while Israel insists Gaza be demilitarized million a day on military aid to Israel of Hamas’ armed wing were killed before removal of the blockade. Hamas’ and $0 on Palestinian military aid. through Israeli airstrikes. The next day, additional conditions for stopping the 7 Reflection 1. What new insight and/or understanding do I have about the Israeli and Palestinian conflict? 2. How has the media helped, hindered or influenced my/our analysis of the situation? 3. How do you envision people of faith might support efforts for peace, justice and reconciliation among the people of Israel and Palestine? 4. In what way do I want to further explore or engage this issue?

Glossary al-Nakba: ( for The Catastrophe) Name given by Palestinians Izz al-Din al-Qassam Brigade: Military wing of Hamas. Its to the war of 1948. namesake was a Syrian born fighter who advocated for armed Fatah: Major and leading faction of PLO originally headed by resistance against the British and Jewish immigration. His death Chairman Arafat and then by President Mahmoud Abbas. Fatah under the British in 1935 sparked the 1936 revolt that lasted for 3 heads the Palestinian Authority in the West Bank. years. Green Line (aka pre-1967 line, 1967 lines): 1949 Armistice lines JNF: between Israel and the Arab states it borders. : The countries bordering the eastern Haganah: Zionist paramilitary group formed in 1920 and led by from to Egypt. David Ben Gurion. Mandate: System of trusteeships established by the League of Hamas: A militant arm of the Muslim brotherhood, formed in 1987 Nations for the administration of former Ottoman territories and current administrator of Gaza Strip. Traditionally called for following World War I. the elimination of Israel and was against the Oslo peace accords. OAPEC: Organization of Arab Exporting Countries Formed a unity government with Fatah in April 2014. PA: Palestinian Authority led by Fatah. Intifada: Arabic for uprising: Name used by the Palestinians to refer PLO: Palestinian Liberation Organization to their uprising against Israeli Occupation. Tripartite Aggression (aka Suez Crisis): 1956 war waged by Irgun: Zionist paramilitary group led by David Ben Gurion and Britain, France and Israel against Egypt. precursor to the Israel Defense Force (IDF). : A Jewish Nationalist movement created to establish and Islamist: An entity that for Islamic law, acts as the law of support a Jewish State in Palestine. the land and basis for a .

Footnotes Bibliography Resources 1. Krämer, 138. Sami Adwan et al., Side By Side: Parallel Histories Websites of Israel-Palestine, 2012. 2. Said, 98-99. If Knew: What every American 3. Quigley, 33-37. “History of Mid-East Peace Talks,” BBC News: needs to know About Israel/Palestine― , July 29, 2013. tiny.cc/bqkmlx 4. Krämer, 322. ifamericansknew.org Jews for Justice in the Middle East. “The Origin 5. ― , “Statement by Richard of the Palestine-Israel Conflict” Berkeley, CA, American Friends Service Committee Goldstone on behalf of the Members of the 2001. tiny.cc/qqkmlx afsc.org Fact Finding Mission on Krämer, Gudrun. A ; From the ―cartercenter.org the Gaza Conflict before the Human Rights Ottoman Conquest to the Founding of the State of Peace―seedsofpeace.org Council” (statement, Human Rights Council, of Israel. Translated by Graham Harman and UNRWA―.org Geneva, September 29, 2009. tiny.cc/lnkmlx Gudrum Krämer, 2008. ― 6. Chomsky, “Palestine 2012—Gaza and Lesch, David W. The Arab-Israel Conflict: A The Parents Circle theparentscircle.com the UN Resolution” Chomsky.info December 1, History, 2008. US Conference of Catholic Bishops― 2009, chomsky.info/articles/20121201.htm Quigley, John. The Case for Palestine: An usccb.org 7. Occupied Palestinian Territory: Gaza International Law Perspective, 1990. Film (available at IPJC) Emergency Situation Report, UNOCHA, Said, Edward W. The Question of Palestine, 1992. Another Side of Peace, 2004 August 28, 2014. tiny.cc/fokmlx

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