Study Political Power and Local Bossism in Bangkalan, Madura, Indonesia
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International Journal of Research and Review www.ijrrjournal.com E-ISSN: 2349-9788; P-ISSN: 2454-2237 Research Paper Local Bossism in Decentralization Era: Study Political Power and Local Bossism in Bangkalan, Madura, Indonesia Susi Dian Rahayu, Neneng Sobibatu Rohmah Student of Master Political Science, Universities Indonesia Corresponding Author: Susi Dian Rahayu ABSTRACT The succession of the regime from the New Order to the reform era has become an important history for Indonesia, especially in relation to the central and regional governments that had previously been centralized to decentralization. However, the decentralization system is also alleged to give birth to local strongmen and local bossism. Fuad Amin through power and network in Bangkalan is considered as a local strongmen and local bossism. How Fuad Amin in hegemonizing power and really Fuad Amin is one form of local bossism or local strongmen in Indonesia is the question of this study. This research uses qualitative method using local strongmen by Migdal and local bossism by John T. Sidel. The results of this research are Fuad Amin using his strong power and local bossism, Fuad Amin is a representative of local strongmen and local bossism. Keyword: Decentralization, Local strongmen, local bossism A. INTRODUCTION regional affairs are determined by the The fall of the New Order regime center, including the regional head. marked by the resignation of President The implementation of Soeharto in 1998 was the first phase of decentralization or regional autonomy democratization in Indonesia. Samuel system then continues to grow significantly Huntington in his book titled Third with the enactment of Law No. 32 of 2004 Democratic Wave called the phenomenon or on Regional Government. The law wave of democratization is a change or the implicitly regulates the duties and turn of various regimes that were previously authorities of the Regional Government. In non-democratic to be democratic. [1] One of addition, the Act is also seen as an amplifier the important agendas of the for the role of local political actors in democratization process in Indonesia is the Indonesia, but unfortunately the implementation of decentralization policies. strengthening is not matched by their role in Implementation of decentralization in realizing the consolidation of democracy in Indonesia based on Law No. 22 of 1999 on the region. Not a few of the local political Regional Government. The concept of elites are taking advantage of his position to decentralization applied in Indonesia is to perpetuate his power, both in the executive transfer most of the authority of public and legislative branches of the region. [2] service from the central level to the local A.1 Research Problem: government. Previously, during the New The change of the regime from the Order era, Indonesia implemented a New Order to the reform era does not centralized system in its government. All necessarily encourage democratization in International Journal of Research & Review (www.ijrrjournal.com) 40 Vol.5; Issue: 4; April 2018 Susi Dian Rahayu et al. Local Bossism in Decentralization Era: Study Political Power and Local Bossism in Bangkalan, Madura, Indonesia Indonesia. The shift from centralistic to as a Member of Bangkalan District decentralized is considered to encourage the Legislative Council, while his younger formation of small kings in the region. The brother served as Chairman of Bangkalan post-reform phenomenon resembles a batch Regency DPRD. During that period, the system, where political and economic function of legislative oversight was domination shifts from bandits (strationaly deemed unemployed because the holder of bandits) to small bandits (roving bandits). [3] the executive and legislative branch was the The phenomenon by John T Sidel is called Fuad family. Not only there, in the elections local bossism (local boss), while Migdal is of 2013, with the limitation of the period of called local strongmen. head of the region for only two periods, The emergence of local boss Fuad Amin, who cannot run for Bangkalan phenomenon occurred in various regions in Regent, nominated his son Ra Momon to Indonesia post-reform, precisely after the become a candidate for Bangkalan Regent, implementation of regional autonomy. This and was elected. While Fuad Amin, in 2014 is because, the local boss figure in Indonesia elected as chairman of Bangkalan Regency developed along with the transfer of power DPRD. During that period, the top executive from the center to the region and legislative leaders were controlled by (decentralization), it is rarely encountered in the Fuad Amin family. In addition, Fuad the previous era because the style of Amin in his power also established good government is managed centrally or relations with the klebun (village head) and centralized. Decentralization is used by blater (thugs). In running his government, some local elites to build political and Fuad is a figure of anti-criticism, if there are economic oligarchy, thus generating local elements who criticize or shake his power, bosses in the region. [4] Furthermore, the era so the network premannyalah will act. of decentralization also opens up a space of Phenomenon of local bossism in the inter-elite fighting in regions with diverse era of decentralization can not be separated backgrounds and identities for local from the use of strongmen and local economic and political resources. According bossism theory to analyze the phenomenon. to Hadiz, the seizure is not only about the According to Migdal, local strongmen do struggle for the post of regional head but various strategies to survive, expand and also on the seizure of control over the sustain power by forming accommodation authority and economic resources. [5] triangles along with state bureaucratic The phenomenon of Ratu Atut apparatus and politicians at the local level. Choisiyah's in Banten Province won the [8] The emergence of local strongmen or Election which is backed up by the Jawara local strong people is based on the is one of bosism form in Indonesia. This is emergence of organizations or groups of because, Atut's victory became a political society that are independent and capital by Jawara figures to dominate autonomous separated from the state economic and political resources in the domination. This shows that the state has province of Banten. [6] If in Banten, the weak controls in the community making it appearance of local bosses comes from the possible to increase the role of strong local Jawara, in Polewali Mandar the emergence people. [9] of local bosses emerge from the nobility, [7] Sidel had the same opinion about the while in Bangkalan, Madura, Fuad Amin local strong man, but the position of these figure phenomenon as a local boss derived powerful local men transformed into local from the santri. Fuad Amin is the grandson bosses who held important positions to gain of the highly respected KH Kholil in a monopoly of control over society through Madura. Fuad Amin is Bangkalan Regent the mastery of economic resources and for the period of 2003-2013. When he coercive power in the territorial jurisdiction served as Bupati, his son Ra Momon served of their power in era of democracy. [10] This International Journal of Research & Review (www.ijrrjournal.com) 41 Vol.5; Issue: 4; April 2018 Susi Dian Rahayu et al. Local Bossism in Decentralization Era: Study Political Power and Local Bossism in Bangkalan, Madura, Indonesia local bossism has a form like Gurbenur, the economic resources controlled by Fuad mayor, legislative members and members of Amin in Bangkalan district, it can be said the senate who became a broker. The tenure that there is a tendency that Fuad Amin makes the ability of local boss controls including strong people as well as local dependent on state-owned resources. [11] bosses in Bangkalan District. Based on the Furthermore, Sidel explained that local above description, this paper will discuss bosses emerged through a competitive and the way Fuad Amin pursued in periodic election mechanism, in which they consolidating its political power to maintain used a strategy of sound buying, its power in Bangkalan and test the local manipulation, and violence. [12] strong man theory of Migdal and Bosism of Furthermore, Sidel explained that in Sidel associated with the Fuad Amin case. the effort to maintain its economic and So, the research question of this paper are political domination, various strategies are How does Fuad Amin consolidate his carried out by the bosses, among others: political power to maintain his power in Putting relatives and cronies as officials or Bangkalan? Can the power of Fuad Amin be filling the important posts in the region, categorized as a phenomenon of bosism as Forming political machine as a sound the theory of John T Sidel or the broker, Arranging the placement of officials phenomenon of the local strong man as in the region, Arrange government projects described by Migdal? and aspiration funds, and intimidate and violence against political opponents. B. METHODS In his theory, Sidel provides a This research adopted qualitative critical account of the local strongman research. The main method uses in this theory ever written by Migdal. These research is literature study to obtain the records include, firstly, the nature of the objective results. The data were collected state and the nature of a society that causes with legal procedure which is helped by the strong local people to flourish. Migdal calls government, library and any other. the emergence of strong local people backed Literature study towards some journals, by weakened state conditions and the scientific papers, newspapers and other strengthening of local communities. While sourches which are further analyzed by the Sidel explained that bosism emerged when researcher. This research use theory of local the state controls strengthened and bossism by Sidel and local strongmen by weakened local communities. Migdal Migdal to analyze of phenomenon local mentions that local strong people can be bossism in Bangkalan, Madura.