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Extinction of a West African Red Colobus Monkey

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Extinction of a West African Red Colobus Monkey Extinction of a West African Red Colobus Monkey JOHN F. OATES,*†† MICHAEL ABEDI-LARTEY,† W. SCOTT McGRAW,‡ THOMAS T. STRUHSAKER,§ AND GEORGE H. WHITESIDES** *Department of Anthropology, Hunter College/City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10021, U.S.A. †Ghana Wildlife Department, Box M.239, Ministry Post Office, Accra, Ghana ‡Department of Anthropology, Ohio State University, Mansfield, OH 44906, U.S.A. §Department of Biological Anthropology and Anatomy, Duke University, Box 90383, Durham, NC 27708, U.S.A. **Department of Biology, Guilford Technical Community College, Box 309, Jamestown, NC 27282, U.S.A. Abstract: We provide the first documented case of the extinction in the twentieth century of a widely recog- nized primate taxon. During surveys in Ghana and Côte d’Ivoire in 1993–1999, we were unable to find any surviving populations of Miss Waldron’s red colobus monkey ( Procolobus badius waldroni), a primate taxon endemic to the forests of this part of West Africa. We conclude that this monkey, which at least one authority considers worthy of species status, is probably extinct. Hunting by humans appears to be the ultimate cause of the extinction. Until our surveys began, little attention had been paid to the plight of this red colobus mon- key, despite its listing as endangered by the World Conservation Union. The extinction of other large animals in the Upper Guinea rainforest region is likely to follow soon unless more attention is paid to the full range of endangered forms and more resources are devoted to their rigorous protection. Extinción del Mono Colobus Rojo en Africa Occidental Resumen: Proporcionamos el primer caso de extinción documentado en el siglo veinte de un taxón de pri- mates ampliamente reconocido. Durante los reconocimientos en Ghana y Costa de Marfil entre 1993 y 1999, no pudimos encontrar ninguna población viva del mono colobus rojo de Miss Waldron ( Procolobus badius waldroni), un taxón de primates endémico a los bosques de esta parte de Africa occidental. Concluimos que este mono, al cual por lo menos una autoridad considera como merecedor del estatus de especie, probable- mente se haya extinguido. La cacería por humanos parece ser la causa definitiva de la extinción. Antes de comenzar nuestros reconocimientos, se prestó poca atención a la difícil situación del mono colobus rojo, a pesar de haber sido incluido en la lista de especies amenazadas de la Unión Mundial de Conservación. Es probable que pronto ocurra la extinción de otros animales grandes en el bosque lluvioso de la región supe- rior de Guinea a menos que se preste más atención al rango total de formas amenazadas y se canalicen más recursos para su rigurosa protección. Introduction cies and subspecies by the end of the twentieth century. For instance, Myers (1979) suggested that an extinction For more than 40 years, conservationists have expressed spasm in the last 25 years of the twentieth century would concern that the effects on wild animal and plant popula- eliminate 1 million species, and Mittermeier (1986) sug- tions from the growth of the global human population and gested that about one-seventh of primate species “could from economic development, especially in the tropics, will easily be extinct by the turn of the century.” Although My- produce marked increases in the rate of extinction of spe- ers noted that many threatened species are rare mammals and birds (especially large-bodied, slow-breeding species), MacPhee and Flemming (1999) have documented the ††email [email protected] Paper submitted May 3, 1999; revised manuscript accepted January probable extinction since 1500 A.D. of only six terrestrial 5, 2000. mammal species that did not live in Australia or on islands. 1526 Conservation Biology, Pages 1526–1532 Volume 14, No. 5, October 2000 Oates et al. Extinction of a Colobus Monkey 1527 One might argue that vigorous action by conservation- tion, limited to the far west of southern Ghana and a ists, prompted by concern about an impending extinc- small area in the southeastern corner of Côte d’Ivoire tion wave, has postponed disaster. Primates have re- (Fig. 1). The only firm record we have located for Côte ceived much attention from conservationists, and they d’Ivoire is from Booth (1954), who reports seeing mixed are one of the few large orders of mammals that has not groups of P. b. badius and P. b. waldroni in March 1954 lost a taxon (species or subspecies) in the twentieth cen- in high forest on the east bank of the Nzi River, just tury (Mittermeier et al. 1997). MacPhee and Flemming north of its confluence with the Bandama River. Here, (1999) found evidence of only one extinction of an an- Booth collected one specimen of P. b. waldroni, a fe- thropoid primate species in the last 500 years, the Jamai- male, which is in the Natural History Museum, London. can Xenothrix mcgregori. We suggest that the lack of Booth reports that he did not observe hybrid individuals recent primate extinctions is fostering complacency, at this location. and that such complacency may allow taxa to become Even in the early 1950s, Miss Waldron’s red colobus extinct that could have been saved by more vigorous was a threatened animal as a result of habitat destruction and timely action. This danger is particularly acute in the and hunting, and Booth expressed the view that its ex- case of taxa that have received little popular attention tinction in Ghana “in the near future must be regarded and live in parts of the world that are not a major focus as a probability, unless effective legislation to protect of biologists and conservationists. both the animal and its environment is forthcoming” We present evidence of the probable extinction of a (Booth 1956). In a 1954 census, however, this monkey form of West African forest primate, Miss Waldron’s red was still relatively abundant in the Tano Nimiri Forest colobus monkey (Procolobus badius waldroni ), which Reserve, 130 km south of the Goaso type locality (Col- we were unable to find during recent surveys in the for- lins 1956). ests of western Ghana and eastern Côte d’Ivoire. In addi- More than a decade after Booth’s warning, Jeffrey tion, we discuss the factors that have led to its disap- (1970) noted that the forest wildlife of western Ghana pearance and caused its fate to be neglected. was being devastated by the spread of farming and the hunting of wild game for meat, processes accelerated by logging activities that had opened up remote forests to settlement by immigrants. By that time, only occasional Taxonomy, Distribution, and Historical Abundance red colobus were shot by hunters, presumably because of Miss Waldron’s Red Colobus they had become rare. Because of growing concern for the survival of the country’s forest wildlife, the govern- P. b. waldroni is one of more than a dozen forms of red ment of Ghana in the mid-1970s established the Bia and colobus monkey that occur allopatrically across the Afri- Nini-Suhien national parks, along with associated “game can tropical forest zone. These forms have been production reserves” (now known as “resource re- grouped into between one and eight different species serves”). The monkeys of Bia, including the red colobus, and 14–18 subspecies (Oates et al. 1994). Miss Wal- were the subject of a field research program between dron’s red colobus was unknown to science until De- 1975 and 1978 (Asibey 1978; Olson 1986). Nevertheless, cember 1933, when a series of eight specimens was col- we have not found any authenticated record of a sight- lected by Willoughby P. Lowe near Goaso (lat 6Њ49ЈN, ing of Miss Waldron’s red colobus monkey in Ghana or long 2Њ27ЈW) in the Ashanti Region of the Gold Coast Côte d’Ivoire since that time, although the monkey is (now Ghana). The monkey was named by Hayman still listed as part of the fauna of Ghana’s Bia and Nini- (1936) as a new subspecies after Miss F. Waldron, Suhien national parks on the basis of the earlier reports Lowe’s companion on his collecting trip. Since its first (Lee et al. 1988). description, three specimens collected before 1933 have been recognized as members of the same subspe- cies. P. b. waldroni differs from P. b. badius, which oc- Methods curs from Guinea to western Côte d’Ivoire, in having red rather than black outer thighs and a red rather than To investigate the present status of P. b. waldroni and black forehead. These differences, and a diagnosis that, other rainforest monkeys, we made surveys in southern unlike P. b. badius, its external nose is not raised on a Ghana and Côte d’Ivoire in 1993–1999. In deciding fleshy base led Dandelot (1971) to propose that wal- which areas to search most closely for red colobus mon- droni be considered a “potential” full species, but other- keys, we relied upon (1) museum records and publica- wise all review treatments of African monkeys have rec- tions indicating past distribution, (2) information about ognized waldroni as a subspecies of Procolobus badius the status of forests and their wildlife provided by gov- (e.g., Rahm 1970; Napier 1985; Kingdon 1997). ernment officials in the Departments of Forestry and Museum records and published accounts indicate that Wildlife in Ghana and consultants to the Societé de De- in this century P. b. waldroni had a restricted distribu- veloppement des Forêts in Côte d’Ivoire, and (3) LAND- Conservation Biology Volume 14, No. 5, October 2000 1528 Extinction of a Colobus Monkey Oates et al. Figure 1. Distribution records for Procolobus badius waldroni from 1900 to 1976, derived from museum records and the literature.
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