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Mutual Intelligibility in the Germanic Language Area University of Groningen Predicting the mutual intelligibility of Germanic languages from linguistic and extra-linguistic factors Swarte, Francisca Hendrika Euphemia IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below. Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Publication date: 2016 Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database Citation for published version (APA): Swarte, F. H. E. (2016). Predicting the mutual intelligibility of Germanic languages from linguistic and extra- linguistic factors. Rijksuniversiteit Groningen. Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum. Download date: 25-09-2021 Predicting the mutual intelligibility of Germanic languages from linguistic and extra-linguistic factors Femke Swarte The work in this thesis has been carried out under the Graduate School for Humanities (GSH) from the University of Groningen and the Center for Language and Cognition Groningen (CLCG). The work was carried out within the project Mutual intelligibility of closely related languages in Europe: linguistic and non-linguistic determinants financed by the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO). Groningen Dissertations in Linguistics 150 ISSN: 0928-0030 ISBN: 978-90-367-8591-4 Cover image: Esmée Fokkema Printed by: Gildeprint – www.gildeprint.nl Predicting the mutual intelligibility of Germanic languages from linguistic and extra-linguistic factors Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Rijksuniversiteit Groningen op gezag van de rector magnificus prof. dr. E. Sterken en volgens besluit van het College voor Promoties. De openbare verdediging zal plaatsvinden op donderdag 3 maart 2016 om 14.30 uur door Francisca Hendrika Euphemia Swarte geboren op 17 april 1988 te Leeuwarden iv FEMKE SWARTE: MUTUAL INTELLIGIBILITY OF GERMANIC LANGUAGES Promotores Prof. Dr. J. Nerbonne Prof. Dr. V.J.J.P. van Heuven Copromotor Dr. C.S. Gooskens Beoordelingscommissie Prof. Dr. M.H. Verspoor Prof. Dr. S. Kürschner Prof. Dr. M. van Mulken ISBN: 978-90-367-8591-4 Dankwoord Na vier jaar is er een einde gekomen aan een intensief, maar ook leerzaam proces. Ik wil iederen die mij tijdens dit proces geholpen heeft bedanken voor hun wijze raad, geduld en steun. Het is niet te doen om in dit dankwoord iedereen persoonlijk te bedanken. Als je je naam hier niet tegen komt wil dit niet zeggen dat ik je vergeten ben of je steun en hulp niet heb gewaardeerd. Bedankt daarvoor. Ik wil hier beginnen met mijn begeleiders en promotoren: Charlotte Gooskens, John Nerbonne en Vincent van Heuven. Hun deuren stonden letterlijk en digitaal altijd open voor vragen en advies. Zonder hun begeleiding was het schrijven van dit proefschrift niet mogelijk geweest. Daarnaast heb ik genoten van de vele gesprekken met Charlotte, de interessante en veelzijdige annecdotes van John en de overheerlijke kookkunsten van Vincent. Ook wil ik mijn collega‟s uit de MICReLa-projectgroep bedanken: Renée van Bezooijen, Wilbert Heeringa, Anja Schüppert, Jelena Golubovic en Stefa- nie Voigt. De vele vergaderingen die wij als projectgroep gehouden hebben zijn de kwaliteit van mijn proefschrift zeker ten goede gekomen. Ik was waarschijnlijk nooit in een promotietraject terecht gekomen als er niet een aantal mensen tijdens mijn studie mijn wetenschappelijke interesses hadden gewekt. Ik wil hen ook graag bedanken: Alexandra Lenz, mijn scrip- tiebegeleider tijdens mijn studie Duits, Nanna Haug Hilton, mijn scriptie- begeleider tijdens mijn Research Master en Edwin Klinkenberg (en Tineke, Andele en Yente), mijn stagebegeleider tijdens mijn periode aan de Fryske Akademy. Edwin en Nanna hebben mij tijdens mijn promotietraject ook geregeld geholpen. Hiervoor ben ik hun heel erg dankbaar. Ook wil ik de bewoners van de OBS 23 bedanken. Zij hebben mijn werkdagen leuk en gezellig gemaakt en zijn een waardevolle toevoeging aan mijn vrienden- en kennisenkring geworden. Dat geldt ook voor een aantal andere medewerkers van de RuG. Marieke (en natuurlijk Erwin en Jurre!), Boh, Rendel, Fabiola, Kim, Petra, Simon, Johannes, Stef, Margriet, Lennart, Oscar en Ester, bedankt voor alle borrels, bakjes koffie, lunches en pubquizzes! Mijn vrienden wil ik ook bedanken. Omdat ze de leukste vrienden ooit zijn, maar ook omdat ze geduldig al mijn promotieverhalen aangehoord hebben. Dennis, Hannah, Joe, Vincent, Mandy, Esmée (die ook de mooie plaat op de voorkant van dit proefschrift geschilderd heeft), Coby, Linda, Geertje, Mona, Gerbrich, Nikolina en Tineke. vi FEMKE SWARTE: MUTUAL INTELLIGIBILITY OF GERMANIC LANGUAGES Tijdens mijn Ph.D. heb ik het geluk gehad veel nevenactiviteiten te kun- nen doen. De belangrijkste was het leren en onderwijzen van het Deens. Daarbij heb ik heel veel leuke mensen leren kennen. Mijn dank gaat uit naar Kirsten, mijn eerste docent Deens, van wie ik niet alleen ontzettend veel geleerd heb, maar die ook heel veel uurtjes onder het genot van een bakje koffie in de stad geduldig naar mijn verhalen in mijn, eerst wat gebrekkige en later iets betere, Deens heeft geluisterd. Van Anders heb ik ook veel Deens geleerd en van Romy, Claus, Alexander, Renno, Frank, Verena, Sorana en Claudio, die ik tijdens de cursussen Deens heb leren kennen. De laatste twee jaar van mijn promotietraject heb ik zelf Deense les gegeven en ik wil mijn cursisten bedanken voor de leuke lessen, die een welkome afwisseling op het schrijven van mijn proefschrift vormden! Natuurlijk ben ik ook veel dank verschuldigd aan mijn lieve, gekke familie. Mijn lieve vriendin, Magda, die me overal bij steunt en ervoor zorgt dat ik naast al het harde werken veel tijd vrij maak voor ontspanning en leuke dingen. Ik wil haar ook bedanken voor de hulp bij de lay-out van de omslag van dit proefschrift. Rieks en Betty, mijn fantastische ouders, staan achter mij en ik weet dat ze dat ook altijd zullen blijven doen. Zij en mijn zusje en broertje, Annemaaike en Cas, zorgen er met hun grote gevoel voor humor en optimisme voor dat ik altijd met beide benen op de grond blijf staan. Als laatste wil ik Beppe bedanken, die mijn promotie helaas niet meer mee kan maken. Naast mijn ouders, heeft zij mij altijd gestimuleerd om het maximale uit mezelf te halen. Niet alleen op intellectueel, maar ook op sociaal gebied. Met haar ruime hart en open geest zal zij altijd mijn grote voorbeeld zijn. Ik draag dit proefschrift dan ook aan haar op. Table of Contents 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Mutual intelligibility 2 1.1.1 Definition 2 1.1.2 Research on mutual intelligibility 3 1.2 The Germanic language area 5 1.2.1 North Germanic languages 6 1.2.2 West Germanic languages 6 1.2.3 North versus West Germanic languages 8 1.3 Aims and outline of the thesis 9 2. Literature review 15 2.1 Research on the mutual intelligibility of North Germanic languages 15 2.2 Research on the mutual intelligibility of West Germanic languages 26 2.3 Mutual intelligibility research across the North and West Germanic language areas 31 2.4 Summary 34 3. Intelligibility tests 39 3.1 Introduction 39 3.2 Previous research 40 3.3 Intelligibility and comprehension tests used in the present study 46 3.3.1 Picture task 47 3.3.2 Cloze test 49 3.3.3 Word translation task 50 3.3.4 Procedure and participant selection 52 3.4 Analyses and results 55 3.4.1 Picture task 55 3.4.2 Cloze test 67 3.4.3 Word translation task 75 3.5 Comparing the results of the different intelligibility tests 83 3.6 Discussion 83 3.7 Conclusion 92 4. Language attitudes and language exposure 95 4.1 Previous research 95 viii FEMKE SWARTE: MUTUAL INTELLIGIBILITY OF GERMANIC LANGUAGES 4.1.1 Language attitudes 95 4.1.2 Language exposure 98 4.2 Attitude and exposure measurements used in the present study 100 4.2.1 Language attitudes 100 4.2.2 Language exposure 101 4.3 Results 101 4.3.1 Attitude scores 101 4.3.2 Language exposure 105 4.4 Correlations among the extra-linguistic variables 110 4.5 Conclusion 110 5. Linguistic distances 113 5.1 Previous research 113 5.1.1 The relationship between linguistic distances and intelligibility 113 5.1.2 Measuring lexical distances 114 5.1.3 Measuring orthographic and phonological distances 115 5.1.4 Measuring syntactic distances 116 5.2 Establishing linguistic distances in the present study 116 5.2.1 Lexical distance 117 5.2.2 Orthographic distance 120 5.2.3 Phonological distance 124 5.2.4 Syntactic distance 126 5.3 Correlations among the linguistic variables 133 5.4 Summary 134 6. Intelligibility and the role of linguistic and extra-linguistic variables 137 6.1 Introduction 137 6.1.1 Research question and hypotheses 137 6.1.2 Procedure of analysis 139 6.2 Spoken Cloze test 141 6.2.1 Correlations among variables 141 6.2.2 Regression results 143 6.3 Written Cloze test 144 6.3.1 Correlations among variables 144 6.3.2 Regression results 145 6.4 Spoken word translation task 146 6.4.1 Correlations among variables 146 ix 6.4.2 Regression results 147 6.5 Written word translation task 148 6.5.1 Correlations among variables 148 6.5.2 Regression results 149 6.6 Regression analyses without language exposure as a predictor 149 6.7 Conclusion 151 7.
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