DOCSLIB.ORG

Features of Arabic-French Code-Switching in Morocco

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Features of Arabic-French Code-Switching in Morocco Features of Arabic-French code-switching in Morocco A sociolinguistic case study on intra-sentential code-switching in Morocco Juhan Luomala Centre for Languages and Literature Lund University Sweden Supervisor: Maria Persson Examiner: Lena Ambjörn Acknowledgements I want to thank Maria Persson, supervisor for this study, for her guidance and supervision throughout this process, as well as assigning me as a representative of Lund University to conduct field work in Morocco. I want to thank The Birgit Rausing Language Programme, for a generous scholarship to make the required field work in Morocco possible. I want to thank Professor Yamina El Kirat and Laila Mounir, for receiving me as a guest at Mohammed V University of Rabat, and sharing their knowledge regarding Moroccan sociolinguistics and being of great help when organising the practical arrangements in order to make this study possible. I want to thank Souhaila Khamlichi, for being the moderator of the required focus group discussions. Without her help the recordings would not have been as authentic. I want to thank Taha El Hadari, Ismail Bardaoui and Mohamed Sabaoui, who were of great help when transliterating the recorded data. Without their effort and time this thesis would remain being in process. Finally, I want to thank my family and dear friends: Mehdi Bendkia, especially for his help with transliterations, as well as Ieanah Veronica Svensson and Edith Salminen for all the help and support, proof readings and feedback. !3 Abstract This Master’s thesis is a sociolinguistic case study about intra-sentential code-switching, also known as code-mixing, between colloquial Moroccan Arabic and French. The data is collected by arranged interviews with focus groups consisting of university students in Rabat, Morocco, in order to investigate the trends and the extent of the occurrence of French in speech situations where intra- sentential code-switching between colloquial Moroccan Arabic and French is present. The hypothe- ses are based on findings of previous research conducted on code-switching in North Africa by Ben- tahila (1983a/b), Bentahila & Davies (1983, 1995), and Sayahi (2011a/b, 2014). The most important independent variables in the study are gender and field of education through five different focus groups consisting of participants from five different fields of study, including both the fields of humanities and sciences. This study investigates French verbs, whether adapted into colloquial Moroccan Arabic verb morphology patterns or not, the occurrence of numerals, whether used in Arabic or in French, the realisation of the phoneme /r/ in French words, whether French, guttural ["] or alveolar trill [r], the role of code-switching in repetition and rhetorical emp- hasis, as well as examining whether there is a difference in the frequency and amount of intra-sen- tential code-switching performed by male and female speakers and the different focus groups. The analysis provides examples of the examined phenomena, offering an insight to what intra-sen- tential code-switching in the Moroccan context may look like. The results show that all the features of intra-sentential code-switching mentioned above occur in the data: the usage of French verbs be- ing adapted into colloquial Moroccan Arabic exceeds the amount of cases of code-switching with French verbs; the usage of numerals in Arabic exceeds the usage of numerals in French; the pro- nunciation of the phoneme /r/ in French words differs between male and female speakers, as the female speakers use more French, guttural ["] while the male speakers use more alveolar trill [r], yet the language of instruction being French for certain participants significantly had an impact on the realisation of the phoneme. Furthermore, the data presents in total 16 cases of repetition reached by code-switching, and the analysis of the independent background variables shows differences be- tween groups regarding both gender and field of education: the male participants used more French verbs than the female participants, whereas female participants provided more cases of French nu- merals and the French, guttural ["] when pronouncing French words with /r/ in comparison to the male participants. Finally, the field of education certainly is proven to have an impact on the partic- ipants' likelihood to use French. Key words: code-switching, sociolinguistics, Morocco, Arabic, French, focus group interview !4 Table of contents 1. Introduction 7 1.1. Introduction 7 1.2. Aim of research 8 1.3. Limitation of research 9 1.4. Previous studies 10 1.5. Problem definition 16 1.5.1. Hypothesis 16 2. Theory 17 2.1. Code-switching 17 2.2. Lexical borrowing 19 2.3. Gender 22 3. Method 23 3.1. Data collection 23 3.2. Method used in data analysis 27 3.3. Limitations of the chosen method 29 3.4. Ethics 31 3.5. The transliteration system used in the study 32 3.6. Focus groups in the study 33 4. Background to the linguistic situation in Morocco 34 4.1. Moroccan Arabic 34 4.2. French 38 5. Analysis 40 5.1. Verbs 40 5.1.11. Summary of groups - verbs 53 5.2. Numerals 58 5.2.11. Summary of groups - numerals 64 5.3. Pronunciation of the phoneme /r/ 68 5.3.11. Summary of groups - pronunciation of the phoneme /r/ 75 5.4. Repetition / confirmation 79 !5 5.4.11. Summary of groups - repetition 83 5.5. Summary of analysed features of intra-sentential code-switching 85 6. Conclusion 95 7. Suggestions for further research 106 8. Appendix 108 9. References 119 !6 1. Introduction 1.1. Introduction Code-switching, broadly defined as the “alternate use of two or more languages in the same utter- ance of conversation” (Fishman 1999, p. 147), is an extensively studied topic that often is a result of bi- or multilingualism. Regarding sociolinguistics in the North African perspective, code-switching is a well-studied, frequently occurring phenomenon known to many, and a significant feature of the local way of speech. It is worth mentioning that the phenomenon is not unique to North Africa alone; code-switching occurs in numerous bi- or multilingual societies where two or more lan- guages or varieties of a language are used simultaneously (Gardner-Chloros 2009, p. 4). Moreover, Gardner-Chloros (2002) suggests that “The study of why and how people code-switch provides in- sights about many aspects of language as well as speech.” (ibid., p. 4). Due to the chequered history of North Africa, as well as the international contact and natural mobility among people throughout the times, the languages in use in the Maghreb1 are many. The colonial era has left its traces in the society which has resulted in extensive code-switching between the colloquial Arabic varieties and French, as Sayahi (2011b) suggests: “the continuing presence of French in Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco have contributed to considerable competence in French that has allowed colloquial Arabic and French to coexist in several domains and, inevitably, often end up being used in the same con- versation.” (Sayahi 2011b, p. 114). Therefore it should be noted that these two languages have ex- isted side by side for such a long time that code-switching hardly is something new, but on the con- trary, has been used for generations, and, as is natural for languages, keeps changing and developing (Ziamari 2007, p. 287). Moreover, contact between domestic and foreign languages, as well as dif- ferent varieties of Arabic, existed already long before the French protectorate in North Africa (Sayahi 2011b, p. 128). Bentahila & Davies (1983b) consider this variety of language reached by code-switching as a third ‘code’, its own form of a language, un mélange, between the colloquial Arabic varieties and French (Bentahila & Davies 1983b, p. 303). Therefore, it is not only interesting, but also highly relevant to conduct a sociolinguistic study in the Maghreb in order to see what the tendencies of code-switch- 1 Maghreb is a term used to refer to Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia (Sayahi 2014, p. 16). Fishman (1999, p. 382) considers even Mauritania to be a part of the Maghreb countries, at least, linguistically speaking. !7 ing among a few university students are: it is a representation of the trends of code-switching of a certain time, in a certain space, by certain speakers. During the three months of conducting the study in Rabat, Morocco, extensive code-switching could be heard and seen in various contexts in the local society: public transportation, local markets, interaction with people, lectures, seminars and even doctoral dissertations etc. are just examples of the many settings where both intra- and inter-sentential2 code-switching could be heard. Plenty of the features of Arabic-French code-switching described in previous studies (see chapter 1.4.) were found to be realised in practice. 1.2. Aim of research Based on previous research conducted on North-African sociolinguistics and code-switching one can expect to find various types of intra-sentential Arabic-French code-switching and even predict its frequency of use to vary between the participants in this study, both regarding gender and field of study. The aim of this study is to examine how and to what extent certain features of intra-senten- tial code-switching between colloquial Moroccan Arabic and French occur among university stu- dents at Mohammed V University of Rabat, Morocco. The analysis focuses on intra-sentential code- switching, also known as code-mixing. The study also investigates whether any specific factors can be observed to affect the distribution of intra-sentential code-switching, as well as how and when the phenomenon takes place, and whether the gender and field of study impact the likelihood of its occurrence. Based on previous research, as will be presented below in chapter 1.4., one can await to find intra-sentential code-switching regarding French verbs; the usage of numerals both in Arabic and in French and emphasis and confirmation reached by code-switching.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Towards Understanding the Status of the Dual in Pre-Islamic Arabic
    Towards Understanding the Status of the Dual in Pre-Islamic Arabic MUHAMMAD AL-SHARKAWI (Wayne State University, Detroit) Abstract This article suggests that the dual suffix in pre-Islamic Arabic did not differentiate for case. Tamīm, one of the most trustworthy pre-Islamic dialects, treated the dual suffix invariably although it had a full case system. There are also tokens of the same invariable treatment in the Qurʾān. The article proposes that the suffix long vowel variation due to the phenomenon of ʾimāla makes the formal origin of the invariable dual suffix difficult to ascribe to the East and Northwest Semitic oblique dual allomorph. Keywords: Dual, pre-Islamic Arabic, ʾimāla, Classical Arabic, vowel harmony. Introduction This article discusses data on the dual suffix in pre-Islamic dialects from medieval Arab grammarians and manuals of qirāʾāt to suggest that the status of the dual suffix in the pre- Islamic Arabic linguistic situation was unique among the Semitic languages.1 The article does not, however, seek to take a comparative Semitic framework. It rather seeks to discuss the dual suffix behavior on the eve of the Arab conquests and probably immediately thereafter. Although attempts to understand particular structural concepts of pre-Islamic Arabic are forthcoming, the formal, functional and semantic shape of the dual system remains to be studied in detail. In addition, despite the limited and sporadic data about the morphological and syntactic aspects of pre-Islamic Arabic,2 the dual suffix3 is one of the features of pre-Islamic Arabic dialects that can shed light on both the position of grammati- cal case4 in the Arabic dialects in the peninsula, and how it came to be standardized after the emergence of Islam.
    [Show full text]
  • The Pronunciation of English Vowel Sounds by Foreigners It Is Necessary to Make So M E
    th e Stubs; of E ngl i sh i n M i c ro b y f orei g n W omen Stub ents , et am n b b al l . Lectures in th e English La nguage a n d Litera tur e b U r L u r a n d T y nive sity ect er s utors . An Exam ination three ti m es a year a t th e e nd of h rm d d b th e s for eac te , con ucte y As ociation th e Education of Wom en in Oxford . A Libr ar y in Norham Ha ll for th e u s e of Resident Students , Dates of com m encem ent a n d all particul ar s m ay be obta ined from T E E B R H N N . U C Mrs . O A C C S , N h a m H or all , x d O for . A Va ca ti on Cou r se l a sti ng f ou r weeks i s fiel d d u ri n t/ze m om! : o u / g f j y . Pronu nc iation Of English b Forei n r y g e s. ourse o f Lectur es to th e Students O f Norh a m Ha ll h e Ph h on t ysiology of Speec . F. R. S B A D Sc . URCH M . EOR E J . O G G , xon , ® gf o r b CO . LT D . O ALDEN , BOCARD PRESS .
    [Show full text]
  • Alpha Mu Gamma Lexicon 2019 (Work in Progress—More to Come)
    Alpha Mu Gamma Lexicon 2019 (work in progress—more to come) Table of Contents Introduction Languages of the World Introduction The Romance Languages The Germanic Languages Phrasebook: Phrasebook of Languages Taught at Henderson French Spanish German Phrasebook of Languages Represented at Henderson Russian Ukrainian Italian Nepali Hindi Korean Portuguese Romanian Arabic Quechua Catalan Pidgin English Kishwali Ancient Languages and Other Alphabets Phoenician Alphabet (more to come) Other Resources, Websites, and Videos 2 | P a g e Foreword This phrasebook is intended to add flavor to Alpha Mu Gamma and strengthen the repertoire of its members. Seeing as AMG is an honors society centered on excellence and interest in foreign languages and cultures, it is only fitting, at least in my mind, that it should attempt to maintain a healthy knowledge base regarding the basics of the languages most used in the world, those taught here at Henderson, and those spoken by our international students. Having a rudimentary smattering of the geography of the major language families, from where they derive, and where they fit into the world is an important piece of the foundation of an educated and culturally informed worldview. A basic appreciation of the cornerstone languages of Western thought, Latin and Greek, also opens new avenues to explore our common hobby: the etymology of almost every word you will encounter in French and Spanish classes, as well as all mathematical and scientific terminology (and jargon), is derived from one of these two languages. Lastly, this is designed to be fun and easy to ingest! It is imperative that all future Lexicographers strive for inclusivity in creating future editions.
    [Show full text]
  • Sample Pages from the Book
    2 Afraid Arabic Idiom Transliteration Literal Meaning English Idiom or Meaning 1 biy-XAf al-la he is afraid [of] God he’s honest ِبيْخاف اهلل biy-XAf min Xa-yaa-lo he is afraid of his shadow he’s afraid of his own shadow ِ 2 ِبيْخاف من َخيالُه a-LEha min he fears on her from the breeze he’s overprotective of herع biy-XAf ِ 3 in-nis-me ِبيْخاف َعليـها من ِّالن ْسمة il-li biy-XAf min il-GHool he who is afraid of the demon it you have nothing to fear but ِ 4 lo comes out to him fear itself-عbyiT-la * ّإلي ِبيْخاف من الغول بْ ِي ْط َل ْع ُله (lit) he wets himself; (fig) he gets 5 biy-shuX taH-to he pees under himself terrified easily, he’s a coward ِبيْ ُشخ َتْ ُته jaa-je a chicken/hen coward * جاجة 6 his hair stood on end, 7 waq-qaf sha- ar rA-so the hair of his head stood up he was terrified ع َو َّقف َش َعر ُراسه D-ha his legs knock together he’s terrifiedعrij-LE bit-Xab-beT fi ba ِ ِ 8 ر ْجليه بتْ َخ ِّبط يف َب ْع ْضها he is putting his hand is on his a-la qal-bo he’s afraidع HA-TeT ee-do ِ 9 heart حاطط ُإيده َعلى َقلْ ُبه my heart fell down between my my heart was in my mouth, 10 qal-bi bEn rij-lay legs I was scared عwi-qe ِو ِقع َقلْبـي بيـن ِر ْج َلي .Close to the French r, sounding like a guttural r :(غ) LEGEND FOR VOWELS E: Sounds long and open as in the words fair, dare.
    [Show full text]
  • In Germanic Dialects – Tradition Or Innovation? (1)
    Kent Academic Repository Full text document (pdf) Citation for published version Bisiada, Mario (2009) [R] in Germanic dialects – tradition or innovation? (1). University of York Linguistic Society PDF. DOI Link to record in KAR http://kar.kent.ac.uk/33787/ Document Version Publisher pdf Copyright & reuse Content in the Kent Academic Repository is made available for research purposes. Unless otherwise stated all content is protected by copyright and in the absence of an open licence (eg Creative Commons), permissions for further reuse of content should be sought from the publisher, author or other copyright holder. Versions of research The version in the Kent Academic Repository may differ from the final published version. Users are advised to check http://kar.kent.ac.uk for the status of the paper. Users should always cite the published version of record. Enquiries For any further enquiries regarding the licence status of this document, please contact: [email protected] If you believe this document infringes copyright then please contact the KAR admin team with the take-down information provided at http://kar.kent.ac.uk/contact.html [R] in Germanic Dialects— Tradition or Innovation? ___________________________________________________________________ MARIO BISIADA “ain hundts buchstab, wann er zornig die zene blickt und nerret, so die zung kraus zittert.” 1 0. ABSTRACT The quality of [R] in Germanic dialects is one of the most discussed phonological topics in Historical Linguistics, circling around one main question: Was it front or back? Scholars have proposed a back sound arisen through foreign influence as well as a native uvular trill. In this paper, I offer a comparative survey of the available literature, from the earliest superficial comments to modern in-depth dialect analysis, providing a synthesis of the arguments that have been proposed over time.
    [Show full text]
  • [R] in Germanic Dialects — Tradition Or Innovation?
    [R] in Germanic Dialects— Tradition or Innovation? ___________________________________________________________________ MARIO BISIADA “ain hundts buchstab, wann er zornig die zene blickt und nerret, so die zung kraus zittert.” 1 0. ABSTRACT The quality of [R] in Germanic dialects is one of the most discussed phonological topics in Historical Linguistics, circling around one main question: Was it front or back? Scholars have proposed a back sound arisen through foreign influence as well as a native uvular trill. In this paper, I offer a comparative survey of the available literature, from the earliest superficial comments to modern in-depth dialect analysis, providing a synthesis of the arguments that have been proposed over time. Though no definite answer can ever be found, I provide what I regard to be a plausible answer as the outcome of the research that underlies this essay. 1. INTRODUCTION The realisation of /r/ varies a lot among the Germanic (Gmc) languages of today: Afrikaans, Faroese, Frisian, Alveolar trill / tap ɾ [ r ] / ([ ]) Icelandic, Norwegian, Swedish Uvular trill / fricative [ ʀ ] / [ ʁ] Danish, German Approximants British English, American ɹ ɻ (alveolar / retroflex ) [ ] / [ ] English TABLE 1: The various realisations of /r/ in Gmc languages based on Erickson (2002: 183f)2 1 Valentin Ickelsamer Teutsche Grammatica, 1534? [=’the sound of a dog, when it furiously bares its teeth and snarls, thus the curly tongue trembles.’], possibly the earliest attempt of a phonetic description of German /r/ (Runge 1974). Translations are given either in footnotes in single inverted commas, or after a block quote in square brackets and single inverted commas. 2 Some languages like Dutch, German, Norwegian and Swedish have both coronal and uvular realisations.
    [Show full text]
  • Manual for Linguistics I
    Manual for Linguistics 35 Some Descriptive Terms Contrast Relationship of sintagmatic nature There is a difference between two phonological adjacent units Fruta ≠ rfuta Plaza ≠ lpaza Defective Distribution Lack of /r/ in initial position (it is not neutralization) Dephonologization Two phonemes stop opposing themselves in all environments ll→y (malla→maya) The opposition has disappeared: two phonemes dephonologize in one phoneme. 2 phonemes >> 1 phoneme Distribution Several manifestations or variations (allophones) of the same phoneme (variant unit). a) Combinatory or contextual variants Complementary distribution (C.D.) b) Free Variants (F.V.) – stylistic or facultative. Realizations of a phoneme appear in the same environment More of less conscious choice of the speaker Equivalent or free distribution Neutralization The phonological opposition stops being pertinent in certain positions of the utterance. Opposition /r/→ /rr/ pero→perro Neutralization /R/ coRtaR It becomes an Archiphoneme (capital letters between slant bars): Group of distinctive features common to both phonemes in the neutralized opposition /r/ + /rr/ = /R/ Phonological Opposition Relationship of paradigmatic nature There is a difference between two or more distinctive units Minimal pairs are created: pero → perro Some Phonetic Phenomena Related to Phones ARTICULATORY ENERGY (muscular effort): strong vs. weak Lenition process. Weakening process VOICING (vocal cords): voiced vs. voiceless Sonorization process. Deafening process VOWEL ATTACK Soft Hard > glottal occlusion
    [Show full text]
  • Xptphonetic.TTF — English, French, Swedish Phonemes Phonetic Phonetic Symbol Symbol
    1 XPTPhonetic.TTF — English, French, Swedish phonemes Phonetic Phonetic symbol symbol stroke Phonetic stroke Phonetic Key- Examples: transcription Key- Examples: transcription Eng. | Fr. | Sv. Eng. | Fr. | Sv. Eng. | Fr. | Sv. Eng. | Fr. | Sv. Q at, cat | - | - p pan | panne | panna A bar | Bâle | ban r rat | raté | råtta a - | ouatte | satt % - | ils ronronneront | - 1@ - |sans commentaire |- s sit, sat | ceci | se b bet | bon | ben S ship, shop | chant | - d Dee | deux | du * - | - | Lars { - | - | bord, styrde $ - | - | sjuksköterska E set | cette| sätt t tap, ton | tape | ton e - | éviter | veta } - | - | kort, kort, borta ( murder | je le dis | - T thin thought| - | - 2 - | bain, jardin | - D this, that | - | - f for | faux | få Y but, cut | - | - g got | goût | gåta u boo | bout | bo 7 - | rogne, gagné | - U book, put | - | bott h him | - | han V - |- | en ful gud I sit still | - | sitt still 6 - | huit fruiteries | - i seen | signe | sin v vain| viens | Ven j yes| billet | ge w we | oui | - k cat| quoi | katt y - | une | byt, bytt C - | - | kär, kött z zip, zoo | zone | - l lea | lien | le Z leisure | jeu, gêne | - m man | homme |man Other phonetic symbols n no | non | nej : long vowel N song | parking | sång ! ‘ stress, e.g. [ v. [ o awe | eau
    [Show full text]
  • Manual for Linguistics I Linguistics I: Phonetics & Phonology 1º Year Instituto Superior De Lenguas Universidad Nacional De Asunción
    Manual for Linguistics I Linguistics I: Phonetics & Phonology 1º Year Instituto Superior de Lenguas Universidad Nacional de Asunción Phonetics & Phonology 1º Year Facultad de Lenguas Vivas Universidad Evangélica del Paraguay Applied Phonetics 1º Year Instituto Superior de Educación Ministerio de Educación y Cultura Susan Spezzini - Christian Cristoful Scappini 2013 [email protected] 2 “…and the whole earth was of one language and of one speech” Genesis 11:01 … …en aquel tiempo todos hablaban un mismo idioma …ɚ ...erat autem terra labii unius et sermonum eorundem ...naquele tempo toda a humanidade falava uma só língua ...Καὶ ἦν πᾶσα ἡ γῆ χεῖλος ἕν, καὶ φωνὴ μία πᾶσιν …Toute la terre avait une seule langue et les mêmes mots …온 땅의 구음이 하나이요 언어가 하나이었더라 …ora tutta la terra parlava la stessa lingua e usava le stesse parole ...nan konmansman, tout moun sou latè te pale yon sèl lang, yonn te konprann lòt …واحدة ول غة واحدا ل سان ا ك لها اﻻر ض وك ان ت ... 那時，天下人的口音言語，都是一樣。 ...hele Menneskeheden havde eet Tungemål og samme Sprog ...und die ganze Erde hatte ein und dieselbe Sprache und ein und dieselben Wörter … Ekuqalekeni uThixo wadala amazulu nehlabathi. אחדים׃ ודברים אחת שפה כל־הארץ ויהי 3 LESSON 1. INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTICS ................................................................................................................................. 1 LESSON 3. WHAT IS LANGUAGE? .................................................................................................................................................. 3 HUMAN/ANIMAL
    [Show full text]
  • Integrative Motivation in Second Language Acqusition
    BELONGINGNESS AND INTEGRATIVE MOTIVATION IN SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION by Robb Kvašňák A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of The College of Education in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Education Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton, Florida December 2007 Copyright by Robb Kvašňák 2007 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Sermos mensageiros da fala Comunicarmos com o coração Gritarmos a palavra pelas ruas Mostrarmos o poder da comunicação Translation: Let us be the messengers of speech Let us communicate with the heart Let us scream the words through the streets Let us show the power of communication. - Edmar Bernardes DaSilva (2001) This dissertation would not have been possible without the support and encouragement of many people, among whom, just some of which: Dr. Penelope Fritzer, from the United States, my chair, but who more fittingly deserves the German title of Doktormutter. Dr. Angela Rhone, from Jamaica, who prepared me and guided me during my entire graduate program. Dr. John Morris, from the United States, who encouraged and carefully advised me with the study design. Dr. Hanizah Zainuddin, from Malaysia, who spent countless hours and enormous energy discussing and revising the theory and research of this study. Edmar Bernardes DaSilva, from Brazil, who brought me back to education, supported me in my hours of dissertational despair, and who constantly discussed my ideas and research with me. My parents, Alice and Neil Kvasnak, from the United States, who have lovingly supported me in every way possible on this arduous journey. iv Dr. Michael Bendixen, from South Africa, who patiently advised me and corrected my work over and over again.
    [Show full text]
  • How to Learn a Foreign Language
    Thank you for downloading Dr. Pimsleur’s How to Learn a Foreign Language Sign up for our newsletter and receive special offers on Pimsleur Courses, news of upcoming languages, and other Pimsleur news. CLICK HERE TO SIGN UP or visit us online to sign up at www.pimsleur.com Table of Contents Foreword Paul Pimsleur’s Life & Career Foreword to the First Edition The “Whys” of Language Learning 1. Everyone Can Learn Another Language 2. When Is a Language Easy to Learn? 3. How Long Does It Take to Learn a Language? 4. Which Language Should You Select? 5. Learning the “Tricks of the Trade” 6. Organic Learning 7. The Words and the Music The “Hows” of Language Learning 8. How to Practice Pronunciation 9. How to Master Grammar 10. How to Learn Vocabulary Conclusion 11. Beyond the Spoken Word Answer Key for Quiz on “Guessable” French Words Appendix 1: Languages of the World Appendix 2: Published Pimsleur Language Programs English as a Second Language Programs About Paul Pimsleur For Jean Foreword For me, this is the perfect book on learning a new language. It is all the things most language learning tools are not. It’s direct, full of useful pearls of wisdom that are easily incorporated into one’s day-to-day study of a new language. It’s clear and well written, and nowhere does “academic-speak” sneak into the text. Paul Pimsleur’s theories, as expressed in How to Learn a Foreign Language, are deceptively simple. In his own teaching, Dr. Pimsleur saw students repeatedly failing and being turned off of what to him was the most exciting challenge in the world: learning a new language.
    [Show full text]
  • La Prononciation Du « R » Chez Les Enseignants Et Les Étudiants
    République Algérienne Démocratique et Populaire Ministère de L’enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche Scientifique Université de Jijel -Tassoust- N0 de série : N0 d’ordre : Faculté des lettres et des langues Département de français Option : Sciences du langage Mémoire élaborée en vue de l’obtention du diplôme de Master Thème : La prononciation du « r » chez les enseignants et les étudiants de master 2, LMD, Université de Jijel Présenté par : Encadré par : - BENMERIOUMA Hayet M. BEDOUHENE Noureddine - SAIDI Besma Nombres de jury : ▪ Président : M. RADJAH Abdelouaheb ▪ Rapporteur : M.BEDOUHENE Noureddine ▪ Examinatrice : Mme. MELOUAH Fatiha Juin 2017 Remerciements En préambule à ce mémoire, nous souhaitons adresser nos remerciements les plus s’incères à tous ceux qui nous apporté leur aide et qui ont contribué à l’élaboration de ce modeste travail. D’abord, nous remercions M. Bedouhène Noureddine, maître assistant au département de français de l’Université de Jijel, pour ses conseils avisés, pour ses judicieuses suggestions ainsi que ses observations inestimables tout au long de la rédaction de ce travail de recherche. Nous remercions également nos très chers parents, qui ont toujours là pour nous. Nous remercions vont également à l’endroit de nos familles, nos amies, nos collègues, ainsi que nos enseignants pour leur disponibilité et leurs précieux enseignements nos ont été d’une grande utilité. Nous tenons à remercier encore tous les étudiants de M2 pour leur aide et leur participation pour avoir garder leurs enregistrements à fin de faciliter l’analyse de notre thème de recherche. Nous leur dédions ce travail. Dédicace Je dédie ce modeste travail à Mes chers parents Farhet et Bahia, mes sœurs Imane, Faiza, Houda et Amira.
    [Show full text]