31ST ANNUAL HORACE MANN MODEL UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE OCTOBER 22, 2016 JCC: USA IRANIAN HOSTAGE CRISIS, 1980

PRANAV SRINIVASAN CHARLES HAYMAN CHAIR MODERATOR TABLE OF CONTENTS

LETTER FROM THE SECRETARIAT 3 LETTER FROM THE CHAIR 4 COMMITTEE BACKGROUND 5 COMMITTEE PROCEDURE 6 THE IRANIAN HOSTAGE CRISIS 9

OVERVIEW OF THE TOPIC 9

HISTORY 9

CURRENT SITUATION 13

POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS 14

BLOC POSITIONS 15

QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER 15

POSITIONS 16 SOURCES 20

Horace Mann Model United Nations Conference 2 LETTER FROM THE SECRETARIAT

Dahlia Krutkovich DEAR DELEGATES, Isabella Muti Henry Shapiro Secretaries-General Welcome to Horace Mann's 31st annual Model United Nations Daniel Frackman conference, HoMMUNC XXXI! Since 1985, HoMMUNC has Maya Klaris engaged the future leaders of the world in a day full of learning, Noah Shapiro Directors-General debate, and compromise. The conference brings together intellectually curious high school and middle school students to Charles Gay Zachary Gaynor contemplate and discuss serious global concerns. We are honored Ananya Kumar-Banarjee to have inherited the responsibility of preparing this event for Livia Mann over 1000 students that will participate in HoMMUNC XXXI. William Scherr Audrey Shapiro Benjamin Shapiro Regardless of your age or experience in Model UN, we challenge Senior Executive Board you to remain engaged in the discourse of your committees and Joshua Doolan truly involve yourself in the negotiation process. Each committee Jenna Freidus Samuel Harris is comprised of an eclectic group of delegates and will address Charles Hayman and important global concern. Take this opportunity to delve deep Valerie Maier Radhika Mehta into that problem: educate yourself think innovatively to create Evan Megibow the best solutions, and lead the committee to a resolution that Jada Yang Under-Secretaries- could better the world. Through the platform of Model UN, you General will have the chance to gain invaluable skills in leadership, public speaking, and writing and will become a more globally-aware Bliss Beyer Jacqueline Lee person. As a bonus, you will meet like-minded students from Joanne Wang around the area and create lasting friendships. Under-Directors- General Horace Mann Model United Nations has played an immense role Alexander Karpf Chase Kauder in our lives over the past three years, and it has been our pleasure Alexis Megibow to organize HoMMUNC XXXI along with a dedicated senior and Ethan Parisier Mehr Suri junior staff over the past 6 months. We hope you have a fun and Senior Staff enriching experience at the conference.

Mitchell Francis Aaron Thompson Sincerely, Faculty Advisors DAHLIA KRUTKOVICH, ISABELLA MUTI, AND HENRY SHAPIRO Secretaries-General HoMMUNC XXXI

Horace Mann Model United Nations Conference 3 LETTER FROM THE CHAIR

Dahlia Krutkovich Isabella Muti DEAR DELEGATES, Henry Shapiro Secretaries-General My name is Pranav Srinivasan and I am a senior at the Horace Daniel Frackman Mann School. I have been attending Model UN conference since Maya Klaris th Noah Shapiro the 7 grade and love discussing politics and current events with Directors-General friends. I have attended Horace Mann since I was three years old, making it the only school I have ever known. In addition to Charles Gay Zachary Gaynor attending Horace Mann, I have also lived in New York City for Ananya Kumar- my entire life. If you are in New York for an extended period of Banarjee Livia Mann time, feel free to ask me for any food or entertainment William Scherr recommendations. Audrey Shapiro Benjamin Shapiro Senior Executive In addition to following current events and politics, I am an avid Board baseball, basketball and football fan. My favorite teams are the Joshua Doolan Mets, Nets, and Giants. I would be happy to talk about sports Jenna Freidus Samuel Harris with anyone during the breaks in our committees. Charles Hayman Valerie Maier One of the reasons why I chose to chair this committee was my Radhika Mehta Evan Megibow passion for contemporary History and how it Jada Yang influences the present. I am looking forward to chairing the Under-Secretaries- General lively, thoughtful, and meaningful debate that will take place in our committee. Bliss Beyer Jacqueline Lee Joanne Wang If you have an questions please feel free to email me. Under-Directors- General Best, Alexander Karpf RANAV RINIVASAN Chase Kauder P S Alexis Megibow [email protected] Ethan Parisier CHAIR, JCC: USA Mehr Suri Senior Staff

Mitchell Francis Aaron Thompson Faculty Advisors

Horace Mann Model United Nations Conference 4 COMMITTEE BACKGROUND

This half of the joint crisis committee will focus on the American side of the Iranian Hostages Crisis. A JCC works fluidly so that delegates on either side of the crisis can speak, interact, and work together through crisis notes. The main topic of debate will be how to return the hostages to the US safely, however, delegates are encouraged to think beyond the situation at hand and work towards a more peaceful, US-friendly world. The committee can explore all kinds of solutions, from military actions to diplomatic agreements. Of course, delegates are encouraged to work with the other half of the joint crisis committee, if they so desire.

Horace Mann Model United Nations Conference 5 COMMITTEE PROCEDURE address topics relevant to recent updates. Directives will require a set This committee will run as a number of sponsors plus signatories in crisis committee. The start date is April order to be accepted by the dais, which 25th, 1980, after the failure of will be specified at the beginning of the Operation Eagle Claw so there is no first committee session. Once accepted, need to research beyond that date. a delegate must motion for the Debate will flow as a perpetual legislation’s introduction. If this moderated caucus with a speaking time motion passes, the legislation will be specified at the beginning of committee read aloud to the committee by the that can be changed at any time dais. Delegates then have the right to through a procedural motion. This motion for question and answer moderated caucus can be interrupted sessions with the authors, to write and by passing motions for unmoderated introduce amendments to the directive, caucuses or the introduction of to move into voting procedure with or directives. The chair reserves the right without speakers for and against, or the to rule motions that she deems do not committee may decide to discuss the benefit the flow of committee dilatory directive in moderated caucus. In terms in which case they will not be formally of the content of directives, the goal is voted upon. There are four main forms to include in detail the very specific of legislation that can written: actions that the sponsoring delegates directives, press releases, would like the committee to take. communiques, and unilateral actions. Press Releases Directives Press releases are formal Directives are the actions taken statements from the United States’ by the entire committee to address an government (or any given newspaper issue. They can be sponsored by any that a delegate represents) that are delegates in committee and should

Horace Mann Model United Nations Conference 6 released to the public, often to update Unilateral Actions the world on the current state of global Each delegate’s specific affairs and the actions being taken by assignment on this committee affords the body. The content of these them the ability to use their position’s documents should be the exact text that resources to help reach the committee’s the sponsoring delegates would like goals and to advance his or her own released to the public. After being personal interests. In this sense, each introduced, press releases can be member of this committee has the treated just like directives in terms of powers that the representative of their procedure (they must be passed by the company, agency, or newspaper on the committee) and debate. would have. In order to use these Communiques powers, throughout committee Communiques are the same as delegates can pass up notes addressed press releases except for the fact that to “crisis.” These notes should contain, the audience for a communique is one very specifically, the actions that will person or group instead of the entire be taken, whether they be a letter to a world. In this sense, they can be potential ally or the launching of a thought of as letters from the secret new mercenary force. Crisis committee or a single person to a notes will remain secret from all the person or group. They are most often other delegates, and as such they are a written to solicit actions or support place for creativity. Small groups of from various significant individuals or delegates can also combine their groups relating to a conflict. resources and write unilateral actions Communiques can be treated like press together. Note that just like all other releases and directives in terms of their forms of legislation in this committee, introduction and passage, and require crisis notes will impact the ongoing the approval of the committee to pass. situation on an international level. The

Horace Mann Model United Nations Conference 7 dais will be responding to crisis notes with updates on their progress and effects.

Horace Mann Model United Nations Conference 8 THE IRANIAN HOSTAGE during the hostage crisis on April 24th, CRISIS 1980.

Overview of the Topic In January 1979, the Iranian people revolted against the incredibly unpopular Shah, the country’s dictator, and forced him into exile.1 During the revolution and its aftermath, the anti- American Ayatollah Khomeini rose to !

5 prominence and consolidated power, Students Climbing the Wall of the US Embassy making Iran a fundamentalist Shiite History theocracy.2 The Shah, an American The 1979 Iranian revolution and puppet during the last years of his the subsequent seizure of the American reign, sought treatment for his cancer embassy’s origins can be traced to the in the United States in October 1979, democratic election of Iran’s prime further fueling anti-American minister, in 1951, and foreign interests sentiment . In fact, the Shah’s being in in Iranian oil.6 Muhammad the US made the Iranians believe that Mossadegh, who would go on to be the the United States would try to return Iran’s prime minister, had fought and him to power, just as they had done in protested the British involvement in 1953.3 Angered over their perceived Iran. He was horrified as the British lack of national sovereignty, a group gained more and more control over of Iranian students stormed the US Iran from 1919 to 1925. The British embassy in Tehran on November 4th, owned the majority of Iranian oil and 1979. They seized ove 50 Americans at propped up the Pahlavi dynasty led by the embassy and held them as hostages the Reza Shah, whom was oppressive for 444 days.4 This committee will and tyrannical. He eventually abdicated

Horace Mann Model United Nations Conference 9 and left his son in charge, whom was Iran. The increasingly popular not as oppressive. Opposition to British Mossadegh challenged the United control of Iranian oil heated up and in Kingdom in the UN, where he asked 1946, more than 200 oil workers will the Security Council to let Iran either killed or wounded after trying to nationalize the oil. The British and protest the British. Iranians united Americans were unsympathetic to the against the Pahlavi dynasty and held Iranians, so Mossadeghs’s plea in the democratic elections. Muhammad United Nations went unanswered. Mossadegh wanted Iran to be England started planning a coup in Iran politically and economically to dispose of Mossadegh, so the British independent, and in 1951 he was could regain control of the oil. elected prime minister with 90% of the Eventually, Mossadegh learned of the votes.7 planned coup, so the British Embassy The new Prime Minister, in Tehran was shut down and all Muhammad Mossadegh, was British diplomats were forced to leave extremely popular abroad, yet the country.10 exceedingly popular domestically, as During 195211, the United he wanted to, and ultimately succeeded Kingdom asked President Truman to in, nationalizing Iran’s oil supply.8 This intervene and orchestrate a coup by angered the British, who had a using the CIA, which he refused. monopoly on Iranian oil through the American policy changed, however, Anglo-Iranian Oil company.9 In when President Eisenhower assumed retaliation, the British asked the United office in in 1953. Eisenhower’s Nations to stop Iran from nationalizing administration wanted oil and feared and seizing control of the oil, withdrew the spread of Communism, so all of the British oil technicians, and disposing of the socialist Mossadegh blockaded all oil-exporting ports in functioned as a double pronged

Horace Mann Model United Nations Conference 10 maneuver to augment US influence. In his people through the use of his secret August 1953, the CIA successfully police by excessively torturing and overthrew Mossadegh and reinstated arresting anyone who may oppose the old Shah, Mohammad Reza.12 him.16 The Shah, now propped up by In addition to the Shah’s the US, immediately began legislating dictatorial rule, the country itself so to make Iran solidly pro-Western suffered a number of economic and anti-Communist. After receiving challenges during this period. A millions of dollars in foreign aid, he decrease in western oil consumption returned Iran’s oil back to the US and hurt the country on a macro level and UK.13 Moreover, with the millions of individual people on a micro. dollars in cash suddenly infused into Petroleum exports provide Iran with a the country, the Shah’s lifestyle became major portion of its income, so increasingly more lavish as millions everyone from educated professionals starved. This gross mismanagement of to rural sheep herders were hurt when foreign aid angered both the secular oil revenue dipped. These factors, in population base and newly powerful addition to global monetary instability religious groups.14 Furthermore, the combined to create unprecedented Shah, a largely inept and ineffectual inflation, an incredible decrease in leader outside of his indiscriminate Iranian buying power, and a standard personal spending, directly harmed the of living far below what it had been in Iranian economy by expending billions years previous.17 of dollars on unnecessary American In 1962, Ayatollah Ruhollah weapons. This increased the wealth of Khomeini, an important Shia scholar, veiled US military presence made Iran spoke out against the Shah and his a good ally to have on the border of the cruel practices. Khomeini was arrested, Soviet Union.15 The Shah controlled which led to his being seen as a hero.

Horace Mann Model United Nations Conference 11 He continued to speak out against the blaming the US for the immeasurable Shah, after being released form prison decline in Iranian life and power.20 in 1963. He gained more and more Khomeini helped organize the support, so the Shah, exiled Khomeini opposition to the Shah and the to Turkey. Even outside the country, revolution. In January 1979, the Shah Khomeini continued to speak out and his family fled Iran and Ayatollah against the Shah and gained support for Khomeini became the leader of the an Islamic government in Iran. During country.21 the 1970s, the religious and secular In dire need of cancer treatment, groups in Iran grew closer together as the Shah went to the US and was they had the common goal of speaking admitted under the guise of out against the Shah.18 humanitarian asylum.22 This made the After a state-run newspaper revolutionary masses fear the US insulted Ayatollah Khomeini in 1978, would try to overthrow Ayatollah and religious students started protesting the return the Shah to power, just as they Shah. Soon more youths and the did in 1953 . President Carter sent unemployed joined in the protests as diplomats to Iran to assure the Prime well. The Khomeini was a hero to the Minister, Mehdi Bazargan, that the US Iranian people, so Iranians united was not planning a coup. The Prime behind him. The government retaliated Minister promised that American and killed protesters, creating a self- diplomats at their embassy in Iran effacing cycle of protest, violence, and would be protected.23 more protest.19 Khomeini had cassette The Shah’s arrival in the US tapes smuggled into Iran with his created outrage in Iran and increased teachings and they were duplicated and the already present anti-American disseminated across the country, sentiment. A mob of students spreading anti-western sentiment and supporting the Ayatollah and his anti-

Horace Mann Model United Nations Conference 12 American policies formed around the Iran have failed to secure the release of American embassy in Iran, and they the hostages, leading to the US to stormed and took control of the break off diplomatic relations with embassy.24 Iran, in April 1980. The Hostage Crisis has gripped the American public, as the media has been continuously covering it. An example of the excessive media coverage is the show Nightline, which was created to cover and discuss the ! hostage crisis ever night. It is currently Protestors Burning an American Flag25 an election year, and the crisis is The Iranians took sixty-six hurting the Democratic Carter hostages, all of whom were diplomats Administration’s chances at and military personnel. Prime Minister reelection.27 The one positive Bazargan outraged at the hostage development was that in January 1980, taking resigned, leaving the more the Canadians helped rescue six of the radical Ayatollah Khomeini completely American hostages from Iran.28 in charge of Iran. The militants want On April 24th, 1980, Carter the return of the Shah in exchange for approved a rescue mission of the the hostages.26 hostages, Operation Eagle Claw, using the Delta Force, an elite American Current Situation military unit. Troops were supposed to The United States arranged for the Shah to leave the country and go to be carried by helicopters from Masirah Panama, but that did not satisfy the Island to a spot 200 miles from Tehran, Iranians, as the Shah was not returned codenamed Desert One, and then to Iran. For months negotiations with would meet up with helicopters that

Horace Mann Model United Nations Conference 13 were stationed USS Nimitz, an aircraft Delegates are free to combine these carrier. Then the force would make perspectives or come up with their their way to Tehran and rescue the own. If the committee decides the only hostages. The rescue mission was an possible recourse is to improve extreme failure as helicopters broke relations with Iran, it must comply with down in the desert and eight soldiers its demands through negotiation or by died while trying to retreat. The Iranian other means. Delegates are encouraged government broadcasted the destroyed to work with the Iranian side of this helicopters to the world as proof that joint crisis committee. the US tried to rescue the hostages.29 There are many other factors to The committee starts right as the consider besides the rescue of the Iranians and the American public are hostages. The committee must deal learning about Operation Eagle Claw. with the Cold War tension between the US and the USSR. Iran has important Possible Solutions oil resources, so it will be crucial to the The objective of the United Americans that the Soviet Union does States to have all of the hostages safely not get involved with Iran. The failed returned. It is up to the committee to military rescue has hurt Iranian- decide how to best tackle this issue. American relations, but it may have There are three main perspectives that other consequences. The US needs can be taken while coming up with allies in the Middle East to aid against solutions: diplomatic, military, and the USSR and also to supply them with espionage. The committee will have to oil, so delegates may look to other weigh opening up diplomatic channels, countries that have something to gain trying another rescue mission, and from allying with the United States using more military force against each against Iran. The failed mission may other as well as other solutions. add to the post-Vietnam idea that

Horace Mann Model United Nations Conference 14 American military is weakening, so it means. This bloc will be made up of is important to take into account the mostly politicians and diplomats. The United States’s global standing and second bloc consists of those wishing how that affects its relationships with to solve the hostage crisis by using the other countries and the Cold War. military or the CIA. It is election year, so all of the The committee is not limited to actions of the committee will be under just these blocs. A factor to consider is intense scrutiny by the media and the that the hostage crisis takes place Republican party. Current events in the during an election year, so political US should also be taken into ambition will come into play and consideration, such as the Sunbelt’s change the dynamic of blocs. Members growth and its effect on politics, of the media may want to go along stagflation, and the recent energy with their policy and what kind of crisis. Delegates must not only solution they think is best, but they consider which actions will help the should also consider ratings and hostages, but also which actions will competition with other members of help America’s image and their own their industry. reelection chances. Questions to Consider Bloc Positions 1. How will the actions of this All delegates in this committee committee affect America’s can work together, as they all have the international standing and image as common goal of releasing all of the a superpower? hostages. There are two major blocs in 2. What form of negotiations should the committee. The first consists of take place? Keep in mind military those wishing to solve the hostage and economic factors. crisis by peaceful and diplomatic

Horace Mann Model United Nations Conference 15 3. How can the US improve Iranian- was a governor. He gained further American relations? political experience as a senator.32 4. How can the committee ensure another hostage crisis will not Director of Central Intelligence happen again, in Iran or another Stansfield Turner country? Turner reached the four star rank in the 5. Will the US have to use force or navy. He has a rough relationship with can it use peaceful means to secure the CIA and has tried to bring a focus the release of the hostages? on developing analytic techniques and reforming his position.33 Positions Vice President Walter Mondale Secretary of Defense Harold Brown Walter Mondale has past experience as Dr. Brown has advised the government a Colonel in the army, as well as a US and the president on the topic of Senator. He is an influential Vice nuclear warfare for a long time and is President, is active on deciding policy an expert on the topic. He was matters, and is always listened to by Secretary of the Air 30 President Carter. To add to his Force and was Director of Defense experience he was an important Research and Engineering for the 31 member of the Camp David Accords. Department of Defense.34

Secretary of State Edmund Muskie Advisor to the President on National He has military experience in the navy Security Affairs Zbigniew Brzezinski and is a respected leader. He was Zbigniew Brzezinski prefers responsible for revitalizing the confrontational stances for Democratic Party in Maine, where he international issues to diplomacy and

Horace Mann Model United Nations Conference 16 negotiations.35 He supported Operation international relations and diplomacy Eagle Claw.36 and also his position lets him freely work with other nations. Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General David C. Jones Senator Warren Magnuson General Jones served in the Korean He is the President pro tempore of the War as a bomber pilot and was Air United States Senate. He is a Democrat Force Chief of Staff from 1974-78. He and has experience as a congressman.40 was known for strategic planning, and he supported Operation Eagle Claw.37 Senator Robert Byrd Senator Byrd is the Majority Leader in the Senate. He is a Democrat and as a Chief of Staff Hamilton Jordan member of the Senate Appropriations He was a very important and Committee he has helped those in influential member of President poverty in West Virginia.41 Carter’s advisors. He worked with congress on the Panama Canal Treaty Senator Alan Cranston and helped get it passed.38 He is the Majority Whip in the Senate. Senator Cranston is a Democrat and is U.S. Representative to the United strongly against the use of nuclear Nations Donald F. McHenry weapons.42 Ambassador McHenry initially served as the Deputy U.S. Representative to the United Nations Security Council Senator before becoming the Representative to He is the Minority Leader of the United Nations.39 His past gives him Republicans in the Senate. He was an unique insight and experience on influential member of the Senate

Horace Mann Model United Nations Conference 17 committee that investigated the National Endowment for the Arts and .43 Humanities and sponsored bills that greatly increased funding for Senator education.47 Ted Stevens is the Minority Whip in the Senate. He has the second highest Congressman John Jacob Rhodes position in the Republican leadership Congressman Rhodes is a Republican in the Senate and is highly trusted.44 and is the Minority Leader in the House of Representatives. He was an Speaker of the House Tip O’Neil office in the Air Force, and in Congress Congressman O’Neil is the Speaker of he is known as a team player and is the House of Representatives and is a influential on policy decisions.48 Democrat. He is highly respected and has good relationships with the Congressman Robert H. Michel Republicans in Congress.45 He is the Minority Whip of the Republicans in the House of Congressman Jim Wright Representatives. He has military He is the Majority Leader of the experience and has good relationships Democrats in the House of with the Democrats.49 Representatives. He is from Texas and has past experience in the Air Force in Roone Arledge World War II.46 He is president the of ABC news, giving him influence on the media and Congressman John Brademas what people think. He is willing to use He is the Majority Whip of the the Hostage Crisis as way to help ABC Democrats in the House of news and gain more viewers.50 Representatives. He created the

Horace Mann Model United Nations Conference 18 William J. Small creating disguises, forging documents, He is the president of NBC news, and exfiltration missions that help which makes him an influential person. withdraw people from dangerous He has a long history in the news situations and places. He helped rescue industry and is competitive with other the six American hostages that escaped news programs.51 from Iran.54

A. M. Rosenthal He is the Executive Editor of the New Secretary of Treasury G. William York Times, meaning he has in Miller important say on what people read in He is focused on economic growth and the news. He is extremely important is respected by the business and trusted as he published the community.55 His position means he is Pentagon Papers.52 an integral part of formulating international economic policy. Colonel Charles Alvin Beckwith He is an experienced member of the military and commanded dangerous missions in Vietnam. He trained and helped lead the US’ antiterrorist force, the Delta Team. He was in charge of the failed Operation Eagle Claw.53

Tony Mendez He is a CIA Technical Operations Specialist. He has worked in the Middle East and his expertise includes

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Horace Mann Model United Nations Conference 22 51 "WILLIAM SMALL RESIGNS AS HEAD OF NBC NEWS," New York Times, http:// www.nytimes.com/1982/02/27/arts/william-small-resigns-as-head-of-nbc-news.html.

52 "A.M. Rosenthal (1922-2006)," Slate, http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/ press_box/2006/05/am_rosenthal_19222006.html.

53 "Col. Charlie Beckwith, 65, Dies; Led Failed Rescue Effort in Iran," New York Times, http:// www.nytimes.com/1994/06/14/obituaries/col-charlie-beckwith-65-dies-led-failed-rescue-effort- in-iran.html.

54 "Tony Mendez," bio., http://www.biography.com/people/tony-mendez-21063189#early-life.

55 G. William Miller," Federal Reserve History, http://www.federalreservehistory.org/People/ DetailView/42.

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