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Arizona's "Brothers Udall" and the Grand Canyon Dams Controversy, 1961–1968

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Arizona's New Mexico Historical Review Volume 80 Number 2 Article 2 4-1-2005 Reconsideration and Reconciliation: Arizona's "Brothers Udall" and the Grand Canyon Dams Controversy, 1961–1968 James M. Bailey Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/nmhr Recommended Citation Bailey, James M.. "Reconsideration and Reconciliation: Arizona's "Brothers Udall" and the Grand Canyon Dams Controversy, 1961–1968." New Mexico Historical Review 80, 2 (2005). https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/nmhr/vol80/iss2/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in New Mexico Historical Review by an authorized editor of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]. Durwood Ball, Editor Cindy M. Tyson, Administrative Assistant The New Mexico Historical Review. USPS 38'-340, is owned and published quarterly Sarah R. Payne, Managing Editor by the University of New Mexico. Copyright Susan J. Schuurman, Associate Editor 200S by the Regents ofthe University of New Mexico. Typeset by Business Graphics, Kristen Bisson, Assistant Editor Albuquerque, NM. Printed and bound in the Meg Frisbee, Assistant Editor USA at CG Printers, Inc., Albuquerque, NM. ISSN: 0028-6206. Editorial Board Subscriptions: $20 for students; $30 for John Porter Bloom individuals; $so for institutions; $so for William Broughton sponsors; $100 for patrons; $250 for benefactors; $soo for corporate and institutional sponsors. Thomas E. Chavez Individual copies are $10. Subscriptions and Meredith D. Dodge other business communication should be addressed to the Subscription Manager. Frank de la Teja Entered as periodical postage paid at Tobias Duran Albuquerque, New Mexico 87'3'-0001. John Grassham Publication number 38'340 before com­ Jerry Gurule posed. POSTMASTER: Send change of address to New Mexico Historical Review, '013 Mesa Robert Himmerich y Valencia Vista Hall, MSG06 3790,' University of New Jon Hunner Mexico, Albuqucrquc, NM 8713'-0001. Albert L. Hurtado Manuscripts and editorial correspondence should be addressed to the Editor. When Sandra Jaramillo submitting manuscripts for consideration, Oakah L. Jones Jr. pleasc providc two typed copies oftcxt, notes, Richard Lowitt and captions (tcxt and notcs doublc spaced), and a self-addressed stamped envelope. The Tey Diana Rebolledo New Mexico Historical Review disclaims Barbara Richardson responsibility for views expressed by contri­ butors. Direct all correspondence to New Joe Sando Mexico Historical Review, 10'3 Mesa Vista Robert J. Torrez Hall, MSC06 3790 1 University ofNew Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87'31-0001, or contact the office at (50S) 277-S839, fax (SoS) 277-0992, or [email protected]. ON THE COVER MORRIS (STANDING) AND STEWART UDALL C. '940, ST. IOHNS, ARIZONA (Photograph courtesy Special Collections, University ofArizona Library, Morris K. Udall Collection, Photographs 1956-199°, box 745, no. 7.) NEW MEXICO HIstorIcal ReVIew Volume 80, Number 2 ~ Spring 2005 Contents Reconsideration and Reconciliation ~ 133 ARIZONA'S "BROTHERS UDALL" AND THE GRAND CANYON DAMS CONTROVERSY, 1961-1968 James M. Bailey Forging Identity ~ 163 MEXICAN FEDERAL FRONTIER SCHOOLS, 1924-1935 Andrae Marak From Clerk to Professional ~ 189 NEW MEXICO'S SUPERINTENDENCY AND THE SUPERINTENDENTS OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION, 1891-1916 A. Kenneth Stem and Dan D. Chavez Book Reviews ~ 225 Book Notes ~ 261 News Notes ~ 263 Book Reviews William W. Dunmire, Gardens of New Spain: How Mediterranean Plants and Foods Changed America, by Karen R. Adams + 225 Nasario Garda, ed., Old Las Vegas: Hispanic Memories from the New Mexico Meadowlands, by Jo Tice Bloom + 226 Donald T. Garate, Juan Bautista de Anza: Basque Explorer in the New World, by John L. Kessell + 227 Charlotte J. Frisbie and David P. McAllester, eds., Navajo Blessingway Singer: The Autobiography of Frank Mitchell, 1881-1967, by Jennifer Denetdale + 229 Charles M. Robinson III, ed., Diaries ofJohn Gregory Bourke, Vol. 1: November 20,1872 to July 28,1876, by Larry D. Ball + 230 Enrique R. Lamadrid, with photographs by Miguel Gandert, Hennanitos, Comanchitos: Indo-Hispano Rituals ofCaptivity and Redemption, by Frances Levine + 232 Richard L. Nostrand, EI Cerrito, New Mexico: Eight Generations in a Spanish Village, by Adrian Bustamante + 233 Teresa Palomo Acosta and Ruthe Winegarten, foreword by Cynthia E. Orozco, Las Tejanas: 300 Years of History, by Miroslava Chavez-Garda + 235 Patrick J. Carroll, Felix Longoria's Wake: Bereavement, Racism, and the Rise ofMexican American Activism, by F. Arturo Rosales + 236 Gilbert M. Joseph and Timothey J. Henderson, eds., The Mexico Reader: History, Culture, Politics, by Juliette Levy + 238 Vincent C. Peloso, ed., Work, Protest, and Identity in Twentieth-Century Latin America, by Jose C. Moya + 240 Joe Ben Wheat, with Ann Lane Hedlund, ed., Blanket Weaving in the Southwest, by Helen R. Lucero ~ 241 Hal K. Rothman, ed., The Culture ofTourism, the Tourism ofCulture: Selling the Pas~ to the Present in the American Southwest, by Matthew Bokovoy ~ 244 Timothy Braatz, Surviving the Conquest: A History ofthe Yavapai Peoples, by Trudy Griffin-Pierce ~ 247 Clyde Ellis, A Dancing People: Powwow Culture on the Southern Plains, by April R. Summitt ~ 249 Gus Palmer Jr., Telling Stories the Kiowa Way, by David La Vere ~ 250 Linda G. Harris, Ghost Towns Alive: Trips to New Mexico's Past, by Sandra D. Lynn ~ 251 Frank N. Schubert, Voices ofthe Buffalo Soldier: Records, Reports, and Recollections ofMilitary Life and Service in the West, by Michele Butts ~ 252 Robert Wooster, ed., Soldier, Surgeon, Scholar: The Memoirs of William Henry Corbusier, 1844-193°, and Patricia Y. Stallard, ed., Fanny Dunbar Corbusier: Recollections ofHer Army Life, 1869-1908, by Shirley A. Leckie ~ 254 Virginia Kerns, Scenes from the High Desert: Julian Steward's Life and Theory, by Stephen E. Nash ~ 256 Diego Armus, ed., Disease in the History ofModem Latin America: From Malaria to AIDS, and Suzanne Austin Alchon, A Pest in the Land: New World Epidemics in a Global Perspective, by Jonathan D. Ablard ~ 257 W Ie HIstorIcal RevIew 2005 Supporters Corporate Sponsors Historical Society of New Mexico Institutional Sponsors Department of History, University of New Mexico Center for Regional Studies, University ofNew Mexico Benefactor Klad W. Zimmerle Patrons Jim Higdon Stephen T. Gassner Richard Donnelly VB. Price Sponsors Michael Kelly Charles L. Baumgart Pete Golden Ernest Stapleton, Jr. William W. Dunmire Charles Bacchus Reconsideration and Reconciliation ARIZONA'S "BROTHERS UDALL" AND THE GRAND CANYON DAMS CONTROVERSY, 1961-1968 fames M. Bailey n contrast to their numerous efforts to preserve unique and threatened eco­ I systems as national parklands in 1960s America, Arizona representative Morris Udall and his older brother, Secretary ofthe Interior Stewart Udall, initially fought with zeal to sandwich Grand Canyon National Park between two hydroelectric dams. Both realized that growing agribusinesses and ex­ panding metropolitan areas in postwar Arizona demanded a dependable wa­ ter supply to augment rapidly dropping regional groundwater tables. 1 The proposed hydroelectric dams in Bridge and Marble Canyons would supply the enormous amounts ofelectricity required to pump and deliver Colorado River water south to Phoenix and Tucson. Although the brothers started as staunch supporters of both dams, important events and influences during their eight-year cotenure in Washington, D.C., eventually changed their views. The issue ofhydroelectric dams in the Grand Canyon demonstrated the Udall brothers' adherence to the postwar gospel of efficient water-resource developme!1t to meet constituent demands.2 Yet the dams controversy be­ came a ferocious ideological battleground between aesthetic and economic Jim Bailey is a historian/cultural resources manager for the Bureau ofReclamation's Technical Service Center in Denver. Bailey received his doctorate in history from Arizona State University in 1999. His current projects include the history of Oregon's Klamath Project and the Upper Klamath Basin in the 20th Century. The author would like to thankAl Hurtado, Chris Huggard, 133 Brit Allan Storey, and Thomas Wellock for their insightful comments and suggestions. (Map by James M. Bailey) r· ..·- ~ r : ." ,., ,-.: "\. Navajo Indian ,......_---..:.... '\, ,, . Reservation ,#' .\ Kaibab National Forest -I I I 1 •t .. Marble Canyon N Mile 39..5--+ - Dam Site <, t"~ t_-_ ...... C'Q 'Q 1 ...~ ,··-: ...-----------1 % Hualapai Indian 'toI. Reservation I (~ ! Kaibab National ·1 Forest t----·-··~L J LEGB-."'D ....--...." FREE-FLOWING RIVER ~~ PROPOSED RESERVOIR SPRING 2005 BAILEY ~ 135 interests. It forced the "brothers Udall" to reconsider traditional reclama­ tion ideas, utilitarian beliefs on wise and efficient water use learned as youths on the family's alfalfa farm in arid eastern Arizona, and reconcile them with preservationist values they advocated in other environmental battles of the 1960s. Although the Grand Canyon dams controversy has been the subject of extensive inquiry and analysis, historians have devoted attention more to Stewart Udall's high profile position as a member ofthe cabinet in the John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson administrations than to Morris Udall's critical role in congressional politics. Only recently has the historiography expanded to examine other key individuals like Morris. 3 In addition to giv­ ing Morris's role greater consideration, this
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