31ST ANNUAL HORACE MANN MODEL UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE OCTOBER 22, 2016 JCC: USA IRANIAN HOSTAGE CRISIS, 1980 PRANAV SRINIVASAN CHARLES HAYMAN CHAIR MODERATOR TABLE OF CONTENTS LETTER FROM THE SECRETARIAT 3 LETTER FROM THE CHAIR 4 COMMITTEE BACKGROUND 5 COMMITTEE PROCEDURE 6 THE IRANIAN HOSTAGE CRISIS 9 OVERVIEW OF THE TOPIC 9 HISTORY 9 CURRENT SITUATION 13 POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS 14 BLOC POSITIONS 15 QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER 15 POSITIONS 16 SOURCES 20 Horace Mann Model United Nations Conference 2 LETTER FROM THE SECRETARIAT Dahlia Krutkovich DEAR DELEGATES, Isabella Muti Henry Shapiro Secretaries-General Welcome to Horace Mann's 31st annual Model United Nations Daniel Frackman conference, HoMMUNC XXXI! Since 1985, HoMMUNC has Maya Klaris engaged the future leaders of the world in a day full of learning, Noah Shapiro Directors-General debate, and compromise. The conference brings together intellectually curious high school and middle school students to Charles Gay Zachary Gaynor contemplate and discuss serious global concerns. We are honored Ananya Kumar-Banarjee to have inherited the responsibility of preparing this event for Livia Mann over 1000 students that will participate in HoMMUNC XXXI. William Scherr Audrey Shapiro Benjamin Shapiro Regardless of your age or experience in Model UN, we challenge Senior Executive Board you to remain engaged in the discourse of your committees and Joshua Doolan truly involve yourself in the negotiation process. Each committee Jenna Freidus Samuel Harris is comprised of an eclectic group of delegates and will address Charles Hayman and important global concern. Take this opportunity to delve deep Valerie Maier Radhika Mehta into that problem: educate yourself think innovatively to create Evan Megibow the best solutions, and lead the committee to a resolution that Jada Yang Under-Secretaries- could better the world. Through the platform of Model UN, you General will have the chance to gain invaluable skills in leadership, public speaking, and writing and will become a more globally-aware Bliss Beyer Jacqueline Lee person. As a bonus, you will meet like-minded students from Joanne Wang around the area and create lasting friendships. Under-Directors- General Horace Mann Model United Nations has played an immense role Alexander Karpf Chase Kauder in our lives over the past three years, and it has been our pleasure Alexis Megibow to organize HoMMUNC XXXI along with a dedicated senior and Ethan Parisier Mehr Suri junior staff over the past 6 months. We hope you have a fun and Senior Staff enriching experience at the conference. Mitchell Francis Aaron Thompson Sincerely, Faculty Advisors DAHLIA KRUTKOVICH, ISABELLA MUTI, AND HENRY SHAPIRO Secretaries-General HoMMUNC XXXI Horace Mann Model United Nations Conference 3 LETTER FROM THE CHAIR Dahlia Krutkovich Isabella Muti DEAR DELEGATES, Henry Shapiro Secretaries-General My name is Pranav Srinivasan and I am a senior at the Horace Daniel Frackman Mann School. I have been attending Model UN conference since Maya Klaris th Noah Shapiro the 7 grade and love discussing politics and current events with Directors-General friends. I have attended Horace Mann since I was three years old, making it the only school I have ever known. In addition to Charles Gay Zachary Gaynor attending Horace Mann, I have also lived in New York City for Ananya Kumar- my entire life. If you are in New York for an extended period of Banarjee Livia Mann time, feel free to ask me for any food or entertainment William Scherr recommendations. Audrey Shapiro Benjamin Shapiro Senior Executive In addition to following current events and politics, I am an avid Board baseball, basketball and football fan. My favorite teams are the Joshua Doolan Mets, Nets, and Giants. I would be happy to talk about sports Jenna Freidus Samuel Harris with anyone during the breaks in our committees. Charles Hayman Valerie Maier One of the reasons why I chose to chair this committee was my Radhika Mehta Evan Megibow passion for contemporary United States History and how it Jada Yang influences the present. I am looking forward to chairing the Under-Secretaries- General lively, thoughtful, and meaningful debate that will take place in our committee. Bliss Beyer Jacqueline Lee Joanne Wang If you have an questions please feel free to email me. Under-Directors- General Best, Alexander Karpf RANAV RINIVASAN Chase Kauder P S Alexis Megibow [email protected] Ethan Parisier CHAIR, JCC: USA Mehr Suri Senior Staff Mitchell Francis Aaron Thompson Faculty Advisors Horace Mann Model United Nations Conference 4 COMMITTEE BACKGROUND This half of the joint crisis committee will focus on the American side of the Iranian Hostages Crisis. A JCC works fluidly so that delegates on either side of the crisis can speak, interact, and work together through crisis notes. The main topic of debate will be how to return the hostages to the US safely, however, delegates are encouraged to think beyond the situation at hand and work towards a more peaceful, US-friendly world. The committee can explore all kinds of solutions, from military actions to diplomatic agreements. Of course, delegates are encouraged to work with the other half of the joint crisis committee, if they so desire. Horace Mann Model United Nations Conference 5 COMMITTEE PROCEDURE address topics relevant to recent updates. Directives will require a set This committee will run as a number of sponsors plus signatories in crisis committee. The start date is April order to be accepted by the dais, which 25th, 1980, after the failure of will be specified at the beginning of the Operation Eagle Claw so there is no first committee session. Once accepted, need to research beyond that date. a delegate must motion for the Debate will flow as a perpetual legislation’s introduction. If this moderated caucus with a speaking time motion passes, the legislation will be specified at the beginning of committee read aloud to the committee by the that can be changed at any time dais. Delegates then have the right to through a procedural motion. This motion for question and answer moderated caucus can be interrupted sessions with the authors, to write and by passing motions for unmoderated introduce amendments to the directive, caucuses or the introduction of to move into voting procedure with or directives. The chair reserves the right without speakers for and against, or the to rule motions that she deems do not committee may decide to discuss the benefit the flow of committee dilatory directive in moderated caucus. In terms in which case they will not be formally of the content of directives, the goal is voted upon. There are four main forms to include in detail the very specific of legislation that can written: actions that the sponsoring delegates directives, press releases, would like the committee to take. communiques, and unilateral actions. Press Releases Directives Press releases are formal Directives are the actions taken statements from the United States’ by the entire committee to address an government (or any given newspaper issue. They can be sponsored by any that a delegate represents) that are delegates in committee and should Horace Mann Model United Nations Conference 6 released to the public, often to update Unilateral Actions the world on the current state of global Each delegate’s specific affairs and the actions being taken by assignment on this committee affords the body. The content of these them the ability to use their position’s documents should be the exact text that resources to help reach the committee’s the sponsoring delegates would like goals and to advance his or her own released to the public. After being personal interests. In this sense, each introduced, press releases can be member of this committee has the treated just like directives in terms of powers that the representative of their procedure (they must be passed by the company, agency, or newspaper on the committee) and debate. would have. In order to use these Communiques powers, throughout committee Communiques are the same as delegates can pass up notes addressed press releases except for the fact that to “crisis.” These notes should contain, the audience for a communique is one very specifically, the actions that will person or group instead of the entire be taken, whether they be a letter to a world. In this sense, they can be potential ally or the launching of a thought of as letters from the secret new mercenary force. Crisis committee or a single person to a notes will remain secret from all the person or group. They are most often other delegates, and as such they are a written to solicit actions or support place for creativity. Small groups of from various significant individuals or delegates can also combine their groups relating to a conflict. resources and write unilateral actions Communiques can be treated like press together. Note that just like all other releases and directives in terms of their forms of legislation in this committee, introduction and passage, and require crisis notes will impact the ongoing the approval of the committee to pass. situation on an international level. The Horace Mann Model United Nations Conference 7 dais will be responding to crisis notes with updates on their progress and effects. Horace Mann Model United Nations Conference 8 THE IRANIAN HOSTAGE during the hostage crisis on April 24th, CRISIS 1980. Overview of the Topic In January 1979, the Iranian people revolted against the incredibly unpopular Shah, the country’s dictator, and forced him into exile.1 During the revolution and its aftermath, the anti- American Ayatollah Khomeini rose to ! 5 prominence and consolidated power, Students Climbing the Wall of the US Embassy making Iran a fundamentalist Shiite History theocracy.2 The Shah, an American The 1979 Iranian revolution and puppet during the last years of his the subsequent seizure of the American reign, sought treatment for his cancer embassy’s origins can be traced to the in the United States in October 1979, democratic election of Iran’s prime further fueling anti-American minister, in 1951, and foreign interests sentiment .