Avis Europe Plc Annual Report 2008

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Avis Europe Plc Annual Report 2008 Award winning Avis Europe plc Annual Report 2008 Report Annual British Travel Awards, British Travel Awards, British Travel Awards, best leisure car hire best car hire company best business car hire company 2008 2008 company 2008 Leading car rental provider Awarded Superbrand Britain’s most trusted in Middle East 2008, status in Kuwait for 2009 brand 2008, car hire sector Business Traveller magazine – UK Readers Digest Buying Business Travel World Travel Awards, Socap award for innovation Awards 2008 winner Asia’s leading car hire in customer service company 2008 Avis Europe plc Avis House Avis Europe plc Park Road Bracknell Berkshire Annual Report 2008 RG12 2EW Telephone +44 (0)1344 426644 Facsimile +44 (0)1344 485616 www.avis-europe.com Avis at a glance Our vision Loyal customers choosing Avis everywhere. Who we are Our market presence Avis Europe plc is a leading car rental company in Europe, Africa, the We are a market leader in Europe with an aggregate 17.7% market share in Middle East and Asia operating the globally recognised Avis and Budget our 10 largest corporately-owned markets (Source: Euromonitor IMIS travel brands. database 2007) See Overview page 6 Europe Africa Middle East and Asia The Avis brand operates across four The Budget brand, acquired by continents via a network of over Avis Europe in March 2003, serves 2,800 locations in 110 countries, customers across three continents through wholly-owned subsidiaries (Europe, Asia and the Middle East) in 13 countries complemented by through over 1,100 locations in 66 franchisees in a further 97 countries. countries. These are predominantly franchise businesses with corporate operations in Austria and Switzerland, together with a small number of locations in France and the UK. Avis corporate revenue European car rental market by country by brand Other France Avis 17.7% 14% Europe* 22% Europcar** 25.6% UK 15% 17% Hertz 15.3% 15% Italy 17% Spain Sixt 8.7% Germany * Includes Budget 2.7% **Includes Vanguard 5.0% Source: Euromonitor IMIS Travel Database 2007 Strategic focus We remain focused on our key strategic priorities, whilst continuing to adapt our business model to the difficult trading environment. Brand leadership, service differentiation and Capital allocation geographic diversification, Capital management and cash generation are key priorities and we supported volumes in a weakening demand background, with Group anticipate a positive free cash flow in 2009. revenues ahead by 1.3% on a constant currency basis. Cost efficiency Business model flexibility We took substantial and early actions to reduce costs to protect our We optimised our fleet levels and reduced capacity to match weakening operating margin which increased by 0.6% points to 8.6%. demand, delivering a 0.2% improvement in utilisation. Designed by Tor Pettersen & Partners. Typesetting by Orb Solutions Printed in England by Park Communications on FSC certified paper. Park is a CarbonNeutral® company and its Environmental Management System is certified to ISO14001: 2004. 100 per cent of the electricity used is generated from renewable sources. 100 per cent of the inks used are vegetable oil based, 95 per cent of press chemicals are recycled for further use and on average 99 per cent of any waste associated with this production will be recycled. This document is printed on ERA Silk, a paper made using 50 per cent recycled fibre and 50 per cent virgin fibre sourced from FSC certified forests. avis-europe.com Annual Report 2008 2008 Results Overview 2 Chairman’s statement Overview 3 Chief executive’s review Strongly resilient 2008 4 Performance in brief - KPIs Overview performance, despite deteriorating trading environment. Pascal Bazin see page 2 Our strategy in action Business review 5 Business description review Avis is succeeding to differentiate 6 Market analysis itself in a commoditisied 10 Financial review market place. 16 Principal risks and uncertainties see page 5 Business Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Our impacts CSR and actions 22 CSR We measure ourselves not just on our financial performance, but also how we perform as a good corporate citizen. see page 22 A well run business Corporate governance 28 Board of directors We regularly review our corporate 29 Corporate governance governance to maintain compliance 34 Statement of Directors’ responsibilities governance with best practice. 34 Remuneration report 43 Directors’ report see page 28 44 Auditors report Corporate Financial statements Financial statements 45 Consolidated Income Statement 78 Parent Company Balance Sheet 46 Consolidated Statement of 79 Parent Company Cash Flow see page 45 Recognised Income and Expense Statement statements 47 Consolidated Balance Sheet 80 Significant Accounting Policies 48 Consolidated Cash Flow Statement 81 Notes to Parent Company Financial Statements 49 Significant Accounting Policies 83 Five Year Summary 56 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 84 Shareholder Information Financial 77 Auditors’ Report - Parent company 2 avis-europe.com Annual Report 2008 Chairman’s statement These cost reductions offset the negative impact of business to the present particularly tough economic weaker used car markets on residual values. outlook. In particular we will focus on opportunities in the current industry environment to protect our Net finance costs on continuing operations revenue, reduce capacity and raise prices. We are increased to €75.1 million (2007: €69.7 million) also developing further significant cost actions to reflecting an increase in average net debt, offset defend the business from inflationary pressures, by a reduction in the underlying effective finance whilst continuing to adapt our business model. rate from 6.7% to 6.2% per annum. Outlook Underlying profit before tax on continuing Whilst we are anticipating lower volumes, we are operations increased to €38.0 million (2007: €37.6 tightening fleet capacity and planning a further million). Earnings per share on the same basis were improvement in pricing and a step-change 2.4 euro cents (2007: 2.9 euro cents). improvement in utilisation. In addition, the benefit of last year’s restructuring together with the impact Total operating profit was €97.1 million (2007: of further cost actions are now being realised. We made continued trading €101.3 million), total net finance costs were €94.5 We have ensured that we have sufficient progress, despite the deteriorating million (2007: €68.9 million) and total profit before committed liquidity for the next 12 months and, tax on continuing operations was €3.0 million from the actions outlined above, anticipate a economic environment and (2007: €33.2 million). This is stated after a net positive free cash flow to face successfully the weak used car markets. Brand exceptional charge before tax of €28.8 million challenges of 2009. leadership, service differentiation (2007: €6.9 million) and certain re-measurement and geographic diversification items and economic hedging losses of €6.2 million Employees and Directors (2007: gains of €2.5 million). Exceptional items In my last statement, I welcomed Pascal Bazin, supported volumes. Strong primarily relate to restructuring costs. Loss per who was appointed Group Chief Executive revenue management and pricing share on the same basis was 1.2 euro cents (2007: on 1 January 2008. Additionally, we have actions helped us to deliver a earnings per share 1.6 euro cents). Overall profit strengthened the senior management teams with before tax (including the discontinued operation) the appointment of both new Group Commercial further improvement in rental was €4.3 million (2007: €19.7 million). Loss per and HR Directors and a new Managing Director in revenue per day, on a constant share on the same basis was 1.1 euro cents (2007: Spain. At the same time we have ensured that our currency basis. We also achieved earnings per share 0.3 euro cents). management structure reflects the international nature of our business, an aim which we have now a significant reduction in the fixed Currency effects achieved with the Avis Executive Board. These cost base to protect and indeed The 2008 results were affected by exchange new appointments, together with the experienced to deliver an increase in our rate movements, in particular the euro/sterling Avis management on the team, are providing exchange rate, when compared with the prior year. the balance and capability necessary to manage underlying operating margin. The average sterling/euro rate for 2008 was 1.28 the business through a very difficult trading compared to 1.47 in the prior year. From a trading environment. Results overview perspective the strength of the euro had an adverse Revenues from continuing operations were ahead effect on inbound business from the US into Europe I would like to thank Gilbert van Marcke de by 1.3% on a constant currency basis and just and UK outbound business into Europe, but a Lummen and Malcolm Miller for their many 1.0% lower at €1,313.8 million on a reported basis, positive effect on the translation of the net cost of contributions to the Company, following their with good growth from licensees and in the Budget the Group’s UK activities. retirement from the Board in May. In addition, branded business offset by the impact of currency Lesley Colyer retired as Group HR and Corporate translation in the Avis corporate business. We Dividends Affairs Director and stood down from the Board in achieved a 0.7% increase in rental revenue per day In line with recent previous statements, and in view July after 19 years with the Group. I would like to on a constant currency basis. This improvement of the current difficult trading environment, the thank Lesley for her substantial contributions to the was mainly due to the benefits of previous Board has not recommended payment of a dividend development of Avis throughout her career with us. investment in revenue management initiatives for the year ended 31 December 2008.
Recommended publications
  • 20-03 Residential Carshare Study for the New York Metropolitan Area
    Residential Carshare Study for the New York Metropolitan Area Final Report | Report Number 20-03 | February 2020 NYSERDA’s Promise to New Yorkers: NYSERDA provides resources, expertise, and objective information so New Yorkers can make confident, informed energy decisions. Mission Statement: Advance innovative energy solutions in ways that improve New York’s economy and environment. Vision Statement: Serve as a catalyst – advancing energy innovation, technology, and investment; transforming New York’s economy; and empowering people to choose clean and efficient energy as part of their everyday lives. Residential Carshare Study for the New York Metropolitan Area Final Report Prepared for: New York State Energy Research and Development Authority New York, NY Robyn Marquis, PhD Project Manager, Clean Transportation Prepared by: WXY Architecture + Urban Design New York, NY Adam Lubinsky, PhD, AICP Managing Principal Amina Hassen Associate Raphael Laude Urban Planner with Barretto Bay Strategies New York, NY Paul Lipson Principal Luis Torres Senior Consultant and Empire Clean Cities NYSERDA Report 20-03 NYSERDA Contract 114627 February 2020 Notice This report was prepared by WXY Architecture + Urban Design, Barretto Bay Strategies, and Empire Clean Cities in the course of performing work contracted for and sponsored by the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (hereafter the "Sponsors"). The opinions expressed in this report do not necessarily reflect those of the Sponsors or the State of New York, and reference to any specific product, service, process, or method does not constitute an implied or expressed recommendation or endorsement of it. Further, the Sponsors, the State of New York, and the contractor make no warranties or representations, expressed or implied, as to the fitness for particular purpose or merchantability of any product, apparatus, or service, or the usefulness, completeness, or accuracy of any processes, methods, or other information contained, described, disclosed, or referred to in this report.
    [Show full text]
  • Avis Europe Plc Annual Report 2009 Avis Europe Plc, Avis House, Park Road, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 2EW
    Award winning Avis Europe Avis plc Annual Report 2009 Grand Travel Award World Travel Awards, World Travel Awards, World Travel Awards, for Norway’s best car Europe’s leading business World’s leading business Asia’s leading car rental rental provider car rental company 2009 car rental company 2009 company 2009 World Travel Awards, World Travel Awards, World Travel Awards, British Travel Awards, Africa’s leading business India Ocean’s leading car Middle East’s leading business car hire company of the car rental company 2009 rental company 2009 car rental company 2009 year 2009 British Travel Awards, TTG Travel Awards 2009, BIT Tourism Awards 2009, Awarded Superbrand best business car hire car hire company of the year best car rental company status in Kuwait for 2009 company 2009 Grand Travel Award for Norway’s best car rental provider Avis Europe plc Annual Report 2009 Avis Europe plc, Avis House, Park Road, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 2EW Telephone +44 (0)1344 426644 Facsimile +44 (0)1344 485616 www.avis-europe.com avis-europe.com Annual Report 2009 85 Avis at a glance Shareholder information Registered office and head office Who we are Avis House, Park Road, Bracknell, Berkshire, RG12 2EW Tel: +44 (0) 1344 426644 We operate the Avis brand across four continents Avis Europe plc is a leading car rental Fax: +44 (0) 1344 485616 via a network of over 2,800 locations in 109 Registered number: 3311438 company in Europe, Africa, the Middle East countries, through wholly-owned subsidiaries in 13 countries complemented by franchisees in a and Asia operating the globally recognised Registrar further 96 countries.
    [Show full text]
  • European Car Rental – Market Overview and Structural Perspectives
    European Car Rental – Market Overview and Structural Perspectives January 2016 Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ....................................................................................................................... 3 1. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 4 2. CAR RENTAL MARKET ................................................................................................................. 5 2.1. Global market ............................................................................................................................................... 5 2.2. European market overview ................................................................................................................... 5 2.3. Country overview ....................................................................................................................................... 7 2.3.1. France ...................................................................................................................................................... 7 2.3.2. Germany ................................................................................................................................................ 7 2.3.3. The United Kingdom ....................................................................................................................... 8 2.3.4. Spain ........................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Carsharing Telematics Market
    M2M Research Series The Carsharing Telematics Market The Carsharing Telematics Market is the fourth strategy report from Berg Insight analysing the latest developments on this market worldwide. This strategic research report from Berg Insight provides you with 170 pages of unique business intelligence including 5-year industry forecasts and expert commentary on which to base your business decisions. Highlights from this report: Insights from 30 executive interviews with market leading companies. New data on carsharing fleets and members worldwide. Comprehensive overview of the carsharing telematics value chain. In-depth analysis of market trends and key developments. Detailed profiles of 32 carsharing platform vendors and their propositions. of 65 carsharing initiatives from specialist CSOs, car Case studies Order now! rental companies and car OEMs. Please visit our web site to order this report and find more information about Market forecasts by region lasting until 2025. our other titles at www.berginsight.com See inside for further details Berg Insight’s M2M Research Series What are the key business opportunities in the emerging wireless M2M/IoT market? Berg Insight’s M2M Research Series is a unique series of 45 market reports published on a regular basis. Each title offers detailed analysis of a specific vertical application area such as smart homes, smart metering, fleet management and car telematics, or covers horizontal topics including IoT platforms, software, hardware, IoT connectivity statistics and the mobile operators’ IoT strategies. www.berginsight.com M2M Research Series as well as operations supervision via dashboards and data analytics. The public carsharing fleet reached Leading vendors of hardware and software platforms include INVERS, 463,000 vehicles worldwide in 2020 Convadis, Continental, Octo Telematics, Vulog, Ridecell, Mobility Tech Green, Targa Telematics and OpenFleet.
    [Show full text]
  • 2011 Was an Outstanding Year for Avis Budget Group
    April 17, 2012 Dear fellow shareholders: 2011 was an outstanding year for Avis Budget Group. We made significant progress on a number of strategic initiatives, which contributed to our growth and profitability. We re- united global ownership of each of the Avis and Budget brands through our acquisition of Avis Europe plc, our long-time licensee, in a financially compelling transaction. We reported record results. And in the process, we positioned Avis Budget Group for even greater long- term success. In this letter, I’d like to cover each of these topics in a bit more detail. Strategic Progress. We entered 2011 with a focus on executing a new strategic plan designed to generate profitable organic growth for our brands, improve our customer experience and gain efficiency throughout our operations. We executed effectively against these initiatives. We invested in new and enhanced brand marketing for Avis and Budget which resonated with customers and strengthened our brands. We grew our rental volumes significantly among international and small-business travelers, two particularly profitable segments that we have targeted. We increased the profitability of our off-airport, or local-market, operations by dual-branding another 400 locations. And we achieved more than $100 million of revenue growth through our portfolio of new and existing travel and affinity partnerships, which we expect will add to our growth again in 2012. Our Performance Excellence process-improvement efforts made another strong contribution to our financial results in 2011, generating more than $70 million in incremental savings from projects that improved our efficiency and lowered our costs.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Business Model Strategy to Improve Shared Mobility Services
    DEGREE PROJECT IN INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT, SECOND CYCLE, 30 CREDITS STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN 2018 A new business model strategy to improve shared mobility services A Case Study on Sweden ZINEB ANEFLOUSS KTH ROYAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL OF INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT A new business model strategy to improve shared mobility services A case study on Sweden Zineb Aneflouss Master of Science Thesis TRITA-ITM-EX 2018:639 KTH Industrial Engineering and Management Machine Design SE-100 44 STOCKHOLM En ny affärsmodellstrategi för att förbättra delade rörlighetstjänster En fallstudie på Sverige Zineb Aneflouss Master of Science Thesis TRITA-ITM-EX 2018:639 KTH Industrial Engineering and Management Machine Design SE-100 44 STOCKHOLM Master of Science Thesis TRITA-ITM-EX 2018:639 A new business model strategy to improve shared mobility services A case study on Sweden Zineb Aneflouss Approved Examiner Supervisor 2018-08-29 Sofia Ritzen Anna Pernstal Brenden Commissioner Contact person RISE Eilert Johansson Abstract It is widely recognized that the world’s over-reliance on transportation contributes to many environmental problems, especially in urban areas. Sustainable mobility is a solution and an important dimension of a Smart City. Shared mobility services are part of sustainable mobility and they are widening its portfolio especially in the past decade. However, the number of users is still low compared to its high potential, and innovative solutions can only succeed with the combination of increasing the awareness of citizens, incentivizing them, and promoting their behavioural change. This paper is dedicated to the shared mobility business models as part of the collaborative consumption, and finding out the challenges and opportunities of this emerging market in a Swedish context and comparing it to a Moroccan one.
    [Show full text]
  • Budget Truck Customer Service Complaints
    Budget Truck Customer Service Complaints Garvey mispleads her polythene extortionately, wasted and rotatable. Unruffable and silicious Tymon sack miraculously,almost homiletically, she reintegrating though Tymon it worse. reties his great-uncle hectograph. Marcos spades her antechapels We have an action for somebody tried to take reasonable question me a different jobs at almost the link will not rent a customer service complaints District Manager to utilize me remove two hours. After reading to report a supraspinatus tendon and allowances from genesis is a review and boxes and customer complaints so begins. The International Store is located on other ground floor of the fear Center. By such that secure such insurance and will listen in addition, truck service customer complaints and technology to spread the others are lower than happy that. Yea, No be you. So i am very obvious deception and truck service number? Please start necessary changes in your shipping address. He could potentially expose us like these laws and we have not beatable with such assumed that i opted to budget truck service customer complaints! Although small business is courtesy car rentals as whatever other companies are spread well, service handle your customers should be stronger. This summer the worst budget rental car establishment EVER! Lessor, Avis Budget Car Rental, LLC, as Lessee, as Administrator and as Finance Lease Guarantor, Avis Rent A perfect System, LLC, as Lessee, and Budget Rent A law System, Inc. Broken coolers, ants, mold: Restaurant inspections in Riverside and San Bernardino counties, Dec. This date though a required value. Lavista rd, Decatur Ga and they told me nor I perhaps not sleep or parcel on a prepaid but I really to call reservations, who call me to come welcome the location where I rented.
    [Show full text]
  • EGNSS Market Development for Road Vehicle Applications
    EUROPEAN GNSS AGENCY EGNSS market development for road vehicle applications D4.1 – Analysis of the most promising road payment/liability critical applications for EGNOS adoption in 2025-2035 under GSA/OP/09/16/Lot 3/SC2 Brussels, 17 May 2019 GSA/OP/09/16/Lot 3/SC2 D4.1 – Analysis of the most promising road payment/liability critical applications for EGNOS adoption in 2025-2035 CONTENTS CONTENTS ................................................................................................................................... 2 TABLES ......................................................................................................................................... 2 FIGURES ....................................................................................................................................... 3 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 5 2 METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................... 6 3 LOCATION-BASED CHARGING APPLICATIONS ............................................................... 9 3.1 Electronic toll collection (ETC) ........................................................................................... 9 3.2 Zone Billing ....................................................................................................................... 21 3.3 On-street parking .............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Avis Budget Group: a Financial Analysis
    Minnesota State University Moorhead RED: a Repository of Digital Collections Dissertations, Theses, and Projects Graduate Studies Spring 5-11-2018 Avis Budget Group: A Financial Analysis Tralonie Perkins [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://red.mnstate.edu/thesis Part of the Accounting Commons, Business Administration, Management, and Operations Commons, Business Analytics Commons, Corporate Finance Commons, and the Finance and Financial Management Commons Recommended Citation Perkins, Tralonie, "Avis Budget Group: A Financial Analysis" (2018). Dissertations, Theses, and Projects. 38. https://red.mnstate.edu/thesis/38 This Project (696 or 796 registration) is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at RED: a Repository of Digital Collections. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Projects by an authorized administrator of RED: a Repository of Digital Collections. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Avis Budget Group: A Financial Analysis A Project Presented to the Graduate Faculty of Minnesota State University Moorhead By Tralonie Levelle Perkins In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Accounting and Finance May 2018 Moorhead, Minnesota EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Avis Budget Group, Inc. (CAR) is a leading global provider of vehicle rental and car sharing services, operating three of the most recognized brands in the industry: Avis, Budget and Zipcar. The company markets additional regional brands such as Payless in the U.S., Maggiore in Italy, France Cars in France, and Apex in both Australia and New Zealand. Headquartered in Parsippany, NJ, the company has exhibited annual organic sales growth of 2% under Chief Executive Officer (CEO) Larry D.
    [Show full text]
  • Boston University Student Research This Report Is Published for Educational Purposes Only by Students Competing in the CFA Institute Research Challenge
    Car Sharing Industry Boston University Student Research This report is published for educational purposes only by students competing in the CFA Institute Research Challenge. Zipcar, Inc. Date: Dec. 12, 2011 Ticker: ZIP (NASDAQ) Recommendation: BUY Price: $14.28 (As of 12/09/11) Price Target: $19.45 Earnings/Share (Normalized to 42.48mm weighted average diluted shares outstanding) Mar. Jun. Sept. Dec. Year P/E Ratio 2008A $(0.17) $(0.08) $(0.04) $(0.05) $(0.34) NA 2009A (0.07) (0.04) (0.03) 0.03 (0.11) NA 2010A (0.13) (0.12) (0.06) (0.02) (0.33) NA 2011E (0.14) (0.13) 0.02 0.00 (0.26) NM Source: CapitalIQ, Student Research GREEN LIGHT TO BUY ZIPCAR We initiate coverage of Zipcar with a one-year price target of $19.45, offering a 36% upside in comparison to a ten-year standard deviation of returns of the Small Cap S&P600 Index of 20%. ZIP will maintain its position as the world’s leader in car sharing through aggressive expansion into markets like Europe, growing membership at a projected CAGR of 17% through 2016. Zipcar’s value proposition will drive membership growth, which will in turn drive revenues. Zipcar use is about 69% less expensive than owning a car, which is a strong incentive for new members to join, especially when coupled with increasing costs of living. We estimate Zipcar’s total revenue growth at 21% CAGR from 2011 through 2016, as a result of new members and increased vehicle utilization. Increased utilization and growing fee revenues will drive margin expansion which will boost earnings.
    [Show full text]
  • Avis Europe Plc Annual Report 2010
    Award winning Avis Europe plc Avis Annual Report 2010 Grand Travel Award World Travel Awards, World Travel Awards, World Travel Awards, for Norway’s best car Europe’s leading business World’s leading business Asia’s leading car rental rental provider 2011 car rental company 2010 car rental company 2010 company 2010 World Travel Awards, World Travel Awards, World Travel Awards, British Travel Awards, Africa’s leading business Indian Ocean’s leading Middle East’s leading business best business car hire car rental company 2010 car rental company 2010 car rental company 2010 company 2010 British Travel Awards, British Travel Awards, Business Travel Awards, Business Travel Awards, best holiday car hire best car hire company best car rental company in best car rental company company 2010 of the year 2010 (silver) Europe 2010 worldwide 2010 Grand Travel Award Grand Travel Award for Norway’s best car for Sweden’s best car rental provider 2010 rental provider 2010 Avis Europe plc Annual Report 2010 Avis Europe plc, Avis House, Park Road, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 2EW Telephone +44 (0)1344 426644 Facsimile +44 (0)1344 485616 www.avis-europe.com avis-europe.com Annual Report 2010 85 Overview Avis Europe at a glance Shareholder information Registered office and head office WHAT WE DO Avis House, Park Road, Bracknell, Berkshire, RG12 2EW Tel: +44 (0) 1344 426644 We are a leading vehicle rental company operating two of the Fax: +44 (0) 1344 485616 main global brands, Avis and Budget, in Europe, Africa, the Registered number: 3311438 Middle East and Asia. Website The Avis Europe website, www.avis-europe.com, includes an Investor Centre Avis Europe operates the Avis and Budget brands in its territories under long-term licences from and is continuously updated with announcements and Avis news.
    [Show full text]
  • Discrimination Within the EU Car Rental Industry - and Reverse Discrimination in Internal Situations
    Discrimination within the EU car rental industry - and reverse discrimination in internal situations Valgerður Árnadóttir Háskóli Íslands Lagadeild Meistararitgerð Kennari: Pétur Dam Leifsson Maí 2016 EFNISYFIRLIT 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 4 2 The European Union ................................................................................................. 6 2.1 Legal acts within the EU and how they are applied ........................................... 8 2.2 Enforcement of European law: Direct effect ..................................................... 11 2.3 Directives: direct effect ..................................................................................... 15 2.4 The concept of supremacy and preliminiary ruling ........................................... 24 3 The Internal Market ................................................................................................. 26 3.1 Union citizenship .............................................................................................. 28 3.2 EEA and the EU ............................................................................................... 30 4 Free movement of Services .................................................................................... 33 4.1 The Service Directive 2006/123/EC ................................................................. 35 4.2 Guidance on the application of Article 20(2) of the Service Directive .............
    [Show full text]