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Transformer Losses Electric System Losses July 2010 Siemens © 2010 Siemens Energy, Inc. All rights reserved Tab 1 – Course Outline Siemens © 2010 Siemens Energy, Inc. All rights reserved Exclusive Copyrighted Property Course notes provided to course participants in any form, electronic or otherwise, are the exclusive copyrighted property of Siemens Energy, Inc., Siemens Power Technologies International. Course participants may only use the course notes for completion of the course and for each participants own future reference. Course participants may not make copies or share the course notes in any way. Siemens Understanding System Losses Understanding © (PTI) International Technologies Power Inc., 2010 Energy, Siemens 2010 July Siemens Energy Inc., Siemens Power Technologies International 3 Course Outline Basic Concepts Data Requirements Loss Calculations Basics and Terminology Equations and Definitions Methodologies forSiemens Loss Calculations Understanding System Losses Understanding © (PTI) International Technologies Power Inc., 2010 Energy, Siemens 2010 July Siemens Energy Inc., Siemens Power Technologies International 4 Tab 2 - Basic Concepts Siemens © 2010 Siemens Energy, Inc. All rights reserved Why electric losses? Electric losses occur as energy is transformed into waste heat in electrical conductors and equipment Energy (kWh) and power (kW) losses result from the normal operation of the power system Electric losses should be not higher than the absolute minimum dictated by the economics of the power system operation Siemens Losses are measured or calculated for a given time period, usually a year System Losses Understanding © (PTI) International Technologies Power Inc., 2010 Energy, Siemens 2010 July Siemens Power Transmission & Distribution, Inc., Power Technologies International 2 Why the Need to Know Electric Losses? Electric loss is a waste of money and resources Electric losses can be reduced – not eliminated . Loss reduction may requires money investments . Money saved in loss reduction ≥ Money invested In loss studies the following is determined, . Total electric systemSiemens losses . How the losses are distributed in the system. Therefore, elements or areas of the system having unusually high losses can be targeted for loss reduction measures Understanding System Losses Understanding © (PTI) International Technologies Power Inc., 2010 Energy, Siemens 2010 July Siemens Power Transmission & Distribution, Inc., Power Technologies International 3 Why the Need to Perform Loss Calculations? Electric losses occur in every system element System is composed of a very great number of elements Loss measurement in every element is impossible – at least for now The calculation of losses, using standard engineering equations, yieldSiemens fairly accurate results SCADA and Data Management System records are very valuable sources of information for loss studies Understanding System Losses Understanding © (PTI) International Technologies Power Inc., 2010 Energy, Siemens 2010 July Siemens Power Transmission & Distribution, Inc., Power Technologies International 4 Load and Loss Equations for Loss Calculation PLP Loadi i Lossi PCCL 2 Lossi 0 2 i PCCLCL 2 Lossi 0Siemens 1 i2 i PLCCLCL 2 Loadi i 0 1 i2 i set S LossesmygandinnderstU 2010July ©PTI) (lonaiernaties Intgolower Techn o,Pc., nI2010 iemens EnergyS lionarnatte InseilogchnoTe rePowc., In, oniutbirsti D &noiisssmanr Tres PowenmeiS 5 Transmission System Load and Losses 3500 Difference are Transmission Losses 3300 Transmission System Load and Losses 3100 Transmission System Load 2900 2700 2500 Load (MW) Load 2300 2100 1900 Siemens 1700 1500 100 600 1100 1600 2100 Hours Understanding System Losses Understanding © (PTI) International Technologies Power Inc., 2010 Energy, Siemens 2010 July Siemens Power Transmission & Distribution, Inc., Power Technologies International 6 Energy Losses Energy losses . Do we really lose energy? Energy is never lost, it only changes its form. This is a basic law of Physics – Principle of Conservation of Energy Energy is lost when is converted from one form of energy into another form of energy: . Mechanical to electrical (generators, etc.) . Electrical to mechanical (motors, etc.) Siemens Electric energy is also lost when it is transported, for example, when electricity flows through conductors Understanding System Losses Understanding © (PTI) International Technologies Power Inc., 2010 Energy, Siemens 2010 July Siemens Power Transmission & Distribution, Inc., Power Technologies International 7 Energy Losses (continued) Electric energy losses result from the transmission and distribution of energy from generators or tie-line sources to the ultimate customers Starting or Energy Process, Energy Ending or input point input event output output point SiemensLoss EnergyLoss EnergyInput EnergyOutput Understanding System Losses Understanding © (PTI) International Technologies Power Inc., 2010 Energy, Siemens 2010 July Siemens Power Transmission & Distribution, Inc., Power Technologies International 8 Electric System Losses Losses occur at each delivery, service, or voltage level, from the transmission system down to the 120/240-volt service drops and customer meters Generation System Own-use (not considered to be losses High Voltage Customers (assumes that Technical Losses Transmission System non-technical losses may be neglected) Siemens Technical Losses Distribution System Non-Technical Losses Sales System Losses Understanding © (PTI) International Technologies Power Inc., 2010 Energy, Siemens 2010 July Siemens Power Transmission & Distribution, Inc., Power Technologies International 9 Electric System Losses (continued) Losses on network elements Loss Energy Energy Network element EEioL E input output System losses Siemens EEE ioSL Understanding System Losses Understanding © (PTI) International Technologies Power Inc., 2010 Energy, Siemens 2010 July Siemens Power Transmission & Distribution, Inc., Power Technologies International 10 Energy and Power Losses Energy losses are composed of: . Power losses (expressed in Watt, kW, or MW) . Energy losses (expressed in kWh or MWh) Power loss is energy lost per unit of time. It expresses how quickly the energy is being lost . Electric Power loss is also referred to as “demand loss” Energy loss is energySiemens lost in a period of time, for example, a year Energy(kWh) Power (kW) Time (hour) Understanding System Losses Understanding © (PTI) International Technologies Power Inc., 2010 Energy, Siemens 2010 July Siemens Power Transmission & Distribution, Inc., Power Technologies International 11 Again, Why Energy Losses Need to be Determined ? There is an increasing interest in the study of electric system losses in general, and distribution losses in particular, due to: . Increase of cost of electric energy and power . Increase of capital cost . Difficulty of siting new generation . Increased pressure from regulatory bodies to improve loss management techniques and reduce losses in general Siemens Electric utilities are assessing the effects of electric system losses on the operation and planning of power systems Understanding System Losses Understanding © (PTI) International Technologies Power Inc., 2010 Energy, Siemens 2010 July Siemens Power Transmission & Distribution, Inc., Power Technologies International 12 Economic Requirements Overall Annual Electric Equipment Costs Aprox. % Utility Cost for Typical U.S. Utility $ Capital 70% Labor Land $ Capital SiemensO&M 10% & Labor Distr. Powr. Purch. Sales 5% Losses 10% Functional 5% Understanding System Losses Understanding © (PTI) International Technologies Power Inc., 2010 Energy, Siemens 2010 July Siemens Power Transmission & Distribution, Inc., Power Technologies International 13 Basic Loss Concept Energy losses have two main Due to energy components in their financial impact: losses there are: Lost energy has a direct cost Energy costs To produce and transport the energy & that will be lost, at certain power losses, additional capacities have to be Capacity built-in the powerSiemens systems, at a cost costs Understanding System Losses Understanding © (PTI) International Technologies Power Inc., 2010 Energy, Siemens 2010 July Siemens Power Transmission & Distribution, Inc., Power Technologies International 14 Incentives to Reduce Losses The cost of supplying energy is impacted by, . Cost and availability of capital . Availability of site locations for new generation in relation to the electrical grid. Additional land and right of ways need to be secured for substations and electric lines . Location of the load centers in relation to the generation . Pressure for the regulating bodies to keep the price of electricity low . Pressure by the investorsSiemens for a higher rate of return Distribution companies keep checking their systems trying to find ways to reduce losses. System Losses Understanding © (PTI) International Technologies Power Inc., 2010 Energy, Siemens 2010 July Siemens Power Transmission & Distribution, Inc., Power Technologies International 15 Who Pays, Who is Responsible? Electric losses have a financial impact. Question is, who does pay for the financial impact of losses? Answer: Consumers pay Who is responsible for the losses?, where do they happen? Answer: Power companies (system operators and planners) are the ones responsible, as the losses occur in their networks Siemens Consumer and network users pay for the network improvements and upgrades that may result in a reduction of losses Understanding System
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