Syria Archéologie, art et histoire
88 | 2011 Dossier : La Steppe
Interpretations of the myth of Andromeda at Iope
Ted Kaizer
Electronic version URL: http://journals.openedition.org/syria/939 DOI: 10.4000/syria.939 ISSN: 2076-8435
Publisher IFPO - Institut français du Proche-Orient
Printed version Date of publication: 1 January 2011 Number of pages: 323-339 ISBN: 9782351591871 ISSN: 0039-7946
Electronic reference Ted Kaizer, « Interpretations of the myth of Andromeda at Iope », Syria [Online], 88 | 2011, Online since 01 July 2016, connection on 19 April 2019. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/syria/939 ; DOI : 10.4000/syria.939
© Presses IFPO INTERPRETATIONS OF THE MYTH OF ANDROMEDA AT IOPE∗
Ted KAIZER 1
Résumé – LeΝ présentΝ articleΝ seΝ proposeΝ d’examinerΝ lesΝ diversesΝ attestations,Ν textuellesΝ etΝ autres,Ν duΝ mytheΝ d’AndromèdeΝàΝIoppé.ΝUneΝétudeΝapprofondieΝetΝcomparativeΝdesΝélémentsΝmisΝenΝœuvreΝpermetΝainsiΝdeΝsaisirΝleΝ processusΝd’élaborationΝdesΝdifférentesΝversionsΝduΝrécit.ΝPlusΝlargement,Νl’exempleΝdeΝlaΝconstructionΝduΝmytheΝ d’Andromède,ΝetΝsaΝlocalisationΝàΝIoppé,ΝenΝparticulier,ΝfaitΝcomprendreΝcommentΝlaΝmultiplicitéΝdesΝinformationsΝ livréesΝparΝlesΝsourcesΝanciennesΝtraduitΝenΝfaitΝdesΝchangementsΝconstantsΝdeΝperspectiveΝdansΝlaΝperceptionΝduΝ passéΝmythologique.Ν
Abstract – ThisΝpaperΝaimsΝtoΝdiscussΝtheΝvarietyΝofΝtextualΝandΝotherΝevidenceΝforΝtheΝmythΝofΝAndromedaΝatΝIope.Ν ProvidingΝaΝdetailedΝcompilationΝofΝtheΝrelevantΝmaterial,ΝitΝsetsΝoutΝtoΝinvestigateΝtheΝcompoundΝfactorsΝthatΝmayΝ haveΝhelpedΝtoΝshapeΝtheΝvariousΝversionsΝofΝtheΝstory.ΝAΝfocusΝonΝthisΝspecific case study, in particular with regard toΝtheΝtale’sΝlocationΝatΝIope,ΝwillΝleadΝtoΝfurtherΝrecognitionΝofΝtheΝwayΝinΝwhichΝtheΝmultifariousΝinformationΝ presentedΝinΝtheΝancientΝsourcesΝreflects a constantly developing perception of the mythological past.
ﺧﻼﺻﺔ – ºgÉ°ùJh .܃j ‘ Gó«ehQófCG IQƒ£°SCG ¢Uƒ°üîH ,ÉgÒZ ‘ ΩCG ¢Uƒ°üædG ‘ AGƒ°S ,äGOÉ¡°ûdG ´ƒæàH áWÉME’G ¤EG ∫É≤ŸG Gòg ≈©°ùj IQƒ£°SCG êPƒ‰ Ö«côJ íª°ùj ,™°ShCG πµ°ûHh .IQƒ£°SC’G √ò¡H á≤∏©àŸG äÉjGhôdG ∞∏à áZÉ«°U π°ù∏°ùe º¡a ‘ OGƒŸG ∞∏àîŸ á≤ª©e á°SGQO ºLÎj É¡©«ªLh ;…Qƒ£°SC’G »°VÉŸG Gòg øY áÁó≤dG QOÉ°üŸG ‘ IOQGƒdG äÉ«£©ŸG ´ƒæJ ¤EG ¥ô£àdÉH ,܃j ‘ É¡æWƒe ójó–h ,Gó«ehQófCG .ôªà°ùe Qƒ£J ‘ ájDhQ
Strabo,ΝwhenΝragingΝinΝtheΝfirst book of his GeographyΝagainstΝthoseΝancientΝscholarsΝwhoΝ‘areΝlessΝ deservingΝofΝcredence,ΝsinceΝinΝadditionΝtoΝtheΝincredibilityΝofΝtheirΝtheoriesΝtheyΝbetrayΝaΝtendencyΝtoΝ confoundΝmythΝandΝhistory’,Ν2ΝstatesΝthatΝ‘thereΝareΝsomeΝwhoΝtransferΝEthiopiaΝalsoΝtoΝourΝPhoenicia,Ν andΝwhoΝsayΝthatΝtheΝadventureΝofΝAndromedaΝtookΝplaceΝinΝIope,ΝthoughΝtheΝstoryΝisΝsurelyΝnotΝtoldΝ
∗ΝThisΝpaperΝoriginatesΝinΝaΝpieceΝpresented,ΝinΝaΝtotallyΝdifferentΝformat,ΝatΝaΝconferenceΝinΝAarhusΝorganisedΝbyΝR.ΝRajaΝinΝ Sept.Ν2008,ΝandΝalsoΝatΝaΝWork-in-ProgressΝseminarΝbackΝhomeΝinΝDurham.ΝIΝamΝalsoΝgratefulΝtoΝR.ΝHäusslerΝforΝinvitingΝmeΝtoΝaΝ colloquiumΝinΝOsnabrückΝinΝSept.Ν2010ΝandΝforΝprovidingΝtheΝopportunityΝtoΝdiscussΝthisΝmaterialΝinΝtheΝcontextΝofΝInterpretatio romana/graeca/indigena.Ν ForΝ referencesΝ andΝ discussionΝ onΝ individualΝ points,Ν thanksΝ areΝ dueΝ toΝ myΝ DurhamΝ colleaguesΝ P.ΝCeccarelli,ΝP.ΝHeslin,ΝJ.ΝIngleheart,ΝandΝM.ΝWoolmer,ΝtoΝS.ΝPasekΝ(duringΝtheΝconferenceΝinΝOsnabrück),ΝtoΝM.ΝBlömer,ΝtoΝ E.ΝGruen,ΝandΝalsoΝtoΝtheΝtwoΝanonymousΝrefereesΝforΝSyria.ΝItΝisΝsuperfluous to state that none of the above is responsible for anyΝremainingΝerrorsΝorΝdoubtfulΝinterpretationsΝonΝmyΝpart.ΝTextsΝandΝtranslationsΝfollowΝLCLΝunlessΝstatedΝotherwise. 1.ΝKaizer,ΝTed,ΝUniversityΝofΝDurham,ΝCentreΝforΝRomanΝCulturalΝStudies,Ν[email protected] 2.Ν StraboΝ 1.2.35Ν [C42]:Ν Υ Υ ῳ .
SyriaΝ88Ν(2011),Νp.Ν323ΝàΝ339 324 T.ΝKAIZER Syria 88Ν(2011) inΝignoranceΝofΝitsΝlocalΝsettingΝbutΝratherΝinΝtheΝguiseΝofΝmyth.’Ν3ΝTheΝexampleΝaccompanyingΝStrabo’sΝ observationΝdealsΝwithΝanΝinterpretationΝofΝanΝancientΝmyth,ΝnamelyΝbyΝassumingΝthatΝthereΝwasΝaΝstandardΝ versionΝofΝtheΝmythΝofΝAndromedaΝwhichΝwasΝlaterΝre-interpretedΝinΝsuchΝaΝwayΝthatΝitΝwasΝre-locatedΝtoΝ Iope,Νmodern-dayΝJaffaΝwhichΝisΝnowΝaΝsuburbΝofΝTelΝAviv.Ν4ΝThisΝpaperΝaimsΝtoΝprovideΝanΝoverviewΝofΝ theΝsourcesΝwhichΝlinkΝtheΝstoryΝtoΝtheΝPalestinianΝportΝtown,ΝandΝtoΝexploreΝ—byΝlookingΝinΝsomeΝdetailΝ atΝtheΝrelevantΝtexts—ΝtheΝmultipleΝfacetsΝthatΝaffectedΝtheΝstory’sΝdifferentΝrenditions. LetΝusΝfirst remind ourselves of the myth according to the ‘standard version’, the basic elements of whichΝareΝtoΝbeΝfoundΝinΝOvid’sΝfamousΝrecitationΝofΝtheΝstoryΝofΝPerseus,Ν5ΝandΝwhichΝisΝofΝcourseΝaboveΝ allΝknownΝfromΝtheΝLibraryΝofΝGreekΝmythology,ΝtraditionallyΝascribedΝtoΝApollodorusΝofΝAthens,ΝbutΝ datingΝfromΝtheΝfirst or second century AD: ‘ArrivingΝ inΝ Ethiopia,Ν whichΝ wasΝ ruledΝ byΝ Cepheus,Ν [Perseus]Ν foundΝ theΝ king’sΝ daughterΝ AndromedaΝexposedΝasΝpreyΝtoΝaΝseaΝmonster;ΝforΝCassiepeia,ΝtheΝwifeΝofΝCepheus,ΝhadΝclaimedΝ toΝrivalΝtheΝNereidsΝinΝbeauty,ΝboastingΝthatΝsheΝsurpassedΝthemΝall.ΝTheΝNereidsΝwereΝenragedΝ byΝthis,ΝandΝPoseidon,ΝwhoΝsharedΝtheirΝanger,ΝsentΝaΝsea-flood and a monster against the land. NowΝAmmonΝhadΝprophesiedΝdeliveranceΝfromΝthisΝcalamityΝifΝCepheus’ΝdaughterΝAndromedaΝ wereΝofferedΝasΝpreyΝtoΝtheΝmonster,ΝandΝcompelledΝbyΝtheΝEthiopians,ΝCepheusΝhadΝdoneΝsoΝandΝ tiedΝhisΝdaughterΝtoΝaΝrock.ΝAsΝsoonΝasΝPerseusΝsawΝher,ΝheΝfellΝinΝlove,ΝandΝpromisedΝCepheusΝ thatΝheΝwouldΝdestroyΝtheΝmonsterΝifΝheΝgaveΝhimΝtheΝrescuedΝgirlΝasΝaΝwife.ΝWhenΝoathsΝhadΝ beenΝswornΝtoΝthisΝeffect,ΝPerseusΝconfrontedΝtheΝmonsterΝandΝkilledΝit,ΝandΝsetΝAndromedaΝ free.ΝPhineus,Νhowever,ΝwhoΝwasΝaΝbrotherΝofΝCepheusΝandΝhadΝbeenΝpromisedΝAndromedaΝ beforehand,ΝplottedΝagainstΝPerseus;ΝbutΝwhenΝPerseusΝlearnedΝofΝtheΝconspiracy,ΝheΝshowedΝtheΝ GorgonΝtoΝPhineusΝandΝhisΝfellowΝplotters,ΝturningΝthemΝtoΝstoneΝonΝtheΝspot.’Ν6 TheΝlocationΝofΝthisΝmythΝatΝIope,ΝatΝwhichΝStraboΝhints,ΝisΝinΝfactΝattestedΝveryΝoftenΝinΝancientΝliteraryΝ sources,ΝandΝseemsΝtoΝhaveΝresultedΝoverΝtimeΝinΝaΝdifferentΝ‘standardΝversion’ΝinΝitsΝownΝright.ΝItΝhasΝ recentlyΝbeenΝargued,ΝinΝaΝstudyΝofΝRomanΝprovincialΝcoinageΝbyΝSimonΝPrice,ΝthatΝinΝcontrastΝtoΝtheΝ RomanΝEastΝatΝlarge,ΝtheΝuseΝofΝGreekΝmythologyΝwasΝnotΝtypicalΝforΝtheΝlandsΝofΝtheΝLevant:Ν“TheΝcivicΝ coinsΝofΝSyriaΝdoΝincludeΝmonumentsΝofΝlocalΝimportance,ΝandΝsometimesΝreferΝtoΝcivicΝfoundations,Ν butΝseemΝnotΝtoΝdrawΝonΝGreekΝmythologicalΝthemes.ΝIfΝthisΝregionalΝdifferenceΝreallyΝexisted,ΝitΝneedsΝ explanation.ΝThisΝmightΝbeΝinΝtermsΝofΝtheΝdifferentΝpositionΝofΝHellenicΝcultureΝinΝSyria,ΝwhereΝtheΝ pastΝthatΝwasΝrecalledΝmostΝwasΝnotΝaΝGreekΝpast.”Ν7ΝButΝifΝitΝisΝundeniableΝthatΝthereΝisΝlessΝevidenceΝ
3.ΝStraboΝ1.2.35Ν[C42-3]:Ν ὼ Υ ὼ ᾶ ῦ Υ Ἀ Υῃ · Υ ὼ ἄ Υ ῦ ὼ ᾶ . 4.ΝThroughoutΝthisΝpaper,ΝIΝstickΝtoΝIope,ΝalthoughΝtheΝtown’sΝnameΝisΝalsoΝwrittenΝdifferently.ΝCf.ΝSCHÜRERΝ1979,Νp.Ν110- 111,Νn.Ν132;ΝBIFFIΝ2002,Νp.Ν216. 5.Ν Cf.Ν Ov.Ν Met.Ν 4.604-803,Ν atΝ 668-71:Ν gentibus innumeris circumque infraque relictis Aethiopum populos Cepheaque conspicit arua. illic immeritam maternae pendere linguae Andromedan poenas iniustus iusserat AmmonΝ(‘passingΝanΝinfinite numberΝofΝcountriesΝaroundΝandΝbelowΝhim,Ν[Perseus]Νfinally sighted the realm of Ethiopian Cepheus, where Ammon, the god ofΝtheΝland,ΝhadΝunjustlyΝorderedΝtheΝprincessΝAndromeda,ΝinnocentΝgirl,ΝtoΝpayΝtheΝpriceΝforΝherΝboastfulΝmotherΝ[whoΝclaimedΝ toΝsurpassΝtheΝdaughtersΝofΝNereusΝinΝbeauty]’).ΝTransl.ΝD.ΝRAEBURNΝ(Penguin). 6.Ν Apollod.Ν Bibl.Ν 2.4.3:Ν Υ ῦ ῦ Ἀ Υ ῳ . Υ Ν Υ ῦ Υ · Ν ῦ ῖ Υ Υ Υ . Ἄ Υ ᾶ ῦ Υ Ἀ Υ ῦ Υ Υ Υ ῦ Υ Υ ᾳ. Υ ῖ ῦ ῖ ῖ . Υ ῦ Υ Ἀ . Υ ῦ Υ Ἀ ῦ Υ ῦ Υ Υ .ΝTransl.ΝR.ΝHARDΝ(OWC). 7.ΝPRICEΝ2005,Νp.Ν120. Syria 88Ν(2011) INTERPRETATIONSΝOFΝTHEΝMYTHΝOFΝANDROMEDAΝATΝIOPE 325
(numismatic,ΝbutΝalsoΝotherwise)ΝfromΝtheΝNearΝEastΝthanΝthereΝisΝfromΝGreeceΝandΝAnatolia,ΝtheΝmythΝ ofΝAndromedaΝatΝIopeΝcannotΝcountΝasΝtheΝsoleΝexceptionΝinΝthisΝcontext.ΝAccordingΝtoΝtheΝEthnicaΝofΝ StephanusΝofΝByzantium,ΝofΝwhichΝonlyΝaΝlateΝepitomeΝsurvives,ΝtheΝtown’sΝGreekΝnameΝcomesΝfromΝ Iope,ΝwhoΝwasΝtheΝdaughterΝofΝÆolus,ΝrulerΝofΝtheΝwinds,ΝandΝtheΝwifeΝofΝCepheus,ΝwhoΝwasΝsaidΝtoΝ haveΝfoundedΝtheΝplace.Ν8ΝTheΝsameΝtraditionΝisΝrecordedΝbyΝtheΝtwelfth-centuryΝscholarΝEustathius,ΝinΝ hisΝCommentary on Dionysius Periegetes,ΝwhoΝwritesΝthatΝtheΝtownΝwasΝnamedΝeitherΝafterΝthatΝsameΝ Iope,ΝorΝafterΝIo.Ν9ΝSimilarly,ΝtheΝnamesΝofΝIope’sΝneighbouringΝcities,ΝDoraΝandΝAscalon,ΝcanΝbeΝlinkedΝ withΝclassicalΝmythologicalΝfigures, Poseidon’s son Doros and Tantalus’ brother Ascalos respectively. IopeΝisΝthenΝsimply,ΝinΝtheΝwordsΝofΝMauriceΝSartre,ΝoneΝofΝtheΝexamplesΝfromΝtheΝNearΝEastΝthatΝshowsΝ howΝ“l’œuvreΝdesΝmythographesΝétaitΝdeΝpremièreΝimportanceΝetΝcontribuaitΝefficacement à doter d’un passéΝmythiqueΝgrecΝdeΝvieillesΝvillesΝindigènes,ΝdontΝl’insertionΝdansΝleΝnouveauΝmondeΝseΝtrouvaitΝ ainsiΝfacilitée.”Ν10ΝIfΝthereΝwasΝaΝregionalΝdifferenceΝ(betweenΝAsiaΝMinorΝandΝtheΝLevant)ΝwithΝregardΝtoΝ theΝapplicationΝofΝGreekΝmythologicalΝthemesΝonΝcoins,Ν11ΝthatΝmayΝhaveΝbeenΝlessΝtheΝcaseΝwithΝregardΝ toΝ cities’ΝclaimsΝ ofΝ beingΝ namedΝ afterΝ GreekΝ mythologicalΝ figures, and even less so concerning the knowledgeΝandΝapplicationΝofΝHellenismΝinΝtheΝNearΝEasternΝlandsΝinΝgeneral.Ν12ΝFocussingΝonΝtheΝmythΝ ofΝAndromedaΝatΝIopeΝwillΝallowΝusΝtoΝappreciateΝhowΝtheΝsnippetsΝofΝmythologicalΝinformationΝgivenΝ byΝtheΝvariousΝauthorsΝcanΝbeΝviewedΝasΝreflections of a continuously developing consciousness of the mythologicalΝpast,ΝandΝtoΝbeΝawareΝofΝtheΝdynamicΝmeansΝbyΝwhichΝanΝapparentlyΝclassicalΝmythΝcouldΝ undergoΝanΝassortmentΝofΝparticularΝinterpretationsΝin,ΝorΝwithΝregardΝto,ΝtheΝRomanΝNearΝEast. StraboΝdealsΝwithΝtheΝmythΝofΝAndromedaΝatΝIopeΝonceΝmore,ΝinΝbookΝXVI,ΝcoveringΝSyria.Ν13Ν‘ThenΝ oneΝcomesΝtoΝIope,ΝwhereΝtheΝseaboardΝfromΝEgypt,ΝthoughΝatΝfirst stretching towards the east, makes a significant bend towards the north. Here it was, according to certain writers of myths, that Andromeda wasΝexposedΝtoΝtheΝsea-monster;ΝforΝtheΝplaceΝisΝsituatedΝatΝaΝratherΝhighΝelevationΝ—soΝhigh,ΝitΝisΝsaid,Ν thatΝJerusalem,ΝtheΝmetropolisΝofΝtheΝJudaeans,ΝisΝvisibleΝfromΝit.’Ν14ΝTheΝgeographicalΝerrorΝ(namelyΝthatΝ theΝtwistΝinΝtheΝshorelineΝisΝactuallyΝfurtherΝsouthΝ15)Νnotwithstanding,ΝtheΝpassageΝisΝhighlyΝrelevantΝforΝ theΝexplicitΝcausalΝconnectionΝitΝmakesΝbetweenΝtheΝgeographyΝofΝtheΝsiteΝandΝtheΝlocationΝofΝtheΝmythΝatΝ thisΝveryΝspot,ΝaΝpointΝreinforcedΝbyΝtheΝauthor’sΝchosenΝterminologyΝ(…Ν Ν…).Ν16ΝStraboΝhimselfΝmayΝhaveΝbeenΝscepticalΝaboutΝthisΝparticularΝlocation,ΝbutΝforΝthoseΝmanyΝ
8.Ν Steph.Ν Byz.,Ν s.v.Ν Υ (ed.Ν A.ΝMEINEKE,Ν 1849,Ν p.Ν333):Ν Υ ῦ Υ ὰῦ Υ Υ ῦ ῦ ῦ Υ . 9.ΝEustath.Νad Dion. Per.Ν910:Ν Υ Υ ῦ ῖ Υ Υ Υ ῦ ῦ ῦ ὼ Υ .ΝCf.ΝMÜLLERΝ1861,Νp.Ν375. 10.ΝSARTREΝ2001,Νp.Ν150. 11.ΝButΝnoteΝtheΝsuggestionsΝbyΝLICHTENBERGERΝ2004ΝandΝtheΝcaseΝstudyΝbyΝBARKAYΝ2003,Νesp.Νp.Ν111-140,ΝwhoΝhasΝshownΝ howΝfromΝtheΝlateΝsecondΝcenturyΝADΝonwardsΝaΝnewΝ‘visualΝprogramme’ΝwasΝintroducedΝonΝtheΝcoinageΝofΝNysa-Scythopolis,Ν directlyΝlinkingΝtheΝmythologicalΝworldΝofΝDionysusΝtoΝtheΝlocalΝfoundationΝlegends. 12.ΝInΝanyΝcase,ΝitΝcannotΝbeΝtakenΝforΝgrantedΝthatΝanΝindigenousΝpastΝwasΝsummonedΝupΝinsteadΝbyΝtheΝlocalΝpopulation,ΝasΝ claimedΝbyΝPRICEΝ2005.ΝCf.ΝMILLARΝ1993,Νesp.Νp.Ν6,ΝforΝtheΝimportantΝargumentΝthatΝtheΝNearΝEasternΝlandsΝwereΝcharacterisedΝ byΝ aΝ ‘historicalΝ amnesia’Ν asΝ farΝ asΝ theΝAncientΝ NearΝ EasternΝ periodΝ wasΝ concerned.Ν OnΝ theΝ placeΝ ofΝ GreekΝ cultureΝ inΝ theΝ LevantineΝlandsΝinΝgeneral,ΝseeΝtheΝclassicΝworkΝofΝBOWERSOCKΝ1990ΝandΝnowΝalsoΝSARTREΝ2008. 13.ΝOnΝthisΝpassageΝinΝStrabo,ΝseeΝBIFFIΝ2002,Νp.Ν217.ΝOnΝtheΝwayΝinΝwhichΝtheΝcatalogueΝofΝStrabo’sΝpassagesΝonΝcultsΝandΝ mythsΝinΝbookΝXVIΝisΝinΝitselfΝhighlyΝinformativeΝaboutΝtheΝdegreeΝinΝwhichΝtheΝreligiousΝlifeΝofΝtheΝearlyΝRomanΝNearΝEastΝwasΝ knownΝandΝunderstoodΝ(andΝindeedΝbotheredΝabout),ΝseeΝKAIZERΝforthcoming. 14.ΝStraboΝ16.2.28Ν[C759]:Ν Υ ῦ ὼ Υ Υ Υ Υ ἄ Υ ῦ Υ Υ . Ἀ · ῦ ὼ ᾶ Υὼ ῦ Υ · 15.ΝOnΝthisΝpassageΝcf.ΝSAFRAIΝ2005,Νp.Ν254:Ν“ThisΝisΝnotΝtrue:ΝtheΝcurveΝofΝtheΝcoastlineΝisΝfurtherΝsouthΝ(inΝtheΝGazaΝregion).Ν ButΝtheΝveryΝmentionΝofΝthisΝdetailΝshowsΝtheΝuseΝofΝaΝgeographicalΝtext.” 16.ΝCf. RADTΝ2009,Νp.Ν316,ΝwhoΝarguesΝthatΝtheΝchoiceΝofΝγ ρΝ“lässtΝsichΝverteidigenΝunterΝderΝAnnahmeΝdassΝnachΝStrabonsΝ VorstellungΝdieΝAndromeda-SageΝeineΝhoheΝSteilküsteΝverlangt,ΝanΝderΝdasΝMädchenΝangekettetΝwerdenΝkonnte.” 326 T.ΝKAIZER Syria 88Ν(2011) authorsΝwho,ΝasΝweΝwillΝsee,ΝacceptedΝtheΝsetting,ΝtheΝlandscapeΝcouldΝcomeΝtoΝprovideΝtheΝmythΝwithΝaΝ certainΝsubstanceΝandΝconcreteness.ΝAndΝinΝturn,ΝtheΝmythΝwasΝableΝtoΝaddΝaΝdegreeΝofΝorganizationΝtoΝtheΝ placeΝandΝtoΝgiveΝsenseΝtoΝit. ItΝwasΝnotΝtheΝfirst time this had happened at Iope (nor, indeed, would it be the last time 17),Νfor,Ν asΝJaffa,ΝtheΝtownΝwasΝalsoΝtheΝplaceΝwhereΝtheΝprophetΝJonahΝhadΝembarkedΝaΝshipΝinΝorderΝtoΝavoidΝ God’sΝcommandΝtoΝwarnΝNineveh,ΝbeforeΝheΝendedΝupΝbeingΝswallowedΝbyΝaΝsea-monsterΝ(JonahΝ1:3).Ν18Ν WeΝwillΝcomeΝbackΝtoΝthisΝstory,ΝandΝtoΝtheΝobviousΝlinkΝbetweenΝtheΝtwoΝsea-monsters,Νlater,ΝandΝwillΝ lookΝfirst at what must be the earliest source that sets the myth of Andromeda here, the fourth-century geographicalΝtractΝknownΝasΝtheΝPeriplousΝbyΝanΝauthorΝknownΝtoΝusΝasΝPs-Skylax,ΝthusΝdatingΝfromΝ theΝperiodΝbeforeΝAlexander:Ν19Ν‘[Ioppe,ΝaΝcity.]ΝTheyΝsayΝAndrom[eda]ΝwasΝ[stret]chedΝoutΝhereΝ[forΝ theΝmonster].’Ν20ΝInterestingly,ΝtheΝveryΝmentionΝofΝtheΝcity’sΝnameΝisΝrestoredΝinΝthisΝpassage,ΝnoΝdoubtΝ preciselyΝbecauseΝofΝtheΝreferenceΝtoΝAndromeda,ΝbutΝtheΝlistingΝofΝIopeΝbetweenΝitsΝneighboursΝ—‘Doros,Ν aΝcityΝofΝtheΝSidonians’Ν( Υ )ΝandΝ‘[Aska]lon,ΝaΝcityΝofΝtheΝTyriansΝandΝaΝroyalΝseat’Ν (Ἀ ] Υ )—ΝmustΝmakeΝtheΝrestorationΝsecure.ΝThisΝearlyΝattestationΝ ofΝtheΝconventionΝtoΝlocateΝtheΝmythΝofΝAndromedaΝatΝIopeΝisΝimportant,ΝsinceΝcertainΝingredientsΝofΝ mythologicalΝstoriesΝcouldΝbecome,ΝinΝtheΝwordsΝofΝSimonΝPrice,Ν“tooΝfixed in the tradition to be readily altered.”Ν21 WithΝtheΝmythΝlocatedΝatΝtheΝPalestinianΝportΝtownΝbyΝtheΝfourthΝcenturyΝatΝtheΝlatest,ΝsupportedΝnoΝ doubtΝbyΝcertainΝaspectsΝofΝtheΝsite’sΝtopography,ΝoverΝtimeΝotherΝelementsΝtooΝcameΝtoΝhelpΝtoΝstakeΝ Iope’sΝclaimΝtoΝtheΝAndromedaΝstory.ΝPomponiusΝMela,ΝwhoΝprobablyΝwroteΝunderΝClaudius,Ν22ΝstatesΝ thatΝ‘IopeΝwasΝfounded,ΝasΝtheyΝtellΝit,ΝbeforeΝtheΝflood. Iope is where the locals claim that Cepheus was king,ΝbasedΝonΝtheΝproofΝthatΝparticularΝoldΝaltarsΝ—altarsΝwithΝtheΝgreatestΝtaboo—ΝcontinueΝtoΝbearΝanΝ inscriptionΝofΝthatΝmanΝandΝhisΝbrotherΝPhineus.ΝWhatΝisΝmoreΝtheyΝevenΝpointΝoutΝtheΝhugeΝbonesΝofΝtheΝ sea-monsterΝasΝaΝclearΝreminderΝofΝtheΝeventΝcelebratedΝinΝsongΝandΝlegend,ΝandΝasΝaΝclearΝreminderΝofΝ Andromeda,ΝwhoΝwasΝsavedΝbyΝPerseus.’Ν23ΝBoastingΝthatΝIopeΝwasΝfoundedΝ‘beforeΝtheΝflood’ will have addedΝtoΝtheΝcachetΝofΝantiquityΝalreadyΝprovidedΝbyΝtheΝclassicalΝetymologyΝofΝitsΝname.ΝButΝitΝwasΝtheΝ combinationΝofΝtwoΝso-calledΝ‘hardΝfacts’Ν(inΝadditionΝtoΝtheΝlocalΝtopography)ΝthatΝIopeΝwouldΝturnΝto,Ν accordingΝtoΝPomponiusΝMela,ΝinΝsupportΝofΝitsΝclaimedΝentitlementΝtoΝhostΝtheΝmythΝofΝAndromeda:Ν firstly ancient altars, ‘with the greatest taboo’, inscribed with the names of its legendary king Cepheus andΝhisΝbrotherΝPhineusΝ(theΝoneΝwhoΝhadΝbeenΝpromisedΝhisΝnieceΝbutΝlostΝoutΝtoΝPerseus),ΝandΝsecondlyΝ theΝrelicsΝofΝtheΝmarina beluaΝwhoΝhadΝthreatenedΝAndromeda.ΝToΝputΝtheseΝartefactsΝinΝcontextΝandΝtoΝ ensureΝthatΝtheyΝledΝtoΝtheΝappropriateΝcommemoration,ΝtheΝmythΝwasΝsaidΝtoΝhaveΝbeenΝ‘celebratedΝinΝ songΝandΝlegend’. TheΝremainsΝofΝIope’sΝsea-monsterΝwereΝnotΝuniqueΝinΝtheΝRomanΝNearΝEast.ΝWellΝtoΝtheΝnortheastΝofΝ Iope,ΝatΝtheΝMacraΝplainΝbehindΝtheΝLebanonΝmountains,ΝtheΝcorpseΝofΝaΝfallenΝdragonΝ(…Ν Υ Υ ὰ Ν…)ΝwasΝstillΝtoΝbeΝseen.ΝAccordingΝtoΝPosidonius,ΝasΝpreservedΝthroughΝStrabo,Ν
17.ΝTheΝveryΝusefulΝpaperΝbyΝHARVEYΝ1994ΝnotΝonlyΝdiscussesΝtheΝAndromedaΝmythΝatΝIopeΝinΝsomeΝdetail,ΝbutΝalsoΝnotesΝ thatΝtheΝtownΝbecameΝaΝtargetΝforΝChristianΝpilgrimsΝasΝtheΝsiteΝwhereΝTabitha,ΝalsoΝknownΝasΝDorcas,ΝhadΝbeenΝresurrectedΝbyΝ StΝPeterΝ(ActsΝ9:36-43). 18.ΝButΝseeΝtheΝproposedΝemendationΝofΝtheΝverseΝbyΝHÜSINGΝ1907,Νp.Ν72,ΝwhoΝingeniouslyΝwishedΝtoΝgetΝridΝofΝJaffaΝfromΝ theΝnarrative. 19.ΝHARVEYΝ1994,Νp.Ν5ΝrunsΝthroughΝtheΝearlierΝsourcesΝwhichΝhadΝnotΝlocatedΝtheΝmythΝofΝAndromedaΝatΝIope. 20.ΝPeriplousΝ104,Νcod.93:Ν[ ΥΥ Υ · ] Ἀ [ ].ΝForΝtheΝtext,ΝwhichΝ bearsΝtheΝnameΝofΝScylaxΝofΝCaryanda,Νcf.ΝMÜLLERΝ1855,Νp.Ν15-96,ΝatΝp.Ν79.ΝNewΝeditionΝofΝtextΝandΝtranslationΝinΝprogressΝ byΝG.ΝShipley,ΝandΝprovisionalΝtranslationΝavailableΝatΝ
24.ΝStraboΝ16.2.17Ν[C755]:Νὰ Υ ῖ ῦ Υ ὼῦ ὼ ΥΥ Υ ᾶ ῦ ῦ ὼ ΥΥ ῦ Υ Υ . 25.ΝCLARKEΝ1999,Νp.Ν178:Ν“suchΝcreaturesΝwereΝnotΝfarΝfromΝbeingΝtreatedΝasΝpartΝofΝhistoricalΝrealityΝinΝHellenisticΝaccountsΝ ofΝtheΝNearΝEast.ΝInΝparticular,ΝtheΝemergenceΝofΝcreaturesΝfromΝtheΝseaΝtoΝcontributeΝtoΝtheΝdevelopmentΝofΝcivilizationΝwasΝanΝ importantΝfeatureΝofΝtheΝearlyΝhistoryΝofΝBabylonia.” 26.ΝThusΝRADTΝ2009,Νp.Ν304ΝandΝp.Ν315. 27.ΝPlinyΝHNΝ9.4/11:Νbeluae cui dicebatur exposita fuisse Andromeda ossa Romae apportata ex oppido Iudaeae Ioppe ostendit inter reliqua miracula in aedilitate sua M. Scaurus longitudine pedum XL, altitudine costarum Indicos elephantos excedente, spinae crassitudine sesquipedali. 28.ΝCf.ΝBROUGHTONΝ1952,Νp.Ν195ΝforΝallΝreferences.ΝThisΝisΝofΝcourseΝtheΝsameΝScaurusΝwhoΝshamelesslyΝcelebratedΝthisΝ sameΝaedileshipΝwithΝaΝcoinΝ(RRCΝI,Νp.Ν446,ΝnoΝ422)ΝthatΝmisleadinglyΝdepictedΝtheΝNabataeanΝkingΝAretasΝ(III)ΝinΝanΝactΝofΝ surrender,ΝalthoughΝtheΝformerΝquaestor’sΝcampaignΝagainstΝtheΝNabataeansΝhadΝbeenΝquicklyΝabandonedΝinΝ62ΝBCΝafterΝthreeΝ hundredΝtalentsΝhadΝbeenΝpaidΝtoΝRome,Νcf.ΝJoseph.ΝAnt.Ν14.5.1Ν[80-1]. 29.ΝJoseph.ΝBJΝ3.9.3Ν[420]:Ν Ἀ Υ Υ . 30.ΝIsid.ΝEtym.Ν15.1.19:ΝIoppe oppidum Palaestinae maritimum idem Palaestini aedificaverunt; ubi saxum ostenditur quod vinculorum Andromedae vestigia adhuc retinet; cuius beluae forma eminentior elephantis fuit. 31.ΝJer.ΝComm. in IonamΝ1.3:ΝHic locus est, in quo usque hodie saxa monstrantur in littore, in quibus Andromeda religata, Persei quondam sit liberate praesidio. Scit eruditus lector historiam; sed et juxta regionis naturam de montanis et arduis ad Joppen et campestria veniens propheta, recte dicitur descendisse …)ΝEd.ΝJ.-P.ΝMIGNE,ΝPatrologia LatinaΝ25,Νcol.Ν1123A.ΝTransl.Ν R.ΝMACGREGORΝ(
AndromedaΝmyth,ΝtheΝchurchΝfatherΝcannotΝhelpΝtoΝdescribeΝitΝasΝaΝ‘poeticΝfable’ΝinΝaΝletterΝofΝconsolationΝ writtenΝtoΝEustochium,ΝinΝwhichΝheΝdescribesΝtheΝjourneyΝtoΝtheΝNearΝEastΝmadeΝbyΝherΝmotherΝPaula,Ν32Ν butΝwhetherΝheΝwitnessedΝtheΝsiteΝinΝpersonΝhimselfΝremainsΝdebatable.Ν33 AsΝifΝtheΝimpressionsΝofΝAndromeda’sΝchainsΝonΝtheΝcliffsΝatΝIopeΝwereΝnotΝenough,ΝPausaniasΝbringsΝ yetΝanotherΝlinkΝbetweenΝtownΝandΝmythΝinΝtheΝpicture:Ν‘RedΝwater,ΝinΝcolourΝlikeΝblood,ΝisΝfoundΝinΝ theΝlandΝofΝtheΝHebrewsΝnearΝtheΝcityΝofΝIope.ΝTheΝwaterΝisΝcloseΝtoΝtheΝsea,ΝandΝtheΝaccountΝwhichΝ theΝnativesΝgiveΝofΝtheΝspringΝisΝthatΝPerseus,ΝafterΝdestroyingΝtheΝsea-monster,ΝtoΝwhichΝtheΝdaughterΝ ofΝCepheusΝwasΝexposed,ΝwashedΝoffΝtheΝbloodΝinΝtheΝspring.’Ν34ΝInterestingly,ΝwhenΝoneΝofΝtheΝtwoΝ PhilostratiΝdescribesΝaΝpaintingΝofΝPerseusΝandΝAndromedaΝinΝtheΝ ό ,ΝtheΝcolouringΝofΝtheΝwaterΝ becauseΝofΝtheΝsea-monster’sΝbloodΝisΝrelocatedΝagainΝtoΝtheΝEthiopianΝsphereΝandΝisΝspecifically said to haveΝgivenΝtheΝRedΝSeaΝitsΝname.Ν35ΝInΝanyΝcase,ΝtheΝpassageΝfromΝPausaniasΝcallsΝtoΝmindΝtheΝwayΝinΝ whichΝyetΝanotherΝSecondΝSophisticΝauthorΝaccountsΝforΝtheΝpeculiarΝcolourΝofΝtheΝriverΝAdonis,ΝinΝtheΝ hinterlandΝofΝtheΝPhoenicianΝcoastalΝcityΝByblos.ΝInΝOn the Syrian Goddess,ΝLucianΝdescribesΝhowΝ‘eachΝ yearΝtheΝriverΝgrowsΝbloodyΝand,ΝlosingΝitsΝnormalΝhue,Νflows into the sea and incarnadines the greater partΝofΝit,ΝsignallingΝtheΝritualsΝofΝmourningΝtoΝtheΝByblians;ΝtheΝstoryΝisΝthatΝonΝtheseΝdaysΝAdonisΝisΝ woundedΝonΝLebanon,ΝandΝtheΝbloodΝthatΝreachesΝtheΝwaterΝchangesΝtheΝcolourΝofΝtheΝriverΝandΝgivesΝtheΝ streamΝitsΝname.’Ν36ΝButΝcontrastingΝ“aΝmiraculousΝexplanationΝwithΝaΝrationalΝone”,Ν37ΝtheΝauthorΝthenΝ addsΝtheΝalternativeΝexplanation,ΝgivenΝbyΝ‘aΝcertainΝByblianΝwhoΝseemedΝtoΝbeΝtellingΝtheΝtruth’,ΝthatΝtheΝ phenomenonΝwasΝdueΝtoΝtheΝterrain:Ν‘StrongΝwindsΝwhichΝariseΝonΝthoseΝdaysΝcarryΝtheΝearth,ΝwhichΝisΝredΝ inΝtheΝhighestΝdegree,ΝintoΝtheΝriver,ΝandΝitΝisΝtheΝearthΝthatΝmakesΝitΝbloody.’Ν38ΝIΝhaveΝnoΝintentionΝtoΝenterΝ hereΝinΝtheΝdebateΝonΝhowΝtoΝreadΝandΝuseΝOn the Syrian Goddess,ΝandΝtheΝadditionΝofΝtheΝrationalisingΝ accountΝtoΝtheΝoneΝthatΝmakesΝaΝlinkΝwithΝtheΝmythΝofΝAdonisΝmayΝofΝcourseΝveryΝwellΝbeΝtheΝdirectΝresultΝ ofΝthisΝtextΝbeingΝaΝ“deliberateΝlinguisticΝparodyΝofΝHerodotus”.Ν39ΝButΝtheΝmuchΝmoreΝdetailedΝpassageΝinΝ
32.ΝJer.ΝEp.Ν108.8:ΝJoppen quoque fugientis portum Jonae; et (ut aliquid perstringam de fabulis Poetarum) religatae ad saxum Andromedae spectatricem.Ν(‘IopeΝtooΝisΝhardΝby,ΝtheΝportΝofΝJonah’sΝflight; which also - if I may introduce a poetic fable -ΝsawΝAndromedaΝboundΝtoΝtheΝrock’.)ΝEd.ΝJ.-P.ΝMIGNE,ΝPatrologia LatinaΝ22,Νcol.Ν883.ΝTransl.ΝW.ΝH.ΝFREMANTLEΝ(NPNF,Ν2ndΝ ser.ΝVI). 33.ΝCf.ΝHUNTΝ1984,Νp.Ν172,ΝandΝesp.ΝHARVEYΝ1994,Νp.Ν11-12,Νn.Ν54.ΝNoteΝtheΝratherΝconfusingΝthirdΝmentionΝofΝIopeΝbyΝ Jerome,ΝseldomΝquotedΝinΝthisΝcontext,ΝinΝApol. adv. lib. RufiniΝ3.22:ΝVeni Rhegium, in Scyllaeo littore paululum steti, ubi veteres didici fabulas, et praecipitem pellacis [Al.Νfallicis]ΝUlyssis cursum, et sirenarium cantica, et insatiabilem Charybdis voraginem. Cumque mihi accolae illius loci multa narrarent, darentque consilium, ut non ad Protei columnas, sed ad Jonae portum navigarem: illum enim fugientium et turbatorum, hunc securi hominis esse cursum, malui per Maleas et Cycladas Cyprum pergere.Ν(‘IΝarrivedΝatΝRhegium.ΝIΝstoodΝforΝaΝwhileΝonΝtheΝshoreΝofΝScylla,ΝandΝheardΝtheΝoldΝstoriesΝofΝtheΝrapidΝvoyageΝ ofΝtheΝversatileΝUlysses,ΝofΝtheΝsongsΝofΝtheΝsirensΝandΝtheΝinsatiableΝwhirlpoolΝofΝCharybdis.ΝTheΝinhabitantsΝofΝthatΝspotΝtoldΝ meΝmanyΝtales,ΝandΝgaveΝmeΝtheΝadviceΝthatΝIΝshouldΝsailΝnotΝforΝtheΝcolumnsΝofΝProteusΝbutΝforΝtheΝportΝwhereΝJonahΝlanded,Ν becauseΝtheΝformerΝofΝthoseΝwasΝtheΝcourseΝsuitedΝforΝmenΝwhoΝwereΝhurriedΝandΝflying, but the latter was best for a man who wasΝimprisoned;ΝbutΝIΝpreferredΝtoΝtakeΝtheΝcourseΝbyΝMaleaΝandΝtheΝCycladesΝtoΝCyprus.’)ΝEd.ΝJ.-P.ΝMIGNE,ΝPatrologia LatinaΝ 23,Νcoll.Ν494C-495A.ΝTransl.ΝW.ΝH.ΝFREMANTLEΝ(NPNF,Ν2ndΝser.ΝIII). 34.ΝPaus.Ν4.35.6:Ν ῦ Υ ῦ Υ Υ ΥΥῃ Υ · ῦ Υ ῃῦ ῦ ᾧ Υ ῖ Υ ῖ ῦ Υ . 35.ΝPhilostr.ΝImag.Ν1.29.2:Νὰ ἆ ῦ Υ Υ ᾐ Υ Υ ῖ ῦ ὼ ὰΝ(‘theΝcontestΝisΝalreadyΝfinished and the monster lies stretched out on the strand,ΝwelteringΝinΝstreamsΝofΝbloodΝ-ΝtheΝreasonΝtheΝseaΝisΝred’). 36.ΝLucian,ΝSyr. D.Ν8:Ν Υ Υ Υ Υ Υ ῖ Υ . ῃ ῃ Ἄ ῦ Υ ῳ Υ ῖ.ΝTransl.ΝLIGHTFOOTΝ2003. 37.ΝLIGHTFOOTΝ2003,Νp.Ν327.ΝCf. ibid.,Νp.Ν169. 38.Ν Lucian,Ν Syr. D.Ν 8:Ν ἄ ῃ ῃ Υ Υ ῦ .ΝTransl.ΝLIGHTFOOTΝ2003. 39.ΝThusΝMILLARΝ1993,Νp.Ν245.ΝAnyΝreaderΝofΝthisΝtextΝmustΝnowΝimmerseΝfullyΝinΝtheΝcommentaryΝbyΝLIGHTFOOTΝ2003,Νesp.Ν p.Ν305-28,ΝwithΝp.Ν327-8ΝonΝtheΝlinesΝquoted.ΝCf.ΝKAIZERΝ2008,Νp.Ν28-29. Syria 88Ν(2011) INTERPRETATIONSΝOFΝTHEΝMYTHΝOFΝANDROMEDAΝATΝIOPE 329
LucianΝneverthelessΝthrowsΝlightΝonΝthatΝinΝPausanias,ΝandΝoneΝmightΝtentativelyΝsuggestΝthatΝalsoΝatΝIopeΝ mythologicalΝandΝscientific justifications co-existed, naturally without being mutually exclusive. As we willΝseeΝlater,ΝitΝwouldΝnotΝhaveΝbeenΝtheΝonlyΝrationalizationΝinΝtheΝcontextΝofΝtheΝmythΝofΝAndromedaΝatΝ Iope,ΝasΝevenΝtheΝappearanceΝofΝtheΝsea-monsterΝitselfΝhasΝbeenΝsubjectΝtoΝsuchΝaΝprocess. TheΝsea-monster,ΝconstantlyΝindicatedΝinΝGreekΝwithΝ ,ΝmakesΝaΝsurpriseΝappearanceΝinΝtheΝ Natural History,ΝwhenΝPlinyΝwritesΝthatΝatΝIope,ΝwhichΝheΝlabelsΝaΝPhoenicianΝcityΝ(inΝwhichΝheΝwasΝ followedΝinΝlaterΝtimesΝbyΝStephanusΝByzantiusΝandΝaccordinglyΝbyΝEustathius),Ν‘thereΝisΝaΝcultΝofΝtheΝ legendaryΝgoddessΝCeto’Ν(colitur illic fabulosa Ceto).ΝTheΝpassageΝfurthermoreΝtouchesΝonΝtheΝissuesΝweΝ haveΝalreadyΝencounteredΝinΝotherΝsources:Ν‘itΝisΝsaidΝtoΝhaveΝexistedΝbeforeΝtheΝflood; it is situated on a hill,ΝandΝinΝfrontΝofΝitΝisΝaΝrockΝonΝwhichΝtheyΝpointΝoutΝmarksΝmadeΝbyΝtheΝchainsΝwithΝwhichΝAndromedaΝ wasΝfettered.’Ν40ΝButΝtheΝadditionΝthatΝfabulosa CetoΝreceivedΝaΝcultΝatΝIopeΝisΝsurprisinglyΝmadeΝwithoutΝ anΝindicationΝofΝtheΝ ΝthatΝhadΝendeavouredΝtoΝdevourΝAndromedaΝinΝtheΝGreekΝmyth.ΝAsΝregardsΝ theΝdivineΝnameΝitself,ΝCeto,ΝthisΝisΝmostΝlikelyΝtoΝhaveΝbeenΝconnectedΝtoΝthatΝofΝDerceto,ΝwhomΝPlinyΝ mentionsΝelsewhereΝinΝhisΝworkΝasΝtheΝinterpretatio GraecaΝofΝAtargatisΝofΝHierapolis,Ν41ΝthoughΝnotΝ withΝanyΝhintΝofΝaΝconnectionΝwithΝtheΝCetoΝheΝmentionsΝatΝIope.Ν42ΝAsΝforΝDerceto,ΝLucianΝdescribedΝherΝ PhoenicianΝimageΝasΝ‘anΝoutlandishΝsight’Ν( ):Ν‘halfΝwasΝaΝwoman,ΝbutΝfromΝherΝthighsΝtoΝ theΝtipsΝofΝherΝtoesΝextendedΝtheΝtailΝofΝaΝfish’ ( ῦ ἄ Υ Υ ).Ν43 TheΝ ΝfromΝtheΝGreekΝversionsΝofΝtheΝmythΝofΝAndromeda,ΝatΝIopeΝasΝelsewhere,Ν44ΝisΝalsoΝattestedΝ Ν(‘greatΝfish’) of JonahΝ2:1ΝasΝ ָ גָּ לinΝtheΝBiblicalΝstory.Ν45ΝTheΝSeptuagintΝtranslatesΝtheΝHebrewΝ ,ΝandΝsimilarlyΝtheΝprophet’sΝsea-monsterΝisΝaΝ ΝwhenΝmentionedΝinΝ3 Macc.Ν6:8.ΝAndΝalthoughΝ theΝpassageΝinΝtheΝbookΝofΝJonahΝisΝtranslatedΝwithΝpiscis grandaΝinΝtheΝVulgate,Ν46ΝtheΝappearanceΝofΝ cetusΝinΝtheΝgospelΝepisodeΝinΝwhichΝJesusΝstatesΝthatΝtheΝSonΝofΝManΝwillΝbeΝinΝhisΝtombΝforΝasΝlongΝ asΝJonahΝspentΝinsideΝtheΝsea-monster,Ν47ΝmakesΝclearΝthatΝStΝJeromeΝwasΝwellΝawareΝofΝtheΝpossibilityΝ toΝrenderΝ ΝwithΝtheΝLatinisedΝversionΝofΝtheΝGreekΝterm.ΝToΝmakeΝmattersΝevenΝmoreΝpotentiallyΝ confusing,ΝinΝ‘standard’ΝGreekΝorΝGraeco-RomanΝmythology,ΝasΝtransmittedΝbyΝApollodorusΝ(Bibl.Ν1.2.6- 7),Ν ΝwasΝtheΝdaughterΝofΝPontosΝandΝGeΝ(theΝpersonifications of Sea and Earth) and the mother of the PhorcidesΝandΝtheΝGorgons,ΝwhileΝherΝnieces,ΝtheΝNereids,ΝalsoΝcountedΝamongstΝtheirΝnumberΝaΝ .Ν MuchΝlater,ΝNonnusΝ(Dion.Ν26.351-5)ΝnamesΝ ΝasΝaΝnymphΝ(Ν )ΝandΝaΝdaughterΝofΝOceanus,ΝandΝ
40.ΝPliny,ΝHNΝ5.14/69:ΝIope Phoenicum, antiquior terrarum inundatione, ut ferunt, insidet collem praeiacente saxo in quo vinculorum Andromedae vestigia ostendunt; colitur illic fabulosa Ceto.Ν Cf.Ν SALLMANNΝ1971,Ν p.Ν178,Ν whoΝ deniedΝ theΝ “Anachronismus”ΝthatΝsomeΝscholarsΝhadΝseenΝinΝthisΝpassage. 41.ΝPliny,ΝHNΝ5.19.81:ΝBambycen quae alio nomine Hierapolis vocatur, Syris vero Mabog - ibi prodigiosa Atargatis, Graecis autem Derceto dicta, coliturΝ(‘Bambyx,ΝwhichΝisΝalsoΝnamedΝHierapolis,ΝbutΝwhichΝtheΝSyriansΝcallΝMabogΝ-ΝhereΝtheΝ monstrousΝgoddessΝAtargatis,ΝtheΝGreekΝnameΝforΝwhomΝisΝDerceto,ΝisΝworshipped’). 42.ΝInΝfact,ΝPlinyΝusesΝtheΝtermΝbeluaΝbothΝatΝHNΝ5.34/128ΝandΝatΝ9.4/11. 43.ΝLucian,ΝSyr. D.Ν14.ΝTransl.ΝLIGHTFOOTΝ2003. 44.ΝTheΝtermΝalsoΝappearsΝinΝEuripides’ΝfragmentarilyΝpreservedΝplayΝAndromeda,ΝinΝtwoΝscrapsΝofΝtextΝdescribingΝtheΝ sea-monsterΝtoΝwhichΝtheΝinnocentΝgirlΝwasΝexposed.ΝCf.Νfr.121Ν(probablyΝspokenΝbyΝAndromeda:Ν ῖ ,Ν ‘(to)ΝexposeΝ(me)ΝasΝfodderΝforΝtheΝsea-monster’)ΝandΝfr.145Ν(probablyΝspokenΝbyΝtheΝmessenger:Ν Υ [or ] Υ Ἀ ,Ν‘IΝseeΝtheΝsea-monsterΝmovingΝswiftlyΝfromΝtheΝAtlanticΝbrineΝtoΝ feastΝonΝtheΝmaiden’).ΝEd.ΝNAUCKΝ1889.ΝTransl.ΝJ.ΝGIBERT,ΝinΝCOLLARD,ΝCROPPΝΤΝGIBERTΝ2004.ΝCf.ΝalsoΝBUBELΝ1991,ΝwhereΝtheΝ fragmentsΝareΝF10*Ν(henceΝdoubtful)ΝandΝF36,Νrespectively. 45.ΝForΝsome,ΝtheΝlinkΝisΝveryΝexplicitΝindeed:ΝLAWRENCEΝ1962,Νp.Ν295,ΝstatesΝhowΝ“Jonah’sΝketosΝhasΝaΝlongΝhistoryΝinΝGreekΝ art.ΝItΝisΝheΝasΝaΝruleΝwhoΝthreatensΝAndromedaΝandΝHesione.”ΝPresent-dayΝJaffaΝboastsΝanΝimpressiveΝsculptureΝofΝaΝsea-monsterΝ inΝtheΝcityΝcentreΝ[pl. I],ΝbutΝsinceΝitΝisΝclearlyΝshapedΝinΝtheΝformΝofΝaΝwhaleΝ—whichΝinΝlaterΝtraditionsΝcameΝtoΝplayΝtheΝfish partΝinΝtheΝJonahΝstory,ΝcertainlyΝbyΝ1534ΝwhenΝWilliamΝTyndaleΝtranslatedΝ /cetusΝinΝMatthewΝ12:40Ν(onΝwhichΝseeΝbelow)Ν withΝ‘whale’—ΝitΝisΝunlikelyΝtoΝbeΝaΝreflection of the ΝfromΝtheΝmythΝofΝAndromeda. 46.ΝJonahΝ2:1:ΝEt praeparavit Dominus piscem grandem, ut deglutiret Ionam. 47.ΝMatthewΝ12:40:ΝSicut enim fuit Ionas in ventre ceti tribus diebus et tribus noctibus, sic erit Filius hominis in corde terrae tribus diebus et tribus noctibus. 330 T.ΝKAIZER Syria 88Ν(2011) hasΝherΝbearingΝaΝdaughter,ΝAstris,Ν toΝHelios.Ν48 IΝhaveΝalreadyΝnotedΝthatΝtheΝ Ν itselfΝ hadΝ alsoΝ becomeΝ subjectΝ ΝtoΝ aΝ rationalisingΝ proce- dure.ΝForΝthis,ΝweΝmustΝnowΝturnΝ toΝ theΝ lengthyΝ interpretationΝ ofΝ theΝmythΝofΝAndromedaΝatΝIopeΝasΝ givenΝbyΝCononΝtheΝmythographer,Ν whoΝ wroteΝ underΝ Augustus,Ν andΝ whoseΝ fifty mythical ‘narratives’ (Diegeseis)Ν areΝ preservedΝ inΝ theΝ ninth-centuryΝLibraryΝofΝPhotius: ‘TheΝ40thΝstoryΝtellsΝtheΝstoryΝ ofΝ AndromedaΝ differentlyΝ thanΝ theΝ GreekΝ myth.Ν ForΝ PlateΝI.ΝSculptureΝofΝsea-monsterΝatΝJaffa,Ν1993Ν(©ΝT.ΝKaizer). thereΝ wereΝ twoΝ brothers,Ν CepheusΝ andΝ Phineus,Ν andΝ theΝ kingdomΝ ofΝ CepheusΝ wasΝ thenΝ inΝ whatΝ wasΝ laterΝ renamedΝ PhoinikeΝbutΝatΝthatΝtimeΝwasΝIopa,ΝtakingΝitsΝnameΝfromΝtheΝtownΝIopeΝnextΝtoΝtheΝsea.ΝAndΝtheΝ bordersΝofΝtheΝkingdomΝextendedΝfromΝtheΝseaΝonΝourΝsideΝasΝfarΝasΝtheΝArabsΝwhoΝdwellΝnextΝ toΝtheΝRedΝSea.ΝCepheusΝalsoΝhadΝaΝveryΝbeautifulΝdaughterΝAndromeda,ΝandΝbothΝPhoinixΝandΝ Phineus,ΝtheΝbrotherΝofΝCepheus,ΝcourtedΝher.ΝAfterΝmanyΝroundsΝofΝdeliberationΝconcerningΝ eachΝofΝthem,ΝCepheusΝdecidedΝtoΝgiveΝherΝtoΝPhoinixΝandΝtoΝconcealΝhisΝownΝacquiescenceΝ[inΝ theΝmatter]ΝbyΝmeansΝofΝanΝabductionΝcarriedΝoutΝbyΝtheΝsuitor.ΝAndΝAndromedaΝwasΝsnatchedΝ fromΝaΝcertainΝdesertΝislandΝtoΝwhichΝsheΝwasΝaccustomedΝtoΝgoΝtoΝofferΝsacrifices to Aphrodite. WhenΝPhoinixΝabductedΝherΝinΝhisΝshipΝ(itΝwasΝcalledΝKetosΝ[‘SeaΝMonster’],ΝeitherΝbecauseΝitΝ resembledΝtheΝanimalΝorΝbyΝchance),ΝAndromeda,ΝthinkingΝsheΝwasΝbeingΝabductedΝwithoutΝherΝ father’sΝknowledge,ΝwailedΝaloudΝandΝdolorouslyΝcalledΝuponΝpeopleΝtoΝcomeΝtoΝherΝassistance.Ν Perseus,ΝtheΝsonΝofΝDanae,ΝwhoΝjustΝhappenedΝtoΝbeΝsailingΝby,ΝputΝin,ΝandΝovercomeΝwithΝpityΝ andΝloveΝforΝtheΝgirlΝatΝfirst glance, destroyed the ship Ketos and killed the sailors who had been allΝbutΝpetrified with terror. And this is for the Greeks the sea monster of myth [ ]ΝandΝtheΝmenΝhardenedΝintoΝstonesΝbyΝtheΝGorgon’sΝhead.ΝHeΝthenΝmarriedΝAndromedaΝ andΝsheΝsailedΝawayΝtoΝGreeceΝwithΝPerseus,ΝandΝunderΝhisΝruleΝArgosΝwasΝsettled.’Ν49
48.ΝItΝmayΝalsoΝbeΝinterestingΝtoΝnoteΝthatΝ‘Cetus’ΝjoinedΝtheΝmyth’sΝotherΝprotagonistsΝ(Andromeda,ΝPerseus,ΝCepheus,Ν andΝCassiepeia)ΝasΝaΝconstellation,ΝandΝtheΝentryΝonΝ‘Andromeda’ΝinΝOCD3,Νp.Ν88,ΝsuspectsΝthatΝ“itΝisΝoneΝofΝtheΝveryΝfewΝGreekΝ star-mythsΝwhichΝcanΝbeΝtracedΝbackΝtoΝanΝearlierΝdateΝthanΝtheΝAlexandrianΝperiod.” 49.ΝConon,ΝNarr.Ν(40),ΝapudΝPhot.ΝBibl.,ΝCod.Ν186,Νp.138b-139aΝ(BEKKER)Ν=ΝFGrHΝI,Ν26,ΝF1:ΝἩ ὼ Υ Ἀ ῖ ὡ · ῦ ῃ ῃῦ ὼ ΥΥᾳ Υ ΥΥ Υ Υ ῃ. Υ ὼ ᾶ Ἀ Υ ᾠ . ῖ Υ Ἀ ῦ ᾶ . Υ ὼ ῳ ῦ Υ Υ Υ · Υ Υ ῖ Ἀ ᾧ Υ Ἀ ῃ · ὼ Υ ΐ ( ὼ ῖ )ῦ Ἀ ῦ ὡ ἄ Υ Υ ὼ ῖ . ὼ Υ Υ Υ Υ ῳ Υ ῖ ῦ ῦ Υ Υ Υ ῖ. Ἕ Υ ἄ Υ . Ἄ ὼ ῖ Ἀ ῦ Υ ῖῦ Ἄ ῖ .ΝTransl.ΝBROWNΝ2002,Νp.Ν272-278.ΝCf. STERNΝ1974,Νp.Ν352-354. Syria 88Ν(2011) INTERPRETATIONSΝOFΝTHEΝMYTHΝOFΝANDROMEDAΝATΝIOPE 331
TheΝveryΝfactΝthatΝthisΝversionΝofΝtheΝstoryΝisΝaΝtrulyΝalternativeΝoneΝisΝexplicitlyΝacknowledgedΝinΝtheΝ openingΝline,ΝalthoughΝitΝremainsΝambiguousΝwhetherΝthisΝobservationΝgoesΝbackΝtoΝCononΝhimselfΝorΝ whetherΝitΝisΝowedΝtoΝPhotius.Ν50ΝWeΝencounterΝtheΝtwoΝbrothersΝCepheusΝandΝPhineusΝagain,ΝandΝ— matchingΝtheΝtraditionΝtransmittedΝthroughΝStephanusΝByzantiusΝthatΝCepheusΝhadΝbeenΝkingΝoverΝIopeΝ (inΝadditionΝtoΝbeingΝitsΝfounder)—ΝhisΝkingdomΝisΝsaidΝtoΝhaveΝbeenΝinΝ‘Iopa’,ΝnamedΝafterΝtheΝportΝtown.Ν AsΝwasΝtheΝcaseΝinΝtheΝ‘standardΝversion’ΝofΝtheΝmythΝasΝpresentedΝinΝApollodorus’ΝLibrary,ΝPhineusΝ againΝlosesΝoutΝonΝtheΝgirl,ΝbutΝthisΝtimeΝtoΝaΝsuitorΝnamedΝPhoinix,ΝtheΝeponymicΝrulerΝoverΝPhoeniciaΝ51Ν (asΝ Cepheus’ΝrealmΝ wasΝ toΝ beΝ renamed).Ν ButΝ theΝ Ν inΝ thisΝ versionΝ isΝ simplyΝ theΝ shipΝ inΝ whichΝ PhoinixΝabductedΝAndromeda,ΝbasedΝonΝtheΝapparentΝlogicΝthatΝitΝmustΝhaveΝlookedΝlikeΝaΝSea-MonsterΝ (asΝancientΝPhoenicianΝshipsΝindeedΝdid!Ν52).ΝAΝsecondΝexplanationΝawayΝfromΝGreekΝmythologyΝcomesΝ furtherΝonΝinΝtheΝpassage,ΝwhenΝPerseus,ΝcoincidentallyΝcomingΝtoΝtheΝrescue,Ν‘killedΝtheΝsailorsΝwhoΝhadΝ beenΝallΝbutΝpetrified with terror.’Corresponding to similar rationalizations elsewhere in his narratives, 53Ν CononΝstatesΝthatΝ‘thisΝisΝforΝtheΝGreeksΝtheΝseaΝmonsterΝofΝmythΝandΝtheΝmenΝhardenedΝintoΝstonesΝbyΝtheΝ Gorgon’sΝhead’Ν(whichΝweΝhaveΝalsoΝencounteredΝinΝApollodorus’ΝmoreΝconventionalΝaccount). InΝthisΝversionΝofΝtheΝmyth,ΝAndromedaΝisΝalsoΝsaidΝtoΝhaveΝbeenΝ‘snatchedΝfromΝaΝcertainΝdesertΝ islandΝtoΝwhichΝsheΝwasΝaccustomedΝtoΝgoΝtoΝofferΝsacrifices to Aphrodite’, by Phoenix in his ship called ‘Sea-Monster’.ΝThisΝaspectΝofΝtheΝislandΝisΝotherwiseΝunknownΝinΝrenditionsΝofΝtheΝstory,ΝbutΝitΝmayΝwellΝ beΝlinkedΝwithΝanΝislandΝjustΝoffΝtheΝcoastΝfromΝIopeΝthatΝis,Νuniquely,ΝwrittenΝaboutΝinΝanotherΝpassageΝ inΝPliny’sΝNatural HistoryΝthatΝtouchesΝuponΝtheΝmyth,ΝinΝtheΝcontextΝofΝanΝenumerationΝofΝtheΝislesΝoffΝ theΝcoastΝofΝAsia:Ν54Ν‘ThenΝinΝtheΝPhoenicianΝSeaΝoffΝIopeΝliesΝParia,ΝtheΝwholeΝofΝwhichΝisΝaΝtownΝ—itΝisΝ saidΝtoΝhaveΝbeenΝtheΝplaceΝwhereΝAndromedaΝwasΝexposedΝtoΝtheΝmonster.’Ν55 AsΝweΝhaveΝseen,ΝatΝleastΝbyΝtheΝfourthΝcenturyΝBCΝtheΝmythΝofΝAndromedaΝhadΝbeenΝrelocatedΝtoΝ Iope,ΝandΝthisΝtransferΝmustΝhaveΝtakenΝplaceΝaboveΝallΝ“throughΝtheΝlocalΝtraditionΝofΝtheΝketos.”Ν56ΝButΝ theΝproblemΝremainsΝthatΝCepheus,ΝwhoΝwasΝanΝEthiopianΝking,ΝandΝhisΝdaughterΝAndromeda,ΝwhoΝwasΝ henceΝanΝEthiopianΝprincess,ΝendedΝupΝonΝtheΝcoastΝofΝPalestine.Ν57ΝPaulΝHarveyΝhasΝdrawnΝattentionΝtoΝ howΝ“learnedΝGreeksΝandΝRomansΝexercisedΝtheirΝingenuity”ΝtoΝsolveΝthisΝproblemΝbyΝ“addingΝPhoinix,Ν Phoenicians,ΝandΝbadΝetymologyΝtoΝtheΝtradition,”Ν58ΝreferringΝtoΝtheΝearlierΝmentionedΝpassageΝinΝCononΝ accordingΝtoΝwhichΝCepheusΝmeantΝtoΝgiveΝhisΝgirlΝtoΝtheΝeponymousΝrulerΝoverΝPhoenicia,ΝandΝtoΝtheΝ explanation,Ν preservedΝ byΝ StephanusΝ ofΝ Byzantium,Ν thatΝ theΝ nameΝ ofΝ theΝ cityΝ ofΝ IopeΝ derivedΝ fromΝ
50.ΝBROWNΝ2002,Νp.Ν275. 51.ΝCf.ΝBROWNΝ2002,Νp.Ν277:Ν“traditionallyΝtheΝkingΝofΝeitherΝSidonΝorΝTyre”. 52.ΝCf.ΝBRODYΝ1998,Νesp.Νp.Ν70-71,ΝwithΝe.g.Νfig. 22 and 65. 53.ΝBROWNΝ2002,Νp.Ν27-31ΝandΝp.Ν277,ΝalsoΝwithΝreferencesΝtoΝrationalizationsΝattestedΝinΝotherΝauthors. 54.ΝCf.ΝBROWNΝ2002,Νp.Ν277.ΝWithΝregardΝtoΝtheΝislandΝinΝCononΝbeingΝthatΝofΝAphrodite,ΝBROWNΝnotesΝthatΝ“afterΝseeingΝ AndromedaΝandΝresolvingΝtoΝrescueΝher,ΝPerseusΝinΝEuripides’ΝAndromedaΝfirst says a prayer to Eros”, with a reference to fr.136 inΝNAUCKΝ1889. 55.ΝPliny,ΝHNΝ5.34/128:Νin Phoenicio deinde mari est ante Iopen Paria, tota oppidum, in qua obiectam beluae Andromedam ferunt. 56.ΝHARVEYΝ1994,Νp.Ν6.ΝCf.ΝtheΝsuggestionΝnotedΝabove,ΝbyΝRADTΝ2009,ΝthatΝPosidonius’ΝrecordingΝofΝtheΝcorpseΝofΝtheΝ fallenΝdragonΝinΝtheΝMacraΝplainΝhintsΝatΝtheΝexistenceΝofΝwhalesΝalongΝtheΝcoast.ΝItΝshouldΝbeΝstressedΝthatΝIopeΝdidΝnotΝneedΝ toΝhaveΝbeenΝaΝJewishΝcityΝasΝsuchΝatΝthisΝearlyΝstageΝforΝaΝconflation between Andromeda’s monster and that of Jonah to have takenΝplaceΝatΝsomeΝlevel.ΝOneΝcouldΝbringΝintoΝtheΝdiscussionΝhereΝalsoΝtheΝnotionΝofΝindigenousΝantecedentsΝinΝtheΝformΝofΝtheΝ divineΝhero’sΝbattleΝagainstΝtheΝmonsterΝonΝtheΝMediterraneanΝcoast,ΝasΝknownΝfromΝtheΝUgariticΝtabletsΝfoundΝatΝRasΝShamra.Ν Cf.Νe.g.ΝPARKERΝ1997,ΝnoΝ18Ν(onΝtheΝbindingΝofΝaΝseaΝmonster);ΝnoΝ9,Νesp.ΝIII.38-40Ν(fromΝtheΝBaalΝcycle),ΝandΝonΝtheΝpotentialΝ contributionΝofΝtheseΝtextsΝtoΝtheΝfield, cf. e.g. LORETZΝ1990. 57.ΝLucian,ΝtheΝfamousΝsatiristΝfromΝSamosata,ΝofΝcourseΝreferredΝtoΝtheΝtaleΝasΝanΝEthiopianΝoneΝ(Salt.Ν44:Ν Υ ).Ν Cf.Ν Dial. Mar.Ν 14Ν (323),Ν whereΝ heΝ locatesΝ theΝ activitiesΝ ofΝ PerseusΝ atΝ theΝ EthiopianΝ shoreΝ ( Υ Υ Υ Ν…). 58.ΝHARVEYΝ1994,Νp.Ν7. 332 T.ΝKAIZER Syria 88Ν(2011) thatΝofΝtheΝcountryΝofΝEthiopia.Ν59ΝHarveyΝthenΝbroughtΝwhatΝheΝcalledΝtheΝ“historicalΝrevisionism”Ν60ΝofΝ TacitusΝinΝtheΝpicture:ΝasΝpartΝofΝtheΝvileΝdescriptionΝofΝtheΝJewsΝatΝtheΝbeginningΝofΝtheΝfinal book of theΝHistories,Ν61ΝtheΝRomanΝhistorianΝtracesΝthemΝtoΝEgyptΝandΝaddsΝthatΝ‘manyΝassureΝusΝthatΝtheΝJewsΝ areΝdescendedΝfromΝthoseΝEthiopiansΝwhoΝwereΝdrivenΝbyΝfearΝandΝhatredΝtoΝemigrateΝfromΝtheirΝhomeΝ countryΝwhenΝCepheusΝwasΝking.’Ν62ΝAccordingΝtoΝHarvey,Ν“thisΝoddΝaccountΝisΝofΝnoΝlittleΝhistoriographicΝ significance, for Tacitus here reveals how the Jewish tradition of the Exodus was revised so as to supply aΝproperΝhistoricalΝpedigreeΝforΝtheΝAndromedaΝmythΝatΝJoppa.”Ν63ΝInΝaddition,ΝweΝcouldΝalsoΝreferΝtoΝ yetΝanotherΝpassageΝinΝPlinyΝtheΝElder,ΝwhoΝisΝtalkingΝaboutΝhowΝEthiopiaΝhadΝonceΝbeenΝaΝpowerfulΝ countryΝwhenΝheΝwritesΝthatΝ‘theΝstoriesΝaboutΝAndromedaΝshowΝthatΝ[Ethiopia]ΝdominatedΝSyriaΝandΝtheΝ coastsΝofΝtheΝMediterraneanΝinΝtheΝtimeΝofΝkingΝCepheus.’Ν64ΝHowever,ΝitΝisΝclearΝthatΝ“fromΝtheΝearliestΝ sourcesΝknownΝtoΝusΝthereΝareΝindicationsΝthatΝtheΝstoryΝwasΝreferredΝtoΝtheΝlandsΝaboutΝtheΝeasternΝendΝofΝ theΝMediterranean.”Ν65ΝInΝaΝfragmentΝofΝtheΝCatalogue of WomenΝ(attributedΝsinceΝAntiquityΝtoΝHesiod,Ν butΝaccordingΝtoΝmostΝscholarsΝfromΝaΝlaterΝdate,ΝthoughΝinΝanyΝcaseΝwellΝbeforeΝtheΝfifth century 66),Ν CassiepeiaΝisΝnamedΝasΝtheΝwifeΝofΝPhoinix,ΝgivingΝbirthΝtoΝPhineus,ΝandΝtheΝNearΝEasternΝelementΝmayΝ wellΝhaveΝbeenΝmoreΝpartΝandΝparcelΝofΝtheΝmythΝthanΝisΝgenerallyΝassumed.Ν67 ThereΝisΝperhapsΝoneΝfurtherΝelementΝthatΝcouldΝthrowΝlightΝonΝwhyΝtheΝportΝtownΝwasΝsuchΝaΝfertileΝ breedingΝgroundΝforΝtheΝmythΝofΝAndromeda.ΝWeΝhaveΝalreadyΝseenΝhowΝStephanusΝByzantiusΝwritesΝthatΝ theΝGreekΝnameΝofΝIopeΝcameΝfromΝ‘Iope,ΝdaughterΝofΝÆolusΝandΝwifeΝofΝCepheus’,ΝaΝtraditionΝfollowedΝ byΝEustathiusΝinΝhisΝCommentary on Dionysius Periegetes,ΝbutΝtheΝentryΝinΝtheΝEthnicaΝgoesΝonΝtoΝsayΝ thatΝtheΝwifeΝofΝCepheusΝwasΝCassiepeiaΝ(asΝweΝknowΝitΝofΝcourseΝfromΝ‘standard’Νmythology).ΝTheΝ formulationΝinΝStephanusΝseemsΝtoΝpointΝtoΝaΝfusionΝofΝhisΝsources,ΝbutΝtheΝresultΝisΝthatΝtheΝentryΝseemsΝ toΝexplicitlyΝidentifyΝIopeΝwithΝAndromeda’sΝmotherΝCassiepeia.ΝInΝtheΝSuda,ΝtheΝlatterΝisΝexplainedΝasΝ ,Ν‘Beauty’Νpersonified. 68ΝAndΝthisΝbecomesΝparticularlyΝpertinentΝwhenΝweΝtakeΝintoΝaccountΝ Ν—evenΝifΝ[(יפ )Ν[toΝbeautifyΝ(Pi.)Ν(יפי)ΝseemsΝtoΝbeΝrelatedΝtoΝtheΝHebrewΝwordΝforΝ‘beautyΝ(יפ )thatΝJaffaΝ ChristianΝlegendsΝpreferredΝtoΝlinkΝtheΝcity’sΝnameΝtoΝthatΝofΝNoah’sΝthirdΝsonΝJaphet.ΝInΝotherΝwords,ΝtheΝ mostΝlikelyΝmeaningΝofΝtheΝtown’sΝHebrewΝnameΝcorrespondsΝdirectlyΝwithΝtheΝmeaningΝofΝCassiepeia,Ν whoΝnotΝonlyΝisΝidentified in some sources with the mythological figure after whom the town was named inΝGreek,ΝbutΝwhoΝalsoΝisΝtheΝmotherΝofΝtheΝleadingΝprotagonistΝinΝtheΝclassicalΝmythΝinvariablyΝlocatedΝ there.Ν69ΝInΝsupport,ΝoneΝshouldΝalsoΝmentionΝaΝpassageΝinΝtheΝCommentary on Jonah,ΝwhereΝitΝisΝsaidΝthatΝ theΝnameΝofΝIopeΝmeansΝ‘beautiful’Ν(althoughΝitΝremainsΝambiguousΝwhetherΝStΝJeromeΝhasΝIopeΝorΝtheΝ HebrewΝnameΝJaffaΝinΝmind).Ν70
59.ΝSteph.ΝByz.,Νs.v.Ν Υ Ν(ed.ΝA.ΝMEINEKE,Ν1849,Νp.Ν334):Ν Υ ῑῦ Υ . 60.ΝHARVEYΝ1994,Νp.Ν7. 61.ΝCf.ΝnowΝGRUENΝ2010,ΝalsoΝtoΝbeΝreprintedΝasΝaΝchapterΝinΝaΝforthcomingΝbookΝbyΝtheΝsameΝauthor. 62.ΝTac.ΝHist.Ν5.2:Νplerique Aethiopum prolem, quos rege Cepheo metus atque odium mutare sedes perpulerit.ΝTransl.Ν K.ΝWELLESLEYΝ(Penguin). 63.ΝHARVEYΝ1994,Νp.Ν7,ΝwithΝn.Ν26ΝforΝfurtherΝreferences. 64.ΝPliny,ΝHNΝ6.35/182:ΝSyriae imperitasse eam nostroque litori aetate Regis Cephei patet Andromedae fabulis. 65.ΝThusΝFONTENROSEΝ1959,Νp.Ν276-279,ΝatΝp.Ν277. 66.ΝForΝaΝfullΝdiscussionΝonΝtheΝacademicΝdisputesΝconcerningΝtheΝdate,ΝseeΝHIRSCHBERGERΝ2004,Νp.Ν42-51.ΝCf.ΝHUNTERΝ2005,Ν p.Ν2-3. 67.ΝSchol.ΝApoll.ΝRhod.ΝArgon.Ν2.178:Νὡ Ἡ ῦ [ ] Ἀ Υ .ΝCf.Ν MERKELBACHΝΤΝWESTΝ1967,ΝnoΝ138;ΝandΝtheΝLCLΝeditionsΝbyΝH.ΝG.ΝEVELYN-WHITE,ΝnoΝ20,ΝandΝbyΝG.ΝW.ΝMOST,ΝnoΝ96. 68.ΝSuda,Νs.v.Ν έΥ (ed.ΝA.ΝADLER:ΝκΝ453):Ν . Ν(‘Beauty;ΝalsoΝaΝpersonalΝname’). 69.ΝOnΝthisΝlink,ΝetymologicalΝandΝotherwise,ΝbetweenΝIopeΝandΝCassiepeia,ΝwhoseΝnameΝalsoΝappearsΝasΝKassiopêΝandΝ Kassiopeia,ΝwithΝallΝreferences,ΝseeΝFONTENROSEΝ1959,Νp.Ν279Νn.7. 70.ΝJer.ΝComm. in IonamΝ1.3:ΝVel certe quoniam Tharsis interpretatur contemplatio gaudii, veniens ad Joppen propheta, quae et ipsa speciosam sonat, ire festinat ad gaudium, et quietis beatitudine perfrui, totum se tradere theoriae, melius esse arbitrans pulchritudine et varietate scientiae perfrui, quam per occasionem salutis gentium caeterarum perire populum, de quo Christus in carne generandus sit.Ν(‘OrΝevenΝsinceΝTarshishΝcanΝbeΝtranslatedΝasΝ‘contemplationΝofΝjoy’,ΝtheΝprophet,ΝcomingΝ toΝIope,ΝwhoseΝnameΝmeansΝ‘beautiful’,ΝhastensΝtoΝhurryΝtowardsΝtheΝjoyΝandΝtoΝrejoiceΝinΝtheΝpleasureΝofΝrest,ΝtoΝgiveΝhimselfΝ Syria 88Ν(2011) INTERPRETATIONSΝOFΝTHEΝMYTHΝOFΝANDROMEDAΝATΝIOPE 333
ItΝ willΝ notΝ beΝ surprisingΝ toΝ learnΝ thatΝ someΝ ofΝ theΝ centralΝ charactersΝinΝtheΝmythΝofΝAndromedaΝcameΝtoΝbeΝdepictedΝonΝ Iope’sΝcivicΝcoinage.ΝTheΝlocalΝissuesΝareΝgenerallyΝlittleΝknownΝ andΝnotΝwellΝpreserved,ΝbutΝweΝhaveΝaΝspecimenΝfromΝtheΝlateΝ SeveranΝperiodΝwithΝaΝlegendΝshowingΝthatΝtheΝcityΝhadΝacquiredΝ theΝadditionalΝnameΝFlavia,Ν71Νreflecting a re-foundation under VespasianΝ orΝ hisΝ sonsΝ followingΝ itsΝ destructionΝ [twice]Ν inΝ theΝ PlateΝII.ΝCoinΝofΝIope,ΝissuedΝunderΝCaracalla.Ν 72 courseΝ ofΝ theΝ JewishΝ war.Ν Ν SinceΝ thereΝ is,Ν inΝ generalΝ inΝ theΝ ReverseΝshowingΝPerseusΝholdingΝMedusa’sΝ RomanΝEast,ΝmuchΝlessΝcivicΝcoinageΝunderΝtheΝearlyΝempireΝthanΝ head.ΝFromΝMESHORERΝ1985,Νp.Ν24,ΝnoΝ35. laterΝonΝinΝtheΝsecondΝandΝthirdΝcenturies,ΝitΝremainsΝimpossibleΝ toΝknowΝwhetherΝtheΝmythologicalΝprotagonistsΝwereΝintroducedΝ nearΝtheΝbeginningΝofΝtheΝmintingΝprocessΝatΝIopeΝorΝonlyΝlaterΝ on.ΝInΝanyΝcase,ΝinΝtheΝearlyΝthirdΝcenturyΝPerseusΝwasΝdepictedΝ withΝtheΝheadΝofΝtheΝGorgonΝinΝhisΝhandΝ[pl. II],ΝandΝalsoΝhisΝ protectiveΝgoddess,ΝAthena,ΝappearsΝthenΝonΝtheΝlocalΝcoinageΝ [pl. III].Ν73ΝButΝmostΝpeculiarΝisΝanΝautonomousΝbronze,ΝofΝwhichΝ theΝ obverseΝ showsΝ theΝ bustΝ ofΝ aΝ traditionalΝ cityΝ goddessΝ withΝ PlateΝIII.ΝCoinΝofΝIope,ΝissuedΝ underΝ AlexanderΝ Severus.Ν corona muralis,Ν butΝ theΝ reverseΝ (withΝ accompanyingΝ legendΝ ReverseΝ showingΝ Athena.Ν Η)ΝseemsΝtoΝhaveΝanΝimageΝofΝAndromedaΝchainedΝonΝherΝ FromΝMESHORERΝ1985,Νp.Ν24,Ν rockΝ[pl. IV].ΝThoughΝsomeΝearlyΝscholarsΝhaveΝpreferredΝtoΝseeΝ noΝ38. PoseidonΝinΝtheΝimage,ΝAndromedaΝmakesΝofΝcourseΝmoreΝsenseΝ inΝthisΝparticularΝlocalΝcontext.Ν74 TheΝvarietyΝofΝaccountsΝofΝtheΝmythΝofΝAndromedaΝatΝIopeΝhaveΝthusΝfarΝnotΝbeenΝassociatedΝwithΝ aΝseriesΝofΝthreeΝNearΝEasternΝmosaicsΝthatΝhaveΝasΝsubjectΝtheΝbeautyΝcontestΝbetweenΝAndromeda’sΝ
PlateΝIV.ΝDrawingΝofΝautonomousΝcoinΝofΝIope.ΝReverseΝshowingΝAndromedaΝchainedΝonΝherΝrock.Ν FromΝSAULCYΝ1874,Νpl.ΝIX,ΝnoΝ3Ν(©ΝDépartementΝdesΝMonnaies,ΝMédaillesΝetΝAntiques,ΝBnF).Ν
completelyΝoverΝofΝcontemplation.ΝForΝheΝthinksΝthatΝitΝisΝbetterΝtoΝrejoiceΝinΝbeautyΝandΝinΝtheΝvarietyΝofΝknowledgeΝthanΝtoΝ saveΝtheΝotherΝpeopleΝbyΝlettingΝthatΝpeopleΝdie,ΝfromΝwhomΝChristΝwouldΝhaveΝbeenΝborn.’).ΝJ.-P.ΝMIGNEΝ(ed.),ΝPatrologia LatinaΝ25,Ν col.Ν1122D.Ν Transl.Ν R.ΝMACGREGOR,Ν
PlateΝV.ΝMosaicΝofΝCassiepeiaΝfromΝPalmyra:ΝsectionΝwithΝCassiepeiaΝ(©ΝT.ΝK.). motherΝCassiepeiaΝandΝtheΝNereids.Ν75ΝTheseΝmosaics,Νhowever,ΝcouldΝserveΝtoΝraiseΝimportantΝquestionsΝ aboutΝtheΝinsufficient capacity of classical mythology with regard to the provision of a supra-regional frameworkΝinΝwhichΝtoΝinterpretΝtheΝdivineΝinhabitantsΝofΝtheΝRomanΝLevant.ΝAsΝtheΝfirst of the mosaics toΝbeΝdiscovered,ΝinΝtheΝlateΝ1930s,ΝinΝaΝhouseΝbehindΝtheΝtempleΝofΝBel,ΝtheΝoneΝfromΝPalmyraΝ[pl. V]ΝwasΝ originallyΝinterpreted,ΝquiteΝnaturallyΝitΝseemedΝatΝtheΝtime,ΝasΝaΝdepictionΝofΝtheΝfamiliarΝstoryΝthatΝsawΝ CassiepeiaΝboastingΝthatΝsheΝwasΝmoreΝbeautifulΝthanΝtheΝNereids,ΝwithΝtheΝconsequenceΝthatΝPoseidonΝ (whoΝwasΝdepictedΝinΝtheΝcentreΝofΝtheΝcircularΝmosaic,ΝaboveΝCassiepeiaΝ[pl. VI])ΝgotΝveryΝangryΝandΝ sentΝaΝsea-monsterΝinΝrevenge,ΝwithΝaΝdireΝeffectΝforΝAndromeda.Ν76ΝInΝmoreΝrecentΝyears,Νhowever,ΝtwoΝ mosaicsΝwereΝdiscoveredΝinΝtheΝregion,ΝatΝNeaΝPaphosΝonΝCyprusΝ[pl. VII]ΝandΝatΝApameaΝ[pl. VIII- IX],ΝwhichΝtoΝeverybody’sΝsurpriseΝshowedΝCassiepeiaΝasΝtheΝvictressΝinΝtheΝevent,ΝbeingΝcrownedΝbyΝ aΝNikèΝinΝtheΝpresenceΝofΝPoseidonΝwhoΝisΝactingΝasΝaΝjudgeΝinΝtheΝcontest.ΝItΝnowΝbecameΝclearΝthatΝ theΝPalmyraΝmosaic,ΝwhichΝisΝdamagedΝatΝcrucialΝsections,ΝshouldΝhaveΝbeenΝsimilarlyΝinterpretedΝasΝaΝ depictionΝofΝthisΝ‘NearΝEasternΝversion’ΝofΝtheΝmythΝofΝCassiepeia.Ν77ΝJanineΝBaltyΝputΝforwardΝaΝneo- PlatonicΝ interpretationΝ ofΝ theΝ mosaics,Ν andΝ arguedΝ thatΝ theΝ victoryΝ ofΝ thisΝ CassiepeiaΝ standsΝ forΝ theΝ victoryΝofΝtheΝcosmicΝorderΝoverΝtheΝchaosΝofΝtheΝaquaticΝpowers.Ν78ΝWeΝhaveΝofΝcourseΝnotΝforgottenΝthatΝ accordingΝtoΝtheΝSudaΝCassiepeiaΝisΝ‘beauty’Νpersonified, but according to another etymology her name couldΝbeΝlinkedΝtoΝtheΝtoponymicΝdeityΝofΝMt.ΝKasios,ΝtheΝbestΝrenownedΝmountainΝtopΝofΝtheΝSyrianΝ lands.ΝStillΝaccordingΝtoΝBalty’sΝingeniousΝanalysis,ΝtheΝdeityΝstandingΝinΝtheΝmiddleΝcircleΝofΝtheΝmosaicΝ fromΝPalmyraΝandΝseatedΝnextΝtoΝCassiepeiaΝonΝtheΝmosaicΝfromΝApamea,ΝisΝaccordinglyΝnotΝtheΝseaΝgodΝ PoseidonΝknownΝfromΝclassicalΝmythology,ΝwhoΝsentΝaΝsea-monsterΝinΝrevengeΝofΝCassiepeia’sΝslightΝofΝ theΝNereids.ΝInstead,ΝheΝshouldΝbeΝviewedΝasΝmoreΝofΝaΝsupremeΝdeity,ΝaΝ‘NearΝEasternΝPoseidon’ΝsoΝtoΝ speak.ΝItΝisΝremarkableΝinΝthisΝcontextΝthatΝatΝPalmyraΝinΝtheΝheartΝofΝtheΝSyrianΝsteppe,ΝaccordingΝtoΝaΝ
75.ΝSARTREΝ2002,Νp.Ν102,ΝnotesΝhowΝtheΝrepresentationsΝonΝtheseΝmosaicsΝ“n’ontΝaucuneΝraisonΝd’êtreΝmisesΝenΝrelationΝ avecΝlesΝlégendesΝciviquesΝdesΝlieuxΝdeΝtrouvailleΝetΝonΝleurΝaΝdonnéΝuneΝinterprétationΝphilosophiqueΝtrèsΝvraisemblable.”ΝSee,Ν inΝcontrast,ΝCHUVINΝ1991,Νp.Ν222,ΝwhoΝpointsΝtoΝtheΝfactΝthatΝitΝisΝAmymoneΝratherΝthanΝAmphitriteΝwhoΝisΝseatedΝalongsideΝ PoseidonΝonΝtheΝmosaicΝfromΝApamea:Ν“ceΝdétailΝsuffit à indiquer que l’artiste s’est inspiré d’une version locale de la légende ; c’estΝàΝBeyrouthΝqu’AmymôneΝestΝl’épouseΝdeΝPoseidon.” 76.ΝSTERNΝ1977,Νp.Ν26-42. 77.ΝCf.ΝBALTYΝ1981;ΝBOWERSOCKΝ1990,Νp.Ν50-1,ΝwithΝpl.Ν3-4. 78.ΝBALTYΝ1995,Νp.Ν269-271,Ν1996. Syria 88Ν(2011) INTERPRETATIONSΝOFΝTHEΝMYTHΝOFΝANDROMEDAΝATΝIOPE 335
bilingualΝinscriptionΝfromΝADΝ39,ΝPoseidonΝisΝ explicitlyΝidentified with a divine figure called inΝAramaicΝElqoneraΝ(’lqunr‘),ΝwhichΝmeansΝ ‘ElΝtheΝcreator’.Ν79ΝItΝisΝthenΝalsoΝcompletelyΝ logicalΝthat,ΝonΝtheΝmosaicΝfromΝNeaΝPaphos,Ν Poseidon’sΝ positionΝ hasΝ beenΝ occupiedΝ byΝ Aion,ΝtheΝdivineΝpersonification standing for theΝ permanenceΝ ofΝ theΝ cosmos.Ν TheΝ threeΝ mosaicsΝprovide,Νthen,ΝaΝuniqueΝpanoramaΝofΝ aΝmixtureΝbetweenΝonΝtheΝoneΝhandΝOrientalΝ cosmologicalΝ conceptionsΝ andΝ onΝ theΝ otherΝ theΝneo-PlatonicΝtheoryΝofΝtheΝtransmigrationΝ ofΝtheΝsouls.ΝThisΝmixtureΝcould,ΝaccordingΝtoΝ Balty,Ν onlyΝ haveΝ comeΝ intoΝ existenceΝ inΝ theΝ particularΝ circumstancesΝ ofΝ Palmyra,Ν whereΝ theΝphilosopherΝLonginusΝspentΝtheΝlastΝyearsΝ ofΝhisΝlife,ΝunderΝtheΝaegisΝofΝtheΝintellectualΝ opennessΝ ofΝ queenΝ Zenobia,Ν andΝ whereΝ heΝ mayΝ haveΝ developedΝ theΝ ideaΝ soonΝ afterΝ theΝ deathΝ ofΝ PlotinusΝ inΝ caΝ270.Ν FromΝ PalmyraΝ theΝconceptΝwouldΝhaveΝspreadΝtoΝelsewhereΝ inΝtheΝwiderΝregion,ΝresultingΝinΝtheΝmosaicsΝ PlateΝVI.ΝMosaicΝofΝCassiepeiaΝfromΝPalmyra:Ν fromΝNeaΝPaphosΝandΝApamea.Ν80ΝTheΝmosaicsΝ sectionΝwithΝPoseidonΝ(©ΝT.ΝK.). areΝallΝfromΝtheΝlaterΝpartΝofΝtheΝthirdΝcenturyΝ AD,ΝandΝifΝBalty’sΝtheoryΝisΝcorrect,ΝthereΝwouldΝhaveΝbeenΝnoΝwinningΝCassiepeiaΝanywhereΝinΝtheΝNearΝ EastΝbeforeΝ270,ΝsoΝnoΝbearingΝonΝmostΝofΝtheΝliteraryΝevidenceΝdiscussedΝinΝthisΝpaper.ΝButΝwhatΝwouldΝ
PlateΝVII.ΝMosaicΝofΝCassiepeiaΝfromΝNeaΝPaphos.ΝFromΝBOWERSOCKΝ1990.
79.ΝHILLERSΝΤΝCUSSINIΝ1996,ΝnoΝ2779.ΝOnΝtheΝLevantineΝPoseidonΝinΝgeneral,Νcf.ΝTEIXIDORΝ1977,Νp.Ν42-46. 80.ΝBALTYΝ2005. 336 T.ΝKAIZER Syria 88Ν(2011)
PlateΝVIII.ΝDrawingΝofΝmosaicΝofΝCassiepeiaΝfromΝApamea.ΝFromΝBALTYΝ1981.
PlateΝIX.ΝMosaicΝofΝCassiepeiaΝfromΝApamea:ΝsectionΝwithΝCassiepeiaΝandΝPoseidon.Ν FromΝBALTYΝ1981.
PlateΝX.ΝAndromedaΝandΝPerseusΝatΝDaphne.Ν PlateΝXI.ΝAndromedaΝandΝPerseusΝatΝZeugma. FromΝCIMOKΝ1995. FromΝÖNALΝ2007. Syria 88Ν(2011) INTERPRETATIONSΝOFΝTHEΝMYTHΝOFΝANDROMEDAΝATΝIOPE 337 theΝinhabitantsΝofΝ IopeΝhaveΝthoughtΝofΝ thisΝspinΝ onΝ theΝstory?ΝWithΝCassiepeiaΝwinningΝtheΝbeautyΝ contestΝandΝPoseidonΝactingΝasΝaΝsophisticatedΝjudgeΝratherΝthanΝsendingΝtheΝsea-monsterΝinΝrevengeΝofΝ herΝslightΝofΝtheΝNereids,ΝthereΝwouldΝhaveΝbeenΝnoΝdueΝconsequencesΝforΝherΝdaughterΝAndromeda,ΝandΝ henceΝnoΝbasisΝforΝtheΝmythΝofΝAndromedaΝatΝIope.ΝSurelyΝtheyΝwouldΝhaveΝbeenΝmoreΝappreciativeΝ(hadΝ theyΝknewΝthem)ΝofΝtheΝmosaicsΝfromΝDaphneΝnearΝAntiochΝandΝfromΝZeugma,ΝwhichΝshow,ΝfollowingΝ theΝtraditionalΝmyth,ΝPerseusΝsavingΝAndromedaΝfromΝtheΝdefeatedΝsea-monster.Ν81ΝAsΝfarΝasΝweΝcanΝtellΝ fromΝtheΝfewΝlaterΝsources,ΝtheΝlocalsΝhappilyΝignoredΝtheΝalternativeΝversionΝandΝcontinuedΝtoΝpointΝoutΝ toΝvisitorsΝwhereΝtheΝpoorΝgirlΝhadΝbeenΝtiedΝtoΝtheΝrocks.Ν82 TheΝvitalityΝofΝtheΝtraditionΝthatΝlocatedΝtheΝmythΝofΝAndromedaΝatΝIopeΝmayΝatΝfirst glance be seen as ratherΝsurprising.ΝSituatedΝonΝtheΝPalestinianΝcoast,ΝtheΝportΝtownΝofΝIopeΝseemsΝtoΝhaveΝbeenΝtoΝatΝleastΝ someΝdegreeΝaΝJewishΝcity,ΝinΝanyΝcaseΝfollowingΝtheΝ“Judaizing”ΝprocessΝdatingΝfromΝtheΝMaccabaeanΝ period.Ν83ΝAsΝwasΝtheΝcaseΝwithΝmostΝofΝtheΝcitiesΝinΝthisΝpartΝofΝtheΝworld,ΝtheΝJewishΝpopulationΝatΝIopeΝ livedΝalongsideΝtheΝgentileΝinhabitants,ΝbutΝatΝleastΝforΝaΝpartΝofΝitsΝhistoryΝtheΝpopulaceΝwasΝchiefly Jewish.Ν84ΝNevertheless,ΝaspectsΝsuchΝasΝtheΝtown’sΝcivicΝcoinageΝandΝtheΝattemptsΝbyΝitsΝnotablesΝtoΝ establishΝtheΝlocalΝhistoryΝfirmly in the classical past 85Ν(inΝaΝprocessΝpostulatedΝforΝtheΝNearΝEastΝasΝaΝ wholeΝgoingΝbackΝtoΝtheΝbeginningΝofΝtheΝHellenisticΝperiodΝ86),ΝhelpΝtoΝmakeΝitΝsimultaneouslyΝaΝGreekΝ polis.Ν87ΝIndeed,ΝIopeΝhasΝcorrectlyΝbeenΝdescribedΝasΝaΝkeyΝexampleΝofΝaΝ‘bi-culturalΝtown’,ΝcontinuingΝitsΝ “GreekΝwaysΝwhichΝhadΝbeenΝsuccessfullyΝgraftedΝontoΝSemiticΝtraditions”.Ν88ΝTheΝapparentΝdevelopmentΝ ofΝtheΝmythΝofΝAndromedaΝatΝIope,ΝaccordingΝtoΝtheΝoverviewΝofΝtheΝliteraryΝsources,ΝandΝperhapsΝalsoΝ underΝtheΝinfluence of creative pursuits in the port town itself, should not be viewed as resulting in a ‘secondary’,ΝinferiorΝversion,ΝorΝversions,ΝofΝtheΝstory.ΝSimonΝPriceΝhasΝrightlyΝdrawnΝattentionΝtoΝtheΝfactΝ thatΝ“localΝmythologiesΝareΝeasyΝtoΝmisunderstand”,ΝandΝwarnedΝagainstΝtheΝtemptationΝ“toΝlookΝatΝtheΝ creationΝofΝnewΝlocalΝmythologiesΝandΝtoΝmakeΝpatronizingΝremarksΝwhichΝimplyΝthatΝtheΝcreatorsΝofΝsuchΝ mythsΝwereΝcynicalΝmanipulators,ΝasΝagainstΝtheΝtellersΝofΝ‘real’Νmyths.ΝInΝfact,ΝofΝcourse,ΝmythologiesΝ wereΝperpetuallyΝbeingΝcreatedΝinΝGreece.”89ΝWithΝregardΝtoΝIope,ΝtheΝvariousΝinterpretationsΝofΝtheΝmythΝ ofΝAndromedaΝgrewΝthroughΝmulti-layeredΝprocessesΝthatΝtouchedΝonΝmultifariousΝelementsΝincludingΝ aΝ‘traditional’ΝGreekΝmyth,ΝanΝEthiopianΝhomelandΝforΝitsΝprotagonists,ΝaΝ(partly)ΝJewishΝtownΝsituatedΝ onΝtheΝPalestinianΝcoast,Ν90ΝaΝPhoenicianΝworldΝnearbyΝ(withΝwhichΝsomeΝofΝourΝancientΝauthorsΝeagerlyΝ mixedΝupΝJudaeaΝ91),ΝaΝRomanΝoverlordΝ(providingΝtheΝnewΝnameΝofΝ ΝΦ Α Α)ΝandΝtheΝspiritΝofΝaΝ typicalΝGraeco-RomanΝcityΝundergoingΝsomeΝofΝtheΝeffectsΝofΝtheΝSecondΝSophistic.ΝOnlyΝtheΝtheoriesΝofΝ theΝphilosopherΝLonginusΝwould,ΝinΝprinciple,ΝhaveΝbeenΝableΝtoΝfatallyΝaffectΝtheΝlocalΝmyth,ΝbutΝtheyΝ apparentlyΝfailedΝtoΝdoΝso.
81.Ν Daphne:Ν seeΝ CIMOKΝ 1995,Ν p.Ν58-60,Ν andΝ pl. X;Ν Zeugma:Ν seeΝ ÖNALΝ2007,Ν p.Ν124-7,Ν withΝ pl. XI,Ν whereΝ theΝ threeΝ protagonistsΝareΝidentified with Greek inscriptions as Α Α, and Η . 82.ΝContraΝCHUVINΝ1991,Νp.Ν222:Ν“ParΝailleurs,Νc’estΝcertainementΝàΝIoppèΝqu’onΝinsistaitΝsurΝl’épisodeΝduΝtriompheΝdeΝ Cassiépeia,ΝdeΝlaΝmêmeΝmanièreΝqu’àΝApaméeΝdeΝPhrygieΝonΝmontreΝtoujoursΝMarsyasΝjouantΝdeΝlaΝdoubleΝflûte et jamais le concoursΝavecΝApollon.” 83.ΝSCHÜRERΝ1979,Νp.Ν112.Ν 84.ΝSCHÜRERΝ1979,Νp.Ν110-114,ΝforΝaΝhistoricalΝoverviewΝofΝtheΝtown.ΝForΝanΝexcellentΝdiscussionΝofΝsomeΝofΝtheΝrelevantΝ problemsΝconcerningΝaffiliation in the region, see nowANDRADEΝ2010,ΝwhoΝargues,ΝatΝp.Ν357,Νn.Ν49,ΝthatΝ“theΝ‘nationalΝgeography’Ν ofΝJewsΝsuchΝasΝJosephusΝdidΝnotΝconformΝtoΝtheΝ‘realisticΝgeography’ΝimposedΝuponΝthemΝbyΝRomanΝimperialΝinterference.” 85.ΝSARTREΝ2001,Νp.Ν658. 86.ΝSARTREΝ2002. 87.ΝSCHÜRERΝ1979,Νp.Ν114:Ν“DespiteΝitsΝcloseΝassociationΝwithΝJudaea,ΝJoppaΝseemsΝtoΝhaveΝbeenΝaΝGreekΝcityΝproper.”ΝCf.Ν MILLARΝ1993,Νp.Ν343,ΝwithΝn.Ν20. 88.ΝBELAYCHEΝ2001,Νp.Ν220.ΝCf. ibid.,Νp.Ν221:Ν“LocalΝtraditionsΝrelatingΝtoΝdivineΝorΝmythicalΝfoundersΝandΝtoΝsupernaturalΝ patronsΝprofited by using Greek channels.” 89.ΝPRICEΝ2005,Νp.Ν116. 90.ΝForΝaΝdiscussionΝonΝhowΝtoΝapproachΝtheΝquestionΝofΝHellenismΝamongΝtheΝJewishΝcommunitiesΝinΝPalestine,ΝseeΝ MILLARΝ2006,Νp.Ν67-90. 91.ΝCf.ΝCHUVINΝ1991,Νp.Ν222. 338 T.ΝKAIZER Syria 88Ν(2011)
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