Syria Archéologie, art et histoire 88 | 2011 Dossier : La Steppe Interpretations of the myth of Andromeda at Iope Ted Kaizer Electronic version URL: http://journals.openedition.org/syria/939 DOI: 10.4000/syria.939 ISSN: 2076-8435 Publisher IFPO - Institut français du Proche-Orient Printed version Date of publication: 1 January 2011 Number of pages: 323-339 ISBN: 9782351591871 ISSN: 0039-7946 Electronic reference Ted Kaizer, « Interpretations of the myth of Andromeda at Iope », Syria [Online], 88 | 2011, Online since 01 July 2016, connection on 19 April 2019. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/syria/939 ; DOI : 10.4000/syria.939 © Presses IFPO INTERPRETATIONS OF THE MYTH OF ANDROMEDA AT IOPE∗ Ted KAIZER 1 Résumé – LeΝ présentΝ articleΝ seΝ proposeΝ d’examinerΝ lesΝ diversesΝ attestations,Ν textuellesΝ etΝ autres,Ν duΝ mytheΝ d’AndromèdeΝàΝIoppé.ΝUneΝétudeΝapprofondieΝetΝcomparativeΝdesΝélémentsΝmisΝenΝœuvreΝpermetΝainsiΝdeΝsaisirΝleΝ processusΝd’élaborationΝdesΝdifférentesΝversionsΝduΝrécit.ΝPlusΝlargement,Νl’exempleΝdeΝlaΝconstructionΝduΝmytheΝ d’Andromède,ΝetΝsaΝlocalisationΝàΝIoppé,ΝenΝparticulier,ΝfaitΝcomprendreΝcommentΝlaΝmultiplicitéΝdesΝinformationsΝ livréesΝparΝlesΝsourcesΝanciennesΝtraduitΝenΝfaitΝdesΝchangementsΝconstantsΝdeΝperspectiveΝdansΝlaΝperceptionΝduΝ passéΝmythologique.Ν Abstract – ThisΝpaperΝaimsΝtoΝdiscussΝtheΝvarietyΝofΝtextualΝandΝotherΝevidenceΝforΝtheΝmythΝofΝAndromedaΝatΝIope.Ν ProvidingΝaΝdetailedΝcompilationΝofΝtheΝrelevantΝmaterial,ΝitΝsetsΝoutΝtoΝinvestigateΝtheΝcompoundΝfactorsΝthatΝmayΝ haveΝhelpedΝtoΝshapeΝtheΝvariousΝversionsΝofΝtheΝstory.ΝAΝfocusΝonΝthisΝspecific case study, in particular with regard toΝtheΝtale’sΝlocationΝatΝIope,ΝwillΝleadΝtoΝfurtherΝrecognitionΝofΝtheΝwayΝinΝwhichΝtheΝmultifariousΝinformationΝ presentedΝinΝtheΝancientΝsourcesΝreflects a constantly developing perception of the mythological past. ﺧﻼﺻﺔ – ºgÉ°ùJh .܃j ‘ Gó«ehQófCG IQƒ£°SCG ¢Uƒ°üîH ,ÉgÒZ ‘ ΩCG ¢Uƒ°üædG ‘ AGƒ°S ,äGOÉ¡°ûdG ´ƒæàH áWÉME’G ¤EG ∫É≤ŸG Gòg ≈©°ùj IQƒ£°SCG êPƒ‰ Ö«côJ íª°ùj ,™°ShCG πµ°ûHh .IQƒ£°SC’G √ò¡H á≤∏©àŸG äÉjGhôdG ∞∏à áZÉ«°U π°ù∏°ùe º¡a ‘ OGƒŸG ∞∏àîŸ á≤ª©e á°SGQO ºLÎj É¡©«ªLh ;…Qƒ£°SC’G »°VÉŸG Gòg øY áÁó≤dG QOÉ°üŸG ‘ IOQGƒdG äÉ«£©ŸG ´ƒæJ ¤EG ¥ô£àdÉH ,܃j ‘ É¡æWƒe ójó–h ,Gó«ehQófCG .ôªà°ùe Qƒ£J ‘ ájDhQ Strabo,ΝwhenΝragingΝinΝtheΝfirst book of his GeographyΝagainstΝthoseΝancientΝscholarsΝwhoΝ‘areΝlessΝ deservingΝofΝcredence,ΝsinceΝinΝadditionΝtoΝtheΝincredibilityΝofΝtheirΝtheoriesΝtheyΝbetrayΝaΝtendencyΝtoΝ confoundΝmythΝandΝhistory’,Ν2ΝstatesΝthatΝ‘thereΝareΝsomeΝwhoΝtransferΝEthiopiaΝalsoΝtoΝourΝPhoenicia,Ν andΝwhoΝsayΝthatΝtheΝadventureΝofΝAndromedaΝtookΝplaceΝinΝIope,ΝthoughΝtheΝstoryΝisΝsurelyΝnotΝtoldΝ ∗ΝThisΝpaperΝoriginatesΝinΝaΝpieceΝpresented,ΝinΝaΝtotallyΝdifferentΝformat,ΝatΝaΝconferenceΝinΝAarhusΝorganisedΝbyΝR.ΝRajaΝinΝ Sept.Ν2008,ΝandΝalsoΝatΝaΝWork-in-ProgressΝseminarΝbackΝhomeΝinΝDurham.ΝIΝamΝalsoΝgratefulΝtoΝR.ΝHäusslerΝforΝinvitingΝmeΝtoΝaΝ colloquiumΝinΝOsnabrückΝinΝSept.Ν2010ΝandΝforΝprovidingΝtheΝopportunityΝtoΝdiscussΝthisΝmaterialΝinΝtheΝcontextΝofΝInterpretatio romana/graeca/indigena.Ν ForΝ referencesΝ andΝ discussionΝ onΝ individualΝ points,Ν thanksΝ areΝ dueΝ toΝ myΝ DurhamΝ colleaguesΝ P.ΝCeccarelli,ΝP.ΝHeslin,ΝJ.ΝIngleheart,ΝandΝM.ΝWoolmer,ΝtoΝS.ΝPasekΝ(duringΝtheΝconferenceΝinΝOsnabrück),ΝtoΝM.ΝBlömer,ΝtoΝ E.ΝGruen,ΝandΝalsoΝtoΝtheΝtwoΝanonymousΝrefereesΝforΝSyria.ΝItΝisΝsuperfluous to state that none of the above is responsible for anyΝremainingΝerrorsΝorΝdoubtfulΝinterpretationsΝonΝmyΝpart.ΝTextsΝandΝtranslationsΝfollowΝLCLΝunlessΝstatedΝotherwise. 1.ΝKaizer,ΝTed,ΝUniversityΝofΝDurham,ΝCentreΝforΝRomanΝCulturalΝStudies,Ν[email protected] 2.Ν StraboΝ 1.2.35Ν [C42]:Ν Υ Υῳ . SyriaΝ88Ν(2011),Νp.Ν323ΝàΝ339 324 T.ΝKAIZER Syria 88Ν(2011) inΝignoranceΝofΝitsΝlocalΝsettingΝbutΝratherΝinΝtheΝguiseΝofΝmyth.’Ν3ΝTheΝexampleΝaccompanyingΝStrabo’sΝ observationΝdealsΝwithΝanΝinterpretationΝofΝanΝancientΝmyth,ΝnamelyΝbyΝassumingΝthatΝthereΝwasΝaΝstandardΝ versionΝofΝtheΝmythΝofΝAndromedaΝwhichΝwasΝlaterΝre-interpretedΝinΝsuchΝaΝwayΝthatΝitΝwasΝre-locatedΝtoΝ Iope,Νmodern-dayΝJaffaΝwhichΝisΝnowΝaΝsuburbΝofΝTelΝAviv.Ν4ΝThisΝpaperΝaimsΝtoΝprovideΝanΝoverviewΝofΝ theΝsourcesΝwhichΝlinkΝtheΝstoryΝtoΝtheΝPalestinianΝportΝtown,ΝandΝtoΝexploreΝ—byΝlookingΝinΝsomeΝdetailΝ atΝtheΝrelevantΝtexts—ΝtheΝmultipleΝfacetsΝthatΝaffectedΝtheΝstory’sΝdifferentΝrenditions. LetΝusΝfirst remind ourselves of the myth according to the ‘standard version’, the basic elements of whichΝareΝtoΝbeΝfoundΝinΝOvid’sΝfamousΝrecitationΝofΝtheΝstoryΝofΝPerseus,Ν5ΝandΝwhichΝisΝofΝcourseΝaboveΝ allΝknownΝfromΝtheΝLibraryΝofΝGreekΝmythology,ΝtraditionallyΝascribedΝtoΝApollodorusΝofΝAthens,ΝbutΝ datingΝfromΝtheΝfirst or second century AD: ‘ArrivingΝ inΝ Ethiopia,Ν whichΝ wasΝ ruledΝ byΝ Cepheus,Ν [Perseus]Ν foundΝ theΝ king’sΝ daughterΝ AndromedaΝexposedΝasΝpreyΝtoΝaΝseaΝmonster;ΝforΝCassiepeia,ΝtheΝwifeΝofΝCepheus,ΝhadΝclaimedΝ toΝrivalΝtheΝNereidsΝinΝbeauty,ΝboastingΝthatΝsheΝsurpassedΝthemΝall.ΝTheΝNereidsΝwereΝenragedΝ byΝthis,ΝandΝPoseidon,ΝwhoΝsharedΝtheirΝanger,ΝsentΝaΝsea-flood and a monster against the land. NowΝAmmonΝhadΝprophesiedΝdeliveranceΝfromΝthisΝcalamityΝifΝCepheus’ΝdaughterΝAndromedaΝ wereΝofferedΝasΝpreyΝtoΝtheΝmonster,ΝandΝcompelledΝbyΝtheΝEthiopians,ΝCepheusΝhadΝdoneΝsoΝandΝ tiedΝhisΝdaughterΝtoΝaΝrock.ΝAsΝsoonΝasΝPerseusΝsawΝher,ΝheΝfellΝinΝlove,ΝandΝpromisedΝCepheusΝ thatΝheΝwouldΝdestroyΝtheΝmonsterΝifΝheΝgaveΝhimΝtheΝrescuedΝgirlΝasΝaΝwife.ΝWhenΝoathsΝhadΝ beenΝswornΝtoΝthisΝeffect,ΝPerseusΝconfrontedΝtheΝmonsterΝandΝkilledΝit,ΝandΝsetΝAndromedaΝ free.ΝPhineus,Νhowever,ΝwhoΝwasΝaΝbrotherΝofΝCepheusΝandΝhadΝbeenΝpromisedΝAndromedaΝ beforehand,ΝplottedΝagainstΝPerseus;ΝbutΝwhenΝPerseusΝlearnedΝofΝtheΝconspiracy,ΝheΝshowedΝtheΝ GorgonΝtoΝPhineusΝandΝhisΝfellowΝplotters,ΝturningΝthemΝtoΝstoneΝonΝtheΝspot.’Ν6 TheΝlocationΝofΝthisΝmythΝatΝIope,ΝatΝwhichΝStraboΝhints,ΝisΝinΝfactΝattestedΝveryΝoftenΝinΝancientΝliteraryΝ sources,ΝandΝseemsΝtoΝhaveΝresultedΝoverΝtimeΝinΝaΝdifferentΝ‘standardΝversion’ΝinΝitsΝownΝright.ΝItΝhasΝ recentlyΝbeenΝargued,ΝinΝaΝstudyΝofΝRomanΝprovincialΝcoinageΝbyΝSimonΝPrice,ΝthatΝinΝcontrastΝtoΝtheΝ RomanΝEastΝatΝlarge,ΝtheΝuseΝofΝGreekΝmythologyΝwasΝnotΝtypicalΝforΝtheΝlandsΝofΝtheΝLevant:Ν“TheΝcivicΝ coinsΝofΝSyriaΝdoΝincludeΝmonumentsΝofΝlocalΝimportance,ΝandΝsometimesΝreferΝtoΝcivicΝfoundations,Ν butΝseemΝnotΝtoΝdrawΝonΝGreekΝmythologicalΝthemes.ΝIfΝthisΝregionalΝdifferenceΝreallyΝexisted,ΝitΝneedsΝ explanation.ΝThisΝmightΝbeΝinΝtermsΝofΝtheΝdifferentΝpositionΝofΝHellenicΝcultureΝinΝSyria,ΝwhereΝtheΝ pastΝthatΝwasΝrecalledΝmostΝwasΝnotΝaΝGreekΝpast.”Ν7ΝButΝifΝitΝisΝundeniableΝthatΝthereΝisΝlessΝevidenceΝ 3.ΝStraboΝ1.2.35Ν[C42-3]:Ν ὼ Υ ὼ ᾶ ῦ Υ Ἀ Υῃ · Υ ὼ ἄ Υ ῦ ὼ ᾶ . 4.ΝThroughoutΝthisΝpaper,ΝIΝstickΝtoΝIope,ΝalthoughΝtheΝtown’sΝnameΝisΝalsoΝwrittenΝdifferently.ΝCf.ΝSCHÜRERΝ1979,Νp.Ν110- 111,Νn.Ν132;ΝBIFFIΝ2002,Νp.Ν216. 5.Ν Cf.Ν Ov.Ν Met.Ν 4.604-803,Ν atΝ 668-71:Ν gentibus innumeris circumque infraque relictis Aethiopum populos Cepheaque conspicit arua. illic immeritam maternae pendere linguae Andromedan poenas iniustus iusserat AmmonΝ(‘passingΝanΝinfinite numberΝofΝcountriesΝaroundΝandΝbelowΝhim,Ν[Perseus]Νfinally sighted the realm of Ethiopian Cepheus, where Ammon, the god ofΝtheΝland,ΝhadΝunjustlyΝorderedΝtheΝprincessΝAndromeda,ΝinnocentΝgirl,ΝtoΝpayΝtheΝpriceΝforΝherΝboastfulΝmotherΝ[whoΝclaimedΝ toΝsurpassΝtheΝdaughtersΝofΝNereusΝinΝbeauty]’).ΝTransl.ΝD.ΝRAEBURNΝ(Penguin). 6.Ν Apollod.Ν Bibl.Ν 2.4.3:Ν Υῦ ῦ Ἀ Υ ῳ . Υ Ν Υ ῦ Υ · Ν ῦ ῖ Υ Υ Υ . Ἄ Υ ᾶῦ Υ Ἀ Υ ῦ Υ Υ Υῦ Υ Υᾳ. Υ ῖ ῦ ῖ ῖ. Υ ῦ Υ Ἀ . Υ ῦ Υ Ἀῦ Υῦ Υ Υ.ΝTransl.ΝR.ΝHARDΝ(OWC). 7.ΝPRICEΝ2005,Νp.Ν120. Syria 88Ν(2011) INTERPRETATIONSΝOFΝTHEΝMYTHΝOFΝANDROMEDAΝATΝIOPE 325 (numismatic,ΝbutΝalsoΝotherwise)ΝfromΝtheΝNearΝEastΝthanΝthereΝisΝfromΝGreeceΝandΝAnatolia,ΝtheΝmythΝ ofΝAndromedaΝatΝIopeΝcannotΝcountΝasΝtheΝsoleΝexceptionΝinΝthisΝcontext.ΝAccordingΝtoΝtheΝEthnicaΝofΝ StephanusΝofΝByzantium,ΝofΝwhichΝonlyΝaΝlateΝepitomeΝsurvives,ΝtheΝtown’sΝGreekΝnameΝcomesΝfromΝ Iope,ΝwhoΝwasΝtheΝdaughterΝofΝÆolus,ΝrulerΝofΝtheΝwinds,ΝandΝtheΝwifeΝofΝCepheus,ΝwhoΝwasΝsaidΝtoΝ haveΝfoundedΝtheΝplace.Ν8ΝTheΝsameΝtraditionΝisΝrecordedΝbyΝtheΝtwelfth-centuryΝscholarΝEustathius,ΝinΝ hisΝCommentary on Dionysius Periegetes,ΝwhoΝwritesΝthatΝtheΝtownΝwasΝnamedΝeitherΝafterΝthatΝsameΝ Iope,ΝorΝafterΝIo.Ν9ΝSimilarly,ΝtheΝnamesΝofΝIope’sΝneighbouringΝcities,ΝDoraΝandΝAscalon,ΝcanΝbeΝlinkedΝ withΝclassicalΝmythologicalΝfigures, Poseidon’s son Doros and Tantalus’ brother Ascalos respectively. IopeΝisΝthenΝsimply,ΝinΝtheΝwordsΝofΝMauriceΝSartre,ΝoneΝofΝtheΝexamplesΝfromΝtheΝNearΝEastΝthatΝshowsΝ howΝ“l’œuvreΝdesΝmythographesΝétaitΝdeΝpremièreΝimportanceΝetΝcontribuaitΝefficacement à doter d’un passéΝmythiqueΝgrecΝdeΝvieillesΝvillesΝindigènes,ΝdontΝl’insertionΝdansΝleΝnouveauΝmondeΝseΝtrouvaitΝ ainsiΝfacilitée.”Ν10ΝIfΝthereΝwasΝaΝregionalΝdifferenceΝ(betweenΝAsiaΝMinorΝandΝtheΝLevant)ΝwithΝregardΝtoΝ theΝapplicationΝofΝGreekΝmythologicalΝthemesΝonΝcoins,Ν11ΝthatΝmayΝhaveΝbeenΝlessΝtheΝcaseΝwithΝregardΝ toΝ cities’ΝclaimsΝ ofΝ beingΝ namedΝ afterΝ GreekΝ mythologicalΝ figures, and even less so concerning the knowledgeΝandΝapplicationΝofΝHellenismΝinΝtheΝNearΝEasternΝlandsΝinΝgeneral.Ν12ΝFocussingΝonΝtheΝmythΝ ofΝAndromedaΝatΝIopeΝwillΝallowΝusΝtoΝappreciateΝhowΝtheΝsnippetsΝofΝmythologicalΝinformationΝgivenΝ byΝtheΝvariousΝauthorsΝcanΝbeΝviewedΝasΝreflections of a continuously developing consciousness of the mythologicalΝpast,ΝandΝtoΝbeΝawareΝofΝtheΝdynamicΝmeansΝbyΝwhichΝanΝapparentlyΝclassicalΝmythΝcouldΝ