DOCSLIB.ORG

Energy Plus Approach: Brazil and Colombia Case Study Country

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Energy Plus Approach: Brazil and Colombia Case Study Country Energy Plus Approach: Brazil and Colombia Case Study Country report 2015 September 2015 Final Version Global Network on Energy for Sustainable Development (GNESD) UNEP DTU Partnership UN City Marmorvej 51 2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark Tel: +45 4533 5250 http://www.gnesd.org/ Acknowledgement: This report was prepared for the Global Network on Energy for Sustainable Development by the Research Group on Bioenergy (GBIO) of the Institute of Energy and Environment of University of São Paulo, Brazil and CentroClima at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Authors: Emilio Lèbre La Rovere, Suani Teixeira Coelho, Maria Fernanda Gómez Galindo, Osvaldo Lívio Soliano Pereira, Alessandro Bezerra Trindade. The front cover photo has been found through Flickr and is courtesy of DFID - The UK Department for International Development Suggested Citation: GNESD 2015. Country report (Brazil and Colombia). Biomass Residues as an Energy Source to Improve Energy Access and Local Economic Activity in Low HDI Regions of Brazil and Colombia (BREA). Report prepared for the Global Network on Energy for Sustainable Development by the Research Group on Bioenergy (GBIO) and CentroClima. Biomass Residues as an Energy Source to Improve Energy Access and Local Economic Activity in Low HDI Regions of Brazil and Colombia (BREA) (Revised Final Report, September 2015) Partner Institutions: Executive Summary Access to cleaner and affordable energy options is essential for improving the livelihoods of the poor in developing countries. The link between energy and poverty is demonstrated by the fact that the poor in developing countries constitute the bulk of an estimated 2.7 billion people who rely on traditional biomass for cooking and the overwhelming majority of the 1.3 billion without access to grid electricity (IEA, 2015a). The Brazilian Amazon region and isolated areas of Columbia, despite their national electrification rates of 99.5% and 97.1% respectively, account for about 2.4 million of people without access to electricity. When it comes to cooking this number grows eightfold, almost 20 million people within these two countries relying on the traditional use of biomass for cooking. In fact, 6% of Brazilians and 15% of Colombians cook using firewood (IEA, 2015b). The lack of modern and affordable forms of energy affects agricultural and economic productivity, opportunities for income generation, and more generally the ability to improve living conditions. Moreover, low agricultural and economic productivity, as well as diminished livelihood opportunities, in turn result in malnourishment, low earnings, and no or little surplus cash. This contributes to the poor remaining poor, and consequently they cannot afford to pay for cleaner or improved forms of energy such as fuels and equipment. In this sense, the problem of poverty remains closely intertwined with the lack of cleaner and affordable energy services. In this context, the main objective of this report, Biomass Residues as an Energy Source to Improve Energy Access and Local Economic Activity in Low HDI Regions of Brazil and Colombia (BREA), is to develop a better understanding of energy requirements for productive purposes among poor households in urban and rural areas of Brazil and Colombia (many of them in isolated regions), which could allow inputs for targeted policy i interventions. In aiming to do this, BREA analyzed the perspectives for increasing and improving access to energy and energy for productive uses, as well as to enhance the Human Development Index (HDI) of the low- income population selected. The goal was to combine the delivery of energy services with measures that generate cash incomes, following the Energy+ Initiative, as proposed by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP). Through the use of small power- and heat-generation technologies fed with urban and rural biomass waste, BREA aims to replace traditional biomass and fossil fuels so as to enable the electrification and improvement of local economic activities. This report found that existing technologies available in the two countries include, as a first step, photovoltaic panels, but that these are only usable for small types of power supply. Also, they are quite expensive systems, since most are still imported. Therefore, the use of biomass residues allows the production of greater amounts of power, mainly in areas where such residues are available in large quantities, as shown in this report. The main advantage of the use of biomass residues is exactly the potential to produce power for productive activities too, as well as contributing to reducing the negative impacts of the inadequate use of such residues (i.e., municipal solid waste and animal residues, which currently are discharged inadequately, and agricultural and wood residues, which are burnt in the open air or left in situ). The main difficulty identified by the study relates to the use of biomass residues for power production: a) Lack of funding (both private and from government). b) Low economic feasibility, since many municipalities are too small, and households are more dispersed in rural areas, mainly in the Amazon regions of Brazil and Colombia. c) Lack of local capacity-building to operate and maintain some of the technologies. ii d) Lack of political will. Regarding the technologies proposed in this study for the recovery of biomass residues, each one has a different situation: a) Biodigestion. A technology already marketed in Brazil, but not used much as yet in rural areas. Despite some efforts in Colombia, the technology has not been widely implemented for power-generation purposes in rural and isolated areas. Hence, it is necessary to develop a large and widespread program in such regions. b) Small-scale combustion (steam cycles). A technology already fully marketed in Brazil by TGM Turbines1 (from 200 kWe and up, and exported to other Latin America countries such as Colombia). c) Small-scale biomass gasifiers (up to 200 kW). A technology already available but not yet fully marketed. Some pilot plants were implemented in the Amazon region using agricultural and wood residues (e.g. the Gaseifamaz project). As a result, this study recommends policies and strategies to overcome the existing barriers, such as: a) Adequate funding from the Federal Government and/or international agencies. b) Adequate financial programs from existing local banks and/or international banks with low interest rates so as to be affordable for poor municipalities. c) Adequate policies increasing the existing CCC to biomass power production in Brazil, and the introduction of similar programs in Colombia. d) To develop one local pilot demonstration plant in one of the selected municipalities. 1 www.grupotgm.com.br/home/ iii e) To improve existing electric sector legislation and existing programs to increase energy access, aiming to incentivize the utilities to provide this supply. In short, energy access, including energy for productive uses, may contribute to increasing the (very) low HDI of the selected municipalities of the project in the following cases: a) Productive uses may allow local people to market more products with more value added (see the example of the Gaseifamaz project in Amazon region). b) If MSW, which is inadequately disposed in all municipalities, can be used for energy production, this could help to make the adequate collection and disposal of waste feasible. c) In the case of agricultural and wood residues, which are mainly burnt in open-air, the energy conversion would eliminate the CO2 emissions from this burning and their health impacts. iv Table of Contents Executive Summary................................................................................................................... i List of Figures .............................................................................................................................x List of Tables ........................................................................................................................... xiii List of Equations ..................................................................................................................... xx 1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 21 I. Brazil............................................................................................................................................................ 22 II. Colombia ................................................................................................................................................. 26 1.1. Objective .................................................................................................................................. 29 1.2. Methodological approach ................................................................................................ 30 1.3. Working Group ..................................................................................................................... 33 I. Coordination: .......................................................................................................................................... 33 II. Senior Researchers: ............................................................................................................................. 33 III. Associate Researchers: ..................................................................................................................... 34 IV. Supporting
Load more

Recommended publications
  • ACTION PLAN AMAZON TRIPLE BORDER Colombia-Brazil-Peru
    ACTION PLAN AMAZON TRIPLE BORDER Colombia-Brazil-Peru August 2020 Puerto Nariño, Amazon, The Amazon region is being significantly impacted by COVID-19, threatening the lives Colombia and livelihoods of its population and posing an existential threat to its large indigenous Cover photo credit: Sergio communities. Rojas/ Umari Journal The basin is home to an estimated 30 million people, and includes territory in Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guyana, Peru and Venezuela. The largest territories in the Amazonas are in The region currently Brazil, Peru and Colombia which host more than 400 indigenous communities amounting to registers the highest an estimated 6 million people. The main channel of the river, which is a vital route for transport mortality rates from in the region, played a key role in the transmission of the disease affecting, in particular, the indigenous population along the border region of Peru, Colombia and Brazil. COVID-19 per 100,000 people in the world. As a result, the United Nations Resident Coordinators in the three countries have come together with the support of OCHA and the participation of WFP, WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA to develop an Action Plan to support Government responses to the urgent needs in the area. The plan is initially focused on mobilizing an emergency response to address the most immediate needs of those affected in the area. First level responses in the three countries have already commenced through reprogramed funding but additional resources are needed to scale up the response. The plan focuses on areas near the so-called Triple Border - between Colombia, Peru and Brazil - home to 208,699 people and where the majority of the population (57%) is indigenous.
    [Show full text]
  • Achieving Export-Led Growth in Colombia Ricardo Hausmann John
    Faculty Research Working Papers Series Achieving Export-Led Growth in Colombia Ricardo Hausmann John F. Kennedy School of Government - Harvard University Bailey Klinger John F. Kennedy School of Government - Harvard University October 2008 RWP08-063 The views expressed in the HKS Faculty Research Working Paper Series are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the John F. Kennedy School of Government or of Harvard University. Faculty Research Working Papers have not undergone formal review and approval. Such papers are included in this series to elicit feedback and to encourage debate on important public policy challenges. Copyright belongs to the author(s). Papers may be downloaded for personal use only. Achieving Export-Led Growth in Colombia Ricardo Hausmann and Bailey Klinger CID Working Paper No. 182 September 2008 © Copyright 2008 Ricardo Hausmann, Bailey Klinger and the President and Fellows of Harvard College Working Papers Center for International Development at Harvard University Achieving Export-Led Growth in Colombia Ricardo Hausmann and Bailey Klinger September 2008 Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to analyze Colombia’s experiences with and opportunities for export led growth. We first review Colombia’s growth and export performance over the past 30 years and find that the country is indeed facing an export challenge. We then go on to develop new metrics and apply them to Colombia’s export challenge. First, we consider the opportunities for upgrading quality within existing exports, and find that Colombia has very little opportunity for growth in this dimension. Second, we consider the level of sophistication of the current export basket, and find that it is low and commensurate with the lack of export dynamism.
    [Show full text]
  • Guainía En Sus Asentamientos Humanos
    GUAINÍA En sus asentamientos humanos INSTITUTO AMAZÓNICO DE INVESTIGACIONES CIENTÍFICAS SINCHI GUAINÍA En sus asentamientos humanos Carlos Ariel Salazar C. Franz Gutiérrez R. Martín Franco A. Diciembre de 2006 Salazar C., Carlos Ariel; Gutiérrez R., Franz; Franco A., Martín. Guainía en sus asentamientos. Carlos Ariel Salazar C, Franz Gutiérrez R., Martín Franco A. Bogotá, Colombia: Instituto Amazónico de Investigaciones Científicas- Sinchi, 2006 1. GEOGRAFÍA ECONÓMICA 2. DINÁMICA POBLACIONAL 3. ASENTAMIENTOS HUMANOS 4. GUAINÍA Revisión técnica: Camilo Domínguez ISBN: Instituto Amazónico de Investigaciones Científicas – Sinchi Ministerio de Ambiente, Vivienda y Desarrollo Territorial Primera edición: Noviembre de 2006 Diseño: Julián Hernández Impresión: Panamericana Formas e Impresos Reservados todos los Derechos El contenido de esta publicación es propiedad del Instituto Amazónico de Investigaciones Científicas -Sinchi- Prohibida su reproducción con fines comerciales. Disponible en: Instituto Sinchi, Calle 20 No. 5-44 Tel.: 4442060, www.sinchi.org.co Impreso en Colombia LUZ MARINA MANTILLA CÁRDENAS Directora General ROSARIO PIÑERES VERGARA Subdirectora Administrativa y Financiera Carlos Ariel Salazar Cardona DIRECTOR DE PROYECTO Grupo Procesos de Ocupación, Poblamiento y Urbanización en la Región Amazónica Grupo Colciencias Categoría A 5 6 TABLA DE CONTENIDO PREFACIO 13 INTRODUccIÓN 19 PERSPEctIVA GENERAL 23 ANTECEDENTES 23 IMPORTANCIA INTERNACIONALDE LOS ASENTAMIENTOS HUMANOS 24 ASENTAMIENTOS HUMANOSDEL ORIENTE AMAZÓNICO. UNA PROPUESTA
    [Show full text]
  • Jurisprudence and Land Conflict in the Process of Demarcation of the Indigenous Reserve Raposa Serra Do Sol
    JURISPRUDENCE AND LAND CONFLICT IN THE PROCESS OF DEMARCATION OF THE INDIGENOUS RESERVE RAPOSA SERRA DO SOL José de Arimateia Barbosa ([email protected]), Ariane Silva Barbosa ([email protected]), Rui Barbosa Netto([email protected]), Delaíde Silva Passos ([email protected]) BRAZIL 1. INDIGENOUS RESERVE RAPOSA SERRA DO SOL: Source: UOL, 2009 INDIGENOUS RESERVE RAPOSA SERRA DO SOL: Source: LIMA, 2018 INDIGENOUS RESERVE RAPOSA SERRA DO SOL Area 1.7 million hectares of continuous area Population About 20 thousand Indians Indigenous Peoples Makuxi, Uapixana, Ingaricó, Taurepangue, and Patamona Borders countries Venezuela and Guyana Graph 1: Population Indigenous Land Raposa Serra do Sol 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 0 1993 1994 1999 2006 2007 2008 2010 2012 2015 Source: Instituto Socioambiental (ISA), 2018. Graph 2: Raposa Serra do Sol Indian Land in the total area 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Normandia Pacaraima Uiramutã Source: Instituto Socioambiental (ISA), 2018. Graph 3: Total Deforested Area of Indigenous Land per year 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Source: Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), 2017 Table 1 – Indigeneous Organizatoin in Raposa Serra do Sol Name SIGLA Aliança para a Integração e Desenvolvimento das Comunidades ALIDCIRR Indígenas de Roraima Associação Agropecuária da Região Central Água Fria AARCAF Associação dos Povos Indígenas de Roraima APIRR Associação Regional Indígena do Rio Kinô, Cotingo e Monte
    [Show full text]
  • News Organizations in Colombia Building Consensus Through Social Media: a Case of Digital-Native La Silla Vacía
    Article News Organizations in Colombia Building Consensus through Social Media: A Case of Digital-Native La Silla Vacía Vanessa de Macedo Higgins Joyce School of Journalism and Mass Communication, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA; [email protected] Abstract: Correlation of different segments of society is a major function of mass media and works by broadening individual’s perspectives and creating common ground between these different segments Little is known about how consensus building works in the networked, digital environment or how it works in Latin America. This study explores the premise on a social media page from a digital-native news organization in Colombia, La Silla Vacía, on the salient issue of Venezuela. It found that the news organization did provide a common ground within its comments, bringing men and women closer together in consensus (rs = 0.76, n = 10, p < 0.05) of the priorities of topics relating to Venezuela (substantive attributes). The study did not find a significant correlation between the topics prioritized by the posts and the topics prioritized by the comments. Audiences focus on Venezuela in relation to the local Colombian presidential election while the news organization focused on the country in relation to refugees and the political transition happening in Venezuela. Keywords: digital-native news; consensus building; social media; Colombian journalism; gender Citation: Higgins Joyce, Vanessa de divide; diversity in news; agenda setting; content analysis; immigration Macedo. 2021. News Organizations in Colombia Building Consensus through Social Media: A Case of Digital-native news organizations in Latin America are emerging at a steady-pace, Digital-Native La Silla Vacía.
    [Show full text]
  • 190205 USAID Colombia Brief Final to Joslin
    COUNTRY BRIEF I. FRAGILITY AND CLIMATE RISKS II.COLOMBIA III. OVERVIEW Colombia experiences very high climate exposure concentrated in small portions of the country and high fragility stemming largely from persistent insecurity related to both longstanding and new sources of violence. Colombia’s effective political institutions, well- developed social service delivery systems and strong regulatory foundation for economic policy position the state to continue making important progress. Yet, at present, high climate risks in pockets across the country and government mismanagement of those risks have converged to increase Colombians’ vulnerability to humanitarian emergencies. Despite the state’s commitment to address climate risks, the country’s historically high level of violence has strained state capacity to manage those risks, while also contributing directly to people’s vulnerability to climate risks where people displaced by conflict have resettled in high-exposure areas. This is seen in high-exposure rural areas like Mocoa where the population’s vulnerability to local flooding risks is increased by the influx of displaced Colombians, lack of government regulation to prevent settlement in flood-prone areas and deforestation that has Source: USAID Colombia removed natural barriers to flash flooding and mudslides. This is also seen in high-exposure urban areas like Barranquilla, where substantial risks from storm surge and riverine flooding are made worse by limited government planning and responses to address these risks, resulting in extensive economic losses and infrastructure damage each year due to fairly predictable climate risks. This brief summarizes findings from a broader USAID case study of fragility and climate risks in Colombia (Moran et al.
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of Cities in the Foreign Policy of Emerging Powers: the Cases of Bogotá, Colombia and Johannesburg, South Africa
    THE ROLE OF CITIES IN THE FOREIGN POLICY OF EMERGING POWERS: THE CASES OF BOGOTÁ, COLOMBIA AND JOHANNESBURG, SOUTH AFRICA Town JERÓNIMO DELGADO CAICEDOCape of THESIS PRESENTEDUniversity FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL SCIENCE, FACULTY OF HUMANITIES, UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN DECEMBER, 2017 The copyright of this thesis vests in the author. No quotation from it or information derived from it is to be published without full acknowledgementTown of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes only. Cape Published by the University ofof Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author. University DECLARATION I, Jerónimo Delgado Caicedo, declare that this thesis is my own unaided work. It is being submitted to the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy to the University of Cape Town. It has not been submitted before for any degree or examination to any other University. ………………………………… 11 December, 2017 ii ABSTRACT Cities are increasingly important actors in the current International System. Cities fall under the jurisdiction of States where they play a fundamental role in the making and consolidation of emerging powers. In today’s State-centred International System, cities are underexamined in the field of foreign policy, a domain that is exclusively that of national governments. Using the cases of Colombia (Bogotá) and South Africa (Johannesburg), this thesis draws from multilingual sources to examine the role of cities in the foreign policy of emerging powers of the Global South. An interdisciplinary approach indicates that, by drawing together debates across International Relations and Urban Studies literature, there is little to no place for the conceptual and operational cross pollination necessary to engage the increasing importance of cities in the emerging powers of the Global South.
    [Show full text]
  • Concerning Traditional Ecological Knowledge
    COLLECTIVE LEGAL AUTONOMY CONCERNING TRADITIONAL ECOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE: THE RIGHTS OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES AND THEIR LINKAGES TO BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION IN COLOMBIA AND AUSTRALIA NATALIA RODRÍGUEZ-URIBE LLB Universidad de los Andes (Bogotá–Colombia) MIntEnvLaw, LLM Macquarie University (Sydney–Australia) MACQUARIE UNIVERSITY LAW SCHOOL Macquarie University, Sydney–Australia This thesis is presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Law Submitted: August 2013 Approved: March 2014 1 COLLECTIVE LEGAL AUTONOMY CONCERNING TRADITIONAL ECOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE NATALIA RODRÍGUEZ URIBE 2 COLLECTIVE LEGAL AUTONOMY CONCERNING TRADITIONAL ECOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE NATALIA RODRÍGUEZ URIBE TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents ................................................................................................................. i Abstract ................................................................................................................................ v Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................. vi List of Acronyms, Abbreviations and Short Titles .............................................................ix Table of Cases .....................................................................................................................xi Human Rights Treaties Ratified by Australia ................................................................. xiii Tables and Figures ............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Dynamic Processes in the Use of Natural Resources and Food Systems
    Dynamic processes in the use of natural resources and food systems by indigenous Titulo and mestizo communities in Mexico and Brazil Katz, Esther - Autor/a; Kleiche-Dray, Mina - Autor/a; Autor(es) Lugar ENGOV Working Paper Series Editorial/Editor 2013 Fecha ENGOV Working Paper Series no. 3 Colección Subsistence agriculture; Agriculture; Environmental governance alignment; Traditional Temas knowledge; Tradition; Local knowledge; Knowledge; Food system; Mestizo communities; Indigenous communities; Natural resources; Brazil; Mexico; Doc. de trabajo / Informes Tipo de documento "http://biblioteca.clacso.edu.ar/clacso/engov/20131210112938/WorkingPaperENGOV3_KatzandKleiche.pdf" URL Reconocimiento-No Comercial CC BY-NC Licencia http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.0/deed.es Segui buscando en la Red de Bibliotecas Virtuales de CLACSO http://biblioteca.clacso.edu.ar Consejo Latinoamericano de Ciencias Sociales (CLACSO) Conselho Latino-americano de Ciências Sociais (CLACSO) Latin American Council of Social Sciences (CLACSO) www.clacso.edu.ar ENGOV Working Paper ENGOV Working Paper No. 3, 2013 Series ENGOV ‐ Environmental Dynamic processes in the use of natural resources Governance in Latin and food systems by indigenous and mestizo America and the communities in Mexico and Brazil Caribbean: Developing Frameworks for Authors: Esther Katz (IRD) and Mina Kleiche‐Dray (IRD) Sustainable and Equitable Natural Resource Use ‐ is a collaborative research project between Latin American and European researchers funded by the European Union (SSH‐CT‐2010‐266710). For more information: Para mayor información: Para mais informações: www.engov.eu The ENGOV working paper series serves to communicate the first results of ongoing ENGOV research, with the aim to stimulate the exchange of ideas and debate at different levels.
    [Show full text]
  • Contemporary Muisca Indigenous Sounds in the Colombian Andes
    Nymsuque: Contemporary Muisca Indigenous Sounds in the Colombian Andes Beatriz Goubert Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2019 © 2019 Beatriz Goubert All rights reserved ABSTRACT Nymsuque: Contemporary Muisca Indigenous Sounds in the Colombian Andes Beatriz Goubert Muiscas figure prominently in Colombian national historical accounts as a worthy and valuable indigenous culture, comparable to the Incas and Aztecs, but without their architectural grandeur. The magnificent goldsmith’s art locates them on a transnational level as part of the legend of El Dorado. Today, though the population is small, Muiscas are committed to cultural revitalization. The 19th century project of constructing the Colombian nation split the official Muisca history in two. A radical division was established between the illustrious indigenous past exemplified through Muisca culture as an advanced, but extinct civilization, and the assimilation politics established for the indigenous survivors, who were considered degraded subjects to be incorporated into the national project as regular citizens (mestizos). More than a century later, and supported in the 1991’s multicultural Colombian Constitution, the nation-state recognized the existence of five Muisca cabildos (indigenous governments) in the Bogotá Plateau, two in the capital city and three in nearby towns. As part of their legal battle for achieving recognition and maintaining it, these Muisca communities started a process of cultural revitalization focused on language, musical traditions, and healing practices. Today’s Muiscas incorporate references from the colonial archive, archeological collections, and scholars’ interpretations of these sources into their contemporary cultural practices.
    [Show full text]
  • Detrital U–Pb Provenance, Mineralogy, and Geochemistry of the Cretaceous Colombian Back–Arc Basin
    Volume 2 Quaternary Chapter 8 Neogene https://doi.org/10.32685/pub.esp.36.2019.08 Detrital U–Pb Provenance, Mineralogy, and Published online 25 November 2020 Geochemistry of the Cretaceous Colombian Back–Arc Basin Paleogene Javier GUERRERO1* , Alejandra MEJÍA–MOLINA2 , and José OSORNO3 1 [email protected] Abstract The geology of the Cretaceous Colombian back–arc basin is reviewed con- Universidad Nacional de Colombia Cretaceous sidering detrital U–Pb provenance ages, mineralogy, and geochemistry of samples Sede Bogotá Departamento de Geociencias collected from outcrop sections and wells at several localities in the core of the Eastern Carrera 30 n.° 45–03 Bogotá, Colombia Cordillera, Middle Magdalena Valley, and Catatumbo areas. The data set supports previ- 2 [email protected] ous studies indicating a basin with main grabens in the present–day Eastern Cordillera Universidad Yachay Tech Hacienda Urcuquí s/n y Proyecto Yachay Jurassic between the Guaicáramo/Pajarito and Bituima/La Salina border faults, which operated Urcuquí, Ecuador as normal faults during the Cretaceous. Limestones are common on the western and 3 [email protected] Agencia Nacional de Hidrocarburos northern sides of the basin, whereas terrigenous strata predominate on the eastern Calle 26 n.° 59–65, segundo piso and southern sides. After the Berriasian, grabens were connected by marine flooding Bogotá, Colombia during the Valanginian, with two main source areas documented by distinct element * Corresponding author Triassic and mineral contents, one in the Central Cordillera magmatic arc and the other in the Guiana Shield. Some elements present in Lower Cretaceous shales, including scan- Supplementary Information: dium, vanadium, and beryllium, are not related to the sediment supply areas for the S: https://www2.sgc.gov.co/ LibroGeologiaColombia/tgc/ basin but instead are linked to Valanginian to Cenomanian hydrothermal activity and sgcpubesp36201908s.pdf Permian dikes of gabbro, diorite, and tonalite emplaced during the main phase of extension in the basin.
    [Show full text]
  • (EIA) for Forest First's Forestry Project in Puerto Carreño-Vichada
    Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for Forest First’s Forestry Project in Puerto Carreño-Vichada (Colombia) Table of Contents Table of Contents .................................................................................................................................................... i List of Figures ....................................................................................................................................................... viii List of Tables ......................................................................................................................................................... xiv 1 Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................................... 19 1.1 Concise project description ................................................................................................................. 23 1.1.1 Type of project ................................................................................................................................ 23 1.1.2 Location .......................................................................................................................................... 23 1.1.3 Justification ..................................................................................................................................... 26 1.1.4 Procedures, information collection, processing and analysis ......................................................... 32 1.1.5 Study’s
    [Show full text]