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La Social-Démocratie Allemande Et La Question Polonaise Au Cours De La Première Guerre Mondiale

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La Social-Démocratie Allemande Et La Question Polonaise Au Cours De La Première Guerre Mondiale La chimère polonaise: La social-démocratie allemande et la Question polonaise au cours de la Première Guerre mondiale Mémoire Pier-Alexandre Doré Maîtrise en histoire - avec mémoire Maître ès arts (M.A.) Québec, Canada © Pier-Alexandre Doré, 2020 La chimère polonaise : La social-démocratie allemande et la Question polonaise au cours de la Première Guerre mondiale Mémoire Pier-Alexandre Doré Sous la direction de : Talbot Charles Imlay, directeur de recherche Résumé Héritée du XIXe siècle, la Question polonaise est l’un des enjeux majeurs des politiques intérieures de l’Empire allemand au tournant du siècle. Loin de s’avouer vaincue, la minorité nationale polonaise, marginalisée et ciblée par des politiques d’assimilation demeure un objet d’inquiétude qui s’amplifie avec la Première Guerre mondiale. Au milieu des tensions entre l’État allemand et ses citoyens polonais, le mouvement social-démocrate allemand intègre peu à peu les débats sociopolitiques concernant les problématiques polonaises de la Prusse-Orientale. Confrontés à des environnements politiques intérieurs et étrangers dépendant des affres de la guerre, les sociaux-démocrates peinent à imposer leurs visions sur l’avenir des communautés germano-polonaises. Les interventions étrangères répétées, l’implosion du mouvement social- démocrate, la Paix de Brest-Litovsk, les défaites militaires et les révolutions allemande et polonaises marquent finalement l’échec du programme polonais social-démocrate. À de nombreux égards, la Première Guerre mondiale et la gestion de la minorité nationale polonaise d’Allemagne souhaitée par les sociaux-démocrates marquent la fin d’un chapitre pour les relations polono-germaniques. À la conclusion du conflit, la défaite allemande et le nouveau gouvernement social-démocrate mettent la table vers des années de compétitions polono- germaniques qui s’observent par les nombreux conflits marquant les années de l’Entre-Deux- Guerres. ii Abstract Inherited from the 19th century, the Polish Question was one of the major challenges of the internal policies of the German Empire at the turn of the century. Far from admitting defeat, the Polish national minority, marginalized and targeted by assimilation policies, remains an object of concern which increases with the First World War. Amidst tensions between the German state and its Polish citizens, the German social democratic movement is gradually integrating socio-political debates concerning the Polish problems of East Prussia. Faced with domestic and foreign political environments dependent on the throes of war, the Social Democrats are struggling to impose their visions on the future of German-Polish communities. Repeated foreign interventions, the implosion of the social democratic movement, the Peace of Brest-Litovsk, military defeats and the German and Polish revolutions ultimately mark the failure of the German social democracy’s polish program. In many ways, the First World War and the management of the Polish national minority in Germany desired by the Social Democrats marked the end of a chapter for Polish-German relations. At the end of the conflict, the German defeat and the new social-democratic government set the stage for years of Polish- German competition, which can be seen in the numerous conflicts marking the years of the Interwar period. iii TABLE DES MATIÈRES RÉSUMÉ .................................................................................................................................................... II ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................................... III REMERCIEMENTS ................................................................................................................................. VI INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................... 1 PROBLÉMATIQUE ............................................................................................................................................ 5 JUSTIFICATION HISTORIOGRAPHIQUE .............................................................................................................. 6 1. QUESTIONS CONSTITUTIONNELLES ALLEMANDES ............................................................. 7 1.1. QUESTION NATIONALE EN ALLEMAGNE ............................................................................................. 7 1.2. CONSTRUCTION ET COEXISTENCE DES IDENTITÉS NATIONALES ALLEMANDE ET POLONAISE .............. 7 1.1. PARLEMENTARISATION ...................................................................................................................... 9 1.1.1. Pratique de la politique .......................................................................................................... 10 1.1.2. Périodisation « 1914 » ........................................................................................................... 11 2. PARCOURS DES SOCIAUX-DÉMOCRATES PENDANT LA GUERRE ................................... 11 1.2.1. Buts de guerre ................................................................................................................................ 14 1.2.2. Tensions SPD-USPD ..................................................................................................................... 15 1.2.3. Abandon de l’orthodoxie marxiste et conflits ................................................................................ 16 1.2.4. Critique des radicaux et impérialisme social ................................................................................ 17 1.2.5. Paradoxe et buts de guerre ............................................................................................................ 19 1.2.6. Réponse aux critiques des radicaux ............................................................................................... 20 1.2.7. Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................... 22 MÉTHODOLOGIE & CORPUS DE SOURCES ...................................................................................................... 23 UNE QUESTION AUX MULTIPLES FACETTES ................................................................................................... 28 CHAPITRE 1 : VERS UN NOUVEAU DOPPELADLER? ..................................................................... 31 LES POLONAIS D’ALLEMAGNE ET LA STABILITÉ ALLEMANDE....................................................................... 31 ASSIMILATION ET CONTRE-ASSIMILATION : LE GOUVERNEMENT IMPÉRIAL ET LA MINORITÉ NATIONALE POLONAISE .................................................................................................................................................... 32 LES POLONAIS D’ALLEMAGNE ET LES SOCIAUX-DÉMOCRATES : UNE COOPÉRATION GRANDISSANTE OU OPPORTUNISTE? ............................................................................................................................................ 33 POLONISATION ET RÉVISIONNISME................................................................................................................ 37 CHAPITRE 2 : POUVOIR ET CONTRE-POUVOIR : LA « CROISADE POLONAISE » .................. 44 LÉGITIMER LA DÉFENSE NATIONALE PAR LA DÉFAITE DU TSARISME............................................................. 45 RÉACTION ET CONTRE-RÉACTION : UNE LOYAUTÉ À ACHETER? ................................................................... 51 MANIFESTE AU PEUPLE POLONAIS ................................................................................................................. 53 OCCUPATION DE LA GALICIE : PREUVES DE LA MAUVAISE FOI DES RUSSES.................................................. 56 LE FRONT INTÉRIEUR POLONAIS DANS L’EMPIRE .......................................................................................... 62 SOLUTION RUSSO-POLONAISE ET LA RÉPONSE SOCIALE-DÉMOCRATE ........................................................... 64 DU SIÈGE À L’OCCUPATION ........................................................................................................................... 75 CHAPITRE 3: « ES LEBE EIN FREIES UND UNABHÄNGIGES POLEN! » ..................................... 80 PROCLAMATION DES DEUX EMPEREURS; L’ACTE DU 5 NOVEMBRE 1916 ...................................................... 82 RÉSOLUTION DE PAIX DU REICHSTAG JUILLET 1917 ..................................................................................... 89 CONGRÈS SOCIALISTE DE STOCKHOLM ......................................................................................................... 92 iv CHAPITRE 4 : LE DÉLUGE .................................................................................................................. 98 BREST-LITOVSK ET LES KRIEGSZIELSFRÄGEN .............................................................................................. 101 OPPOSITION MSPD ET USPD : LES TERRITOIRES POLONAIS DE L’EMPIRE ET LE SCHISME DE 1917 ........... 104 BREST-LITOVSK : TOURNANT DU PROJET POLONAIS DES SOCIAUX-DÉMOCRATES ALLEMANDS .................. 105 OSTMARKEN/BORDERLAND ......................................................................................................................... 108 LA POLOGNE « IMPÉRIALE » ET LA QUESTION POLONAISE ALLEMANDE ..................................................... 111 LA POLOGNE COMME PROJET COLONIAL ALLEMAND .................................................................................
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