The World War I

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The World War I Liceo Scientifico Statale “Niccolò Copernico” Pavia THE WORLD WAR I Project CLIL (Content and Language Integrated Learning) Class 5^C and Prof. Monica Migliorini Years 2016-2017 Class 5^C Project: CLIL 2 Chierico & Codena CHAPTERS WHAT EVENTS LED TO WORLD WAR I? Pag. 4-5 (Chierico & Codena) HOW DID THE WAR BREAK OUT? Pag. 6-7 (Merighi & Pacchiarini) THE FRONTS Pag. 8-9-10-11 (Bossio & Decanis) ITALY BEFORE WORLD WAR I Pag. 12-13 (Bergamaschi & Dordolo) ITALY IN WORLD WAR I Pag. 14-15-16 (Paravella, Tarantola & Zhegra) RUSSIA IN WORLD WAR I Pag. 17-18-19 (Giretti & Giorgio) HOW DID THE WAR END? Pag. 20-21-22-23 (Bianchini & Duse) HOW WEAPONS CHANGED DURING WORLD WAR I? Pag. 24-25-26-27 (Moscardini & Restelli) Class 5^C: Bergamaschi Andrea, Bianchini Riccardo, Bossio Davide, Chierico Daniele, Codena Beatrice, Decanis Alessandro, Dordolo Luca, Duse Maddalena, Giretti Alex, Giorgio Ettore, Merighi Filippo, Moscardini Marta, Pacchiarini Luca, Paravella Ottavia, Restelli Andrea, Tarantola Greta, Zhegra Alba. Professor and Coordinator: Monica Migliorini Class 5^C Project: CLIL 4 WHAT EVENTS LED TO WORLD WAR I? There were many factors that led up to the start of World War I in Europe: a lot of these factors were rooted in the deep history of the old powers of Europe (including Russia, Germany, France, Italy, Austria, Hungary, and Britain) but the real causes of World War I included politics, secret alliances, imperialism, and nationalistic pride. However, there was one single event, the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand of Austria, which started a chain of events leading to war. GERMAN IMPERIALISM Some of the origins of World War I can be seen in the results of the Franco-Prussian War in 1870–71 and the concurrent Unification of Germany. Germany had won decisively and established a powerful Empire, while France went into chaos and military decline for years. A legacy of hostility grew between France and Germany following the German annexation of Alsace-Lorraine, which caused widespread resentment in France, giving rise to the desire for revenge. Through his policy, Bismarck kept a balance (of power) among European nations that had weakened Germany, but when the chancellor was replaced, a new economical policy, known as Neu Kour, was introduced. This policy promoted the exportation and the conquest of foreign markets through an economic strategy, called dumping. BRITISH ALIGNMENT TOWARDS FRANCE AND RUSSIA 1898–1907: THE TRIPLE ENTENTE Britain abandoned “Splendid Isolation”, the policy of holding aloof from the continental powers and concluded agreements, limited to colonial affairs, with her two major colonial rivals, the Entente Cordiale with France in 1904 and the Anglo-Russian Entente of 1907. Some historians see Britain's alignment as a reaction to the German foreign policy and the buildup of its navy from 1898, which led to the Anglo-German naval arms race. Other argue that Britain chose France and Russia over Germany because Germany was a too weak ally to provide an effective counterbalance to the other powers. FIRST MOROCCAN CRISIS, 1905–06: STRENGHTENING THE ENTENTE Chierico & Codena 5 The First Moroccan Crisis was an international crisis between March 1905 and May 1906 over the status of Morocco. The crisis worsened German relations with both United Kingdom and France, which had obtained the protectorate of the Morocco, and helped ensure the success of the new Anglo-French Entente Cordiale. SECOND MOROCCAN CRISIS, 1911: THE HOLDS AGAIN The Second Moroccan Crisis or Agadir Crisis began when France brought troops into Morocco to prevent rebellion. On July 1911 Germany sent a gunboat, called Panther, to the port of Agadir in Morocco to scare France. Her intent was to separate the alliance between France and Great Britain and to maintain Germany as a strong European power. The result was that France would be allowed to continue her activity in Morocco without Germany intervening and Germany got parts of the French Congo in Africa. BALKAN WARS The Balkan Wars of 1912–1913 increased international tension between the Russian Empire and Austria-Hungary. It strengthened Serbia and weakened the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria. Russia initially agreed to avoid territorial changes, but later in 1912 supported Serbia's demand for an Albanian port. After an international conference in 1912–1913 it was agreed to create an independent Albania; at the beginning, Serbia refused to comply but finally it backed down. Serbia and Greece allied against Bulgaria, which responded with a preemptive strike against their forces, beginning the Second Balkan War. The Bulgarian army crumbled quickly when Turkey and Romania joined the war. Chierico & Codena 6 HOW DID THE WAR BREAK OUT? ASSASSINATION OF ARCHDUKE FRANZ FERDINAND Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand, a great friend of Kaiser Wilhelm of Germany, met with him in mid-June 1914 to discuss the tense situation in the Balkans. Two weeks later, on June 28, Franz Ferdinand and his wife, Sophie, were in Sarajevo to inspect the imperial armed forces in Bosnia- Herzegovina. When 19-year-old Gavrilo Princip and his fellow members of the nationalist Young Bosnia movement learned of the archduke’s planned visit, they took action: supplied with weapons by a Serbian terrorist organization called the Black Hand, Princip and his cohorts travelled to Sarajevo in time for the archduke’s visit. The royal couple was touring the city in an open car, with surprisingly little security; one of the nationalists threw a bomb at their car, but it rolled off the back of the vehicle, wounding an army officer and some bystanders. Later that day, the imperial car took a wrong turn near where Princip happened to be standing. Seeing his chance, Princip fired into the car, shooting Franz Ferdinand and Sophie at point-blank range. He then turned the gun on himself, but was tackled by a mob of bystanders who restrained him until the police arrived. The archduke and his wife were rushed away to seek medical attention, but both died within the hour. FIRST STEPS TOWARDS THE WAR In order to maintain its credibility as a force in the Balkan region (let alone its status as a great power), Austria-Hungary needed to enforce its authority in the face of such an insolent crime. However, with the threat of Russian intervention looming and its army unprepared for a large-scale war, it required Germany’s help to back up its words with force. Emperor Franz Josef wrote a personal letter to Kaiser Wilhelm requesting his support, and on July 6 German Chancellor Theobald Bethmann Hollweg informed Austrian representatives that Vienna had Germany’s full support. On July 23, the Austro- Hungarian ambassador to Serbia delivered an ultimatum: The Serbian government had to take steps to wipe out terrorist organizations within its borders, suppress anti-Austrian propaganda and accept an independent investigation by the Austro-Hungarian government into Franz Ferdinand’s assassination, or face military action. Merighi & Pacchiarini 7 These are five of the ten points of the Serbian Ultimatum: The Royal Serbian Government will furthermore pledge itself: 1. to suppress every publication which shall incite to hatred and contempt of the Monarchy, and the general tendency of which shall be directed against the territorial integrity of the latter; 4. to remove from the military and administrative service in general all officers and officials who have been guilty of carrying on the propaganda against Austria-Hungary, 5. to agree to the cooperation in Serbia of the organs of the Imperial and Royal Government in the suppression of the subversive movement directed against the integrity of the Monarchy; 6. to institute a judicial inquiry against every participant in the conspiracy of the twenty-eighth of June who may be found in Serbian territory 10. to inform the Imperial and Royal Government without delay of the execution of the measures comprised in the foregoing points. After Serbia appealed to Russia for help, the Tzar’s government began moving towards mobilization of its army, believing that Germany was using the crisis as an excuse to launch a preventive war in the Balkans. Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia on July 28. On August 1, after hearing news of Russia’s general mobilization, Germany declared war on Russia. The German army then launched its attack on Russia’s ally, France, through Belgium, violating Belgian neutrality and bringing Great Britain into the war as well. Merighi & Pacchiarini 8 THE FRONTS EASTERN FRONT The Eastern Front, one of the main theaters of battles of the First World War, opens on August 6, 1914, when Austria-Hungary declares war on Russia. The latter will invade East Prussia a few days later, on August 17. The Russian attack, also facilitated by the advance towards Paris that committed the Germans to the other side, and from an unexpected rapidity of general mobilization, culminated successfully on 19- 20 August, when the Russians got their first win at Gumbinnen. The defeated sides then decided to strengthen their presence in the East, recalling divisions from the Western Front and, due to good logistics management of the railways, could in a few days concentrate the forces under the command of General von Hindenburg, defeating the Russians heavily in Tannenberg, between August 27 and August 30, and the Masurian Lakes, between September 9 and September 14, resulting in the Russian retreat from the Prussian territory. Following these two victories, the German army gained the occupation of Poland. Bossio & Decanis 9 Meanwhile the Russians were launching, one after the other, three offensives against the Austro- Hungarians on the Galician front, in September and October-November 1914 and March-April 1915, obtaining several victories and advancing deep into enemy territory without being unable to resolve the conflict.
Recommended publications
  • World War I Concept Learning Outline Objectives
    AP European History: Period 4.1 Teacher’s Edition World War I Concept Learning Outline Objectives I. Long-term causes of World War I 4.1.I.A INT-9 A. Rival alliances: Triple Alliance vs. Triple Entente SP-6/17/18 1. 1871: The balance of power of Europe was upset by the decisive Prussian victory in the Franco-Prussian War and the creation of the German Empire. a. Bismarck thereafter feared French revenge and negotiated treaties to isolate France. b. Bismarck also feared Russia, especially after the Congress of Berlin in 1878 when Russia blamed Germany for not gaining territory in the Balkans. 2. In 1879, the Dual Alliance emerged: Germany and Austria a. Bismarck sought to thwart Russian expansion. b. The Dual Alliance was based on German support for Austria in its struggle with Russia over expansion in the Balkans. c. This became a major feature of European diplomacy until the end of World War I. 3. Triple Alliance, 1881: Italy joined Germany and Austria Italy sought support for its imperialistic ambitions in the Mediterranean and Africa. 4. Russian-German Reinsurance Treaty, 1887 a. It promised the neutrality of both Germany and Russia if either country went to war with another country. b. Kaiser Wilhelm II refused to renew the reinsurance treaty after removing Bismarck in 1890. This can be seen as a huge diplomatic blunder; Russia wanted to renew it but now had no assurances it was safe from a German invasion. France courted Russia; the two became allies. Germany, now out of necessity, developed closer ties to Austria.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 8 – the First World War
    Chapter 8 – The First World War Section Notes Video A World Crisis The First World War The United States in World War I Maps The Home Front Alliances, 1914 Peace without Victory World War I, 1914 – 1917 World War I, 1917 – 1918 History Close-up Europe and the Middle East, 1915 Fighting in the Trenches Europe and the Middle East, 1919 Quick Facts Images Major Battles Wilson Campaign Truck Wilson’s Fourteen Points and Harlem Hell Fighters the Treaty of Versailles War Bonds Visual Summary: The First Infantry Troops in France World War A World Crisis The Main Idea Rivalries among European nations led to the outbreak of war in 1914. Reading Focus • What were the causes of World War I? • How did the war break out? • Why did the war quickly reach a stalemate? Sparks of World War I • In 1912 a Bosnian teenager named Gavrilo Pincip joined the Black Hand terrorist organization, which wanted to free Bosnia-Herzegovina from Austro-Hungarian rule. • This group plotted to assassinate Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria on his visit to Sarajevo, Bosnia. • On June 28, 1914, Princip fatally shot the archduke and his wife. • 3,000 miles away, most Americans cared little about the murder. • Still, most of Europe plunged into war within five weeks. • Long before Princip even fired a shot, political changes in Europe made war almost unavoidable. • By 1914 Europe was ripe for war. Conditions in Europe in 1914 Nationalism Imperialism Militarism • Extreme pride people • The policy of • Other nations were feel for their country military also trying to preparedness • Struggle for power expand, and this • Germany built a was visible in the quest for colonial strong navy to rival Balkans, a European empires is known Britain’s region with many as imperialism.
    [Show full text]
  • The Purpose of the First World War War Aims and Military Strategies Schriften Des Historischen Kollegs
    The Purpose of the First World War War Aims and Military Strategies Schriften des Historischen Kollegs Herausgegeben von Andreas Wirsching Kolloquien 91 The Purpose of the First World War War Aims and Military Strategies Herausgegeben von Holger Afflerbach An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libra- ries working with Knowledge Unlatched. KU is a collaborative initiative designed to make high quality books Open Access. More information about the initiative can be found at www.knowledgeunlatched.org Schriften des Historischen Kollegs herausgegeben von Andreas Wirsching in Verbindung mit Georg Brun, Peter Funke, Karl-Heinz Hoffmann, Martin Jehne, Susanne Lepsius, Helmut Neuhaus, Frank Rexroth, Martin Schulze Wessel, Willibald Steinmetz und Gerrit Walther Das Historische Kolleg fördert im Bereich der historisch orientierten Wissenschaften Gelehrte, die sich durch herausragende Leistungen in Forschung und Lehre ausgewiesen haben. Es vergibt zu diesem Zweck jährlich bis zu drei Forschungsstipendien und zwei Förderstipendien sowie alle drei Jahre den „Preis des Historischen Kollegs“. Die Forschungsstipendien, deren Verleihung zugleich eine Auszeichnung für die bisherigen Leis- tungen darstellt, sollen den berufenen Wissenschaftlern während eines Kollegjahres die Möglich- keit bieten, frei von anderen Verpflichtungen eine größere Arbeit abzuschließen. Professor Dr. Hol- ger Afflerbach (Leeds/UK) war – zusammen mit Professor Dr. Paul Nolte (Berlin), Dr. Martina Steber (London/UK) und Juniorprofessor Simon Wendt (Frankfurt am Main) – Stipendiat des Historischen Kollegs im Kollegjahr 2012/2013. Den Obliegenheiten der Stipendiaten gemäß hat Holger Afflerbach aus seinem Arbeitsbereich ein Kolloquium zum Thema „Der Sinn des Krieges. Politische Ziele und militärische Instrumente der kriegführenden Parteien von 1914–1918“ vom 21.
    [Show full text]
  • Revolution in Real Time: the Russian Provisional Government, 1917
    ODUMUNC 2020 Crisis Brief Revolution in Real Time: The Russian Provisional Government, 1917 ODU Model United Nations Society Introduction seventy-four years later. The legacy of the Russian Revolution continues to be keenly felt The Russian Revolution began on 8 March 1917 to this day. with a series of public protests in Petrograd, then the Winter Capital of Russia. These protests But could it have gone differently? Historians lasted for eight days and eventually resulted in emphasize the contingency of events. Although the collapse of the Russian monarchy, the rule of history often seems inventible afterwards, it Tsar Nicholas II. The number of killed and always was anything but certain. Changes in injured in clashes with the police and policy choices, in the outcome of events, government troops in the initial uprising in different players and different accidents, lead to Petrograd is estimated around 1,300 people. surprising outcomes. Something like the Russian Revolution was extremely likely in 1917—the The collapse of the Romanov dynasty ushered a Romanov Dynasty was unable to cope with the tumultuous and violent series of events, enormous stresses facing the country—but the culminating in the Bolshevik Party’s seizure of revolution itself could have ended very control in November 1917 and creation of the differently. Soviet Union. The revolution saw some of the most dramatic and dangerous political events the Major questions surround the Provisional world has ever known. It would affect much Government that struggled to manage the chaos more than Russia and the ethnic republics Russia after the Tsar’s abdication.
    [Show full text]
  • Northern European Overture to War, 1939–1941 History of Warfare
    Northern European Overture to War, 1939–1941 History of Warfare Editors Kelly DeVries Loyola University Maryland John France University of Wales, Swansea Michael S. Neiberg United States Army War College, Pennsylvania Frederick Schneid High Point University, North Carolina VOLUME 87 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/hw Northern European Overture to War, 1939–1941 From Memel to Barbarossa Edited by Michael H. Clemmesen Marcus S. Faulkner LEIDEN • BOSTON 2013 Cover illustration: David Low cartoon on the Nazi-Soviet alliance published in Picture Post, 21 Oct 1939. Courtesy of Solo Syndication and the British Cartoon Archive. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Northern European overture to war, 1939–1941 : from Memel to Barbarossa / edited by Michael H. Clemmesen, Marcus S. Faulkner. pages cm. -- (History of warfare, ISSN 1385–7827 ; volume 87) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-24908-0 (hardback : acid-free paper) -- ISBN 978-90-04-24909-7 (e-book) 1. World War, 1939–1945--Campaigns--Europe, Northern. 2. World War, 1939–1945--Campaigns--Scandinavia. 3. World War, 1939–1945--Naval operations. 4. Baltic Sea--History, Naval--20th century. 5. World War, 1939–1945--Diplomatic history. 6. Europe, Northern--Strategic aspects. 7. Scandinavia--Strategic aspects. 8. Baltic Sea Region--Strategic aspects. I. Clemmesen, Michael Hesselholt, 1944- II. Faulkner, Marcus. D756.3.N67 2013 940.54’21--dc23 2013002994 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, IPA, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.com/brill-typeface.
    [Show full text]
  • Sample Pages
    ON I T C ASE IDEOLOGY AND CONFLICT What impact did the treaties which concluded World War I have on nations and people? PAGES What were the dominantSAMPLE ideologies of the period? What impact did the post-war treaties, the development of ideologies and the economic crisis have on the events leading to World War II? TWENE TI TH CENTURY 1: BETWEEN THE WARS 1 SNAPSHOT KEY POINTS INTRODUCTION THE WORLD BEFORE 1914 SOURCE 2 • At the start of the twentieth On 20 May 1910, the gun carriage HistORIAN BARbaRA TUCHMAN REFLects ON THE Death century, vast areas of the world Barbara Tuchman: ‘The muffled tongue of Big Ben tolled bearing the coffin of King Edward OF KING EDWARD VII were part of European empires. nine by the clock as the cortege left the palace, but VII of the United Kingdom of There was a general sense as of an anchor slipping away and of a recognized order • In 1914, Britain had 55 colonial of things gone. People somehow felt that the familiar royal bulk had stood between on history’s clock it was sunset, and the sun of the Great Britain and Ireland was territories; France 29; the taken from Buckingham Palace England and change, between England and outside menaces ... When he died people old world was setting in a dying blaze of splendor Netherlands 21; and Germany 10. expected times would now get worse. “I always felt,” said one Edwardian, “that he to Westminster Hall. The funeral kept things together somehow.’” 1 never to be seen again.’ • Germany was a relative procession marked a significant Barbara Tuchman, The Proud Tower: A portrait of the world before the war 1890–1914, latecomer to European power, moment in history, one of the (Papermac, 1966), 391.
    [Show full text]
  • “Ełk - a History Driven by Trains” - Exhibition Scenario
    “Ełk - a history driven by trains” - Exhibition Scenario Date: June - October 2019 Historical Museum in Ełk, ul. Wąski Tor 1 1. “Long Middle Ages” The settlement, out of which Ełk developed, was founded in 1425 near a guardhouse built around 1398 - later to become a castle. The inhabitants lived according to the rhythm of the changing seasons. People of the Middle Ages were dependent on nature. Existence was conditioned by favourable (or not) natural factors such as good harvest or famine, floods, fires, and severe winters. People lived in constant fear of potential epidemics or diseases resulting from malnutrition or poor hygiene. No machines existed to improve tillage. The economy depended on the strength of human and animal muscles. Faith in miracles and supernatural powers was widespread. The end of the Middle Ages is traditionally marked in the second half of the 15th century. The events that would give rise to a new era included the invention of printing in 1452 and the fall of Constantinople in 1453. However, did these factors influence the life of the inhabitants of Ełk and Prussia (in which the town was located at the time)? People kept using the same tools and animals in farming. The population was constantly at risk of hunger and diseases, about which almost nothing was known and for which practically no medicines existed. Historic turning points, such as the invention of printing, only impacted the lives of the few elite of society in those times. The average person lived the same way in the year 1400 as in 1700.
    [Show full text]
  • East Prussia ‘14
    Designer Notes: East Prussia ‘14 In the middle of August 1914, the world's attention was focused directly on the Western Front where German armies were sweeping into Belgium and France. On the Eastern Front however, the Russians were on the offensive into East Prussia, an important agricultural region of the Prussian homeland, and the gateway to Berlin. The Russians planned a two pronged invasion into East Prussia: one army approaching from the Niemen River to the east and one army approaching from the Narew River to the south, both aimed at outflanking German forces located therein, and the eventual capture of the strategic city of Königsberg. In their way stood a single German army, two resolute commanders, and a well developed rail network. By the time the campaign was over both Russian armies would be almost completely destroyed and thrown out of East Prussia and the campaign itself would go on to become one of the most studied and celebrated victories in warfare. Table of Contents Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 5 The Belligerents ................................................................................................................. 7 The German Army .......................................................................................................... 7 Summary of Capabilities............................................................................................. 7 Organization ...............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • 2018 • Vol. 2 • No. 2
    THE JOURNAL OF REGIONAL HISTORY The world of the historian: ‘The 70th anniversary of Boris Petelin’ Online scientific journal 2018 Vol. 2 No. 2 Cherepovets 2018 Publication: 2018 Vol. 2 No. 2 JUNE. Issued four times a year. FOUNDER: Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education ‘Cherepovets State University’ The mass media registration certificate is issued by the Federal Service for Supervi- sion of Communications, Information Technology and Mass Media (Roskomnadzor). Эл №ФС77-70013 dated 31.05.2017 EDITOR-IN-CHIEF: O.Y. Solodyankina, Doctor of Historical Sciences (Cherepovets State University) DEPUTY EDITORS-IN-CHIEF: A.N. Egorov, Doctor of Historical Sciences (Cherepovets State University) E.A. Markov, Doctor of Political Sciences (Cherepovets State University) B.V. Petelin, Doctor of Historical Sciences (Cherepovets State University) A.L. Kuzminykh, Doctor of Historical Sciences (Vologda Institute of Law and Economics, Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia) EDITOR: N.G. MELNIKOVA COMPUTER DESIGN LAYOUT: M.N. AVDYUKHOVA EXECUTIVE EDITOR: N.A. TIKHOMIROVA (8202) 51-72-40 PROOFREADER (ENGLISH): N. KONEVA, PhD, MITI, DPSI, SFHEA (King’s College London, UK) Address of the publisher, editorial office and printing-office: 162600 Russia, Vologda region, Cherepovets, Prospekt Lunacharskogo, 5. OPEN PRICE ISSN 2587-8352 Online media 12 standard published sheets Publication: 15.06.2018 © Federal State Budgetary Educational 1 Format 60 84 /8. Institution of Higher Education Font style Times. ‘Cherepovets State University’, 2018 Contents Strelets М. B.V. Petelin: Scientist, educator and citizen ............................................ 4 RESEARCH Evdokimova Т. Walter Rathenau – a man ahead of time ............................................ 14 Ermakov A. ‘A blood czar of Franconia’: Gauleiter Julius Streicher ......................
    [Show full text]
  • 2018 MS NHBB National Bowl Round 8
    2018 NHBB Middle School National Bowl 2017-2018 Round 8 Round 8 First Quarter (1) This man argued that \history repeats itself, first as tragedy, then as farce" and he panned religion as the \opiate of the masses" in his critique of Hegel's philosophy. This man declared that a \spectre is haunting Europe" and argued that all capitalist societies would eventually fall in his most famous work, co-authored with Friedrich Engels. For ten points, name this author of the Communist Manifesto. ANSWER: Karl Marx (2) This humanitarian established a Missing Soldiers office in Gallery Place that was \lost" for over 100 years. The first international office of an organization founded by this woman was established in the aftermath of the Hamidian massacre. Benjamin Butler appointed this person as the \lady in charge" of the hospitals for the Army of the James. For ten points, name this nurse who founded the American Red Cross. ANSWER: Clara Barton (3) This dynasty legendarily began when Ku's wife stepped into a giant footprint left by Shangdi. This dynasty's government gradually became weaker during the Spring and Autumn period in its final years. It created the Mandate of Heaven to justify its rule, the longest of any Chinese dynasty. For ten points, name this dynasty that eventually fell apart at the start of the Warring States period. ANSWER: Zhou dynasty (4) This battle resulted in the suicide of Alexander Samsonov after the encirclement of the Second Army. Despite being fought near Allenstein, this battle was renamed to evoke the sense of avenging a 1410 defeat of the Teutonic Knights.
    [Show full text]
  • Cittaslow Cities Varmia Masuria Powiśle
    quality of life CITTASLOW CITIES VARMIA MASURIA POWIŚLE www.cittaslowpolska.pl Mamonowo Gronowo Grzechotki Bagrationowsk Braniewo RUS Żeleznodorożnyj Bezledy Gołdap Gołdap Zalew wiślany Górowo Iławeckie PODLASKIE Pieniężno Bartoszyce Węgorzewo ELBLĄG Korsze Lidzbark Orneta Warmiński Bisztynek Kętrzyn Giżycko Pasłęk Reszel Olecko POMORSKIE Dobre Miasto Jeziorany Ryn Morąg Biskupiec Mrągowo EŁK Orzysz Mikołajki Barczewo OLSZTYN Ostróda Olsztyn Pisz Ruciane-Nida Biała Piska Iława Olsztynek Warszawa Szczytno Lubawa Kolno Nowe Miasto Lubawskie MAZOWIECKIE KU AJ WS Nidzica K O-POMORSKIE Lidzbark Welski Brodnica Działdowo Warmińsko-Mazurskie Voivodeship OSTROŁ¢KA VARMIA MASURIA POWIŚLE MASURIA VARMIA CITTASLOW CITIES CITTASLOW www.cittaslowpolska.pl Olsztyn 2014 TABLE OF CONTENTS INVITATION Invitation 3 There are many beautiful, vibrant tourist destinations in the Why Cittaslow? 4 world. There are, however, also many places where there are not so many tourists. In today’s big world, we are busy and restless, Attractions of Varmia, Masuria and Powiśle 6 chasing time to meet the most important needs. But there are, however, places where life seems to be calmer, where there is more Cittaslow Cities time for reflection. They are small towns located mostly away from main roads, away from big industry and sometimes from the surfeit Barczewo 10 of modernity. Today, when money makes our world go round, when work Biskupiec 15 takes most of our time, we often want to escape to an oasis of peace and tranquility, where life is slower. This is reflected in our Bisztynek 20 various actions: working in big cities – we want to live outside them, working on weekdays – we want to spend weekends close to Dobre Miasto 26 nature, working in noise – we want peace.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 16 World War I and Its Aftermath
    Chapter WWorldorld WWarar I aandnd Its Aftermath 1914 –1920 SECTION 1 The United States Enters World War I SECTION 2 The Home Front SECTION 3 A Bloody Conflict SECTION 4 The War’s Impact American soldiers fire on German positions during the Battle of the Argonne Forest, 1918 Wilson 1913–1921 1915 1917 • German submarine • U.S. enters the war sinks the Lusitania • Selective Service Act passed U.S. PRESIDENTS U.S. EVENTS 1914 1916 WORLD EVENTS 1914 1916 1917 • Franz Ferdinand • Battle of Verdun begins • Bolshevik Revolution assassinated; war in February begins in October begins in Europe • Battle of the Somme begins in July 546 Chapter 16 World War I and Its Aftermath 5546_547_C16_CO_874521-7.indd46_547_C16_CO_874521-7.indd 554646 33/27/07/27/07 99:29:59:29:59 PPMM MAKING CONNECTIONS Why Do Nations Go to War? World War I was the fi rst time in American history that the United States sent troops to fi ght in Europe. This deci- sion ended the long-standing policy of remaining neutral in Europe’s wars. • Why do you think the United States changed its policy and sent troops to Europe? • Do you think it was a diffi cult decision? Organizing Information As you read the 1918 chapter, write information under each tab, listing • Congress passes Sedition Act 1919 1920 which country is in the alliance, why it joined • Armistice ends fighting on • Race riots and strikes take • Red scare and the alliance, or what November 11 place in Northern cities Palmer Raids reasons it had for disagreeing with iÌÀ> i` *ÜiÀÃ the countries in the *ÜiÀÃ 1918 1920 opposing alliance.
    [Show full text]