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Cultural Integrity and Marginality Along the South Fork of the Salmon River, Idaho by S.J

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Cultural Integrity and Marginality Along the South Fork of the Salmon River, Idaho by S.J AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF S. J. Rebillet for the degree of Master of Arts in Interdiscipli- nary Studies in Anthropology, Anthropology, and History presented on May 2, 1983. Title: Cultural Integrity and Marginality Along the Sourth Fork of the Salmon River, Idaho Redacted for Privacy Abstract approved: Dr. Thomas C. Hogg t This work examines the varied populations which have inha- bited the South Fork region from prehistoric times to the present. It disclosed that even though almost nc archaeology has been done in the area, data from contiguous regions suggest that persistent and careful archaeological investigation should reveal valuable and informative sites dating back at least as far as the oldest sites currently known in Idaho. This work also shows that, notwithstanding basic ethnic differences, a temporal continuum of over 12,000 years, and the fact of an isolated mountain habitat, various human populations did not live marginal existences dependent upon periodic excur- sions outside the mountain area. Rather, their lives were com- fortable, satisfying, and amply provided for year round from within their mountain habitat. Various populations maintained an overall, preferred cultural emphasis on positive isolation- ism which permeated their distinct cultures and affected in a similar manner their relationships and dealings with outsiders, whether these outsiders were culturally similar or culturally different in origin from themselves. o Copyright by S. J. Rebillet May 2, 1983 All Rights Reserved Cultural Integrity and Marginality Along the South Fork of the Salmon River, Idaho by S.J. Rebiliet A THESIS submitted to Oregon State University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Interdisciplinary Studies Completed May 2, 1983 Commencement June 1983 APPROVED: Redacted for Privacy Professor of Anthropology in cge of major Redacted for Privacy Associate Professor of Anthropology in charge of co-field Redacted for Privacy Professor of History in charge of co-field Redacted for Privacy Chairman of department of Anthropology Redacted for Privacy Dean of Graduate hool Date thesis is presented May 2, 1983 Typed by Pamela Walker and Sue Cruse for S. J. Rebiliet DEDICATION To my family: Pam, whose good cheer, encouragement and companionship have kept me going even--and especially- - through the rough spots; Jill and Katy--daughers of the back- country, who aren't sure just what all this fuss has been about but who figure that time will give it all some meaning. and To Dr. Thomas C. Hogg who by living anthropology day in and day out has taught me the real meaning of my profession. His hours of advice and encouragement have certainly made this a document I can feel proud of. and finally To the South Fork and all us savages who have ever called it Home. ACKNOW LEDGEMENTS During the course of this project,I have recieved many kinds of help from many people. Eachin its own way, was invaluable to me. It isnow the "ninth hour"and for any person whose name may not appear here, I doask pardon. As I am sure many others have been before, this list willunfortunately be incomplete; but my sincere gratitudegoes out to all persons named and un-named whose kindnessI here acknowledge. First and foremost, I must thankthose two spartan ladies who--puttuing aside theirown busy lives- -typed this document in five short days: Sue Cruse and Pam Walker. Theirbeing my Mom and companion inno way diminishes the task they have done. All the members ofmy comittee in one way and another have not only aided but encouragedme along the way. Dr. Tom McClintock initially encouragedme to see Dr. Merle Wells, of the Idaho State Historical Societywho subsequently providedme with both the opportunity and thegrant to research this project. Dr. David Brauner's patience, adviceand assistance at all stages of the archaeological work enabledme to accomplish that stage of the work with assurance. And finally, I had the great good fortune to be able to do this workunder the auspices of Dr. Thomas C. Hogg. Outside of my own department,a great many people here at Oregon State have helped inone way or another. Some of those people are: Joyce Greiner, Al and SallyWong, Nat Clark, Harriet Sisson, Joy Mills, Russ Dix, Roger Frichette,Susannah Tenney, and Mrs. M. Meehan, to namea few. A very special thanks goes to thosewonderful ladies at our OSU Copy Center, Mo, Susan, and Karen and theirco-workers. They have greatly aidedme along every step of the way. The same is true of Mimi Hjersman at theGraduate Students' office whose advice was often above and beyond thecall of duty. Isaac and Debra Barner have beeninvaluable allies through- out in many phases of this job.Besides being close freinds, they have helped me to bridgemy gap between archaeology and cultural anthropology. This is no mean feat. Terry and Edith Hope of Boise,Idaho gave me not only their gracious hospitality during muchof my field work, butmany wonderful hours of just "kickingthe ideas around." Edgar and Molly Haarhoff, also of Boise,also extended their hospitality and freindship tome. Besides the valued old freinds inIdaho, I must expressmy gratitude to all the new friends Imade during my field work-- namely, my "informants." They were many, and to all ofthem I am doubly grateful for having made thisa "living" document. One of those people wasno longer in Idaho, but in Albuquerque, New Mexico--Mr. Lavelle Thompson. Mr. Thompson is "special" for two reasons: first, we both sharedthe same fine experience of having lived and workedon the original Smith Ranch, although at a difference of 30years in time. And second, being a current resident of Albuquerque, andexpressing a des'ire to visit withme about this project, gaveme the opportunity of taking my Dad along on what would have been a tedious trip ofsome 2,500 miles, and reuniting him with my uncles after 25years. The whole trip was one exciting experience! Yvonne Smith helped with the photographyby doing both the close-up shoths and developing the blackand whites for me. And our neighbors Tamar and Pam helped out immensly inthese last hectic days in numerous ways. Last, but not at all least, I want to thankthe many members of my large family who have all doneso much for me that Icould do this thing. Naming them all would take another wholepage, so I just want to say to each of them whether theirname be Cruse, Prairie, Long, Bowman, Harris, Pequeno,Lagomarsino--whichever and whoever you are--THANKS! GRACIAS! Especiallyyou, Charlie, my Grandad. TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Introduction 1 II. General Prehistory 12 Introduction 12 Prehistoric Cultural Divisions of Central Idaho 15 Adjacent Area Studies and Sites 19 The Neothermal Sequences: The Anathermal 27 The Altithermal 36 The Medithermal 42 III. Prehistory of the South Fork Locality 47 Untested Sites on the South and Middle Forks 53 Rock Art 71 South Fork and Middle Fork Comparisons 73 Conclusions on Prehistory 76 IV. Proto-Historic and Historic Indian Use of the Area 80 V. Non-Indian Populations 95 The Chinese 97 Euro-American Ranchers 107 The Sheepeater Campaign 115 The Last Century 119 VI. Summary and Conclusions 132 VII. Implications for Cultural Isolation 138 Bibiography 146 Appendix 156 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. South Fork locality 2 2. South Fork country 3 3. Coming down to the river 4 4. South Fork below rockshelter cove 5 5. South Fork meander looking north 6 6. South Fork pool; vicinity of pictograph 7 7. Map of general study area 13 8. Cultural regions of the greater Northwest: T. C. Hogg, 1981 17 9. Comparative chronological climatic sequences 20 10. Map of sites: 20,000 - 10,000 B. P. 24 11. Red Fish Overhang site: insert for Figure 10 25 12. Map of sites: 10,000 - 7,500 B. P. 29 13. Map of sites: 7,500 - 7,000 B. P. 32 14. Map of sites: 7,000 - 4,500 B. P. 38 15. Sheepeater Battleground site: insert for Figure 14 39 16. Map of sites: 4,500 - 2,000 B. P. 43 17. Map of sites: 2,000 - historic present 46 18. South Fork and Middle Fork region 48 19. Map of South and Middle Fork area sites 50 20. Mill Flat looking down-river (north) 59 21. Mill Flat looking up-river (south) 60 22. "Biface" from Mill Flat, lower South Fork 61 23. Trail into pictograph cove (lookingsouth) 62 24. Pictograph/Rockshelter cove (facing river) 63 25. "Indian Rock" (pictograph) 64 26. Figures on pictograph: note smoke damage, upper right 65 27. Rockshelter near pictograph 66 28. Portion of rockshelter area 67 69 29. End-battered cobble; South Fork rockshelter 30. Cryptocrystalline "drill"; South Fork rockshelter 70 31. Artifacts from Mill Flat/Rockshelter, lower South Fork 72 32. Proposed Tukudeka homeland and area of neutrality between Tukudeka and Nez Perce 84 33. Present-day Hays Station 102 34. Trace of old road to Chinese cabins of Hays Station 104 35. Record of 1866 quartz claim: S. S. Smith, J. W. Poe, et al 110 36. 1879 South Fork map showing some of the ranches 113 37. Early transitional ranches: 1860s to 1880s 116 38. Established ranches: 1890s to 1920s 127 LIST OF TABLES Table Page I. Adjacent Area Sites: 20,000 - 10,000 BP 23 II. Adjacent Area Sites: 10,000 - 7,500 BP 28 III. Adjacent Area Sites: 7,500 - 7,000 BP 31 IV. Adjacent Area Sites: 7,000 - 4,500 BP 37 V. Adjacent Area Sites: 4,500 - 2,000 BP 43 VI. Adjacent Area Sites: 2,000 BP - historic present 45 CULTURAL INTEGRITY AND MARGINALITY ALONG THE SOUTH FORK OF THE SALMON RIVER,IDAHO CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION This thesis will focus on the SouthFork of the Salmon River in central Idaho.
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