Judíos, Cristianos Y Musulmanes

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Judíos, Cristianos Y Musulmanes DIRECTOR FUNDADOR CONSEJO HONORARIO Charles Hale † Jean Meyer Yuri Afanasiev † Universidad de Iowa Universidad de Humanidades, Matsuo Kazuyuki DIRECTOR Luis Barrón Moscú Universidad de Sofía, Tokio Carlos Altamirano Alan Knight JEFE DE REDACCIÓN Editor de la revista Prisma Universidad de Oxford David Miklos (Argentina) Seymour Lipset † Pierre Chaunu † Universidad George Mason CONSEJO EDITORIAL Institut de France Olivier Mongin Adolfo Castañón Jorge Domínguez Editor de Esprit, París Antonio Saborit Universidad de Harvard Daniel Roche Clara García Ayluardo Enrique Florescano Collège de France Luis Medina Secretaría de Cultura Stuart Schwartz Rafael Rojas Josep Fontana Universidad de Yale Mauricio Tenorio Universidad de Barcelona Rafael Segovia DISEÑO Y FORMACIÓN Manuel Moreno El Colegio de México Natalia Rojas Nieto Fraginals † David Thelen Universidad de La Habana Universidad de Indiana CORRECCIÓN Luis González † John Womack Jr. Pilar Tapia El Colegio de Michoacán Universidad de Harvard .ISTOR es una publica ción trimestral de la División de Historia del Cen tro de In ves tiga ción y Do cenc ia Econó mi cas (CIDE). .El objetivo de ISTOR es ofrecer un acercamiento original a los aconteci mien­­tos y a los gran­­­ des de bates de la historia y la actua lidad internacio nal. .Las opiniones expresadas en esta re vista son responsabilidad de sus au to res. La reproduc­ ción de los tra bajos necesita previa autoriza ción. .Los manuscritos deben en viar se a la Di visión de Historia del CIDE. Su presen tación debe seguir los atri butos que pueden observarse en este número. .Todos los artículos son dictaminados. .Dirija su correspondencia electrónica a: [email protected] .Puede consultar ISTOR en internet: www.istor.cide.edu .Editor responsable: Luis Barrón. Centro de Inves tiga ción .ISSN: 1665­1715 y Docencia Eco nó mi­­­cas, .Impresión: IMDI A.C., Carretera México­ Suiza 23 bis, Toluca 3655 (km 16.5), Colonia Portales, Lomas de Santa Fe, C.P. 03300, México, D.F. 01210, México, D.F. .Suscripciones: .Certificado de licitud Tel.: 57 27 98 00 de título: 11541 ext. 6091 y contenido: 8104. e­mail suscripciones: Portada: “Ilustración Reserva del título [email protected] a par­­tir de la por tada . de la Bi blia Ketab otorgada por el Indautor: e­mail redacción: el Hayat (tra duc ción 04­2000­071211550100­102 [email protected] al árabe de la Biblia)”. ISTOR, año XVII, número 66, otoño de 2016 ISTOR, palabra del griego antiguo y más exactamente del jónico. Nombre de agente, istor, “el que sabe”, el experto, el testigo, de donde proviene el verbo istoreo, “tratar de saber, informarse”, y la palabra istoria, búsqueda, averi gua ción, “historia”. Así, nos colocamos bajo la invocación del primer istor: Heródoto de Halicarnaso. 3 Luis Xavier López-Farjeat, Encuentros y desencuentros: Judíos, cristianos y musulmanes DOSSIER 7 Sabine Schmidtke, Percepción y recepción de la Biblia entre los musulmanes 29 Sidney H. Griffith, ¿En qué momento la Biblia se tradujo al árabe? 49 Fred M. Donner, Visiones de la expansión islámica temprana: Entre lo heroico y lo horrible 71 Rafael Ramón Guerrero, Cristianos y musulmanes en Bagdad en el siglo X 89 Marco Zuccato, La supremacía de la ciencia árabe: Astronomía y matemáticas en al­Andalus durante el siglo X 109 David Nirenberg, “Judaísmo”, “Islam” y los peligros del conocimiento en la cultura cristiana, con especial énfasis en el caso del rey Alfonso X El Sabio de Castilla 139 Thérèse-Anne Druart, Islam y cristianismo: Un lenguaje humano y divino o múltiples lenguajes humanos 159 Luis Xavier López-Farjeat, Dos visiones contrastantes sobre la profecía: Avicena y Tomás de Aquino NOTAS Y DIÁLOGOS 177 Bernardo García Martínez, El naturalista frente a la historia y el historiador frente a la naturaleza: Las enseñanzas de Alcide d’Orbigny HISTORIA Y LITERATURA 213 Enrique Pérez Morales, Historiografía y ficción: La poética de la historia, la poética de la imposibilidad USOS Y ABUSOS DE LA HISTORIA 245 Pablo Mijangos y González, Pensar e imaginar el derecho mediante la historia VENTANA AL MUNDO 253 Rainer Matos Franco, Aventuras, imágenes mutuas y orientalismo. Joel R. Poinsett en Rusia (1806­1808) SEMBLANZAS 275 Philippe Ollé-Laprune, Adonis: La violencia irremediable del Islam RESEÑAS 279 Catherine Andrews, Entrevistas sobre historia constitucional 287 CAJÓN DE SASTRE 291 COLABORADORES PRESENTACIÓN Encuentros y desencuentros Judíos, cristianos y musulmanes Luis Xavier López-Farjeat Cómo se conciben entre sí los judíos, los cristianos y los musulmanes? ¿¿Cómo han interactuado a lo largo de la historia? ¿Cómo es que tienen tanto en común y qué los hace tan distintos? La interacción entre los tres monoteísmos puede trazarse a partir de una cantidad considerable de epi­ sodios históricos de encuentros y desencuentros. Quizás lo más estudiado en la literatura histórica especializada es la interacción temprana entre ju­ díos y cristianos. Pero, ¿cómo se transforman las relaciones entre las “Gen­ tes del Libro” con la aparición del Islam en el siglo VII? Ése es el tema del presente volumen. Como explica Sabine Schmidtke en “Percepción y recepción de la Bi­ blia entre los musulmanes”, los musulmanes conciben el Corán como la última revelación dentro de una serie progresiva de anuncios proféticos. La familiaridad con Escrituras anteriores y con una lista mucho más larga de profetas que lo precedieron, es bastante evidente al leer cuidadosa­ mente el Libro de los musulmanes. A partir de esta premisa, Schmidtke explora y discute la actitud ambivalente que se percibe tanto en el Corán como en la tradición islámica con relación a las dos religiones monoteístas anteriores, así como con respecto a sus Escrituras. En una línea temática similar, en “¿En qué momento la Biblia se con­ virtió en una escritura arábiga” Sidney H. Griffith sostiene que no existen pruebas concluyentes de que haya habido traducciones de la Escritura cris­ tiana y judía al árabe antes de los tiempos del Islam. Sin embargo, la evi­ dencia proporcionada por el Corán, junto con otras consideraciones, sugiere que, antes del surgimiento del Islam, los textos de la Escritura judía y cris­ tiana circulaban en árabe en forma oral, y que las primeras traducciones 3 LUIS XAVIER LÓPEZ-FARJEAT escritas en árabe aparecieron en las comunidades monásticas de Palestina, por lo menos en parte como respuesta a la aparición del Corán. En “Visiones de la expansión islámica temprana: Entre lo heroico y lo horrible”, Fred M. Donner revisa las distintas versiones que existen sobre la así denominada “conquista islámica temprana” o “conquista árabe”. Se pue­ de encuadrar dicha conquista en lo que suele denominarse el “modelo de la conquista violenta”, según el cual los “musulmanes” impusieron por la fuer­ za una nueva religión sobre las comunidades no musulmanas. Donner sos­ tiene, sin embargo, que este modelo puede desencaminarnos y que, sin ser del todo equivocado, en éste se enfatiza demasiado la violencia pasando por alto aspectos de la transformación que poseen tanta o mayor importan­ cia, como por ejemplo la incidencia de los “conquistados” que se acomoda­ ron a los “conquistadores”. Este artículo revisa en detalle algunas fuentes cristianas y discute cómo informan acerca de la expansión musulmana. La interacción entre los tres monoteísmos no se reduce a las confronta­ ciones religiosas. También hubo un intercambio enriquecedor en el terre­ no de la filosofía y la ciencia, principalmente a partir de los siglos VIII-IX y en adelante. En “Cristianos y musulmanes en Bagdad en el siglo X”, Ra­ fael Ramón Guerrero se ocupa de la interacción filosófica que hubo en Bagdad entre distintos sectores cristianos —nestorianos, monofisitas o ja­ cobitas, melkitas, maronitas— y los musulmanes. Nos muestra así el papel relevante de los sectores siriacos y árabes en la historia de la recepción y transmisión de la filosofía griega. Por su parte, en “La supremacía de la ciencia árabe: Astronomía y matemáticas en al­Andalus durante el siglo X”, Marco Zuccato, historia el modo en que la colección de conocimientos sobre astronomía, astrología y matemáticas cultivado en el mundo árabe llegó desde la región occidental del Islam en la península ibérica al mun­ do latino a través de un largo proceso de transmisión intelectual. En “Judaísmo, Islam y los peligros del conocimiento en la cultura cristia­ na, con especial énfasis en el caso del rey Alfonso X El Sabio de Castilla”, David Nirenberg esboza lo que denomina la “epistemología figural”, espe­ cialmente de judíos y musulmanes, y posteriormente rastrea su desarrollo entre las críticas de la filosofía natural del Medievo y la modernidad tempra­ na. Sugiere que, precisamente porque estas figuras de pensamiento étnicas y religiosas llegan a ser tan poderosas, deben ser consideradas siempre que 4 Encuentros y desencuentros: Judíos, cristianos y musulmanes tratemos de valorar la función de judíos y musulmanes de verdad en el estu­ dio y transmisión del conocimiento científico en la Edad Media. Su artículo concluye con el análisis de un caso, a saber, el de Alfonso X y sus proyectos científicos, con la intención de mostrar cuán difícil puede ser separar el aspec­ to figural de lo real en nuestras maneras de construir las historias de la ciencia. Thérèse­Anne Druart se ocupa de lo que ella denomina “una diferencia no tan obvia entre el Islam y el cristianismo”, a saber, su actitud hacia el lenguaje y cómo ambas tradiciones abordan algunas cuestiones en común. En su artículo, “Islam y cristianismo: Un lenguaje humano y divino o múl­ tiples lenguajes humanos”, revisa cautelosamente lo que los textos sagra­ dos afirman sobre el lenguaje y los idiomas, para explicar de este modo las razones que existen para plantear si Dios habría decidido revelarse en una lengua en especial o no. Druart trata aspectos filosóficos de gran importan­ cia, como la pregunta acerca del origen del lenguaje y su naturaleza, o la existencia de distintos idiomas y, a partir de la filosofía del lenguaje de al­ Farabi, nos explica por qué en la tradición islámica era tan relevante la pregunta sobre el origen del lenguaje.
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    References A2 Technologies , <http://www.a2technologies.com/exoscan_handheld.html>, cached copy 2011; see <http://www.chem.agilent.com/en- US/products-services/Instruments-Systems/Molecular-Spectroscopy/4100-ExoScan-Series-FTIR-(handheld)/Pages/default.aspx>, last access November 2014. d’Abbadie, Antoine (1859), Catalogue raisonné de manuscrits éthiopiens appartenant à Antoine d’Abbadie , Paris: Imprimerie Impériale. Fihris ma ḫṭūṭā t maktabat Mamm ā) ! س طت رة طت وا ,(ʿAbd al-Qādir Mamm ā Ḥaydara – Ayman Fu ʾād Sayyid (2000–2003 Ḥaydara li-ʾl-ma ḫṭūṭā t wa-ʾl-wa ṯāʾiq, ‘Catalogue of Manuscripts in Mamma Haidara Library – Mali’), I–IV , London: Al-Furq n (Silsilat Fah ris al-ma "#$# t al-Isl miyya / Handlists of Islamic Manuscripts 34-36, 46). Abełyan, Manuk (1941), Կորյուն , Վարք Մաշտոցի (Koryun , Vark ʿ Maštoc ʿi, ‘Koriun, The Life of Maštoc ’), Erevan: Haypethrat. .Al-Sīra al-Hil ālīya , ‘The deeds of the [Banu] Hilal’), Al-Qhira: A "br al-yawm) ا)ة ا ' ,(al-Abn $d%, Abd ar-Ra &mn (1988 Abrahamyan, Ašot G. (1947), Հայկական պալեոգրաֆիա (Haykakan paleografia , ‘Armenian Paleography’), Erevan: Aredit. Abrahamyan, Ašot G. (1973), Հայոց գիր եւ գրչություն (Hayoc ʿ gir ew gr čʿut ʿyun , ‘The Letters and Writing of the Armenians’), Erevan. Abramišvili, Guram (1976), ‘ატენის სიონის უცნობი წარწერები ’ (Aṭenis Sionis ucnobi c arc̣ erebị , ‘Unknown inscriptions from the Sioni of A#eni’), Macne. Is ṭoriisa da arkeologiis seria , 2 , 170–176 . Abramišvili, Guram – Zaza Aleksi )e (1978), ‘მხედრული დამწერლობის სათავეებთან ’ (Mxedruli damc erlobiṣ sataveebtan , ‘At the origins of the mxedruli script’), Cis ḳari , 5 , 134–144; 6 , 128–137 . Abrams, Daniel (2012), Kabbalistic Manuscripts and Textual Theory : Methodologies of Textual Scholarship and Editorial Practice in the Study of Jewish Mysticism , Jerusalem: The Hebrew University Magnes Press (Sources and Studies in the Literature of Jewish Mysticism).
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